_,

•

Army Code No.71140 ,

REME RECOVERY MANUAL

RE8TRlCTRD

CON'TENTS

PRBFACE

._) CONTENTS

AEUBJREVIATIONS DEFINI.']'.IONS,

Chapt'er l-l'HERECOVERY S;YSTEM S:rzetion.

1 Prin.cip;.~.es of ae~overy 2 Recoveil"Y Sy.stems,

3 RecmrefJ P'lan:nmg

4, Proaedi,nres for .Requl€J!ting Re.pJair and. Recovery S Recovery of Ain;ra.fl

Chapter '2-SAFETY IN REOOVERY 1 Men and MaJten.eJ]

:2. Fire Preeautions

CJulpte,r .31-RE-COVERlf TASK. ,PLAN:NING 1 Factors Affecting Planr:dng

:2 Sta!te of .R.eadiness,

.3 '!o'po~r,arp,.h:ical Conslderatlens 4 Movement by Road.

:5 T[I[cticai SitnatiOrR

6 R!eiConna~;ss:ancea:nd Bde:fi:ng 7 Techniea] Considerartiom

8, Summ,i:li:ry

Chapter 4-S01I.,UCOGNITION AND TYPES OF SOn.

I Oellera] Bxplan,aUon

2 eonslitu:tioll andi, COlllsister.il'cy 10 f SoU :3 So.i~ Reco,g~.~t~on

4 Grouad Faetors

Clj1aptel' 5- THE APPI.ICA.TION OlF' SIMPLE

MECHANIC.S TO THE RECOVER.'y TAS,JK. 1 Asse-ssing theMec~anics Orf &ocovery

2. Simp:l,eMachln.es

3; EsUmaHng the ForeeRequired >4 Strength or Mate;rials

Cnaptl€!r 6-· TACKLE LAYOUrS 1. Introducticn

2; Basic PriDdp,~es o.f Tackle Latyouts

;3 Sltr,essin~ and. Check ~ng a Tackle Lillyout 4 f'dndple-s. of Winching

(iii) RES·TRlCT.IED

Amdt 4/86

Par1'J l000-mOl41 UHS-UI'29 m 0130-, ~ 034- ~. O~ 5. -~. 03 9 ~.040-10415

2000-2007' .2008-2!113

3000-3002 3003-,3009 30~. 0 ... 30 I 5 3(U6-3~)29 30S,Q~3045 3046-30:50 3()iSl-30S4 30SS-30S'

4000-4003 4004-401 is; 4017-4028 4029-4032

5:00()-5004 SOOS~502C1 SO::U-503h6, .5037 -504'9'

6000-6D02 r6Q03-o1J117 6018-6013 60.24-6026,

Proge 0) (01) (xii) (x in)

1

13

23

n

1 ]ntroChu;;t~.o.n 2 Cordage

3 Steel Wife Ropes

4 S,plicin8, F.ibre and. S~ee~ Wi.re R,opes

5 Frutting an. Adaptor Assembly to Steel. 'Wire Ropes 6 Cbains

l' SI~;IDng:1;

a:l:Jope Fhdmgs

9 Hooks. L~:Dks and Sha..ck.~.e8 10 !,~octsa:~d Tack~.es

1 ~ f,o,rtableWincbe~$

Ch'(JJl~er 8i-ANC.HORS AND POSIT.IONn~}G EQUIPMENT ~ General ConsideraUons

2 Anehors

,~, Positi@n:ing Equipment

Chapler '9'~RECOVERY VEID!CLES ~ Oa:racu~dstfcs

:2 ''F)!])es of Recov,ery Ve.hic~!es., Tractors tlllld 'fraU.ers

ChIQf),,ler IO~TOWING EQ'UIPMENT ~ General Comments

2 'f,Q<wRop,e:s

3, ''lowing Bars

4·F[:a:.me 'Toiwing

Ch:ap'l:er 11~REOOV.ERY' AND .B,ACKLOADING OF

C.ASUALTIES

1 Selquellcf:.of Ope:r.ation

:2 lID.tiaJ. Tasks 3,Ext:ckation ofthe Casualty 4. lBac:klQadi~g,UiJ.e Casualty

.5 S!I1spendeld T O'WSI,

6 Und.e'rwaterRecov'e:ry 7 TraWlport(1t~on by Rail

C1w{Jt~r ill:r-----SPECIAL TECHNIQUES 1 General Comments

:2 Em.ergency Tm-iac:k :Sh,onemng

.3 Centurio'n~Em!e;rgem.cy Track Shoif'tening 4: Ch~eftain~Eme.r~mlcy Tr:act Shortening .5: 8PAI.E

6Em.ergeD~ Track 5hortating-Othe:rEiqwpmc:nts '7 Track CuUing wltholll'tExplosi'l,es,

8! Cutting Cbiena:~n Tank Track with Exp,~osi ve

(ruv) RESTRIC,TED<

51

Par« Page

7(1{lO-1005 7006-70.24 70"25:-7041' 70~,8-70!7 .5 7076-7079 '080~7086 7QB7-7694 7095-7UJ~ 7m05-7~m4

7 ~.1.5-7 :~23 712:4-7130

SOOO-8IfJ05 8006-8029 803,0-81034

HI

9·000'-90017 9001-903€i

us 10,000-101'0041

1 O~"~O.S-l O~009 lO,OmO-l0ttUS lO.~,1) m 6~ 1 O~O!20

11~(mO-lll,003 11~(~Q~-11 ,~~l19 11 ~020c",11 J.06.2 lltI06\~-1 r, m3 U~1104-11~n6 1 miJ7'7-E 1 ,1'919' I m ,,200-· m ~ ,2.1 '7

J

.~71 12.,f}{JO~ u.eos 11!tOOti-12~OlO 12.,0 u -121,016 12~OJ'-1:Z~,020

12t'l1l4 12,OZ.s-1.2.I,f)26 12,02,9-1 ,2~OS8,

--

,...

9 Cutting Cb,aUen,ger Tank Track with Exp,Josive ]0 Cutting Centurion Tank Track wm.th Exp,losive

l ~ Crultdl'lg FV ,430 Se1ies V'eh:ic 1e Track with Explosiv,e 12 Tactical Destruction of Casu,allies

m,], S,eU' Help and Exp,ediients

14 S,pedalln:structioifls, and 8afe~ty Precautions, for Recovery of fuel Tankers

IS Reeeveryin Extr,e:m.e Cold. Conditiens

Chapter 13,~TRADE TEST REGULATJO- S .FOR.

RECOVERY MECHANICS Imtroduct:ioll

2 Recovery Meehan ire Class III 3 Recovery Mech,amc Class II 4 Recovery Mechanic Class I

Clulpter 1,4-(Span} dlap er, pages 207 to 232, Inet)

Para Page 12,059'-12,,0601'9' 12,061-12,072 12,073- E, 2 ~090 .~2,091-12, 100 m2,101-l2,I04,

12,200-12~213

~,2.. 214-12~140

13:1,(100 13",001-13,,0.25 13i,026-~3,03S 13'1036-13.,042

203

PHOTOGRAPHS. Refer to page (xi) for the list of Plates which commence on. page 233.

Chopter 15~RECOVERY DATA SHEETS 1 Content

2 ~ A' Vehicle Index 3 ~IJ' Vehicie Index 4 'C' Vehicle Index

Chapter 16-CRANE LIFTING GUIDE

1 Intreducticn

Detailed contents list of the 'Guide Crane Signalsc-Overh<ead Cranes Crane Signals-Mobile Cranes

2 Details '0 r Vehicle Assemblies

:3 Current Lifting CapabUities in the Field ,4 Future Liftin,g Capabllities

5 Main Lifting Task. Data

6 Future Lifting Bqulpment Safe Working Load So

(v) .RESTRICTED

251 251 252 253

3m, 302 304 305 307 330 356 3,6\5

3'6~

RESTRICTED

..

RESTRlCTEU

- -

No., 1 2 3 4- 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13,

14 15 16 17 18 1'9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 301 31 32 33 34 35

,RESTRI,CT.EJ)

UST' OF FIGURES

TITLE Recovery System in the Field Effects of W,eatberin,1

SoD Change "With Ine.reasin,g Moisture Cont1ent Rope :and Block Taclde

A SimJode R.ope and. PuUey Machine

A sinlple 3 Plrt Ro'pe and PuRey'Machine

3P'a:rt Rope and PUBey M~chine'With (bange of DiJection

Pulley

Simple Tackles Compound Tackle

Compound, Tackle Usin,g Two Recovery Vehi.cles T,aclde Giving a Compensating Pull

Locked Track Tackle Lay()ut

Stres'sing, a Layout

Wenning and P:aroeUim;1 Cordage Barring Cordl3igc:

WhiPP,in"g Cordage 'Whipping Wir,e Rope Reversal of Reevinl Lay ofRope

Dir,ecQ,on of Rope ,on.Winch,Drum, Long Splice:, Hemp Baple

Short S,pJiJce, Hemp Rope

Eye Splice" Hemp' Rope

Long Splice" Wire Rope

Long Splice, Wire Rope" Further Stepl Six Spaoed, Cr-OsUll,gs-Befo,re TuCkinS, Tucldng the 'Crossinp

Thimble

:By,e. SpH,ce WiIeRope

Assembly of Rope and Ferule

Fitting AdaprtolI' Mlembly to Wire Rope One Legged, Slings,

Legs of a Sling at an An,g18 11Umbl.es

'Clamps and Gri:ps

( •.. ,).

VU,

Arndt 2/82

Pqge

4 24 25 3,2

33 33

34 43 44 44 46 46 41 56 S"

5'7 6,1 16,2 6,:3 64- 61 68, 69 12 73,

74

74-77 78

1'9'-84 85 81 89 90 91 92

Amdt,2/82'

No. 3,6

31 3,8 ,39 40 41 42 43, ,44' ,

, '_

45 46 47 48 49 SO .51 S2 . 53, 54 54-A. ,5:5

.56 57 S8 59 601 61 162 163 64 65 66 67 68 6& 70. 71 72

,TITLE'

,Page 93 94 96 97 9,8

102 1102 10:3 1'03 104,

105 106, 108 110 1'201 12.0 121 122 122 123

Forming an Emer,pnoy Eye Recovery Links and, Shackles, Wue Rope Blocks

Tirfar Tt3 Portable Winch TirfO:f T,3S Portable WJnch Scotches Lorry

Bar" Sha,eidele:ss Type Stake~.auy

laY'OIl't of Anchots, S'crew Type Aneho,r

B'ulik Anchor in Good Ground Deadman Anchor in Loose Sud.)!' So,B Reaction at an Ancbor

POsitioning, Equipment

Ro'pe Towing Medium" No,. 2 Mk 3 ROrpc Towing~ Mk 4

ROlpe Towing, Heavy

Tow Bar" RecovBllY Vehicle

Tow Bar 7 Heavy Recovery Vehicle-Showin,1 Adaptors Tow BU'j&ecovery Vehicle (Honebonel, No 4, Mk 1

A Frame, as Fitted to the Leylan,d and ABC 'Recovery

Vehicles, Spre.a.der Bar

DiPI Ou,t a ~B~ Ve]ucl~e

D.iggjilg Prior to Recovery of all "A~ Ve,hicle Day-Tlme V-ebiole Movement, S,igoals, Night-Time Vehicle Movement Sipals Winching, Siil1;a!s- Day-Time

Winching Signals-Night-1Dne1

Chieftain Dozer Blade Signals

Turning a Tank

Use of Skidding

BeU)'" full ApplWd to a 'T:mk Attachme'lltPomts on, a 'B~ Vehicle Attachmen.t of Ropes to Chasis Preventlon of Damage to a 'B,t Vehicle

Tow Rope Ccnnecttonsto a Tracked Vehicle :Floating Rope Method

,30 Tonne Snatehblock Float

(; ... )

I,,-WI,

124 124 129 130 ]32 133 134 135 135 137 1.38 139 140 141 142 149' 163 164

No,. 73 74,

75

76 77 78 7'9 810 8] 82 83 84 8.5 86 87 88 BaA 888 89 90 9'1 92 93 94 95 96

TITLE

Modj ned Pia te Trim:gular, F a:bric, 45 Tonne Modified Pin TOiwing FV 62767

AttacWn1cnt of Li;htweight Winth Rope to Trianpdar

Plate

Attachment of 1 Tonne Pulley to Boat 1'ackl.eLai.yout

'RilgJltin; an Underwater ,Casu;dty Hose A..daptor and 'Connecto.r

ConnecUoosBetween Air ICyUndlef and ~nflatio:n B13,p floatation Bags AU:ached. to I FV 432

Ramp Wagon

Track Short~nm,g Oil Centurion

PIepuail:ion fOif IOxY81Ciety~ene ICutting Details, of Tray Exp]:o,m.ve

.Assembly of Exp,ioisiVie Charge

ContmeF P:Osition andI lnitiatilon Set Asse.robled Ex:p'ia'slve Charge Re,ady for Firing

D~:tralls 10, :f Tlr_ays Exp.- [osiye. ).,1 C,.L __ "n ._

. '. lll;illlilJ'e'n oe::r

AsfJembl~l of Explosmve Chmg;e ) '_ -b

Details ofCruulS Comtamer _ ) 'C~":_" -,- .,.,

('.-. -I, _ ,.. ., ., ,lP.-. _-"'." • _- - ) . enltunon

on. .. amer m OSl!l-.!10n.

Details of Tray Ex,~osive )1

Asse~blY ~fE;x~l?mve Charge ) FV 4301

Cantamer m POiSlt10n )

Ex,plosi.v,e Charge R.eady for Firing) UKHIS 'CompoiSlte Sign

Emerlenlcy .Action Code Card

Ox)

RESTRlCTE.D

)

) Chief~ ) tam.

)

Amdt2:/82

,P,ge Ui4 UiS

165 Hili 167 16,8 1>68 16~ .1701 173 178,

181 184,

ISS 18,6 1.87

lage U~9C 1'90'

191 194 194 195 19'6 201 '2102

RESTRICTED

Amdt2/82

.No. 1 2 3,

4 S

,6 7' 8 9

LIST OF' TABLES,

P:odable Fire Fitting Applimces

Wor.kiing: Load limits of &ecovery Equipment W·or:ldng Load Limits, for Cordage -In Wo,rkmops Safe Worldng Loads for COl'dage~ In Recovery Work Breaking Loads for Steel Wire Ropes ,of,six Strand

Construction.

Distan.oes £o'r Laying, and Un1aymg Appropriate Thimble Sizes

Sate 'Working, Loads for rwo~,egged Wu,e &olp'e Slings Worm,g Load I..imib of Commonly Used Tow Ropes

Page 12 51 SS' S5

60 7'0 78 '90

]2.1

(x) RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

A nul ( U IJ()

LIST OF PLATES

No.

1 Landrover, Flitted with Turner Winch 23,3

.2 Bedford 4\ Tonne 4 x 4 Lwght Recovery 233,

,3. Bedford 4. Tannic 4: X 4 Light Recovery 234

4. AEC 6 X' 6 Mk 3. Medium Recovery 234

5 Scammell 6 x 6, Medium Reeovery 235

6 Leyland 6 x 6. Heavy Recovery 235

7 Scammell ,6, X 4, CL Low Mobility 236

g, Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance, Tracked Recovery (Samson) 236

9 Armoured Recovery Vehicle (Chieftain) 237

10 Armoured Recovery Vehicle, Centurion Mk 2 231

11 Tank. Beacn Armoured Recovery Vehicle I BARV), Centurion. 238

12 FV 432 Fmued with Winch and Ea.rrb Anchor Kit 23:91

13 Traller 110 Tonne, Recovery Ligbt 2401

14 Trailer. Flat Platform. Tilting (0 Tonne 4 TW 240

15 Semi-Trailer, Low PlaUorm 33 Tonne 240

16 Trailer 210 Tonne" Low Loading 241

17 Trailer, Dummy Axle R,ecoivlefY 10130 Tonne 241

18 Antar Tractor with Trailer 50 Tonne. Twin Wheeled Dyson 242

.20 Front Suspending a Landrover with a Leyland Heavy &ecov,e:ry

Vehicle ·243,

21 Front Suspending (jlI. Bedford 4 Tonne RL with a Bedford Light

Recovery Vehicle 244

22 Front Suspending a Bedford 4 Tonne RL wmUl a Leyland Heavy

Reeovery Vehicle 245

23 Nelson Multip.~ait Hoat.ng, Rope 48 mm Diameter 246,

24 Antar Tractor Mk 3, 6 x 4 with SO~onnle semi .. trailiel 247

25 Aotar Tractor Mk 3, 6 x 4 Wilb 60 tonne semi-trailer 247

26, TnIJ'Her Hat P~aUorm" Recovery, 2,0 tonne Craven Tasker 248

21 Trailer Dummy Axle Recovery 1/5 tonne (,FV2692) 24191

28 Recovery Vehicle, Wheeled, Heavy, 61 X 16. FoljenJEKA 250

(xi) RES,TRICT.EDI

. . ,

Am,dt' 1180

RESTRICTED

ABBR.EVIATIONS

A few useful abbreviations thet are used in thi.s manual erare 'oommmdy used in _J

recovery work, are given here:

f~~u

BARV B,CF HLP BLR CBM CEME Corum Z. CVR(T) CVR(W} CZ

DR,

ECP'

HlP

FCZ, 'FR-"G

.. _>,1. '

OR LAD LSo. ,MRG RCZ RR SF SWL 'TA

UKLF UKMF WLL

r~:nur~d ~'gLtin'" ,Vej.~p ~~ V~

rmcure ," ecoven chl,de

Beach Armoured Recovery Vehicle BrO'moch~o:rodit1.Oir'onu~thane (3 fire fighting agent) Back Loading Point

Beyond Local Repair

Chlorebromomethane (afire fightin,g agent) Chief Electtical and Mecb,anical En.gineer Co!mmUl!l)~catioll, Zone

Combat Vlehicle Reconnaissance (Tradcred) CombatV<ehic1e Reeonnaissanoe (Whe'e ~ed) Combat Zone

Demage Resist anee

Equipment CoUrectin,g "oint

Estimated Pill 11

FON'aId Combat Zone

Forward R'cpJair Gr-oup

Gradle nt Resist a,nce .

L"' 'L. A'd D L.

~Iut L letacu:ment

Logistic Support Groop Main Repair Group Rear Combat Zone RoUin,g Resistance Sa.lfety fadnr

Safe Working Load Terri tonal, ,Army

United Kingdom Land Forces United Kingdom Mobne Force Working Load Limit

(xii) RES,TRICTED

RE~5TRICTED

A.mdi 11112

DEFINITIONS

The foUo'll,v.i.mLg definitions are used with~n REME and app'~y to the relevant terms wherever used in this M,anu al,

Beyond Local Repair (BLR)

Classification ,of .REME: Units

HCIU ipmen~ cas uah y ECWuip.l.ll,e,nt CoHec~ing Point (ECP)I

IE· CAl" .

,Qu.l,pmemll " on""mon;

Evaauadon

forward Rep,air

The rearward move 0 f eq ~ [pm,enl: and material \'!f[tl1~n a. theatre ..

Alocal:i,on at wiil ich equ ~pmell[ is coUesc:::ted for bac kJoading .

.A term Bp])~ied [0 an equipment or store which. althouigh repairable, cannotfcr any reason be dea~t "vith by [he workshop to which hhas been. propedy su tU1I~'l ted ,.

To remove serviceable parts from a. repairable item of equ ipnl~nti ~ erder to install E hem on aneth er item of eq uipment.

REME units are dassifi:ed in(,1o thre,e 'Iines' according to their positicns in tbe REME organffizatio'ml relative to the units they serve. a! Ist line REME lJI ni~ bein~ I be one to w~i:c~ a u ~ it first ~.o()ks for the serviee rhat It requiresand the 2nd and. 3,rd ]i~e REME units providing t,]]e further snccessive stages of .REM.E support. The terms have no geographical si.,gnmcan,oe'.

An equipment in need of reCQ''llery or repair,

A location where equipment ·c,as,u,a~~les from units and. LA. Ds ase collected befor·e backload il1i~ by 2nd Hne reco very resources.

Asassessed at t he ~ hne of Inspect io n • (he eondi t ion of eq tI ipmem is c~ass.med as:

S -se rvieeable,

A. -~an be made serviceable by t he crew.

X -can be made serviceable by lu~it repair. Y -can be m ade serv~ceab ~e by field repai r .' Z - can be made serviceableby base repair' . . B.R-beyond repair.

Th,f:; movement of equipment casaalties out of a the,a:t re or area ..

