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    Divided Solids Transport
    Divided Solids Transport
    Divided Solids Transport
    Ebook234 pages1 hour

    Divided Solids Transport

    By Jean-Paul Duroudier

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    About this ebook

    Divided Solids Transport, part of the Industrial Equipment for Chemical Engineering set, discusses the transport of a divided solid between workshops in a factory, and from a factory to the external market. Numerical examples are given for almost all the devices involved, and the pneumatic and hydraulic transportation parameters are also calculated.

    This book includes discussions on the movement of a divided solid by a liquid or gaseous stream, the energy consumption for a given flow, and how transporters are affected by the density and flow behavior of the divided solid being handled. The author also provides methods needed for understanding the equipment used in applied thermodynamics in the hope of encouraging students and engineers to self build the programs they need. Chapters are complemented with appendices that provide additional information and associated references.

    • Discusses the transport of a divided solid between workshops in a factory, and from a factory to the external market
    • Includes discussions on the movement of a divided solid by a liquid or gaseous stream, the energy consumption for a given flow, and how transporters are affected by density and flow
    • Presents methods needed for understanding the equipment used in applied thermodynamics
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateNov 23, 2016
    ISBN9780081017784
    Divided Solids Transport
    Author

    Jean-Paul Duroudier

    Jean-Paul Duroudier is an engineer from Ecole centrale de Paris, France. He has devoted his professional life to the study of materials in chemical engineering.

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      Book preview

      Divided Solids Transport - Jean-Paul Duroudier

      Divided Solids Transport

      Jean-Paul Duroudier

      Industrial Equipment for Chemical Engineering Set

      coordinated by

      Jean-Paul Duroudier

      Table of Contents

      Cover image

      Title page

      Dedication

      Copyright

      Preface

      1: Re-entrainment of Solid Particle Beds Swept by a Fluid Current

      Abstract

      1.1 Introduction

      1.2 Shear velocity

      1.3 Strength and lift

      1.4 Entrainment criteria

      1.5 Quantity entrained

      1.6 Entrainment limit velocity (simplified method)

      1.7 Entrained flowrate

      2: Mechanical Conveying of Divided Solids

      Abstract

      2.1 General

      2.2 Chutes and airslides

      2.3 Conveyor belts

      2.4 Chain conveyor(s)

      2.5 Vibrating conveyor

      2.6 Elevators

      2.7 Screw conveyor for divided solids

      2.8 Transport by loads

      2.9 Several properties of divided solids

      2.10 Storage and transport logistics

      3: Pneumatic Conveying of Divided Solids

      Abstract

      3.1 Pneumatic conveying: introduction

      3.2 Properties of divided solids

      3.3 Operational curves

      3.4 Velocity and pressure drops

      3.5 Special study of vertical tubes

      3.6 Ancillary equipment for pneumatic conveying

      4: Hydraulic Conveying of Divided Solids: Standpipe and L-valve

      Abstract

      4.1 Power dissipated in slurry

      4.2 Descent tube

      4.3 L-valves

      Appendix 1: Mohs Scale

      Appendix 2: Apparent Density of Loose Divided Solids (kg.m−3)

      A1.1 Vegetable products

      A1.2 Inorganic natural products

      A1.3 Manufactured products

      Bibliography

      Index

      Dedication

      There are no such things as applied sciences, only applications of science.

      Louis Pasteur (11 September 1871)

      Dedicated to my wife, Anne, without whose unwavering support, none of this would have been possible.

      Copyright

      First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd

      Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

      ISTE Press Ltd

      27-37 St George’s Road

      London SW19 4EU

      UK

      www.iste.co.uk

      Elsevier Ltd

      The Boulevard, Langford Lane

      Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB

      UK

      www.elsevier.com

      Notices

      Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

      Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

      To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

      For information on all our publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/

      © ISTE Press Ltd 2016

      The rights of Jean-Paul Duroudier to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

      A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

      Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

      A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

      ISBN 978-1-78548-183-3

      Printed and bound in the UK and US

      Preface

      The observation is often made that, in creating a chemical installation, the time spent on the recipient where the reaction takes place (the reactor) accounts for no more than 5% of the total time spent on the project. This series of books deals with the remaining 95% (with the exception of oil-fired furnaces).