A group detached from a: 2nd. ]:ille workshop~ ,c;omp:dsh1.g f 0 rward repair, recovery and RAOC sWrespJa,[O(.'!.n dements! with a controlllng HQ and limited ad miril[strat ive suppoet .

.A field rep:air carried OU[ to an equipment at or near ~.helocadon where if b eeamea c.asua~ry.

RIESTRICTEU

Amd13182

Hard standing

Inspection

Light Aid Detachment (LAD)

Recovery (Ree)

Recovery Post CRee P)

Rou~e clearance

Self Recovery

Tank Transporter Pick-up Point

'RESTRICTED

A surface which can sati:factorUy withstand the .rnannellJvfiD,g of heaV}~ equipment.

A careful and. critical scrutiny or an item, carried out without dism an ding" b)r using the senses of sigh~t hearing, smeU and touch for an:y~hing which may imp:air safe and efficient functioning.

A REME unit, normally on a separate establishment, formi'lI1g an in tegral part 0 t r heparent tm ni~ or ofa formation headquarters For which wt provides tst line support.

A group from a .2nd Ilne workshop, comprising repair" recov,eryand RAGe stores platoon elements, with a controlli.ng HQ and full administratjve support.

The process of lex~r1c,a~jng a vehicle cr other eqtmipmetu; front the place wbere it has become: disabled or defective and mo.' iag i~ to the first place where ~ he crew 'can con t m n ue whh M he:i r 'task. where repairs can be dune or from where the ,c,Bsuahy can he backloaded. (The expression is also used ina. wide r .• ense t o lnel u de ba.cJdoadi ng).

A designated Iocaticn at which a REME recovery detachment is maunted with orders fOlr recovery duti:es ina specified area, site or over a sp,edfiedl route.

The clearing of obsuucdons (e .. g. broken down or damaged vehicles) along a mute, in order to ensure an uninterrupted flow of traffic.

The eztrication ,of a. vehicle us~.ng its, own. equipment,

A locarion from which 'A t velrlc~e casualties can be co'] leered by Ua:1J k transpo rters f 0,( back load in.g"

_)

(xiv) ,RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

EQ"'UIP' ,i!\iI'iI:;"I1i!l.'fT· D~C.·c-O-'VE'·'R-'Y_·' M' 'ANU' .·AL~·

".-. - .. 1y'1Jl!d"' ~'" . . .. - .. _. ,

,PART 2-JlEl\4E

CHAPTER]

THE RECOVERY SYSTEM

Secrion I-PRINCIPLES, OF RECOVERY

DEFINITIO

1000. Recovery is the process of e'xtricatrng a vehicle O'l equipment casuaUy from the place where it becomes disabled or defective and moving it to the first' plaee where the crew can connnue wlth their task, where r-epairs can be effected or from where the vehicle or ,equipment casualty can be bacldoaded.

TASKS

100'1. The general term '~Reco\l'ery~ covers a variety -of taskswhich are exp~ained i.mI. the Malllua~. The full ranee of recovery tasks, for which REME is responsible fn operations and i.~peacetimef maybe summarized as fo]Jow~,:

In operat;oll. ' if

a. Recoverlns equipment casualtleeto a safe location. or to ,3. suitaJ~Ie w'O.rk s,i~e.

b. &eoove:riog' and, bac,~doadiDg casualutm requiring extensive .repair. e. Baekloading to and from BCPs and BLPs.

~. Making casualties mobile,

e. M',ov.inl'eql!llpmentwi'~hln REM~ fleps:ir' UIIIits and between unm'~s.

f. Route clearance of critical points OrR the main supp,ly routes. g.Assisting in repairand limns"· tasks.

11., Recovering ,aircraft.

liZ pea:ce,tlme

i., Sup'poning' routine training.

j., Backlaadhls equi,p:men't to REME [,epmr units. k, Fulfilling peacetime area recovelY pJans"

I., SUEIPortins: eounret§mStllrgency tasks.

I

RESTRIClED

RESTRICTED

10012., TIle primary, overall REME tast is to ensure the operational fitDesS, of Army eql1ip,ment Recovery is, eften the ftrst stage of this task: and ,carryin.a: it out speedily and, effeeUvl~y wiU. he~p' Pll1mt equipment back into action whh minimum delay and n1ay also deny its passibJe use to an enemy, Recovery also helps, to prevent equipment det,erioration tiwou,gh exposure and Jack of majntenance .

. RECOVERY BY USER UNITS

1003. User ooitsl,as. distinet from REME units; 8l1C tberueJy,es, able to undertake

11· • d' " . ~~ U' .,' . ~ ::,_ 'Dn.-t." ~J: ~,1U..:

limitedequipmeatrecovery tasks, I~"S!~. " ,,_. _~. C:_'o' '.-~,~ ~L-:. tirltiWS

MaRual_~ jtled~Eq.pmeB RieeEl~~f¥ Mmua1:-P..ar.t J-A1J AtlllS' (Army Code No. 11105).1REMB reoovery uruJs and all others ellga,ged, 'OlD recovery work must know the extent and limitations of thlMl= unh recoverytuk-aa.d-:mu th&ref0J;~

fam~b Pan ali thi Muna-I. ~

APPLYING THE BASIC PRINCWLES

10004. Bffic~ent recovery depe'~cls on observing t:~e.basjcprmci'ples seLcm ~_, Chap'ter loftheRE ..Manual fArmy.cod_.N , 1li41). The: eqmpnle~J:Wery aspecJs of 'these several principl~, are e~p'HasiiOO in. the fo,llowiDg p,uagraplns.

FORESIGHT

100S., Fon!sigiJt" based on up-to-date information, is the key to good recovery p~anning. In addition to knowmng' the tactical situatkm the' ,ea,diest infermatlen Of) eQluipment casualties, j S needed, This, .tof ormatlon comes from:

3., Clese na:i~o!L1 witb the IO!IDUltio,[IJ or unit being supported .. b,. A reliabl.e n.~'lPortin.g system.

1006. A reHabme reporting sys.tem and some knowledge of the tactical situat~on will belp in deciding whetherto use forward repair facilitmes rather than mounta recovery operation. A knowle-dge of' fu.ture' operational plans, and of possible changes in those plans win 611atNe REME commanders to ensure thatrecevery resources are porovidedat the right place and time ..

- -

ECONOM1.'

1007. It is essential to make 'the most effective disposition and. use ofthe av,ail'able reeevery resources, Recovery is ,8,:.8, liable as, any other factor tOI ov,er·-insur,anoe in p]annwng opn-auoos. Tbis must be resisted since uncommitted resources are wastefuland ]ike1ytol jeopardize other operations .

. 2

RESTRICTED

.FLEXIBILITY

101l8. Recovery arrangements must be fleKib~e and the resources balanced between forward. normal and reserve holdings. The division of res 0 urces must not be rigidly predetermined for applwcation in a. ,given smtuation ,altbough they are, of course.nllocated on predetesmined scales, as with all equipment.

,sI1\[pLlCITY

1009'" Thorough plaDning, accurate information and good reconnaissance wUJ simplify the recovery operatian,

CO-OPERATION

1.010. Equipment recovery requires a high degree of co-operatlon by all concerned,

- -

Forexample, bei()w commeneing the task the officer or NCO in 'ch.arge of fhe

recoiVery operation sho'Ii.l~d ,obtain iciformatio.n conoom~in.g local condit]ons, mines, booby 'traps etc, from troops in. the area of the proposed recovery operation.

1011. Although recovery crews are nommally responsible for their awn local defenoe~ a detachment cannot recover Wld 6ght sim~m~ane()1I1ls.Ey. If ma:y, ,acc,o,rdio,g: to. the circumstances, be essential to ask for proteetlon by other Arms,.

1m2. Recovery crews are often the first. to get intonnation (In. damaged bridges" blocked roads, crashed aircr,aft or peesennel casualtlss, Such informa,t.hJ'mil must be passed back to a local unit Of' report centre as wen ,as to the crew~s own control headqu.art,ers ..

Paras, 1013-1014 Reserved,

Sectim' 2~RECOVEKY s.YSmMS

UUS. The sys:tems described in this Section rela.~e specifically to the arrangements ap'pJy~ng: in four situil'dons. These are:

3. In BAOR, during opera:tions..

b. In :BAOR, in peaeetirne,

e, In support of the UK Mobile Pewee: (UKMF). till,. In UK, in peacetime,

RECOVE,RY SYSTErdS IN THE FJELD

10116. The systemstha't meet the f'CqJuirements of para 1015a and e a:bove rna.,. be termed the systems· in 'the field and are, as would be expected ,cla,geiy associated, They work in conjl1llction with the REME equipment repair system in the field .

.3

.RESTRICTED

10'17. These systems utilize, as their component. part-s~ three essential resources ... These are:

a. REME 1 sf line resources, ,cQimp:tismJl~:the .J:iooov,ery ~ui:pme.nt and perseenel in LADs .and unit wmkshops ..

b. REME 2nd line resources .. These resom-ees are of two kinds:

(I) the recovery eq ~.ipme:l]j.f and personnel 'of :2:nd. Ilne worksffi'lops, e~J'. the armoured workshop.

(2) spec.ialist REME recovery units" within the REME TA Orbat, ,ego

Recovery Company (Corps Troops) or (RCZ) ..

1018. These resources .~hre:.an effective two line recovery system up 'to, the point (a ELP') where lequipment might be evacuated from the CZ. Within the system equipment casualties may be moved ;n any direction, even forward; when operation-

np~lI'~D ~Q.l.a.I.~~,£i' :.'.

EQPT H,ELD ,BV C'OIFl PS 1 PS UN ITS, I CAS

mt

Ca.&I'ul._ I ty 'CI:lliliifie:.;JUo'I!'

.X- C~ln, be m,~d'o' ser'vic184'1Ibil'!B by 'Unit fc'ep.iI.ill' Y - C.:l1'I .be IjiUJ de !lair',," h::ea bile ,bY' n e I iii IrelJl':! I Ii' Z·~ 'C:i!IR b'D rn ad,s, ",e r "h;>eiilb,lle b')I' b .n'·e· re;p!!,~ r'

II

;z

J 2nd Ui!iJjQ

. (.b')I"_'COII'IP'S' Tps W'1IiI:~p ,reG: pl.

GI~

. Re,~ 'Cay [C'!l!"P:Si tIP~] )

F" 1 R ..' . 'b P' lIId d' .. l'

_ fg., .~ ecovery system 10 t - e I re~. - 'lagrammatu::: OnlY.

4,

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KESTRrCTEn

Amdtll80

ally required. The chain of reeovery facilities 'thus: links equipment coUectirng,points, (Eeps) LAD's, backloadling points, (BL'Ps) recovery postsend workshops to P'fDvide arn~nte,gr(lj.h~d system, 'The essential elements are shown in diagrammatic form in Fig , L

RECOVERY IN B"AOR DURING OPERATIONS

l019', Throughout the area of 'Operations; Ist line recovery is, normany carried out by the resources organic to 'th,e parent unit eg, armoured and wheeled recovery vehicles of :LADs. 'Within the Forward Combat Zone (FeZ 2nd nne reeeveryis carried out by recovery reseurces 'from:

a. Armoured Worksbops-Reeular units,

b. Field WorkshopS-:Regular units.

c. Corps Troops 'Worrkshop'~Re,gld,ar and TA units. ~. Recovery Company (CO'fPS Troop~)- TA units,

10[20. In the Rear Combat Zone (RCZ) and Com municat ion, Zone' (Comm Z) 2nd fine recovery is undertaken by recovery resources of:

3. Held Work hops (RCZ)--TA units.

b~ Recovery Company (RCZ)~TA units. c. F'i,cld Workshop!s (Port )-T A units.

RECOVERY SUPPORT Fo.R UKMF

1021. Ist line re'CoveFJ support is normally provided by therecovery resources organic to the parent unit .. 2nd line recovery i carded 01J.m'~ by:

D., Field WodrsllopSr-Regul,ar and T A um1IltS.

b. Field Worksborps (Port}---- TA units.

c. Recovery Company (LSG)-TA unit ..

RECOVERY SYSTEMS IN PEACETIME

1022. The essence of the tw,o peacetime system bdefly described herew:s, to acllJIev,c economy and stability and to' provide recovery facilities that are easily understood. The system.s are not described i.n detail. since they 'will be expla ined in theatre o'r formation Standlng Orders which are readily aceessible.

~0(23. _ R~oove~ .snpport for _ ,adf!Iirns,t.~at~~~p r-tjo~a ~o~ __ exe e= transport IS provided on ,8 geograpbic basis. if'F'":tepot. I' e.'. r PfOV] amg dutyreool\fery facilities within their divisionalpc>aJce boundaries. In providing thi recovery 5U,PPOr-t there is unlike'~y to be any spec.i:fi.c divisiolflj of r,esponsibiHty between Ist and 2nd line resources.

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Amd"ll80

RECOVERY IN ,"K IN PEACETIME

J(t24. The recovery system in the UK is organized on a JOi~l~ Servi,oos basis, Details are given in JSP 301 which desc r ibe ' the procedure for the recovery of vehicles of all three Services when engaged on routine ad min is trative tasks.

1025. CEME UKlF is responsible for co-ordinating the recovery resources 'Of the three Services in the UK (excluding Northern Ireland) and for ensuring that an ,ef1ident service js provided.

11026. The basic procedure for calling em the service ws that' Ule dover of a. vehlele which has broken down 011' been involved inan accident, reports the fact either to hi,s, parent unit or to the nearest RMP or RAF Duty Room. The Duty Room personnel who have details nf the system" win arrange for a suitable recovery resource to deal with the casualty.

102-7. When a unit is exercising, Of involved with operations in support of the civil community the' operation order win 'contain the recovery plan. It wm normally be based on -the recovery resources or,ganic to the formation or unit.

Paras, 1028-10;29 Reserved.

RESPONSmlLITY AND SCOPE OF TH.E PLAN

10130. The broad po~wcy fur recovery 'is decided by the staff. on REME advice and wm be notified ~n~orm.atiQn operation and admlntstrative urders, It provides tbe basis for the REME plan, whichwm then be issued through RElvIE channels,

10:).1. The detailed plan for an operation ls made by tbe senior REME officer at the headquarters controlling the operatien. This officer wm make hisplan wwthin thle framework o:f fhe staB poUcy justrefe'fTicd to. and the direction given, departmentally" by the next senior REME officer in the command chain. Additionally, he 'rout obtain up-to-date ~Dformation on an relevant aspects, induding the staff estimare of equipment easualtle and the latest decision on p,:rio1rities for recovery.

l0C32. The- REME recovery plan will usually include: a..Responsibi~.mte5 for recovery over 'the area of th'e operaticn.

h, Any ehanges in the norma] recovery system Of allocation 0" resources, c. Locations and projected moves of REME units.

d, M,ethod of contrel and lntercemrnuaieanen.

6

BEST.RICT.ED

RES,TRICfED

A md: 4/8:6

e, Prierities fer recovery and backloeding.

f., Any special instructions regarding use' of roads, destruction po;6cy I or lecal def ence situations,

g. Loca t ions for ECPs,~ B'LPs ~ recovery :p 08t8 and road patrcl s.

Section 4-'ROCEDURES, FOR, REQUESTINIG RE"AIR AND RECOVERY PROCED'UBE

1015. The Armies, of the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, and the Canadian Forces have agreed to standardize the procedures for t1eques:ting repair and recovery of land military technical equipment. The agreement is Q STAG 17'1 Edition 2.

~036" A repair/recovery request is the means by which a demand is made biy it Unit or Maintenance Authority for th,erepair or recovery, beyond its own caJ:Hlbility, of disabled land mtlitary technical equipmeat, Requests for R.epalr/ Recovery fOlf submission in writing are to be rendered in the following 'format:

,a. FROM.: (Unit Identification).

b. TO: (Unit Ident ification),

c. EQUIPMENT: I(Type and make of the equipmem, equipment configuration code/army r,egistration number)"

d. CONDITIO CODIE (UK!, CA~ AS.): (X" V"~ Z and 1Ut). CONDITION conE/MAINTENANCE CODE (US): (O:~ F/H and D).

e,. EQUIPMENT MOVEMENT FAC'DOR: (Whether or not the eqwp,ment can be moved by direct tow or suspended tow or if it can move under its, own power, Includes description. of load)..

f., LOCATION: (Map' name/scalel8-d:igit gid reference).

g., SERVICES REQUIRED: (Extent of repair/recovffY assistance needed). h. CRE:W REMAINED OR NOT WITH EQUIPMENT::

jl. GEOGRAPHICAL TACTICAL HAZARDS:

k. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.: U'f necessary).

CONDITION/MAlNTEN'ANCE CODlES

1037. Armwes recognize the variations that exisf between their ccuntries in regard to conditton/maintenance codes, These codes may be found in "QAP' 5-ABCA Armies Logistic Handbook; ~ however, they are summarlzed here to provide readily the in format jon, required En the Repair IRecovery Request,

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1D'1ll"''''''Ii'D1i~D' ~I.l. .. I.U.","" . .I . .E.... _

CHAPTER,:!,

SAFETY IN RECOVERY

INTRODUCTION

2000. Safety conslderationsin recovery work appJy with equal force whether the work is doee by user unit personnel or by REME specjalist~. Silrety requir,ements are a 'common de-nominator and the inform,at~on given in this Chapter themore covers at least the same ground as the cerrespondicg pad (Section 4) OIf the: Equip .. ment Recovery Manual-Part 1 (AU Anus) (Anny Code No. 711(5). Necessary pr,ooaruti0'118 fbat arise due to the more extensi~e aspects of the REME task arc; additionally referred to here.

2001. Recovery work is arduous and an element of darnger is often present, Men must WCI':rt as a team under the orders of a. leader, To minim.iiz.etbe risk ,of accidents the ope~a'tmon needsto be carried, out as a erm in which ev.eryone bas. beenbrlefed.

,SAFETY OF PERSONNEL

,21002. To accomplish :recov,ery safely maximum care must be taken dur.ing, the erecnon and use' of equfpmeatto prevent damage to vehicles and. equipment; and

. '. I

Uijtuy to personae .'

2003. To gua'!'d against the risk of accidents during Teem/cry work personnel must be aware of and observe the following basic safety rules:

a~ Instructiens are to be gi ven only by th.e team .Ieader.

b, The team leader will halt operatloes if ther,e is interference from bystanders, and w~U Dot lie-start operations until the bys:tanders have been. moved out of the immediate area.

Co, Except when Ills.ing an ARV irrtercem, tbe sign,a~s, described ~n Chapter 11,. Section. 3 will be used to control winching operations. Shooted orders must not be used as, they can be misunden,tood,

tI~ A man Must Dever be a]loW'cd to crawl under a jacked-up equipmem or to work under it, until fuD 51lJ.:pp,ort has been. pro\'ided by skids, PfOPS or speCiam purpose stands.

e, Do not use damaged or suspect equipmemt. 9

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RBSTRICTED

f~ When a hook is being, used in a rigging it should be posw:Uoned so the open part, (throat) 'is upwards. IT the hook should fail fhrough overload the tendency will be ·tarthe ri,ggmg to be fOl'C'ed downwards.

:1. Do not :stand uader a. sllspended load.

b. Precautionsare necessary 8'gains,t heavy equipments sUP'PWs when jacks, tackles:" cranes or similar means are bemg usedto raise them, The capacity and lefficiency of ~iftmg gear ,the s,tnjmJgth of sl.ings and the method of appl~yingdlem, and the alignment of ,1I pun with the centre of gravity of the e~uipment, must a:U 'be checked. befol1e noistmng: is allowed to begin,.

i., When nftiD\g a. heavy w,e~lb.t keep a ,straight back to Hvolld risk ,of rupture; DIO not attempt to move weights, beyond your strength,

ii. Ke.ep clear of ropes, under load, lespecially wire ropes which are prone to wniplash if tl1e:y fmiJ under load .,H a wire rope bas become fouled intackle b~ocks, or in :aDY other WilY the load mWlst be first j[-e~eased aud the rope cleared, It must never be cleared by hand but by using a crow .. bar or other suitable IDev,er.

k. ID. cases where it is possible to' load. a dead casuahy onto a traller back "f!iQi front this method shouldbe adopted as it enables, the D1U guiding ,the driver onte the tr,aw~er to see' ,eldl,er side of the casualty without baving fLO s,tep over a moving or tensioned winch rope, Us,mg this method the casualty driveL" can see the guide's, direction throughout the operanen, (Note: By Jaw a. rearward fa.elnl vehicle ICasUalty must have all white lights obscured or removed).

I. When it is ll.eOMWY to use o~y-.acetyIlene ,cuumg lequipment ,always 'use the protecth;e goggles provided.,

m, ProtccUv,el~or¥"'eI are issued as part of the eCJ!lli,pment of all recovery v,ehicles and must be worn whoo bandl.ing 'Wire rope, A MO'ym.glca'ble sbou1l.dl never 'be allowed to sUde through the hand even "When gloves are worn. A broken wire conkl cut throu.gh the glove.

D., Tools, Recovery Mechanic" must be wed wheEl bandlingheavy equipment and. wire ropes ..

,CARE OF RECOVERY EQ~NTI

2004. The working rules .just de$Zribed for ensuring 'the ,afefy of men win also' help' tOI prevent ov,ers,train and dama:ge tuo, rtroo"¥,e:ry eq'~.dpme:nt. AU lequmpmentused

m~t .. be ad~uate to. ,t ~e_ tas~,.c~.· §oo~condi~ Ica. ne. c,t1. y,~pIPUed. Rec ... _·_overy

eqmpment is marked WIth a safe; working:: lo,~ I ~. e words. Rec use only.

10

'O'P'""TRI' ~l" I' ~ r '. '-JbEtU

.

~

RESTRICTED

'2005" Two saFety rules applicabletoi tackle layouts are:

a. All loops formed in a cable should be removed before a lead is al'pIiedi. W,n,en a load is, ,applied. to a looped 'wWe I1op,e it wm reSllll'~ in tberop'6 lber:omi:DI kinked and the rope will be weakened,

b. Ensure when winchingthat rigging: Unes are not crossed. Crossed ,cables will rub ,against each oth,er calls,jng damJ1ge to the cable or an fncrease in, resistance.

A good general rule for saJety islo cheek the following two points immedf,R'tely before ,aplp:lying the loadto anytackle layout.

:3., Tbattbe: ca.~culati,oo, of. the' estimated, pull is correct,

b.. That the equipment is strong enough for 'the taSk and has, been conecdy applied 'to the task.

Paras. 2D06-2007 Reseeved,

S"~' - '2 D'l'"Dv ·PR'I'l1'L"l',.l·UTIO'·N'S~ _ e:(:~z(}n ,~JI,,~, , ~a"" "" ."

PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

2008. Recovery personael must be familiar with the orders for the pn;ven:tioA of fire as laid dl:i,wn m ~StandiDg Orders for Drivers 0:( .Mecharucal Vehicles, (Wheeled) and Motor~Cy,clists" (Code No. ] 2451) and any addition.al instructions on &9 precautions for AFVs" The crews must also know the precautions necessary to prevent the outbreak of fire; from damaged. ammunition and explosives, and from the use of welding equi.pmen:t. In pardcular" tarpsulin eQv,ers and camouflage nets must be secured dear of exhaust sys.tems~ especially when a whi,cle is '()IO fhe move.

2009'.Uniit Standing Orders fbr fue-tlgbtjllg: will Jay down. the soldier;'s, persoaal res;pollsi bil ity and .aCti!O(Ll in the event of me. Recovery personnel mUM be 1I1ealimy and competent to dea~ with fireswhlch may break ourt in 'equ~pm(mt. casualtmes or .lD 'fhcif o<wn I'ec.Qvery~ehwdes .

. PORTi\BLE FmE FIGHTING EQUIP:MENT'

201~1 The ~ypes of ponaIJteme .. fighting appliance whi.clllmay be found mil vehicles and tbetypes: of me for which 'they are :!mitable, are given .in the Table overleaf~

FIXEn FlBE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

2011., Fixed equipment is installed in some 'AI v:e:hides,. This is usuaUy combined witb.an audible automatic \V,arming g,ystem. The sysrem ~may be operated remotcly

U

RES,TRJCl'ED

RJecogniUoIII.

Colour

Type IOlf .Fke

T:ype of ExtinguisJ].er

Vehicles to which Fitted

WET (water) Red

Relnarks

AU but infiammable. liquids

Centurion Saladin Saraoen Stalwart Mk. 1

FV 432 lYIks 1 ami 2 Scamme~ M,ed Ria::

AU

Highly toxic

Green

Centurion Sia1adin S,amcoen FV432Mkl

01" A-' ,', 11,1' ,

:', rve green ..u

BCF

Cl1ieftajn Abbott

FV 432 Mk:1 FV434

Stalwart Mks 1 and 2 CVR(T)-aU variants

¥ery low to:xicity

Foam Cream Fuel fires

by a handl,c fitted to the outside of tbe v.ehicle. In fixe-d systems, the lextinguishing agent is normallypiped to the lengine compartment of the vehicle but it may also be piped, to otberimportant areas such as, the wincb house on the Centur,ion AItV Mk 2. The following v'ehide-s. are fitted, wirh flxed fire s,ystems.:

Ceaturion, ,all ty"es -}

F'V,','·' 4~'2 Mk 1 " ·C.bon Dioxide s),s.tem.

Sala-om ,

Chiefita.in }

FV 432 Mk: 2 B'CP' '

S,' ",1'" ,,' Mk~" '- 1,1" nd 2,-,' """ : system

ta.lw;m 'I I an .

CVR('T}-.an variants I

Powder DFY Light blue: AU.

Upr,igllt.

12

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Scammel Moo Rec

Levland Hy Roo AEC .MedlR,ec:

RESTIUCI'm

CHAPTERl

.RECOVERY TASK PLANNING

SPECIFIC FACTORS

- ~ - -

3.000. Within the iOvie:!.aU ;mssumptio'l[I tbatRErdE recovery resources are w,elI ,orga:mzed" wen informed and w,ell. tt,aiooo,theve are a number of fact(ln3·that, dir,ect1y infiuenoe ·tn.€:: m aki.ng: .of a" recovery plan, These are:

a. State of readiness"

b. Topographical conslderatlons, IC. Movement on roads.

Id., Tactical :sit,uation..

e, Reconnaissance.

jf~ Technical considers tlons,

They are con:s:ideredin some detail inthe Sections tbat foUow ..

Paras. 300]-3002 Reserved,

$.fJ.cti(}ll 2---STATE OF READINESS

3m)!),. Three aspects ,of :fi~a,din:ess ave, :parti,c[l1a:r:ly impaitallllt; eq (I w.pment service-a,bHi.ty, reserves and crews .. There are some other pomtstnat mmy for convenienee be called 'Other Requirements',

EQVlPMENT SERVICEABILITY

3004. Since speed of execution of a recovery task is important it follows,that recovery ,equipment and vehicles involved must be propedy main:tained,serri,oeable and in 3" constant stale of ;readiness. This is best. assured by regul,ar ins,pecUQo ,and continuous car-e 'by the officers, and NCOs. concerned and. to this end. ·tbeymust ensure:

a, Tille serv.m.ceabili'ty of all recovery equipment.

bi. That all weapons, camouflage nets, shelters, fire .. figbting· ,equipment, cookers, lamps, we:tding equipment and anciUary ston~s" are in. good (lQndition.

c. The roadwurtbiness of vebic1,es and. the 8J:ce&sibility of tools . recovery s~gns, and notices ..

13

RESTUcnm

RESERVES,

.100.5. Recovery teams should be se~:f-sUP'Portifil for a m.mnnwn of two dm;ys .. An ,openlti.,o([la~ task must therefore be started with flJJe~ ·tanks full .andwith .aprpnJpriate reserves of POL, water rations and. ammunition. Field cooking equipment is :I,eguired. AddldonaJlYJ water and rations for aiding stranded vehicle crews or stragglers, shou ld be taken,

)

RECOVERY CREWS

3006. Under good leade:rs.l':lJIp recovery crews 'Qllllkkly (leve~,oJl' an exceptionally m~lh standard of initia'(Jve and. seif(;'r,el lance ~ qualities wbich mll~t be iOIS,ter,:ed at every opportunity. On:ws may be l!equired 110' turn out at any bour and. must be prepar-ed for this 'eventuality. A s:ystem. or rotatlon .of dunes wilJ ensure tha:t men have aJlJoUed times for se1:'vicmgvd:dc1es. and ,equipment and similarly a11otted. periods for restand relaxation,

OTHER REQUIREMENTS

3007. Other pomts, wmdl require checking before sending' out ,2 liecovery crew illclude:

a, Maps, of the relevant area are iD. their possession.

b~ If the work is, in ,3, mined. or booby trapped area, mine detectors are part of the equ.ipme:n:t OD beard.

e. III the oonditlOmi, at b. above, the crew must have had ·training in techniques for dearing mines. and ne'll.tralizing: booby traps,

d. If ,equipped with l',ad.kJ'~ crews, mws.t inclnde trained operators and be' p,m,vided with net details" ie, ,can s:igli:li8:; ft;equencjes~ net :ide.lllUfica tfon signs~ address groups. and codes, Operators must be practlsedin the me of current cedes,

e, ARV crews, must be ,exper.im_.eed in. emergency F'q)air techniques and in the use of welding eqwpm,ent or explo,sives .faf ,cutting or shortening tank ·traCk_s .. (See Chapter J2" whicb deals with SpecjaJ 'Techniques).

REQUIREU INFOJm.llA.T10N

.3'010... Infonnation requirements vary widely. For ,example, an accurate grid refer-en.ce "lone may suffioe. whilst" :if ,operating in an unfamiJiar area or under en.emy

14,

RESTRICTED

tW;eat~ mOire detaBed infoanation is ob'riously [leiqoo~d, .. As a general .ude some or ilU of 'the foU(}wmg t(JPo,gra.pbka]pf)i~rruts wW need!. to be es:tab~jsh:~d:

a, Tile best ap:pooach and. fieturn :roLWtes,,~o fnc~ude'a note: oflf,adienU, bddges~ lUJderp3.lSBes~1 bunt-up aress and. deiifes,.

&1" Tbe natmr-c of toe gfloltm:lld w:heretlil.e ,,:asl1l;a,~tyis situated.,

C:,. Likelihoo dl of' concealment or eoverfrem high gilIO'lI]Iud or a.iI,craft"

FlNDlNG THE WAY

30 ]11. Mll1Ich of the tQPo,graphicat infQrmait~Qim needed. in pja:Mirlg a r-eQOV'e:fj' ,ope:r~Uion can. be 0 btatin.ed noma map, ]1 fioUows·that ~m I(;co:verypcrsQnne1 must be trained to agoe dl standard in map rea.din,g. CIQse~.y .reIa:~edto ti'rujs slJbj~t1ct ~d suppl~e:mentiflg it, is dle need to be wel~ acqtla~nted w.m.~h. fo.rm;a,tj~ll~ Utlita!Ddl route

J s~gns.

3'012. lu 01'00. country oona.i,u,oftcS it maybe Dfloessarytfll move 'b;y dead rec.koj!)ins~! that IDs'!' by moving in !llplieaetermined di.ooct:iOfl for a sm.\tlen distance from a. known, ref'er-emoe: point. To do this, ,oonfiden t!y and accur.a.te]Jy [lfl{])uim oompass, traverse tr.ammg: ..

3en 3,. The use crr 'lth.e p~isma~ k compass, :amld its :Umi'ta.tiofis :if used close to a vdlucle or mass ,of metal, m:ustbet~orollgMy ta Wight! and weU u[uierstooCil. In. ~Oln.2 situ:atioiID'Js it :may be necessary to un.1lers:£:and aeduse a. sun CVlnpass ..

30 m 6., [[I .relantioIIJ. ill} norma:1 mov,ement on reads recovery veb]desa:r,e ~~able~o hinder other t.ratllc and in view of this,~heir movement needs tobe CMe'fuUy p1huned. Thi)'fi, ma.y mean restric,tmgthem 1tO s:pecifu: routes and tiJniDgs,.

30m 7. D~rmg -operations 'the: :fb~lowi[lgresttm.ctions may ·iOOplaQed. on I'eco'vcry VieM.des, and reoorve:ry tasks:

3. N (11 moveme..nt OJl1l. main routes without ,ricer au:tbolriza.t.~(lO. Snch.a.uthodty would. be fremthe fo:rmatklilil. :HQ and. would. be 0 b:ulined. throulh ffh.eTas:k:, Force, EME ,or formation HQ REME.

b. Nereute ob~trnctmg ~eGovetytask ta. be tm.dejda~en during an oper,at~()nill move~umIDess 3ufhonzcfid. by 'tb,e~plPi'iopr1a,m tr.aiiccontto,1 organiZation..

15

RBSTRICTEU

:ImSmICTED

3,018. Recovery drive'!! ,and crews can, tbemselves~ do a lot to .minimize interf7el'6llee with normal tndnc flow b!y the w,ay theygo abolJ,t a task, and. they must stm,e to do this .. Also" a high standard of road courtesyat the [IOOOV'eZY ute and en route must, be shoWd.

30]9:., Quite apart from the I,estraints menrionedabove, there are others. wlblcb need to be taken ill to account including, for ,example, sharp' bends, steep' gradiie:nts,~ narrow bridges, unmanned, ,erorssmp and 'wKyside hazards. 'The r,ooovery planner and the reeoverv crew must do all possible to minimize the efFects of these factors.

CATEGORIES OF TRAFFIC

31020. In a CZ, road tr,ilffic may be regarded,as be],ongin,g to one offour categnrfes. These, With some explanation, are:

:31.. Ope""'tion'Q'l.. Exampl,e,s; are AFVs and combat vehicles gener,aUy,.,

b. .Maintemmce. Thls 'Will include fanned groups, of logistjc vehicles, moving on main routes,

e, P,'o/lft to P!():int. Groups of formation and unit veJbic~ moving' between localities in aceerdenee with an operational pma'll.,

d. Casual. Vehicle.s singly or in small groups, mOvll1Jg about independently within the zone, Recovery vehicles engaged individually are treated as casual traffi!c and maybe required to ,gi v:e way tot;raffi,c in any of the other ,categories.

ROAD AND BKIDIGE CLASSIFICATION

30-21.. Roads and Ibrid.ge& are given a weight classification aecordfng to their load bearing capabilities.. The Royal Engineers, are reg,ponsible for this and for the erection of brid:g:e dassification signs. 'Ihe class of Toutle or bridge is indicated b¥ a number denoting the maximum permissive load. in tonnes, The numbers are displayed m black on, a y,eUo,w background.

31022. Witbina formation the appropriate ClassUication information is USrlUlUy notified. in orders and the smgns are placed at road. Junctions, and elsewhere, Route and bridge elassiflcatien mapsare semetimes issued, and where this is: the case [-ecQ¥ezy crews, should. make use' ,0,:( them,

VEHICLE, LOAD ,CLASSIFICATION

30~3. ¥ehi.d~" trailers and vehicle tralrn1s are dtllssi1ied according to thdr weigiht,. to indicate the class of bridg@ or raft they are perrnitted to ne~otia'~e. For esample, if the vehicle class number is less or equal to a bridge (or raft) cIa:ssificati.on the vehi.de may cross, If it is bigber it may not do so.

16

RESTRICTED

----II

RES.TRlCTED

3024. The relevant publication is - Road Movement" (Army Code No. 706·65) with details in. Annex F. The system is. a.mUUarry one and in no way su peesedes ,civ.ilian systems.

WARNING SIGNS (A,ppUcable only in peacetime)

30125. Vehic~es,that carry dangerous or abnormal loads which, because Clf fheir SIDz,e or shape may be dangerous an the road, are to carry a, red 8agand, may mount a flashing amber ligbt visible from all sides.

30210., The detailed R1gulatioll!Jl.s, which deal with the w.arl1llng signs on awkw~rd loads, arecontained in Army Road Transport R;e,Stdations, Chapeer 8 (Army Code 14072)..

Set:tion5-TACTICAL SITUATION

PROTECTION

3030. A reference has boon made in para, 1011 to protecu.on., If a recovery operatlon in, the combat zone is of an extensive kind a eo-ordiaated defence plan may be necessary. This will leave recoverypersonnel free to get on with their tasks

- - -

without distr.a.ctjon .. It may not be necessary to do more than post an air s:e:ntzy and,

as far as pract.kable, to conceal the recovery adivi ty from dlrect air observas ~IOI1 •.

3031., If the area has bean previously occupied by an enemy ill cheek mustbe made for booby traps a,

RECONNAISSANCE

- ~ -

3032. If the situation in the v,icinity of the casualty is i.n ,any way unclear from a tactical point of view the reoovery pa:rty should halt nearby" prefer.ab~yu]]der cover. The, offioer or NQOio charge wIU then make: a. reconnaissance, carefilllily studying the ground in order to appreclate, for ,c;lJ,amplc', approaches that mishtbe wed by enemy patrols or whether any coneealment from the air is possibme.

3~)13,3. If 'there are troops in the vicinity fhey sbolU:~d. be oo'mtac1led Iud itdio,rma,tion sought onthe facticaJpositioiJ!l .. They mav be asked! to afford ,COvet or to help .m the reccvery operation if this, seems, from 'the reconnaissance, to be necessary or praetieable,

17

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•

~s AND BOOBY TRAPS

3034. Recovery personnel receive limited traming in the detectionand clearance of ruines and booby traps. Crews must ascertain whether there are ,any mines or similar bazardsin the area before commeneing recovery operations,

._J.

CO ····'(EALMENT ANU CAMOUFLAGE

30]5.. The comparatively shart duration of' ,3; Jiecovexy operation, at the recovery siite" does not ]eSS60 'the need to take normal pr-ecautions against detectioe by e:~y surveillance, Trained. men know ttila,t the principal elements in 5u.oc-essfuUy cooceall.ing, themselves or their equipment are the interr:elated ones of siting, correct use of carnoufl3\ge materials and camoufta_ge discipIilne.

3013,6. A receverycrew cannot pre-select its, work: site and nei~her can it ,ewoidl movement. Therefore it bas, to acoept the hazards resulting from these fadar"s., However, with due attention to the several points listed below the likelihood of detection by enemy stll'¥eiffi:lance will be redueed:

:R. Speed, If the: task can be ,comflJ'etedl ,quickly, elaborate camouflage measW"eS, may be unnecessary.

b. Usehess~au windscreen bllnds and e]imin:ate shine,

e, Make fOO] use of camoufla'ge nets and ve8etat~m'll to conceal vehicles around which mo¥e.men!t cannot be avoided.

d. Wher,e mov,ement is, necessary make full use of lcamoufil~ge nets and natural fOliage to cOlleeal vehicles, equipment and personnel,

e, Post sentries and ,en !rulf'e cessa tion of mevemeot as SOOoD as an alarm is gwen.

f. Screen weldin! arcs,

g. By good concealment d.b;cipline ensure minimum exposure of men. and equipment, and mmimize noise, The lise .of lights must be careflilly controlled.

3037.. COlloealmeut and Camouflap B dealt wi~h ill an instructive ,and interestmg way In 'Unit Ba:tt]~efieid Coanter-Sarveillance, 19'74'- (Army Code N,o. 70753,).

P'RECAUTIONS AGAlNS.T NUCLEAR ATTACl{

,303,Et .PrecR(~t~an.s agalnst the: hazards Oofnllclear ,~Uack (and ~Iairu;t those of a nuclear attack launched by our own forces) win be prescribed:in :~ormatioD orders. The related tra~CJing publication is'N".ctear Training (All Arms) Vat I, P,amphlet No.1, Precautions Agaifls.t Nuclear Attack" (Army Code No, 9466).

1.B

--

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RESTRICTED

.30,39.. BdefiJy I' the indiv~dual action to be: taken in the "age oifenemyaUaCk is ,as ~h~lows:

3" Immediia:rely do~et~e reyes and drop totb.e ground. with headtowardstbe bright Ught 'f:a.ce dowliJIwards" thellands tucked underm~a\nw_ the lbody ..

hi. When dtOPiPm:g to the greund, advantage should. be: taken of .a.ny aldditiom:ud p'ro~oo~ won such as hedges, di~cliles Qrtreuches.1i this protect~o.'11 is ,mehieved w~thin one second. of see~m1gtful.ebdsht light, so.m.e of the heatr:adj'3,,tian wiUbe avoided ..

e. The ~pi(onepo~ition should be main~;a.m.ed.uiCI.t~j~he blast way,e has, pasS/edt

C01\Ddl1Nl.CA:TIONS

31040. A succe$sfm.d reCOVlety operation depeDds~, ,81mOrM8st otherth ingsi ()jr]j. good ClOlrnmu:rrko,QtiJ('Il]):safldU~.e use ofllcoognl2!edJ 5\Ystenmin [1:1~,yifl,g .imfor.ma:tion dui~g a rocove,rj tar:~1tt. Sinee the, maJority .of r,oooive:ry ·vem.c1es are not equipped. with radie, a. ~1(l'Q,kou.t must be kepif; for,. and. a note made o:f~ other .fl!ciIU:~es thatmigmt be used ..