      It is conceivable that humans will never understand all the truths of the world. What is certain, though, is that we can and indeed must understand what we and other humans have done and created, and, in particular, the tools we have designed.

      Even two thousand years ago, the saying existed: faber fit fabricando, which, loosely translated, means: "c’est en forgeant que l’on devient forgeron" (a popular French adage: one becomes a smith by smithing), or, still more freely translated into English, practice makes perfect. The artisan (faber) of the 21st Century is really the engineer who devises or describes models of thought. It is precisely that which this series of books investigates, the author having long combined industrial practice and reflection about world research.

      Scientific and technical research in the 20th century was characterized by a veritable explosion of results. Undeniably, some of the techniques discussed herein date back a very long way (for instance, the mixture of water and ethanol has been being distilled for over a millennium). Today, though, computers are needed to simulate the operation of the atmospheric distillation column of an oil refinery. The laws used may be simple statistical correlations but, sometimes, simple reasoning is enough to account for a phenomenon.

      Since our very beginnings on this planet, humans have had to deal with the four primordial elements as they were known in the ancient world: earth, water, air and fire (and a fifth: aether). Today, we speak of gases, liquids, minerals and vegetables, and finally energy.

      The unit operation expressing the behavior of matter are described in thirteen volumes.

      It would be pointless, as popular wisdom has it, to try to reinvent the wheel – i.e. go through prior results. Indeed, we well know that all human reflection is based on memory, and it has been said for centuries that every generation is standing on the shoulders of the previous one.

      Therefore, exploiting numerous references taken from all over the world, this series of books describes the operation, the advantages, the drawbacks and, especially, the choices needing to be made for the various pieces of equipment used in tens of elementary operations in industry. It presents simple calculations but also sophisticated logics which will help businesses avoid lengthy and costly testing and trial-and-error.

      Herein, readers will find the methods needed for the understanding the machinery, even if, sometimes, we must not shy away from complicated calculations. Fortunately, engineers are trained in computer science, and highly-accurate machines are available on the market, which enables the operator or designer to, themselves, build the programs they need. Indeed, we have to be careful in using commercial programs with obscure internal logic which are not necessarily well suited to the problem at hand.

      The copies of all the publications used in this book were provided by the Institut National d’Information Scientifique et Technique at Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy.

      The books published in France can be consulted at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France; those from elsewhere are available at the British Library in London.

      In the in-chapter bibliographies, the name of the author is specified so as to give each researcher his/her due. By consulting these works, readers may gain more in-depth knowledge about each subject if he/she so desires. In a reflection of today’s multilingual world, the references to which this series points are in German, French and English.

      The problems of optimization of costs have not been touched upon. However, when armed with a good knowledge of the devices’ operating parameters, there is no problem with using the method of steepest descent so as to minimize the sum of the investment and operating expenditure.

      1

      Re-entrainment of Solid Particle Beds Swept by a Fluid Current

      Abstract

      The entrainment of sediments by water courses is a significant phenomenon in geography and, more generally, in earth sciences.

      Keywords

      Angular particles; Attachment forces; Drag force; Entrained flowrate; Entrainment; Fluid Current; Lift force; Mean geometry; Mean thrust velocity; Shear velocity

      1.1 Introduction

      1.1.1 Significance of the problem

      The entrainment of sediments by water courses is a significant phenomenon in geography and, more generally, in earth sciences.

      Re-entrainment affects various systems used in chemical and food industries, such as:

      – gas cyclones and hydrocyclones;

      – electrostatic precipitators, often found in cement works;

      – decanter centrifuges equipped with disks (fast separators manufactured by Alfa Laval) if these

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