. 304L In those instances where tberec0very vel1icle~s leqll1ipped with radio one crew memberat least must be a trained op~r.a:tor and as many as poss.iblec should. be trained to operate. the set and .~endl and r,ereive messages. The relevant tra.ining p~b~ tea:tiom. eoverl rig VOik~e Proeed ure is i:Siglla!l COimmuwca,tions in trhe Army., Vat lV-Prooedures P.amp.blet 2, Vi(l~.oe Pr-oceclure? (A'f.my Code No. 70710.

31D42. If app.r(J[.Iir.iate~y trained~ it, ma.yoo poss~.bIe far recovery personnel to ma.ke:

USIS of a rad lo set in aJl'~q mi.pmeflt ie~S:llliaJt.y. This will require knowb:rugth.epfiOcedUiit for br,eaiking ill O'n. a wo.rkinlg netand .. also know:blg:lb.e frequen.cles call signs and. codes lnuse,

30413. AS:a\ glllard.agai nst poss~ b.l:e breaches olf securityr-ooovery persomn.d. using radio communicanonsmmt be tr,aJned. in the correct use l()if fie~d. and. gridr,eference codes,

.se'Ctl(J·I.~ 6-RECONNAISSANrCE AND .BRlEFING

30416. Norma.Uy 31 reeQ_nmussa.tI~ew.jU precede a llecovery crew bdefilng;. However~ ~~be casualty report, whlcb is usuaUy received prior to :reconnaissanoe;. ShOILl~d l~.clude muclhi. of the essential info:rmatioml. r'eG!1!.Ured by a :reclOvery crew, 'I'.ms m~Qr[maUOiJl will ineluciJe ~jQipog[awhi:tal~t;actical ,aodrednlicaJ aspects .oithe retO'v,ery situatio1l1. Tb.eDe~~ty for reconnaissanee can there~orei o.nly be assessed foreadl situa,fion as, it arises.

19

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•

RESTRIC-TEO

INFORMA:TEON

3047.. If the odsinal information is tobe of any value it must answerthe following quesUons:

9. W·hat is j~ l' (to' include nature and wejgbt Oif load). b,. Wh.a.t ls wrong?

c.WheIiews. it?

,d. Who does .it 'belong to '1'

304ft The brief to, the U(:'[)V,m-y crew should coverthose bilsic qaestioas and some addiUonal points, to the following extent:

3. Mak@ and type of the equipment and unit identifiea,tion (fucJ!udmg re,gistered number)"

b. Location of the ,casualty in the form of six figure grid reference or' an unmjs,talUll!.b1e and easily :id.ootified point if possIb,Ie~ilie location of a unit ,guid:c: to the casualty site,

e, Routes. out and back.

d. Local tactical situation, includling the presenee, if known, ,o,:f mines or booby traps, ..

e, Brief descrip,tion ,of damage.

t., The need for any s,pedal provision for rations.

1:. Av,a,i~a,bnity and typ,e, of COmmllQicafioflsto 'be used, h. Codewords and. passwords.

Paras .. 30'49-30.50 Reserved.

Section 7-' 'TECHNICAL CQ'smERATIONS

DE'IAIL

3051.. The recovery crew commander, baying completed his reconnaissance of the recovery sl'i'e andl casua.lty 'WiD need to eonslder 'thet,eclmical iPI;Spec;ts in oirder to formaliZe: the recovery plan which will need to include the foUowing matters,

a. An estimateof the puU requ ired, 'to move 0([ extricate the Castl,a.l:ty (see:

Cha,pmr Sparas .. .sOQ:l-So.30).

b~ Seleetion 0" the tackle ~ayollt required to achieve the estimated pull (see eha,p,ter 5 paras. 5031-.50.34).

e, The stress j:n the tackle ~ayou.t (see Cha:pteF ,6, S,ficdon 3} . . 20

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II

RESTRICTED

d.. Selection of the appropriaite equipment

e. Pr-epM,atio:o of the casuaIty and prelJiminaty 'Wode. such as di,ggm,g. f~ Position of recovery vehicle j nrela'tm.on to the casualty.

g. AUocatiofl of work to l"eo(weJ'Y crew members,

II,. Safety points,

t Possible methods of making 'the ,casualty mobile,

B:r:li''J'iC'iIn-.ilG··

~~ . .!U., _I

3,05;2. Havilllg considered these peints the crew ,eommana,er will 'thell, be in a position to brief his crew and allocate tasks" All the crew must p'ay attenrkm to the 1bdefing details since any one of them, as tbe recovery proceeds, may need to assist .0'][' takethe place of another,

Paras .. 3053-30,54 Reserved.

('t~_ ~ • 0< 'G:l!lIf'iFJl>ll\ iii " 'DV ~c;'~,lon 'Q~'U,I"'Jl..!iY~.,.I"

30.SS. It win be evide:n.t tbatreporting,:reconnaiss&nce and bdeiins' are interrelated. No rigid recovery plan can be drawn up' but the main considerations have been desedbed here. TrainingJ subsequent experience and commonsense must play their part. The operation is then Ukely to succeed. without wasted effort, undue risk or loss of time.

'p 30S~' 3057 R ved

I ." _:1' J :'r"' 1"--;': I - r- - :.~.-. y,_._

.. aras, " .. '.' ·esef'l .

21

RESTlUCTEU

RESTRIcm:n

J

22 RESTRICTED

II

CHAPTER 4

SOIL RECOGNITIO AND TYPES, OF SO,n.,

Sfu;tivn J-GENERAL EXPLANATION

EFFECT

4000'" The ,effect on 8, reoovery task of ,the' ground onwbicb it has 'to be carried out can be considered under t,W€) headm,gs:

a, The eonsritution and oOiJ!]Jsis~eJllcy ofthe soU. b. The slope of the ground.

The dfect .of the s~ope of the ground is dealt with in Oiapt,er .5.

FAEURE TO MOVE

4001. Vl11efi a vehi,ele '0iID" o~ller eqnlpmentbecomes immobilized beeause 0'( bail ground conditions the call1SIQS can generally be attd buted to the followin.g::

a. Sinkage" When the strensth of the soil is insuffideut to sup,portthe load imposed on it, tbe soil'coUapses and deep rotlm·,iJ or subsidence OCCllrS.

b~ Slippag;e. This is caused by tracks or wh.eeIs shearing .oft' portions of 'the surface soil whentbe going is .soft. A characteristic of sWippage is the ,cutting action which oeeurs due '00' the tracks or wheels chnmiag in the 05IOU. If this is continued the, vehicle will graduaUy seule down Ufitf} it "·benies'"

Paras, 4002-4003 Reserved .. ,

Section 2-ICONSTIT1JTIO ; AND CONSISTENCY OF soa

CONSTITUTION

4004. Vehicles, and other leql!llipmcuts are seldom so ligbt in wei8b~ that theyw.il1 rest OD. top of the surface soil. It is therefore with t:be lmdedying:p ositm,eU1S ef the surface soil and the various, subsoils that recovery personnel are most likeJy to 'be' concemed=partlcularlywith the ability of the subsoil 'to' withstand oompr,essive and shear stresses.

400.5. The main ,r,equireme.nt in connection: with ground :fS to' und,ersta:nd the various natures of surfaoe soils and subsoils and their bearing capacwHes.

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RESTRI(.'TED

RESTRICTED

4006. Same knowled.ge of the eonstitueion ef SJoUs and thea.biUty ,of the' ground 'to withstand the loads likely tIQ, be imposed on it is 'essential for the effective :somution of recovery problems, WUhout iliis knowledge the best ofm'l1en'uoDsmary be abortive or the recovery operation und.uJy laborious and slow.

'OONSTITUTION OF SOIlS

4007.. Surface rocks are gr,3,Jdually broken down into small panicles by rain, frost, wind .andl waves, These sman partmcie-s co,mbilliE with organic materials such as dec8y,edl vegetable rnatterand to~:elber these in.gredients, constitute soU. Particles derived from the pMie__nt reek make up the bulk of most. soils though a peaty soil may have a" greater propertion ofvege:tab~e matter. Soil pa.ttk::loo, ,s're'Q'j,lov:ed around by the action of wind" water and the eiects of gravity and collect in cracks in rocks folds, valleys ami other gCQgr,a:phica} featur-es .. , where mea..r;hing occurs d.ueto the chemical action .of water percolatlng through the soil.

400'8.. The aocompanymg diagram (Fig., 2) sl~owshowtbe pr,ocessesjruJlst. described may ,affect the dep0-5.i'tion of soils. The type IOf mineral, combined with the grain slze ef the: paxtkies determines 'the prrlOper~ies ,of the soU.

RA~N

FlI'VIER.5, 1M il LL 'WI NO BLOWN

SLOPES 'h:!lravi"ty)

Pi:g:. 2.~Effects of w,ea'thering--dia.:grammatic iQonly.

CiONSJSTENCY~THE EFFECTS OF MOISTURE

4009.. The behaviour of soi11sprofound~:y affected by the presence ,of moisture. This is because of ill characteristic called "cohesion ~, which can be uaderstood as "the

24

•

RESTRICTED'

mutual ,attraction o,f particles daetomolecular force and the' presence of moisture films. Cohesion varies a'cc-Qxd:if!lg to tbe moistur-e con tent,

4(U@. Wlb.at concerns recovery personnel is the behavlour of suits on \V,hi,ell dley conduct their operations and, it is, therefore hnportant tc have some kn,owledge of 'soil mechanics'.

40011. Soils are usually mixtures of sand, clay and silt, Where coarse grained

·al _~.;l • • ~t..' th f' 'to, ft'· • d . 1 ,:1'1

materl. s ptwomma.te m I!.J[JeOl!iXtur-e e presence o , the. ne gramee mate-rUlll Will

according to the molsrure content, determine its ,coosist,e:ncy and hence i ts ,cb.araet,et~ iSlics frolm a" recovery standpoint.

401:2., In fine soils, particLlbl:rly clays, andto a lesserextent silt, as the moisture content is. increasedthe SOH (still remembering that it is almost certainly a. mixture) passes from a bard, dry material Into aplastic form. and then becomes relatively I iquid, This ms illustrated, in a very simpl'e manner in this liepfesentation,:

Fig. 3.-Snil change with incteash'.lig moisture content.

4'013. In coosideriag ~he strength of soils ~t will, therefore, be rea.diJYI!'Uld,e1'S:~o cd that thevariable factor of major importance is the' presence of mo'~stlU'fe. Groand that is fum or even hard in dry weather may become soft, boggy or strongly 'IbQ~.dinl~ after a. period of rain..

4014. For reoovery pur,poses ground may be divided into one of four Icategories; a, Firm groOtund, onaffected by mo,istm~, e.g. roek:Y surfaces, stones, OlD a finn jlk)il!llndatiQtfll~ or shale,

h, :Sollstna,t are :firm when. dry but which will become co,mpw:.aUve!y unstable in wet weather~ leg. clayand irs various combinations willi chalk or sand,

c. :SoUs that are unstable under ,any cendltlens, eg,. SQift cultivated soils, bogs" marshland.

d. S,oils eneouneered on beaches, for-esbores and estu,ari.es and soUs affected by tida~. action, 'ego sand, shlngllfl and s.ilt.

25

RESIm.CTED

•

RESTRICTED

It must be remembered, however, that in any one area there may be more than one type of sub-soil; day pans, may be found ina sandy area, boggy patches on ,am otherwise firm hillsjde'" or the soil maybe a mixtu:re~ eg" chalk and, ,clay.

Paras, 4015-4016 Reserved,

Section 3..-.80IL ,RECOONITION

TYPES OF SOIL

4017. The colour of soil and, vegetation win often give an indication of the types ,of going ~o be expected, in an area. Some example-s are' ,~S: follows:

a, Light coloured soils usuaUy indicate good drainage, Examples are ,chaJk (unJess. badly broken Up~I" grave~ and sand. These wii]~ usuallyprovide good ,gowg fox vehieles,

b., Brown soils gener,aUy provide goodgomg unless. wet. Dark brown soils in particular tend lobe sticky and heavy when wetand often havea treacherous surface emst.

c. Red, soflsare uncertain, Those derived fr,om sandstone or limestone usu.aUy pr,ovide good ~oifllg, tho,ugh duD red or purple clay soils ave almost impassable when 'Wet.

d. Grey, slate-eoloured soils are typi:call of clay, They provide ,gemerally good g,o,jog" except if wet" when they may be impassable to heavy v,chides,.

e, :B]~ soiillllstllally denotes bad going., It can indicate peat OIl' boggy ground, Md such ground, should be avoidedun:U] a safe route has been reconnoitered,

f. Brightgr,een patches of grass or vegetation ill an otherwise unif:orm tract usui.d~y giv,c warnin,g of soft areas that am to bea vOilded..

TYPES, OF' ,GR.oU-ND

4O],lt Ro'cky I(UI'd Strmy Slt~f(lce:s. These are easily .recognized, The:Y may be very rough and uneven.'! where sharp stones and. edges may cause punctures: when the surface is 'wet.~ wheel-spin or sUp may OOCD1. Normally, however, except for difficulties arising from s.t'oop slopes they cause 'few recoveryprcblems other than a ifficulty in driving in stakes for ground. anchors.

4019.. Clay'" This may be found in pure form, such as white china clay or blue s~aty clay. More oiten, it is in CcQn1 him tion wi,fh sand, ,cba1Jk, etc; it is then known as loam~ marl, adobe or loess" and v,aries in colour from yeUaw to, red or brown. These combinations have their own specific qu,aUties that must be learned from experience;

,26

RESTlUCIED

fib, eKamp~,~ lOe&S~whiclr.i, occurs in ~lar!C areas of Europe, is¥6IY ,fri3!ble in ,dry weatber . .c~ay ;~oils, in ,8'6.neral, :mowlev~Jr., .ha.:ve &e foDowin~ cllaractedstfos:

a, Wben dry and, llmn broken 'tbey prov~dea: g()Qidwe:~gbl~ be.,~ng surface, b~Witwen 'the sutfaoeis wet, slip and wneel .. spw 'are Hk~y: ..

c.Wben va)' wet t.hey ,exerci~ a s:Cl'o[lSlloldlfJl or suction ecij'ec:tO.mI. vehicl.es 8,cIJd vie_h~cle wheels em.bedd.ed. inthem.

d. They wiUuS:lIlIall1y sUpiport a ground allchtl.[ weU" al tb.ouSh. d.iffioulWm;a,y be expe.de:lloed. n1!r,emovitns it

It. Areas of dalY soU whicbhaVC'Deen, Oro,ken up by vehicles and whose mdaoe has subsequently dried" may form a tr,eaGiI.ero:us Cfllstlhooush wlhlc_h vebic1es: will breakwi,tho:ut warnirlg.

4020.. S'aJ7,d. Therwatwe of sandy soU is s~gnffi~mtIy altered by the absence or presence of moisnrre:

:11., When drJi! ,acnd. powd.ery, sand has very UU:te: IQolhesive s.Ereu,gtb and provides no hold for wheels or track.s~essthe:re is a. ~a:.rge area of contact To com.pete with 'tbis. ballnon tyres are fitted to vehicles tbat have to wor.t m sami~y areas, TY:J.je! pr:esS'~:res.~-e F.owered, when trarvelling over :saift sand and. sand-:dutnnels are pMlovfded as, normal unmb::hing eq,uip'ment ~rH:~ w.heeled. v,chicles,.

ml.W'.beIli sl:ightly wet it bolds t.Clg,e:ther in a f'~idy soUd mass; and withstands pressure, Its, llsefoUrn,ess: from. 3.1 recovery sta:mdpotnt is greatly increa,ood.b, t..he ~'resenoe ef coarse gf'ass()l'v'egem.tfo[l~ such as, ,exists in some dune areas, Its a:bmty to withstand. shear, however, is, always v,ery limi£ed..

4021. .Bog_ A bog (as d.istmct fllom .marsWand or swamp'~and) maybe e..noounter-ed. im bo:t,b high and J]owgrOillllnd ,anduslllIa1i1y QO;mlsists ()f a depressed ,~aY' :frm.mdatiol.IDI ocnltammgwater on which Ve8'I:s peart 0'[ oilier compara:tiv:e'ly:fu:m, soil. Tfntey v,ary iril depth from t1i f1ewmJilches '101 mallY feet and. [[I some a vemr;le coo be fully submer,:ged ~n a few minuses, 'Great care must be taken d:Tat: meIll.avoird tmneeassary risks when. working in such ~liea'S .. Recovery vehicles and ,ancoon. wWi:st'e kept ,0['1, 'fUm .groJUmd ,and full usemade fJf~o:ng ropes ~orwiw::hin,s.

4022. Mar~h 0" SlVQ;M]J,. Such gt'lDund is easily distmIDlis'bedin temperate climaltes by the pR~ence of!fwn v,eg~~a:tionandgragses.. Thee ,effect ,Oft vehicl~, is, more eaJ:SUy estimated than in boggy oountl'y" al thDl1I.~b thepresence of ~ndedy~n~j'wi,l~er makes J1000very ep erations diIBcwt and oRen OaiUSlei vehicleS· to sink. deeply. nis, impol'tant to find!, or eoastruct, .a; firm Blat surface f~om wrnidh a r,eoowrY"irebjd.e can wort. Buried gm;Q'wndaflcll.orsm~:y be nece.ssmy.

4023. Betxenes; Q;,uif R(}l'esluJ1','es. These fOOtur,esmay be ,of shingle, ~and or sUt in a river ootua:ry~ Usually Ule diffic~ty of lloo.overy in su.c.nareas, is afliected by the slope o·f the be~c'tJ and the rise a-nd fan of the ode as much as by the nature of tile ground.

21

REsTmcmD

Speed of recovery is usually ,of prime Importance, owing to the risk IOf damage by

waves, and of further subsidence with. each sueeessivettde. Owing to lack of Clo;l!..esiol1 J shing~e and pebbles may cause serious dimc~]ty to movement of vel1ic1es1 es,peciaUy

ifthe slope is ,considerable"

4024. Silt. This is the finely grained sand or sedimentary deposit brought down by a riverto its estuary. Reoov,:ery from silt is, ¥e£Y d:ifficuIt, especially when water is likcly to rise and fall through it, causIng complete loss of eoheskm, Aprproaehto casualties is ofren difficult and they are: lmeb' to bave bellied. Ordinat"Y ground anchors are uselessand it may be necessary to construct buried earth anchors.

4025., S,tO'W rm,d lee. On these' :sWlITau::res (not actuaUy '~types of gfound\ but consider,ed here: nevertheless) whee:med v·ehides n'quilr,e overall or non-skid chains in order to obtaina grip. Heavy soft snow is, a. serious obstacle to movement, or to recovery, especially by its, tendency to pack up in front of a vehicle which is being driven. or towed. 'Ti:gb,tly packed snow will l~s:ua1Jy l1aVte to be dU,l aw,ay before a vehicle can be moved and it m,ay be necessary tommprovise some form of snow plough if one is not available.

4626. Closely related to the consideration of types of ground are g,oing map,~. Where roads are scarce (IF where the ground, isgenerally suitable fer eross-eountry movement, it is usual fotthe staff to prepare, and issue widely,;! series of ,going maps. These are eoloured or shaded to show areas where vemcles can. travel ,$Blely over tbe snrface and also where the ground is rocky, soft or otherwise unsuitable. They can be of loonsiderable use in recovery planning" belping 'to establish the best ro!Ute to ~OUO\V in the approach to a !cas,ualty ~ and may give a useful.indic:a,tion of the probable nature and. difi~ulty of a .r'~Q,very 'task., However;, they are not a, substitute for the routine need for planning, reconnaissance and subsequent reportin,g but they prolvide useful basic info,rmation.

,S,ec.tiOll 4-GROUND' FACTORS

,40:29. In 'the part of this ManlllaJJ. d.eaJmg with recovery ealeulations an e»planation is given of ,several facts that have to be taken mto account when 'doing the sums' . One of these is,Rollillg R'e~i;rttl'lCe. It .is introduced in this, Chapter since it is. so de51t~.y bound, up with the soil cbaractensties dealt with here,

403,~). Taking the laden weight of a ve:hlcl,e (or otber equipment) casu,alty as W tonnes, it is known that the resistance to movement that has to be overeome due to thenature of theground alone, is; some fractlon of W. (Part '0'( the roUiLns resist ..

28

RESTRICTED

anee is attrfbutable to a natura,rn, resistance to' movement depending 'On the dead, weight. of the vehlcle, but need not be considered separately), The ground fa'ctors, used in calculations of roUmg: resistance, aocord.iq 1.0 thetype Oof grouDd" maybe tabula ted as :t:oIDlows:

'Type of Ground

Gnnm.d Factor (as fraction ofW)

Smooth road Grass

Hard wet s-and,

Gravel and soft wet sand Loose dry sand

SbiDgle beach

S [Jill. ,clay and bI~ck mud

2S 7 6 5 4 a 2,

Thus" as ,migbit be expected, the factor in the case of smooth road (hard ,grolllmd) is on1y a smaU fraction ofW (l./2Stb) and in the case .of soft clay has risen to WI2 (one: half),

Paras. 4031-403.2 Reserved,

2,9

RESTRlCmD

101 RESTRICTED'

•

'nw'S'-TRl~C' 'CTEJ)' . '. . ...

~.' .. "_ . .:_~, l .

CHAPTER,S;

THE APP'LICATIO'N OF SIMPLE ME,CHANlCS TO' THE RECOVERY TASK

Section i-ASSESSING THE MECHANICS OF RECOVERY

INTRODUCTION

5000. The ex,tricatioD. and I,eoove:ry of an equipme:lJ]Jt easualty is ,adl:lie;\I\ed by applying a force to move it in the required direction. In order to be able to app~y a foree in. both an effective and economic manner recovery personnel must under"S,tand simp~e mechanics.

$00 1. They must be able to assess, quickly a ad a ccura:telytbe resistance to movement that has to be overcome, which may be due to one cause 01' a comblnatlon of causes:

a, We:igh:t lOf the caSm,JIiaJ·ty. b, Nature of the ground. e, Rolling resistance,

(1. Dlamag~e~

e, Gradients,

They must also be aware of the capabilities of the equipment av.aUable and be able~ after ia,ssesslng the task, to select that which is most :Slll·~tabki, understiodh:ilg the best way of usmg: it

500:2.. Theor-etical knowledge, augmented by' practical ·experience, will enable recovery crews to plan an operation so as, to use ·th.e minnnum .of equipment, ensure the maximum safety of men ,al[ldma:~erial:s, and carry out the task su.ccesslul1y.

S· 11~'- ~ CIMP' 'LE 'ill .KA 'CH]N' '. Ee'SeCtzo,n ~--o '.' .' . . nMlt.. .. , .. ,

INTRODUCTIO

500$. The tYl1e of mechine used il1l.liooovery is a. device for overcomhrllg resistance at some point by means of a force applied at another point. For example, the force applied m-anual1y or by an engine may be convened by a lever or by a winch into a force sufficient to :r~ght or movea vebicle casualty.

31

•

R_E_ST,RlCTED

$'006. It .~:l, imI'H);rtaU[ to understand thatne increase in .p,(Jwer cantle ob~:aineclby theuse of a machin~ since the toeal w,Q1rk obtained from it cannot exceed, 'thetolt~ ameunt put l[1to, it. H;owev,e.r~ a, machi.rne does make it pO.8sifo:le to obtain a mecha~z:i.ctll tJilvam(Jge.

5007.. Two impoltaml:t simp~e fllaicliUnes used m t60QiVery ale: a, The 1~IP:er ~an ~xamp~,e ltIeilLilg a crowbar,

b. T'e .~(}pB (lJ1d blo:ck~ whichincludes allymm=mne in which fereeJs transmiUed throogil ~ iexib~e rope or cham passing ov-:er one or more pl!llUeysOlr 8pfockebi. E~a:m:ples are rope and chain tackles and hoists.

THE LE"l~

.~. . ~Y~.

5'008. The lever Js a rjs1dbar, sueh es a handSfJ1ik,e I()f crnwbar,~ carpafulIe of p,mvoth:lJ! ,~b("wt a f~!c:rum. It is the simp,leslt ma(:h~ne and its mechanical ,~dJvan1ta.ge: i~, deprende:nt entbe pDsition. o!fth.e fb1!CJI'um. in. r,ebdion te the point of applicatJoIl .of the foree that illi applied to tbe I08!ct Ttle tlse 'Qif the leveris ,ge[:lera:Uy 'wen 1iII11ders~ood. and. DC! furtier ie'xD,}a:naUouis neoessazyherc,.

TI::1E ROPE AND BLOCK.

soo~. Ar'ope when passed round one or move sheaves in a,p-!ilUeyb~.ock ms a ~dmplemacbjne"whjch can be u~ed to ob~ain a, mecham:d.cal adl,llilultage" It can. also be used to ,C:b~mge the diree:tion ,of ~ force, T.he seetlous 0'( a rope 'between. the bJocks are known. as parts, andthe end. '~O' which the :f()t[oe ls appl ied,either by hand m winoh" is known as the fa]]. Rope and bjocks tOle~'liler ,are:k.mI.ow.m1 as a ta,ckJe.

PARTS

SOHl Tounderstand why a ['ope and block. is a .macbine WiUl wflJich a mechiuliicail ~:u:lv.an~ag,e; cm. be oQlbfamed~ 'com;,ider Fig. :;.

3.2

RESTRICTED

-----~.'!!!!!

Fig. 's.-A simple rope and puUey machine.

'Whe'n a force is. transmitted tbro:ugb a, rope it acts tllrougbout the me,ngtb of that rope, Within the fibre-s of' the rope this same force a"c:£.$ in both, )onS'itudjina1 directions. For Instance at any point the force is acting, in both directions and is tending; to break the: rope, Jn Fig" 5 the force :P will be exerted on the pulley at point A towards the left and the same force P will also be exerted on the pulley 3..1: point B tow,uds the left. The total three ,acting on thepuJ1ey win therefore be 2P and hence" through the side plates of the pulley bloc.k a force of 2P' will be exerted 0'0 the Ioad, Thus for alii ap'pUed three ofP, the force ~lcUng on the load is 2P. In other words the

machine has a ,mecha'Oica:~ ;tdvantage of ~ = 2.IDddent;aUy~, the force appned to the fixedpoin t Cis, also, P',.

S'DU. To move the load one foot the throe P has to be moved two foot. This can 'eilsUy be understood from Fig. 5" if tbe pu11ey block ,and the load are moved together one foot to the left, one foot of slack will appear on. both parts. of the rope and hence two feet. wiU hiwet.p, be hauled in to make the rope taut agaia, Hence the vdQ.c.iry ,ratio of tbis slmple machine is also 2.

SOlI. 'Now consider Fig. 6. Here there are two ]J[JUeys and. three parts of the rope are exertingthe force P on. the puUey towhlch the load is attached. Hence the: force applied to the: load is 3P ora mechanical advantage of 3. The velocity ratio, is also 3 since the force applied must be moved three feet to. move the load. one foot. Note also that the force now applied to the fixed point is 2P.

fORCfP p

··lOAD

Fig. o,,-A simple threepart rope and pulleymachine,

SOl.3. In orderte change the direction of the applied force the maebine in Fi,g. 6,. might be altered to that in Fig. 7. Pulley block. X has only been added to change

33

RESTRlCIED

II

the dil-ectci~.ll of the force ,andl milO' way cball~U'ILe moohawatl a.dva:m_St of the MeI!chioo.The,ommher (Ilf parts of rope ,llpplJlied to theprdiey with the krad r-emains at. three. There wiU, O1f 'Doms~ 'be a ~orre appUed,t)othe fix,eo point to whicn prwley X isfiKed, but this has no aBect on~h~ movement of the load.

FORCE P

f'~XED 'OiNt

LOii.D

Fig. ?,.-Three pa.rt rope andpl!llUey machine with cbange of dimctio,Q pulley.

S()I14t Maehb::les, of this type wit}] ;a,great:eT moo:lilanical ad v,am.tage can be bwJl up by usIng ,~drditionam pulley bloekswith 'wore than .c,n.e sheave m tilem. The FOPe, p~ssing reund tl:i,e increased :m1!)Jmb~r O'f sheaves, will rcoaespondlmgiy i.ncrease tch,e number ofprurts",

EFFICIENCY

,Sal S", No maehine has yet beell,proQuoorj which is 1001 %, effie,ie::nt. Friction ~~a.ys, a pJrle:d,QmHlalJ1ll,tpartin most machines mr'Educm!Ithe level of lefficiency 'be1:Orw the idea] O.f tperfoot~ .machine .

.5016:" An the simple lope a:rnd ptm11ey machines reteued to 00 f.ha:v,e: been :~sumed to' be moo % effidentbu.tfriction losses W]l1 diminish the~sumed mecharu.caI ,&1ivaU'lt:age"

SOli. In .~ny 'tactde~ .if them were m,O losses d:lIJ.e te fric:tion,{he mecbanical. ,~d¥allltase W01lll~.d. be equal tothe 'Velocity :r,atio .. , In practiee, losses: are u18ua)My due

a~ Fttc,tioml o.fr(),pes. ag~ins:~eilch other 6,[' asaingttbe sbe.U of the b~ock" This. loss can be kept to a mirnJlim!JUm bykJoop:ing the pms. parralU.el and. bJ pnwe.n'tmg the: b~r(rc:ks from tw:isdiDg.

It.. Friction between the sheaves and the ,m., nn~ IGS'S, will be ]rePlt to a .mmlmWlmif the b~rQets ere clean and well blbric::a'too"

It. T.he force :OO:qmr-ed, to 'bend the rope :round the sheave or plmU~ wbee~. d.. F:ddiell of' the: [Olpe ~Dd blocks dr,aggm~ ov,er tb.e ground,

34

n!'[;"IO:.""'i'Pr'1j;~nr LQJ.I:,~I.Il.Di...:l.',L,.'" .LU

SOil 8:. T~ make a close 'estima;te of 'the emcje~cy of ataelde layou.t is difficuilf beea.tJ:5~ of these seve1',aID. fdcUon. ~!olSsfaa,ors. HOW67Vm-, IS a.geneeal ru~e" ,ami. ,e~stmm:a~e of the efficieJlcy ,ofvario[[Js: tack:1eg, Dlay be taken :as ~

N'WlJI be,r ,Q,f PJuUeys

TheOf1~ticaJ] mecha.u~.cal ad,van:tage

A,p'ro:dma~e % efi1J:jency

2- 3 4 S' 6

It will be observeciltb:a:t ~he ,gTieater tbc,n:l1mber of p111Uey,s the ~'Qrwer the efficiency of the machiae,

FACTORS .FOR CONSmERATION

SO,~[. 'The estimaUon. of Urefor,ae required. to move an leqlldpmenl ca;suruty is ceoeemed wltb. over-oomdng tile v..~ous, forms, of res]stmcetha1l: tbe ,eas.uaI,ty o8"~s to motion.Ad:wUo;Da:~~y~anaUowan.Qe is made ~or C(Hltio,gMcies and{hls m termed. the Sta;[efy F,acto.r. These resistmcesand, tIle safety factm.,~Q,getbe:r,~ ar,etb:e ODm~ pooe:wts, whlcih are consideficd. ''I.'Vlhen estinuu ~]J]jg 1lhe~itw~lf~q1UJred. The ,components

3J" l~Jomng Resistanee (RR). h~ Glladie.fll R~$:is,tanoo (Gll). c,. Damage Res~stanoo (DR). Ill. :Safety FactOI' (SF).

The sum .of these Jies;istanceswm ameunt to 'theJBs:timatedi. Pull.

BOLLlN'G tmm&TANCE (RR)

5022. The ~olljng' reslstaoee is e~stimated. byusbi];g 'the ,apiDl'npda:~e ground! :fac;tor. TweWlse of gforund. f~coors mulanoD to,sQil. bases hasbeen cO¥a'ed. in detail in Ohapter 4 paeagraph 4013.0. For ease of referenceUDiey are re,pooted here:

35

RESTRlCfED

Ground Factor

.Smoollhroadi Grass

Hard wet sand

G:nt~l and su'ft wet sand Loose dry sand

Smngle b~acll.

Soft day and black mud

50.23. The degree o,f resistance oftTeFod ]h,y the around 0,11 wEnch a casua.lty rests is demermined, by:

a, The weight. 01 the: vebicle (WOV). Ill,., The t.ype of groood.

SOlA"" For practh:::ailpurposesthe approximate rollm.gr:esJstanoo of all umlIdamqed v,em.C'1e may be derIvoo. from the s,mmple formula:

where RR = Rollifllg Resi~Sta.iJ1ce WOV == Weight ,()If V'emcle:

OF = ,GrO-ODd Factor Examp1e: W,clgbt of v~w!.de = 14toullcS

Type ofsround = d.oo:p 'bog (GF2)

. c nn 14 7'

Th' Sfevorce AA = ,_ = .' tonnes

. .- '.' .'. 2

RB.=WOV .oF

GRADIENT RESISI'ANC:E I(GR)

S025. This is the mistanceoBer,ed. to the mOlve'm~m't of a caso~lty' mp an mcJinea,Dd istbe :r,es;w1l; of the combmatlQ,:m of 'two .focltlors~'

a. The weJgbt .of' the vebicl~.

~. T!iI.e gr,mdwent or d~ree of s~Qpe (DOS).

For gfibdlents tJJ.p to 4.5 degrees graCiren t resistanee is takenas prop o~tjo.nal to. 116fJrth of the wejgbt. of the vehicle. Thus:

OR. =wov,~ DOS

E~;~lmple:W,eigbt of vemeie = 14 toanes

De.~ree of sI.ope -. lOr degrees

14 x 10

Tb"'r,~l"Ife GR == . ~ 3 tormes

JlII ...... ~, .... _. .' . '6,0 . .,

For a ~a:dient gr,ea1ter than 45 de:gJrOOos gradiMt resistance is taken as ,equal to the weiglht of the veh~cIe.

RES'IlUC'l'ED

•

~-

J

•

RESTRICTED

DAldAGE RESISTANCE (DR)

5'026. lIn recovery, the term. damage resistance memstbe flesis,tan,oe arising from loeked traeks or wheels. The: degree ,Ofjf damage resistance depc[[d:s on:

a, Weight of vebjde.

b. The number' .of locked wheels, or tracks.

5.027. For estimating purposes the damage resistance offeI,ed by locked tracks may be ,as much as:

WOV

One locked 3 toaaes

'1 .,;~l~ ..I 2WOV

·,·'w .... ,o~eUl~O(liules

JL. ' __ "'" , - -' 3

For wheeled vehicles the figlJl\cs for damage resistance are given by:

WOV

Half the number locked .3, tonnes

lWOV

All wheels locked toanes

1

S02S. In the two examples, weight ,of vehicle in each bern,l 14 tennes, the damage If,esjs.tancefigures would be:

a, TWo. Ieckedtracks,

2 x ]4 _

DR =. 3 ~ 10 tennes

b, Half the wheels locked. DR =

14 3

n. will be noted that the resultant figur,es are rounded U.p. to nearest whole l1IumbeiIs. This is done in. all recovery caleulatiens and will be seen to, be appliedm the examples thar follow,

S,AFEI'Y FACTOR ,(SFJ'

5029'. To compensate for ,estimating errors and to make ,aUowance for un£b,rcseen resistances a :safety factor is rap'plied 'When compleiing the estimadon of the total force to be ,appHed. The safety facto'r figur'c is taken as i o:r 25 % of the sum of rolling resistance, gradi,ent[le-s.is'tance and damage r,e-sh~:ance. For example:

U RR = 1 tonnes .oR = 3 tonnes DR = 5 tonnes

Total 1,:5 tonnes

Then. SF = '~ (or 25%, of 15) :::tl 4 tonnes

31

RESTRIcmU

-

REST1UCI'ED

EXAr\.jpLE OF A ,CALCULATION

5J(}30. The eitimatas, of the four loomprment factors (see para. 5(21) work OiMt~ in a parrticul,3!1' case as:

RR = 7 tonnes: OR = ]I tonnes: DR = 5 tOMes: SF = 4 tonnes The estimated total force or pull istherefose:

7 + ,]; +:5 + 4 =: 19tonnes

THE TAJCKLE .LAYOUT'

:5031. To d,et,ermine the besic tackle Wayout ]for a given reeovery ,oper,ationit :ms necessary to divide 'the ,estima:t,ed pull by the winch capacity figure of the recoveJrJ vehicle 'being used. If the an swer to this, division is less than 1, 'then. a straighitpuU wiD be .snfficignt. If the answer lief; between 1 and 2, then a 2 to 1 Iayo'ut will be reqeired, If the answer is greater than 2., a 3 to 1 layout w:ill be required .•

Example: Estimated pull = ]9 tonnes

Winch capacity fitB;J.U',efor a

Leyland Heavy Reeov'ety Vdlic1e: = IS tennes

'Ther,efofie 'theliequked mecbaflic.al advuntage is gi~enbry:

Estimated Pull (HPJ! 19'

'Winch cut-out flgnre 1.5

= 1·27

and since the answer lies between land. 2:~ at .2 110' 1 taekle layout Is requin~d ..

.503,2. &amp~e.s, of two,~ypkaJ ~ooovery situations are m~()wn 1be~ow::

Examllie 1. .A Truck, CargO' ,4 tonne, Bedford .MK (weigb't S t~olmnes) is stuck in bog (OF 2) facing' a ,]0 degree sl.g,pe. Both rear wheels are loeked, The recovery vehicle is Recovery Vehicle, ~land, Heav.y (wmcb capadty lS tonaes).

RR = 5/2 R:: 3, tonnes

OR' 5 x 30

'. '" = - 60 . ::& 3 tonnes

5;

DR' - ~ 2 '~IO" MI""~~

.. :"'-'j -~~~

SF (3 + ,3 + 2) _ 2 toanes

4

BP = 3 + 3, + 2 + 2 = 10 tonoes

.Mecbanical advantage =!~ = 0"0'6, Oe5LS than, I),

Therefore a :fj,ttmisi1t pull. o:f 1 ttl Ita:cklela_y,olll:t is, requir,ed. 38:

RESTRICTED

,RESTRICTED'

Amdlll80

Example 2. A Chieftain AFV (weight 52 tonnesjis stuek jn $coft wet sand GF 5) 'facing a, 10 degree slope. Both tracks are locked. The recovery ehiele is a Cluefta:~n ARV (maxjm~:rn, winch capacity 30 tennes],

RR

52

~ ~ I tonnes

52 X' 10 ,60

2 .x 52

3

(11 + 9 + 35)1

4

- U + 9 + 35 + 14: 6:9 Mechankal advantage = -_ - 30

DR

::::;:- 35 tonne'

OR

::: '9 tonnes

EP'

SF

2.3 (between 2 and 3)

Therefore a, 3 to 1 tackle layout is required.

,RIGHTING A C:ASUALTY

50.33. In the ease of a vehicle lying on its :!!i'~de a pun of ,apprmdm,ate]y ha~f its weight will right it, iin most eases, In practice, to allow for contingeneies the pull actuaUy applied is taken as ¥'J of the we~ght of the cas ualty, This 'Hgure makes allowance for the Safet . .>' Factor,

TURNING END .. OVER~END

50.34. A casualty lyIng upside-down which cannot be righted by being turned firsr OIl its side and then again on i~s wheels/tracks, wm require an end-over-end J,mn apPlfoximate]y equal to, its weight. This applies when then: is an w.nitia! tilt of some 2S degrees in 'the direction of pull, To allow for contingencies an extra 25% is, ,added .. Tl1erefiore lhe total estimated pUJ] is taken a 1 V4 times the weight of the casual ty .

Seelio'n 4-STRENGTH Of MA.TERIALS

OVERLOADING

5037'.. In recovery work. io,ads are produced as a result ofreaistance to motien of an equipment casualty, A basic knowledge ,of tile ,effects, of forces acting on materials in di:fferern wayswm hle~p recovery personnel to avoid overloadiag equipment, Overloading: causesthe breakage uf cordage and steel wire ropes; the bending o,:f anchor pins and the distcrtion olf sha.ck~es and prwns. These ,effects wi11 frustrate and delay recovery or may make it impossible,

ji9' RESTRICTED

RiESTRICTED

.Arndt/180

STRESS AND STRAIN

503,8" The words g~ ress and strain are often used lcosel y . In fact i 'e ach h as a preeise and distinctive meaning;"

a, Strress':is tbe eembinatien t:l'f 'internal forces ii:n material under load, It ~$ caused by the application 'of an external force. It i indicated in terms, of force per muit area, eg~ pounds pier SqU,B[C ~:nch or in the $01 unit newtons per square

m t NI/'ml)

,_ e._re. I " ,.

b. Strain. is, the change ~n shape or dimension pel' unit length in a materlal brougnt about b,Y stres ego the stretching of a wire rope.

ELASTICITY

5039" Elastidty is that ploperty of mane" whi1ch causes IOf' attemptsto cause it to return to i~s original shape and dimensions after the removal of a load tha t has caused :s:t:raiD, sueli as. stretching or twisting.

5040. H ,3 bar of steel ls placed in tension byapplying a graduallyincreasingpull it wi ~ ~ stretch, At first, the extenstion to the bar wUl be uni:formfor each equal increment ot load, but a point win be reached when the extension is no, longer p!foPQ:rticl!n,al to the increase in load. This po~nt is caned the elastic I.mmit, and after whicl1.tbe material, win no longer returnto its original shape and dimensions when the load is removed. Therefore, grear care must be taken not to overload amaterial to sUlc:h an extentthat there is a -pe:rma,n,en t eha nge in its shap e and dimensi,Olllls. If the load on a piece of material is further inc,reasled after the elasric limit bas. been reached permanent deformation and 'lI1i[ima:~ely S, 'fracwre: may occur, This :fin,al stale occurs at the b,rie,uking l:oad of' the mereriat.

FACTOR OF SAFETY

,5041. Under workilll,i eonditions materials may wen be subject co unforeseen stresses. For recoveryapplicarions an item of 'e'qj'uipment may have a 'WO'[ ki_ng load limit (WL,L) of, say, lOtunnes .. In order to reduce the wei.,gbt of recovery equipment whic.b m.ost~y has 'to be ma:nha.n:d.~,ed1 I, S2'fety fa.etof of 2: ~ ~s usually used. TbeoreticaUy~ that equipment maywithstaad a load of up to 20 tonnes in w'hiehca's.e the working load limit js derived in the 'foUo,wing way::

Breaking Load (20) tonnes VlLL (lO~ tonnes,=~--~~-~~-Factor ,gf Sat:ety (2)

5042. It is impertant to remem ber that whlleverthe safe't:y factol maybe, on~y theWQTking toad limit of equipment is to' be considered when ealculanng its, s,uitabi.lity fora. pan iClllar reeovery task,

40

,RESTRICTKU

!II

RES' TRl' -'C~ TED'" ' "

,-.,1 ,-._ I',· ,

. '"_

TYPES OF srasss

:5043., Three types of stresses. with wbi.ch recovery personnel ate concerned are ,:

. . d n:ri..

tension, compression atl· ,00000ear.

5044. 'Te,rlsio""Y/b,en, a 'piece of mater.ial is p'NlIed" as in 'the case of a winch rope, it is under tensionand the effiect is to cause the material to stretch. If the Ioad is

- - - _, - - - -_. - - ---

increased beyond the breaking load the fibres OfU10 material will part- usually at the weakest poiat in the rope. If" on 'the other hand, the rope returns to its original size whe._Q the load is removed, then the load bas beenwith:mn the rope's ,cl,asUc limit, ,aJtbough it may have been beyond the safe working load. There is, ODe feature which gives w,anrlngthat the elastic ,limit has, been reached, parHcubrly if thematerial is ~ol'g,edt cast, galvanized or palmed. This is a scaling of the surface, due to. the defcrmatien of the fibr-es, of the materials which causes the o¥eriaying skin or pfl1mt to breakup.Wire rope will stretch a.ppreciably and unifomUY~ doing, so, long belote the individual wires ,a,p,proalcb their elastic limi.t. The strand s tend to, st!'ai8h~eJ1 mit and in so doing compress the core (which is resilient). If the load is excessive individual wires will begin to &._na.p and, to' avoid breakage 0If' the' whole rope, the load must be removed immediately.

5045. CO'M'j)f'(!ssi(;m" When a, pieceof metal, such as ft. bar"b; ~ubj.ocred to a thrust at both ends it is said to be under cempreasion. The beb_lWioQr of material under c,Q1DPJ1~S;jOll is gove:m,ed[ by dle r'el;atlon of the length to its cress-sectioa, A long strut may bend when overloaded. whereas a short piece of the same cross .. section under the same load may not: bend ,at all, A lifting jack is a geed ,exaroplle of a simple machine whiCh, when loaded, is subject to compression.

5046. Shear. When a ma.t,ermal is so stressed that oneporslon 'rends to. slide over an adjoiningportion it is, saidte be :in shear" Am example of recovery' 'equipment which is subject to shear stress is a shackle pin,

FATIGUE

5047 . When ,:I part of a machine is subject to a. live Joad, ie, a varying load as opposed. to a Olead, or constant load" the material may fail at a. fraction of the cons;~a:nt load required to cause: faj]ur:e. Such a faih!ue is, due 't1O fat~gu's. Sudden faiJure is usually the firs:t indication of fa:tiguc ia1thoUgh some materials will show mlnnte 'cracks as signs of mcjpi,ent fatigue. Fa:Ugue fractaresmay be recognized[ by the shell-like marki'ngs that radiate from the origin of the crack and the absence of yidd near the crlgln,

Paras. 5048-5:049 Reserved.

41

2-D

RESTRICTED

42 RES·TRICTED

,_

CHAPTER,'

TACKLE LAYOUTS

Se'6tio~lll-IN'IROD ClION

6000. Tackte is, a oOlmbil1\B,t:iQn of ropes, and btecks used to ,pin amechluicaJ adv,2lllliage" or 'to change the direction .of pull, SiJuple tackle eoosists of only one rope with one or more blocks. Compound tackle oonsists of more than one rope used with two or more blocks, Since a winch has only one cable simple tackle will nearly ~1 w,ays, be used d:~rmIJ\g recovery operation.

Paras, 16001...:6002 Reserved.

Sec'lio!n 2-BASlC PRINCIPLES OF TACKLE, LA YOLITS.

VELOCITY RATIO AND I\mCHANI'CAL ADVANTA'GE

16003. An understanding of tackles ",ill be approached by first considering the uses of the sing!e-she1l\ved. block, If a S;imgle-sh,eavGd block is anchored as in Fig .. .sa. then, neglecting fdct:ton~ 'the fierce P:r:equired to mo-v,'e the load W is equal to W. The velocity ratio is eqaal to unity and there is no. mechanical ,advantage .. What bas

,(1. Indirect-l to 1.

, "~ 2:
~ ,
W L.:l. 1110
I
V p. , I b, DiNct-2 to L

c. Direct-3 to 1.

Fig:" f3:.-Simpletacldes. 43

RESTRICTED

been achi.eved Js merely 8" c,hange in direction of the appUed force, bat it is often essential to do this.

6004", 'When~ however" the tackle is arranged as, :in. Fig. ,Bb with the wincb rope taken round the Shea-ViC, its, end attacaed to the winch vehicle and the block fastened to the load, a veloc.ity rati.o of 2. is obwned. This is SOl because to' move the to/ad one foot; two feet .of rope must be winched onto the drum, 'The load on each part of the tackle: will be iW and this will be the puU required from the winch. This ,arra:Bg,ement gives ,a theoretical mechanical ,advantage of 2, to 1" Time ir:ltroductrn!Dl1 of ,a second si;ngle..g,neaved, block: as in Fig. Be gives ,[1 3: to 1 advantage and reduces the Ioad OMl each part of the tackle to ,W.,

UESCRJPTJO ~ OF TACKLES

,6,oOS. The two principle tackle: layouts used in recovery ',~M described below:

a. Simple taekles are made up by reeving a rope through one or more blocks, containing one 0001" more sheav,s,s,., Tackles are described as lEO 1,.2 to 1 or 3 to 1" theparticu],ar descdptiOiD being determined by the tbeorettcal mecharnlc~ advant.agegaine.d,. In a -simp,le tackle 'the theoretic cal mechanical .advantage-and the' velocity ratio, are equal to the nUmbe,r of movj:l!]jg ropes"

b'. C()mp'()ltt~.d tackle3 aretbe ,combination of two or more simp,ie tackles. In a compound layout an ,extension or second rope is required in addition to tile winch rope .. The theeretieal mechanical adv,a!llmge andVleJ:oei'ty ratjo are 'each equal to the number of moving parts in the winch rope" multiplied by the number .of moving parts in the ,extension rope (always,two in practice), In. FjS. 9 the theoretical mechmicall advl!mt.age is 4 to I.

w

w i

w

"4"

'W i

W'

1'1, W lliiil'~ 41

Fig .. IO.,-Compound tackle, using two recovery 'vehicles. 44

RESTlUCTED

6006. In a" normal camp ound~ayou:ttme: d.mtance 'the Ica:;swalty CJt11l be: 'wiin.checl is, d.etermined. by the nQtmaUy llsable 9()' feet of a 100 .foot extension. !lope., Tile wmcllin,g dlbtance in Flig. 10' is d.e'Eennined by the winch rope lengths. Tbe 'ex't~l]jsiou rope inUt~s case allows :fn1m' anydlif[erellloo m the vebld.ewinc1blt]Jg speeds.

6007,. T,acllUes are: flldber described. as be~ns:dir:ect or ,indirect tackles:

a, Direct ,foctlesa.'l,e so :arranged that the dlirectio.n of the ,ptill p,rovided.by 'the: winch is; unaltered (FIOO F~S~ 8b).

I!J~ Ilzd/reel- tac.:kle$ are so arMtng~d that the dwectio[l( of thepnM by th.e wUlch is bmlined through an mg~e (see Fig. Sa)..

600~:. The f'tlU d.escriptioll of a. tack~e ,~;a.YQut must aeeouat fb.rtbree facts about it. These are:

a. Whether it is a. sJ,Wlple 01' ,eQ,wpou:nd tuck1e. b,. The mechanical adv,al1l1tageo:f' tb,etadde. c.%etber thep--lllU is direct 0'( il1dim:ect.

T~'.IJlS" fo[ exa:mp1.e~a.ta.eklemigbt be desedbedE ~ A simple 2 t-o 1 d:mte.ct tackle,

SELECT'ING 'THE TACKLE LAYOUT

,15009'. WlIien, oOllsiCieriQgCherecove:ry problem (th~mrudmum p1JIIDJ,of tbe wm~h being known :ffom its, specm.ca.Uon) i t ~.s necessary to. decide (.l'D the d~oouon. or J)ul1 aDd. to ealeulate 'the estimanfr:edpuUrequited to ,e:xl'.ricate tb.~ casualty. The' ~obmem then reselvesitself iato w:heth.er or !lot . a tackle isnecess~ry and if SO~, of what kind. aod how it ,mould. be artilfl~d..

6010. The, rado ,of esUma.!tod pull comp'aredwiili maximum pu11 of th.ewinch, will ,giv,e 510me .idea. asto the tackle la:yaut Deeded. If the r'e8istanoel is of the O.rder of two :arm' three tim.esthe maximum w~nch pull, .a1 simp,Ie layoUJt 'wm p:rob~b~y sll!ffiJ.oo ,aud. the efticioocy of the t~c..kJle:w.m be 11lgb.W,be..mJ the ratio is ,of the oriler of Ive or IbrIO one, 11owevm'~a compound. tack1.e lJsiDl a. Dum'ber of b~.ocks w:illbe meed.cd.

,BW 1. To take all ,example, if the estimated. pnU is 48 tonaes (including SF of!.5 %) and the a:vaUable winch pull is .30 tonn.es" the [,it;'tlo of .~!(]ad. to fOlr-ce is:

E-stimar~~d. pull 48.

~---...,......;;...._......,....- = -. = 1·6

W.inGll ,c~p\acl.ty .S'e'~:t:ing 30

A g.imple ,2 ~'I ~aYQ1J.t is: tben"foreinm.cared. 45'

RESTRICTED

•

COl'+dPENSATING PULLS

,6012. :In certain cases it is neaeSSaI'yw'IPPJy two, .Slep'arate and dbsimUar ,pLJJls to an equi.p1ment ,casualty to pre"'ent it pivOItmg .. For example" if a taRt has a d,a:m~~eld track, and is lying at an .awkward angle in a ditch, t:lile .app]ica'UoD .of a central pull 'Will tend to p,ivot the tank round the damaged track instead of moving it in the required directioll.

6013. Two puUs should be applied~ oee to each side of the tank, so that the ratio of the tensions at the two connecting. points. :is eqmdto the ratio of the resistance to motion of the two tracks. In practice, there is no means of a.rriving :at an exact figure for the latter ratio, so that j udgement and experlence mustoe used to' devise a satisfactory pmpoftio:n,d layou·t

,6014" A. compensated layout is possible: with a compound tackle and such a layout, which needsonly the appJicatioll of a, s.illg1ie. winch plIJJ.n,. ismustr,a1l:oo in Fig. ]1 .. This iurange:m.e'n t usesthree siu,gle shea ve sna,~ch~b~oeks and two earth ,ancbors. In this way a cctmpensated layout bas 'been arr.anged, :in which side X of the casualty reeelves a pull four ti:mes.gr-eater than that applies 'to, side Y.

Fig. ] I-Tackle givin,S a ,compensating pull ...

,60,15. The tackle Ia.:yout most cummoruy used for recovering a. tracked ~A' vebicle when one, track is mocked is :sbo,wn in Fig. 12 ..

]

Fig. 12.-I.ncked tr,ack tack1e~a,yout.

Section 3-STImSSlNG AND CHECKING A TA'CJDE .LAYIQUT' PROBABLE LOADING

601.8. When the: appropdate tackle has been decided upon consid.eratioD. must be given to the probable loadjngs 011 the individlua1,oomponents. of that tackle so tha,t

46

ImSTRlCTED

RESTRICTED

su:fficien.dy strong components are used. The arrangement of the tackle onthe ground must be plaoned to include all the anchors, shackles,~ mmks~ blocks and tow .. I"'QPes. thatwiU be required.

LOADS O· COlVlPONBNTS

- - -

6019. The loads «lID. blow and. shackles can be ealeulated frem those ,on the pads. of the rope. If any components, require anchoringthen the leads on the ,lUlIchor~les must be estimated .. The method of calculathig the reaction a,t anchorages is given in Ghaptler ,8 and from this ,estima.tetbe type and number of anchors needed can 00

assessed. The equipment .selected. must have a ~ WOI king moad. suffi.clent to meet

t~e 1'WI:nOiSed loads, " 'i. '0 _,' .....

\Il,.l_ ,lLI...J:,i'" - '. 111111IJ!1""W!1i I

STRESSIN'G A LAYOUT

,60020. The' calculation of the ~o\a!dmgB on aJ1 compcnects is known as stre~:sing' a laytJ'ttt and in simple tackle layout this can be dane mentally; IT the caleuladon Is ,difficult it ws advisable to draw a sketea and write in the loading ala-ins,t each component. The sketch also provides a simpl,e check of the components required. Such .R\, skietcl1. for a. smnple, d.i:rect, 3, '~O 1 layout is !jjho:wlJ! in Fig. 13.

l

RE.CQVE!:Rl

IF!. VEHIICLE

CASUALTY' ESTIMAlEP 'PUlL ~4 TOI'I","'$

Loadilllg (toooes) Equipment to be used

A and B Cas1!llaJ~y auachment

:pomb, and sba'ckJes C Shmdde

D Su&,tch block E Sbaclde

~}Winchr.

1 Snatch block K Shaclde

L Ancbo~rage

17 ROlle towing heavy

34· 4fJ tonne Bow shaclde

.34 IS tonne Snatch Mock

II 12 tonne Plate shackle

11 Vehicle wiDell to:pe

22 IS tonne Snatch block

22 ,]0 tonne Plate shackle

22 ,6 x GrotJJud ancher plates

F~g. 13.-Stressing ;a.layout. 4'7

RESTRICTED

RESTlUCl"ED

CHECKING SAFETY AND SEClJBlTY OF TACKLE LAYOUT

6021. Before wmchfn,g is started it is, essential that the cemplete taekle layou t :is checked fbI safety ,and security. This is best carded out by starting at the casual,ty end of the tackle layout and working towards the recovery vehicle. The followiflg points must be checked:

a, That all coenectlons are secure, shackle pins and nuts screwed up hand tight and, slackened back half a. turn to prevent jamming.

b. 'That winch ropes are correctly reeved round 'the pulley blocks and parts Oof the rope are not crossed.

e. Tbat the equipment used is not stressed bey'ond its 'WLL

Id. That the protective measures taken to' prevent damage t10 the casualty are secure and adequate,

e, That all equipment which has been used in the preparation .of the la:.uot is removed.and stowed.

i~ That any skidding and rollers used toprevent pulley blocks a~nd ropes from dr~gi:lilg in the 8oi'~ are oo.rrecdy po-sitiooed.

Section 4-PRINCJP'LES os WINCIDNG

601-4. Rec-overy vehicle winches vary in de-sign; 'construction and performanoe but have certain operatins ptincip,Ees. in common. These may be summarized as:

a, A winch rope should alw,a-ys be led off or winched on at right angles to the axis, of the drum to avoid friction, ofthe rope in the faiir-leadallld. the imposition of undue' loads em the wmch .itself. This, is, equally impo,danit oa a winch with no' fair-lead if 'the rope is to wind ev,enly on 'tbe drum.

b,. The maximum pull is usually developed by the drum winchwhen there is one lay,er of rope on the drum. As the number of Iay,el's increages,ihe effective diameter of the drum increases, and. so the maximum pull decr-eases .. In the case of the Chieftain, ARV and Samson which are :fiued with a capstanwineh, the pull dc'VeEoped.b:y the winch is, constant.

e, When a.pplymg: a check-pull the check rope sb0111d be paid, out under power' if IlOS13ibme,. ,Alterm_ative:~y~ the ch.eck winch sbQ,ll1d be k~pt in gear and, controlled with the winch 'brake"

d. The winch operator 011 the Leymand Heavy &ec:oiVery and CeIil.turio[1 AR V must k,eep' a wamb on the wIncn mope as it is bemgp,aid oat or hauled in, to ensure that loose C'-aiIIs do not form aD the drum .. 011 the ABC Medium Recovery

48

RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

AmdJ1I80

V,enic1e it is neeessary for another crew member to do this. LooSJC coils are one of the main causes -of damage to winch. ropes"

e. Where hydr,a.ulicaUy operated spade typ1e an,dlors are used wi~h wheeled recovery vehicles the vehicle must be winched back onto its spade, not driven, However, with ARVs it is advisable first to tilt the spadeintothe ground before winching., otherwEse distance may be ~ost as the spade digs in, When IJJstng s'pade anchors. the vehicle baud brakes should be, left off. Care must be taken that the spade does not over-run the tackle ~,ayout. Spades on low.ering: vehiclestakingpart in s~de"oV\er-side or end-over-end wor'kmust bewell dug in initially.

Paras. 6025-6026 Reserved.

49

ItES;TRICTED

AmdtJIBO'

RESTRICTED

CHAPT.IR,7

RECOVER Y 'IEQUIP'l\1ENT

Section I-INTROOUCTIO .

7000. In addition to recovery vehicles and the equlpment fined to. them, there mg, a wide variety of other equipment and materials 'Used in recovery .. A thorough general k::nOWh:ldg,e of iheir characteristics is necessary if effective use is to be made of them. Without this knowledge, recovery ,e'quipimeont may be ubjected to a. ~oad that it is not designed to stand.or may be wrongly used so that It may bend or 'break: under stress. Serious damage may' then fesu~t to men 011" material.

7001. RECOVERY EQUIPMENT WILL B'.E IDENTIFIED BY THE MARKING 'RECOVERY USE ONLY - WORKING LOAD LIMIT 'X; TONNES". 'To avoid confusion with lifting equipment the term 'Safe W:orkin~ Load' l's not to be used in conjunction with recovery 'equipment.

7002. The aim of this Chapter ms to desertbe the most important features and use of the hftIng and hauling gear in general use for recovery, and to explain the care and meintenaece (Dif this equipmenr.

70013. In describing, the use and maintenance O'f cordage and steel wire ropes ,3 number of terms are used, Whenev'er they are used inthis Manual they have the fono,,,'ing meanings:

Cord

Core or heart

Fid

Lay

Madine Spik1e

Parcelling

Rope

S .. emn,g

Serving

Cord is a fibre rope of less than ~2 mm clreumference. The central bemp portion o'f a steel wire rope. In flexib~,e ropes the strands themselves may also have heart, .of jute. A wooden spike use d for 'opening, or ~iftin.g the stra nds ill a fibre rope.

The direction of '~wist in the manufacture ,Qif a rope,

The steel spike used for opening or lifting the strands of steel

., -

wire.

Covering rope with. ,3. bindIng of hessian canvas OF otber suitable material.

Rope is a flbre rope wb,ere the eireumfereme exceeds 12 mm. A ~,ashing of sman cordage round two or more ropes in order to secure them, En the case ,o,f steel wir,eropes, a, lastdng of annealed wir,e is used.

Bi.n,ding parceUm1ll~, wid! spun yarn or small cordage by mean s of a. servinl mallet ..

50

DSTRICTED

Strand Trumble

Un~ay Whipping Worming

RESTRICTED

Amd: !tiO

A number ot fibres 'laid up ~lIJto single yarns, or yams 'laid up' from ODe to eighteen yarns.

A number .of yams orr steel wires twisted or formed together. A grooved, Ci,li~ular or heart-shaped liningfo:r,an eye formed in the end ofa rope.

To separate or untwist the strands .of a, rope.

A binding applied to' the end of a rope '£0 p'reve:nt it unlaying, FiUing the space between strands of a, rope wi tb spun yarn ar small cordage.

7004. A list of commonly used recovery ,equipment and its working load lhDit is, given mn Table 2.

Table 2,- -Worki.m:tI,U Load Limits (WLL) of Recovery Equipment,

Serial

(a)

NATOi'ar1 No,.

,PVlljR'v I No. or

EgIA~vall::J'n

lwu

(TOIlDS)

(b)

(e)

I

ToW' Buu 7' S"

71

2

l.Ad~pl.Or, Tow Bar. Ve~kiIJlDr (Mali! SW!ivcllilllg. U5 Ton)

4

Adaptor. TOo",,' Har. 'I/'ehicula,v

j (Ma'I'eiFem.llh::'. SWivellIng 'lli5Tolli)

JU4U:

7

llJiMS

90

[,]

16

L7

l)fl60fJ

fillll. SholA'l!dc~,. H!la.ded' (Louillg) L

'CI.A(8) 733 lURk. Double. (7 Ton)

BS 291),2 (TIlb.!c ]2)

41),

lS

7

ella in ASIiY Single ~g

,

1.9uf An(:hQr Eairth H:Cld·FOlIsl. Qle: The Wl.Lis tU angles IlPtoW 'rom 'Iliit hOWOJ!ltllll aluil tile' load is d-ependrult OIJJ die: type CfgrOlll'ld into Wh,lCh the Hold·'[a.sris; secured

tV2S

I '~L

J

51

RES,TR1CTED

Amd't ll8f)!

RESTIICT.EU

SlIidal : .• ATO Pan NQ,

f'V'DRO

~o. 01' Dc ign;i!!.i~:n

6C1uivalclnl

(II.) (b)

WLL ITDlm~)

OS 3U12 or I Sililat:lde Steel Lar~ D ( i .. 5 '-:O'll} S~[M(I.)

ilIl6

21)

I 5987% 11l'1i'lt!. Shackle. p~.l1!ncl SiI!I;lld PO Ton)

1

59.88591 ToWihilr. R,ICvOvery Vehicl!l (Holleoollc •.

No.·4 rIr:rk 1)

!H)I

26

14

BS JIl32 or :ShJJcltle S~eel t.iH'8!!:·D '41 TOil,) SSM(L.J

,61Ui

I .sqssj'7Whe Rope: A5'Sembt~. SiillgLe leg (Towing, 14Tmll. K ]I}')I

28 6MT U4{l~O·MI.805-S214

I

S9.~ Wi.tle Rope A!!;~mlbl~. Si'l!lgle Le:~ {Towiln,i;. l t 1 Too X l7'Vl

II

lti211 mre ~pcAi3S-Cmbiiy. Sirnl1.i! lc;g (Re;e;" ... cry 00 TOil X I ",

.14138 ' Wi.rn Rope ASSI¢'mbb. Si1i!!1:1e 'Leg (R.eoov.i:ry

161. T:on x 100')

:34:5376 Wi1e Rope A!sembly. SiI'lSD~Le:S (Re~ve,ry STon x 100')

iElS3il3il 'M . ShlJl>lde small Dow (3, T()nl

SSM(L)6I16

7005.

a, In order to keep' the size and weighl of recovery leq u.i.p,ment down to maaageable proportions a safety faetor of up to 2~o 1 is acceptable in de.'rerminin.1 ·thewol·kinl ~oiad ~imi t for recovery appliicaUo:tls •

.52

RESrTRICTED

RES,T.RI.CT.ED

Arndt 1180'

b. In ttille case of shackles not specifically desi,gned for recovery use but. which are issued 10:0 the CBS of reeovery vehicles Eor this purpose [be ·follolwing

procedure is to be adopted: -

(1) Sh,ackles an.': to be stamped 'Recovery Use an~y ~ ·Workjf.ljl Load

Limi~ X Tormes. -

(2) The working load limit that may be applied will be up' totwice the certi·ficated safe working load and is tOI be overstamped accordiagly,

e, The worki:ng load Ilmits of shackles and other common.ly used recovery equjp'men'tare listed in Table 2 - para 7004.

7006. Cordage iS3J. .gerlfera! term used to de SICri be natural and man-made fibre ropes and cords as distinct from steel wire ropes ..

TYPES AND' 'CHARACTEIUSTICS

70017.. Rope used for ·~ifting and haulingare generally made from. manilla, hemp or sisal, aut cottoa, coir and r.my~on are ,e:mpl'oyed for special purp ose S. Coif makes a ~·.g,bt elastic rope, of no great strength •. that will float, Cottonrope is pleasantto handle and nylon Is used wbere st'r-emgth and li.ghtl1,e.ss, are more important than cost.

1008. Cordage stretches more U13tl. steel wile rope wh,eD underload. TIle stretch . in a new rope when subjected UJ itsworkmg stress is about one twentieth of its tength.

CONSTRUCTION

7009. Ropes an: made by twisting a. num.ber of fibres of the ftlW material to' form a yarn 11 then a num,ber of yarns to form a strand: :finany three or more strands are ~tw.isted together to I()inn a rope, The way in which the: strands are twisted: together is called the lay of therope ,tbe angle of Ia.y being the angle between the dil'1eotio'll of each strand and the direction IOf the centre: line :m the rope.

53 RESTB1CT.EU

A.mdtlI8'O

7010. Ropes may be either while, green Of tarred, White and green rope irs usually supplied fO-I recovery work: green rope is rot proof. Tarred rope is about one tenth heavier '~han white rope of the sanle size and only about two-thirds as strong. It is useful for prolen ged use under water ,.

7011. Spun yam is, made from one to el,ghteen yarns. variou types of 'p,bre being dsed. U is, used ctilie:tly fOJ seizing and 'wbipping".

MEASUREI\IIENT

70'12., The size of cordage is denoted by it diameterinmilfimetres and its length is measured in metres,

SAFE WORKING LOADS/WOltKlNG LOAD LIMIT

7'013. Ropes in good cDndition:. III order to a.void everleadtag ropes recovery personnel must beable to calculate the safe worrking load of topes, for 'WOI kshops use and the Woddng Load Limit of ropesfor reeevery use, The minimum factor of safety to be employed when using any natural fibre rope of 201 mm diameter and above is .8. SWL for natural and syothedc fibr,e ropes are shown. in Table' .3.

7014, In receverywork, since the overall wei.ght of equipment tOI be man-handled by recovery crewsis important aIower factor 'Qif safety has to be accepted. Where cOlds,ge is in good 'condition. the WLL of all types, except coir can be Icalculated

using the formula -

1(]12:

( tonnes)

525

wbere d ls tbie diameter of tb,e rope in mjUime,tres,.

Thisgives a factor ot safety of approxim,8tely .3 to 1 for the lowestgrade o.f'manilla rope.- For the cordage IDolnlmonl'y used in recovery work theWLL -arle as shown in Table 4.

7'015.. Effects of wear ,t:md exposure: W'ear and exposure to weather and heat, oils. grease and Ichemica)., havea cumulative effect in decreasingthe strength of the rope. DO NOT USE ROPES IN POOR CONDITION.

7016., Ef/e'cts ,of sharp bends. The strength ,o,f cordage is decreased by about one-third when taken round a sharp bend or slung over a hook or knotted. This is due to' the fibres being unevenly stressed, In claku~:ating the rope worklng load under these eonditions the estimated SWL must be reduced 'by hom 30 to 50%.

54

RE-STRlClED

''II

Circl!lIwer,ence of rope On)

Synthetic: fibre (3 stra.m:rudha,w:ser laid)

Safe Working Load (SWL) (based on ,3; f~c~or s~Fety of 8)

Appf'O'x.. diame~er of !tope (rom)

Sisal and Mi:lDma (Grade 2)

.Manilla (Grade 3)

'~onnes kgs
1 8 64
Ii .111.) SSI'
Ii 12 12"7
If 14 t78
2; Hi 254
:lit 18 ,30.5
2-i; 201 394
21 22 470
3 24 572
,3,:t 2~ 660
* 28 74,9
,
4 3,2 965'
4! 34, t 19
.5 40 1 413
S! 44, 1 765
6, 4'8 .2 146
61 53 .2 4:26
7 S1 2. 194
8: ,6S .3 ,59'4
9 7:3 4, 49\6
U.1 81 ,5 512 .51 16 114 15.2~ 116 266 3..56 41'9 508 5,84

613 tUB :965

1 308

1 574

1834

2; 159'

1 489'

:3 2.00

4 '000

4 902

51 64 102 140 190 228 30S 36'8 445 S0.8 584 '74~ 83:8

1 206

I 499

1 613

187'9

2; 172

2, 194f

3 4,92.

4 280

Ta,ble 4.~

CircumFerenoe o.f rope (11iJl)

Diameter (Imll)

,WLl. (kg)

2'15 76;5 19:50

.ss

HANDLING AND CARE, OF CORDAGE

7017. In the balCld!Un,g and care of oordage'the important points to' remember are: 9. Always examine 00,OOa86 for wear and fraying befOI-e using it on a recovery job.

b,. Do not store ,cordage in, a, damp place,

Co, ~Nev,er pull cordage over a sharp edse. A gun pbll1k '01' skid cu.rr-eedypma-ced, will pil'ev.en.t wear and" possibly, breakage.

d. Adju.st sUngs SoO that the sp,Uoe does, not bear on an edge or corner, e, Take up the Ioad witbout snatch.

f., RJepwr damaged or broken strands of cordage as. soon as, possib~e after the damage is observed.

g. Use knots that CM be readily untied and thus avoid, having to cut a rope. (The most suitab!i!e knots :rorn~cove.ry' work are described ill The Equipment Recovery M,anual Part 1 (Army Code 7110.5».

h. 'When cutting 'co:rdage" always ,app,ly two whippings fi_rst, thea ,cut between Whippings.

i,. Keep cordage ln nea.t oo.us to' prevent it becomingtangled,

PROTECTION OF CORD~GE

7018. Portions of a fibr,e rope U~dy tLQ be :su:bject to chafing or continuous wetting during u se must be preserv,ed, or pI"G'tected if ElL reasonable l~ie ~s 'to be expected. This applies in partictdar to. ropes containing a. splice. Protection is afforded by the precesses of w,o'rmiDg~ parcelling' and serving. These processes are mow briefly explaiaed ::

a, WOI"miflg. Tile 0 bj,eet of wormiD,g a [ope is to fill in the s.pa,ce: 'between the strands with spun yarn or small cordage and. so render the surface smooth and. round fOl[parrcenin,g and serving. The' sbse o:f cordage selleet6d as wQrmingw.iU naturally depend 00 the size of the Tope to be 'Wormed. The manner in which it is applied is depicted at .A in Fig'. 14.

P• 1-AI W· , .. •.. d' . 11:_ . d

,Ig.. "t.-' ornnng ian' parceuwg cor "age.

56

RE-STRJCTED

RESTRICTED

Ill. Ptufr:elling.Fi,g. 14aL~o shows 3,ft B howpa:r,oollinQ' is eflectedb'-y applying a cf)'verrn~ of h,essi,aJIi" eanvas or other s-ui~a:ble ma~te:ria] .in :stri,p lfbrm,. The paIQe!l1lillg, is ~;a:~d wi,tb the Ia,~ of the r-ope, each turn ovedappmg~h,e one that precedes It, The ends of the parcellj_~g must cover lli,e ends of the worming.

e, .se1'vi1:~'" Flg. },5 shows how a, binding of 8~un Y,3!rn has been a,ppIieditt A by meana aftbe se:rvwg maD,et B. The tlI:ru:lenide of the mal1e,t :t;,ts :s:n~gmY on, the rope to, be served. Serv~ng is a~~ways appUed apmst 'the lay of the rope, the spum, y,am being kept in WIJSiOil 'by thetnrns taiteD, round the handle ,of the maUett., 1u the mallet,~s, rotated the sm"vit]Jg is 000 tiotJIously fed, under tensioa aJonl U1]fl Pilith, indicated. The fina,t result is an, uabroken st:rlt15i (1,( turns, ,aU laid dose'ly together ~ secu.ri~gt1he w(I'rming and DaJlooling; mp~ace. The eoo offhe serving is oompk:tedby passi.L1gthe SPUD ::tMn Muder t.he lastthree turns andpulliDS' taut.

Fig. 1 S:.-Se.rvmg cordage.

7019.. The stratm>dis atthe e[ild[ of a rope tend. to uruay d.ilring use. Thb;, sbow1d. be prev1en'ted by a"lPl'lymg a whipping which~ if done skUrully, does. not ma:tedally m.cr~ the dia:meter of the rone, It will then still be fliee to enser slrea:yes er ()tmer tackle. Tl1e opel'ation is ,carded out m '10m" st~, as shown .m. Fig. 16:.

b

d

Fi,g:. 16.~~ppinscordap. 51

RESTRJlCT.ED

JOINING CO.KD'A.GE

7020. A strong permanent jolntin a. rope can only be made by sp;~:kin,g the ends t08e'itber. This technique is employed also when insertin.g a tbimble in the end of a rope to form an eye, The methods, for splicm.g hemp' ropes, are described if] SecUon 4 of this chapter,

INSPECTION OF OORDkGE

70.21. When inspecting cordage deteriol',a:tion may be recognized by:

·a~ Opening the strands of the rope to see if any of the "nner fibres, are ftayed or broken,

b.. A mlldewed appearance which. :in.dicates that it has been stored in a damp p~ace .. Such rope wm have .31 musty odour and tll,e inner fibres oftbe strands will be' rotted or dark stained. in appearance,

c. The external appearance .. Over-strained and bruised rope may often be .recognmzedby the oondltio.n of the external :6br,est blll·t it may r,etain. considerable stfiength iftbe: internal fibres are u.lldalmaged.

7022.. Every fibre rop~ or sJIDg used for lifting' should beinspected carefully before use .. H any doubt ·exists. as, to its serviceability, it should NOT be used ..

CONSTRucnON

70Q;S. Steel wire rope is, made up, of a number of str'ands surrounding. a core of teugh mate.rja~ su,cb as bemp ,or steel. The strends ,are compcsed lo,f separate wires,. tbe number depending on the BexibiUty required, In some wif1e ropes the strands themselves have a fibre ,1:0[1:; for increas:edl.ftexi bmty.

7026. Ropes normally IIlIsed for l'eeoverypurposes, are known as engmneering ropes, USIIl;a,Uy six. strands are used to make .iI1 rope but the number o,jf' wmt'es in a strand vary from 7 to 37 .. The notation 6./1 indicates. a six-stranded rope with seven wires in each strand; 6/t9 .iDdicat,cs a. m-sttanded rope with 19' wlres in each strand.

70rJ.7. Ropes used inreoovery are 80 constructed tha.t the wir,e-s making U.p the ,strands are twms,tea.together in an. anti-cloekwise dlrectlen, and the-completed strands are 11aid on tbe core in a dock.wise direction, This, coostru.cdon is, knewnas Right Hand Ordinary Lay. Ropes, whlchue made up wi.thlthe wires and strands

- -

twisted in the opposite direction to the Rigbt Hand Ordinary Lay ropes, are known

as Left Hand Ordln.ary Lay.

58

RESTRICTED

~ .~ - . -

Arndt 2/82 7028. A type of wile Fope freq:uemdy employedm recovery is preformed 01' trulizy. In this, type, the strands are ,given the exact heUca1l form ,they will follow in, the Icompleted rope. 'These ropes cio not co:rbe:oow 101" spira! when left loose, hence kinks raI,sly occur, Th,ey do not require whlpplng, before cuttmg" and they are eaJSier to splice, FOlrid'entUicatiorl, pnformedWire rope may have one strand, painted liight blue

7029. In :recovery par, steel wire rope~ as in. llie ease of cordage, Is measured by its diameter in millimetr8s and its length is expressed in metres,

STRENGTH OF S1E-ELWIRE RO'PES

703.0. The strength of s,teel wir,e ropes depends upon two main factors:

a, The diameter of the rope,

b. The mateli:ai from wbi,ll_h the rope is made.

Breaking loads are therefore related to these two, factors, The Tahle overleaf shows bleakin~L loads 0'1' wire ropes of different diamet,ers, made from various types of steel, the ropesbemg ofm..strarui, ,construction.

7031 . Facto.r of s(Jje:ty., Where :safety is a primary consid,eration, factors of safety from app,coximltely 6v,e for honzontal pulls up to 3,0 for passenger lifts are used. For recovery purposes" wber,e there is a need for eompsct and light e'qmpments at lower factor of safety is used, For exmu,pleJ the winch .ro_pe of an ARV:may have a factor as low as two,

7032.. Rated Icads for wire lopes used in recovery should be calculated with a satety factor of ap'proximately 2., 'When assessing the rated load of a steel we r.ope from the Table, it must be remembered that the 'bJeaking IOlads Iisted apply only to ropes in ,good, conditi'on. If the rope is at an, suspect it should not be used, For rough estimates when using steel wbe ropes.m good. oonditiorn~, the rat,ed load in tonnes can be cdculat,ed from the exp':(BSS]On. d,2/50 where dmthe ,(tiameter of the :r,ops mmillimebes.

LUBRICATION OF STEEL WIRE ROPES

7033. St,eel 'wire ropes are :impre,gnated with a Iubdcant during manufacmre, to, prevent deterioration due to corrosion, The hibricant cannot be replaeed but it must be supplemented in serrice 'with a surface dr-essing. The recommended dressing is: automotive grease XG21'9'. To [educe fFiction and wear steel recovery ropes must be kept dean and then treated when neclfissa1Y, with a dna'ismg 'to le,ave atthjnfHm on the wd"aces~ in,dudin,g the spia,ce between the strands. When preparing ,II rope fOI dressing care must betaken lIJ,Ot to d,estmy the manufacturers' lu,bric:aUon and protectlon; under no cireumstaaces.shall :3ny rope be treated wi.th solvent, After Immerslon m salt water ste;eI wine rope should be ilio:wughly 'w,ashed :m, fre&h water, dned and. redressed,

5'9 RESTRICTED

RESTRIC'I'ED'

Table 5~BreakiJtg loads fOF steel wire ropes of six strand construction.

N'ominal ' Diameter (nun)

13 16 19 21 22 24 25: 29 32

0.1 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.5 .3.2 ,3.9

Sp'echd Improved Plough 1699~18S3 MN/m2

,special Improved!

Patent 1390·1554 MN/m2

Best Parent 1235·13,90

MNI 2

m

Best Plough 1554-1699 MN/m2

Pad l-Ro'lIlndl strand wire ropes 61'6 '0'1

6:/7 cmls,tructiOll ~

,8.5 9.S, Jitl.6' 11,.6

13.2 14~8 16.5 18".10

18,.6 201.7 23.0 25.2

20..4 22,.9' 25.2 27.6

25.3 28.2 3,1.2 34.2

29.6 33.1 3,6.6 40.!0

31.8 35~6 39.3, 43.1

40~4 45.2 50.1 54.8

49.4 ,55,.2 61.01 66.'9

13 16 19 21

22 24 2S 29 32

0.6 1.10 1.4 1.5 1.:8 2...3 2.5 ,3.2. :3,9

Put 2-Round strand wir'e ropes 6/1 9' cOllS,truction

_ 7.3 I 8.2 I 8.6 9.4

11.3 12.,6, 13.4 14 . .7

lS~9 17~9 19.3 21.1

17.3 1.9.,4 22.6 24~8

20.8 23, . .3 2S.9 28.4

2,6,.2 29,.4 29.9' 33~Qi

'27 ~9 31.2 34J) 1 ,37.,6

36,.1 40..2 43.2 47,.2

44.2 49.,4 53.3 58,.4

- -

13 16 19 21 22 24 25 29' 32 41.

0.6 0.9 1.3 :1.6 1,,8 2.1 2,,3,

3.0 3.7 6,3

Part 3,-Flexible round strand wire'ropes 6/37 construction

6.9 8.0 8.1 8.9

110.9 12.,1 12.7 13.9'

14.",7 .16.5 18.3 20.0

16.5 18.,4 2:].4 23.5'

20.2 22.7 24.6 26.9'

24.3 27.3 28.4 31.0

26.6 291.91 32.5 3,5.6

32.7 36.6 40~6 44.7

40.6 54.4 50~3 S5.4

68.0 1'S.9 853 93 • .5

60 RESTRICTED

----.

RESTRICTED

7034k Steel wire ropes with nylon COl',eB, should not be lubricated since' nylon swells wben it comes into contac& witb on.. This sweUing ·would open up the rope, makmlLil8 it S:Wlscep:ti,ble to dama~.

WIllP'P:ING AND ,CUTTING WJIKE ROPES

703.5. The ends of wire rope must be wmppedto prevent the strands from spreadIng, The number of whippings, to 'be &ppl~ied is ,eqlllaJ to the number of millime'kes in the diameter divided !by S, (taken to the' next whole number) the, space between the whippings being about twice the rope diameter in millimetres. Annealed iron wir,e should be used for this purpose, 'W<O'U'110 eV'enJy' and, 'tightly afiollod the f\ope !by hand, until the whipping is ofa ~ength about equal to the diameter ,of the' lope. The lends should then be twis,ted t,ogetber in, a counter-cloekwlse direction, just snfficlen tJy to taJke upthe slack,

'70,3,6. TO' pJ.'icpa.re a wire rope for c:uttiDgJ the Dumber of whippings required is d.oL1,b~ed)aDd the cut is, made between the middJe two, each of the I1esu]tiQg ends then baving the required number of whipp,mgs. Fig, 17 shows the manner .mn whicb whipping is ,appUed prior to ,cutting a wire rope,

Fig. t 1.~Whjppi[lg wire rope.

USE OF' WIRE R.oPES IN TkCKLHS

7031. Rope must net be aU.owed tobear I{U1, sharp edges lor rough slW'faaes wbich. will cause it to become deformed iby the strands spreading, The' rope' shenld fit: the sheave or pul1~y grooves, Bindmg on 'the :s,mdes will occur if the groove is too narrow and the rope will flaUeD H the groove is too w.ide.

7038. When reeving rope over pulleys or round blocks, the 'tackle layout should, if possiblec be .arranged so that the lope is taken round all the pruleys, or sheaves in one direction. (See Fig. 18a). Reversmg the direction of n!l6ving dama.ges the rope, parlicularly when such. rev,ersals, take placereuad sheaves or pulleys 'that ar-e close together. In Fi!. 1,8b the reversals are s,urffi,cte[J,tly fax apart not to ,affect the rope unduly, but the blocks, must never- reach the position shown. in.Fig~ 18c.

7'0391" Rolll1' SPOO,f{'lg. If a rope is wound 'OIl a winch drum incorrectly in relation to the dk'ectioD of i.ts laY,len,gthening of the la;y or deformation due to local ti,ghtenin,g

,6,1

'RESTRlCI:&D

•

RESTRIctED

e

b

FIg. L8.~Re¥ersaI of reeving.

of the strands win lead to unsatisfactory service, To determine the correct dlreetion of feeding a rope onto til wineh drum, first check the lay of Ole rope as shown in Fig, 19 and then, assuming that the first coil, must be laLid. on the! far end of the sla,tionuy drum, a rope with right ha[ld~ay must be wound in ,R clockwise direction, and one with. a left hand lay antieleckwise, ,M in Fig, 20.

FITTING A NEW ROP:E '£10 A WINCH DRUM

7040. 'When a winch rope can be fiued dir-ec'tly to a drum, no initia,~ preparanon of the rope iSElecess;ary other than whipp'~l1gthe end lin .fac~Utill1te lentry through the dot and hole in the dru~ and thence under 'the securing clamp, In some cases, however" it :ws necessary to ,attach. a socket to the end of the winch rope pdor to securing the latter in place onthe winch drum, The' method of rd!ob~g; tb~s is described in Section .5 to this c.bapte:r ..

7041.. To avoid 'bunehlng' of the rope on the drum the rope must be: wound onto, ehe drum undertension,

RESrRn~l'ED

62

RE8TR1CTED

LH. ORDI NARY LAV ROPE

R. H. ORDII'N,AIR,V 'lAVR~OIP'E

Pig. 19'.~Lay of rope.

INSPECTION OF WIRE ROPES~ E U FITDNGS, AND SLING--8,

7042" Wir,e rope should, be unreeved from the parent ,equlpmeo't to enable Inseection tffi1roughol(ll.t the entire length, including the lend, ftttings, to be carried cnt, Itis desirable 'that the [ope is p,laoedl 'uDder Ugbt mO'3d~ so tha.t deter,io[,a;tron may be detected more easi1ya.nd alsotoprevent 'the formation ()if kinks and snarls.

7043"" The poiats that require special attention are as follows:

a, Ensure that a new lope: is of the correct size and type and in the case of winch ropes" that the length Is C01lIect.

1lJ~ Cll,eck tbe [n'pe :for signs 01 corrosion., 63

RESTRICTEU

I.

RIGHT HAND L~¥

Pig. 20.-Dwecti.on of r'Ope on w.inch drum.

IC., Check the rope for broken wires or strands. A wire rope should mot be used if"ID any length. equal to eight diameter-s, the number of visible broken wir,es exceeds 10'h of the tetal,

d. Check the rope for any signs of damage and. ensure that the rope is dean amid. free :from abrasions,

e. See that the rope is free from maHhrmattOD ie.: (1) K~nkiDl-d·uetol incerrect handling.

(2) "Birdca:gjn,g =-caused by puU~y or shea-Vie grooves being too small (3) Crushing-due to overloading whi1e~ on the drum or to bad drum spooHos:.

(4) Fl,aUemng-amSiedl by pulleys. or sheaves beiDg seized UP' or their grooves being' teolarge fortbe rope.

',044. 'fhepcints to watch for when iimsilecting wire rope ,apply equally to wire rope slings. In addition~ the lend :fitfiings on ropes and .slmgs should be examined carefully for wear cracks, or deterioration at a splice.

64

RESTR1CTEDI

DiE"'..:."''1'''DT~ ~I . .I.~I'_',.L.~

JOlN1NG WIRE ROPES

704S,,, The method .of joining wIre rope by splicing and, UJi.e Dllffthod of fittmg a thimble in the end of a rope to fODD an eye are describedin Secdo:o 4 .of this, chapter,

Paras, 7046-1047 :R~ese:rved.

Section 4---SPLlClNG FIBRE AND STEEL W1RE ROPES

,SPLlClNG .FIBIlE ROPES

7048,. Rope splicing is, ,essenrtiaUy a practical skill and is difficult to learn from t~xt books alone, The methods described here need to be demonstrated !by an instructor, Further and fuller deta:il is B:v,slilable in the 'British Ropes, Manual', a reco,gnized ,a:ndarutboritativetext book

TYPES, OF .s.PLlCES

7,049. There ale three forms of splicing witb wlilkb n~,OO1Ve'f' crews, should, be familiar. They are:

a. A long ,splice, used when 'the rope is requir-ed to pass smc)O'thl!yandflieeJy ave{ the sh~ve h.1l a block, at the S8,me time retainin,g its strength.

b, Ii sho,rt splice.; used when the TOP e is not: required to pass, through a b10 c:k and where some reduction in strength:is acceptable,

e, A n eye .spll~ce, 'used when it is necessary to fcrm an leye in the lend of the rope,

THE LO G SPLICE

705;0.. The lliong splice has the advan~age ofprQvi,ding a, jjo,illt 01 a.pprorxim~:rtelythe same strength as the rope itself, without appreciably increasing: the d.iamerer of the rope. This splice is aehieved m,ainly b~tucking in the str,ands at different pCJm'ts. along the joint.

7'051., The length of the lOllg splice is determined! by the s:j[ze of the rope andthe number of strands in it. As ,8 general guide the length should be about 12 to ),6 times the clr-el!Jmfer,ence of the rope.

•

RESTRICTED

70,52,. In forming a long splice the procedure, is as fbUows::

9.., Apply a wmppiDg to rbepolnt up to whichtjjt is intended to unlay leach ,rope. The strands wi]] thus bep[,e~ented, fvolm running back any flll1ber,.

b. Unlay the-two. rope ends to a Jength approxJmately equal to six to' lei~t times t'11e circumference of the l'\ope and whip 'each str,3\[J,dl tOI prevent \mIllywg" Marry the two rope' ends together as shown in Fig. 2b. which dlepfcts a three strand rope, The strands should be located alternately, A, Band C to the left~ D~ E and P tOI the, r~ght.

It. The third operation is to un1ay one strand oo1y" for example strand A" to a lecll:gth equal to hali the QIVenlU loogtb of the splice, andto fill upthe spaoe thus Weft vacant with the strand D lying neX'tbut op'posite 'to it unfd the free end of D is o!1.11y a few inches long, (see Fig,. 2Ib). Then turn the rope round" and treat the next two strands in a similar manner,tm1ayiog one and. tilling up the v,acant space with the other. Two pairs. of strands are thus mterchang-ed and n~m,aid, as, shown in Fig. 2] c the third. pair being left at the point where the two ropes married. Eacbpa;ir of ends may be tied to secure them for the subsequent operation (see Flg. 21d) the lo'oS lends having been cut mort and .again whlp,ped.

dl. Theflnal opelil'UoIl oOrrulif!l~S of tucking in each of the six ends. ]Bielcu'e dning SiD, it is essential to see that leach pair of strands is lying as shown in Fig. 21e.

e. Now 'tuck each. of these strands once uader each strand as in Fig .. 21f,. f:ollowed, if required" by one or two furthertueks, The number of tucks should" ho,wlever~ be kept to ca. mimimum since each. tuck rep1'leS'eBts ,additional length. to tbeport~on .of the ,rope enlarged by the splice. Tile strands of later tucks may be thinned down.

f., To comp~et,e thespHce, fOU in andbear In if r:equlred, then wt G,ff lends leaving: ,ap'prolrima.tely .0 rnillimetres.

'~. ,I I ''''HO-'.·RT S'DU· ICE.' ,

A.~'~I I. ','_ 'or- ,,_ .

70053. The short splice Iuereases the size lof the rope ,at the jOint" and the str,ength is reduced by about one 'eigbtll., The procedure for making' a short spHoe, is as, f08o,ws:

a, Ap'pty a short: 'stop~ to, each rope at a point fr-om the end equal to fi.v,e times the, rope's clrcurwerenoe:. UDla.y to the stepsand applIDy a whip'ping' to each .of the ends (as in Fig. 22m)"

~ Marry tbe ropes together (ilSiD Fig, 22b) and seize on ODe side,

e. Remove 'the 5t,QIP frem the side opposit.e the' seizmng and tuck three fun tucks, against the lay.

RBSTRICTEU

. -

d,. Rem.ove the seizin,! and the m-emainin.g s,fop andtuekthree full tucks in tbe i():P'poS(~,t:e side, thus com~;ietiD\S s~x, fu]J] ttu::ks; three leach w.a:y fmm Ute many (Fig" 220).

e, Pifi.l]sh sh.oulde.r oll"ta:per ,acco,rdirng to requilflem.en1t'8.

7()54. To mpu ~a short s,plioo m order to obtainpoomeJi:Dea:tness, extra 'tucks, shoo~d be made, tbe stra,ods tn~iDg mduced.m diam.ew ,after eachtwot!il~s, befOR makfu:g the ne~t one,

THE EYE SPLICE

705S. The leye s.plj1oo forms a permaDen;t~oop er eye on ,31 IOpe!s end. There ,are two, typesm 'COmIDODuse:

a, ThImb1ed.

67

"

RESTRICTED

a

F'ig,. 22.,-Sbort spUoe', hemp rope.

1.056. The metbed of formil1lg] 'C!ye s:pUoos is as foHows :::

a. Appl~y a 'whi,ppmg or 51to:p('j.) tb.e rope at: a point five cirl:wnferenoes from U"S, end. The stop, should be two diameters of the rope in :length.

b. When requfred, sei2!e" a tbimble into the rope as in Fig, 23a., Unla,y,the rope end, and ,apply a whipping to each strand, lend.

c. Tuck three full tucks, against the lay, fol1!O'wms the start (Fig', 2,lb). t. Finish. An eJe spllee may be tapered or shouldered Fjg. 23c~ d.,

TO TAPER, A SPUCE

7057. A£te.r all tucks bavie been completed. each strand should beredueed by one .. tbird; and a further fuU tuek completed with 'the remainder 011 the' strand. Reduce again,. this time hai~vm'g the remaining straad, and tuck. once more, thus ,completins'two taper tucks. Trim 0:1f~, leaving: 16 to 12 millimetru of the yail'DS plotrudmg from the' s,pnce.

RESTRICTED

•

RESTRICTED

b

d

ro SHOUL'D'ER A. ;SPLICE

7058,., Mter a:n tuckshave been {lomplMed, ,eiMih strand. sh!!luJ!d 'be u111aidland. ha~ves fmm ;~djaoellt strands laid. up and.wbipped ever strands in the stall,dmg Ilart (Fig. 23c).

69

,.

SP'LICING WIRE ROPES

7059.. Wwe rope splici.ng proceeds 011 much the same lines as fibre rope splicing, If; r"equff:es mote s_kill ,and practic~ sincethe wire straeds aremneh mON dim.cult two band1le. Care must be taken not to ki.nk the wlre nor allow it to unJay.

THE, .LONG S,PLICE

7060. If a long splice is correctly made the strength of the rope Willll!ot be impa·j;r·ed.. The rope at the [olnt should be as strong: and almost as flexible· as. the rope itsemr .and,being of the same d:iameter~ pass, (1v,er sheaves and ]JuUeys ..

7061. As. the :strength of the sp~ioe depends UplOll the fdctiom betweenthe Interlockled strands, it must 'be of considerable length. It is custo.mary to make the overaU length in metres, equal to about O·,(j...()· 7 timesthe diameter of the rope in, millimetres, TI'.e length of a splioe m rope '0':( 28 mm. cliametet',~or lex;ampl,e, would be approxmmatdy 1,8 met~es~

1,06.2" The general princi:pIes ~JJvolved in ma:kmg a. ~ong splioe in a wire rope are as follows:

H. Witb ropes of six strand eonstructlon, the fint step, iS~Qilay up' three s,uands of eac}] lope 'end in tJ1e sp.3!Ce IDeft by uD1aymg three strands lnthe opposite end, This alone provides considerable s,trengtb owing to the hlgh If'iictiODa1 resistanee between the strands"

11:. At appropriate distances (see Table 6), the unlaying and laying up is discontinued. Each point where this OCCI.1!rs. is called a. 'ClOSSj, since the strand being unlayed and ·~:IhI.e str,a.mld; beh:ilS .layedl up do, in ,e:f'&ct, DrOSS each od~er. One strand at each cross is then pa8S00. through the rope and hau1ed taut. This is, called a tuck. In spUclng wme. rope, the tucks are made against the lay of the' rope', and! great care must be tak~en topreven t klDks ,pttm.g into eilli~r Jo'pes or strands.

S~:ofrope (diameter in mm)

4·26 5·18 6-10 7-11 ~l'08 9·14-

10'06

Lengtb of strands tunJay;ed (each side to' marry) (metreS)

Distance apart ,of 'CtO'SSes f[,om marry (m,etres)

RESTRIClED

3·58: 4·34 5'-10 5":94 6-'18 1·,62 8-03,8

.2"13 2.591

3·04

3· ,CD

,_ '!!,~O

4'06, 4·57 ,5·0:2

0·68 0·84 0-99 1-29 1·29 1·52 1-68

II!!

RESTRICTED

e, The remaining parts: of the strands are then 'buried, in the rope, and take the pllace.of the hemp heart or core" removed to make room for the strand.

d. The point where the two rope ends are brought toge~her is called the marry. f the ends are iinteda,ced vle,ry ,closely it will be impossible, when the splice is completed" to see where the join oeearred ..

7063. To illustrate in detail the method of making' a long splice.a steel wire rope' of 28 miUimetres diameter, having six strands each cODitaining 37 wires~ has been. selected .. This rope is typi,c'B.I of those used inrooovery work.

7064. Prom Tab~.e '6!~t will be seen thatfhe total length iQf tbe spljce will be 1,8 rnetres (2 x .9-14). lml this case if t11e twolengths of rope to be splicedare, ,say, .30 metres and 40 metr-es respectively, the finished ropeWliU be:

,]0 + 40 - 18= 52 metres

As a guide, it is not worthwhlle 'making a long spUoe in two ropes unless thetotal length of the finished rope is at least twice the length of the spli.Qe,. In tbe example quoted, it would, not be worthwhile if too total ]engt'h of the two ropes befOre splicing was, less than 316 metres,

7.065', The detailed working procedure is as fbUows:

a, .M,e,a:sur,e off 9 metres from the end of each rope and ar thispomt put on a stout serving of SplilD yam. Tbl:~s, stop, prevents, the' s'ttands from laying fUdber back than required,

b. Open UPI each rope sufficiently to apply a whipping of twine to each strand to prevent the lndividual vifres, from sp,rea"ding.

e. Unliay all the atrands up totne servings and cut the hemp heart or core Idose: to' the s:tops:.

d., Referring to' Fig, 24 brins the two ropes close~.y together; interlacing the: strands so that a pair olf adjacent strands of the right hand rope He, betweea the two pairs o-f strands OIi the left hand rope and SOl oauntil tbe strands are married, T:emporarHY,mt is helpful to blnd together the three pairs of strands of leach rope 0-3, metres from the steps, The marry or join is shown at A in Fig.2,4a..

e. Take any strandpu.t;3. whipping on it about 0.·3 metres from the marry;, cu.t off the strands with a hammer and cldsel .or wire cutters, j'Ms,t bey-Iond 'the whipping, and dlscard the end cut off as at B in Fig. 24a. Leaving the next strand intact, whip and cut the strand after it. COlntinue 'thus round the rope" 'UD'~i~ there ar-e three short and three long strands, as shown in 'the .Fig. Now proceed similarly witb the opp,Qsite rope, 'being careful to leave a long strand[ of one rope ,e:ttacUy opposite a short strand of the other rope.

f~ Now put a s,tTOQ! ~erv~ng to the righi. Clf~hemany, taking in all strands but OIDe as shown at C in Fwg. 24b. This will hold the fOlies ftrmly together, and

11

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'I

RESTRICTED,

B

a.

b.

Fig. 24.-Lomg s,plice,wrre rope.

wm leave one short strand out {leady for unlaying~ The rope shou1d then be Sllpported in ,slllch ,8, manner as, to brmg it ,aprpr'o.ximateIy breast higb for' Ole subsequent ,oper.ations. One m,etnod is to hang the .Flope from sultabl,c overhead supports (such as the roof trusses iQf,a buDding) OJ'" alternatively, to locate it on trestles.

g. Cut off the serving or g,top on 'the left hand rope, and gradually un1ay strand C for 7·62 metres to the left (see FiS. 2.5a),and note Table 6 in para" 7062, . for len.gths for unJaying. FoUorw this up' by laym"j the opposit,e strand D earefully and ,exactly in place of strand C,

Wben 6·35 metres of strand DaIle layed up, put a, serving at ~he point where the str,ands cress (see Fig" 25h)., Tber,ewill :now be 7·62 metres of Stnmd.n laid. in the rope and some i-52 metres of it left over; 'which. will 'be buried in the rope later.

The strand <C; which is being unlayed!, may be cut oft' from 'time to ttme if it becomes awkward (whipping the new end before, or immediately after cutting),

until 1- 5.2 metres 'of' it are left: free for !l:n~ryin.s' later in the' rope, .

h~ To. lay the C!Ql'f,espondin,g 6·35 metres of str,and from the left~band rope in. the right~hand rope, put a serving ovell" the m..,arry just to its, left, leaving out one short strand of the right-band rope (after removing thledght-hWld ,serving) ,and. proceed. as before,.

72

RESTIUCTEO

III

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i. Strand E of the right .. halJld rope bas now to be lald on the ,lett-hand rope to a dis!tanoe of 4-57 metres from. th.e mWiry" foUowma the same procedure,

,j. 'The SieQond~Ollg stl~anlld of the l~ft-haIld rope is mJow ~aidll[,'i:nthe ri,ght~ band, rope to a dis:talJoe of 4·57mtb~€SJ leaving :firiee,,~s bero.l!e~ 1-52 metres 01 tb,(': unlaidstra:nd ,81nlJJ 1·52 metres of 'tbe I~jd-~'p'strand.

k, 'The last strands an.';' ~i'm i lady dealt wi'tIt!J~ 'e'xcepttlila.t the distanoe frem t.he marry i:s, only 1'5'2 metree, as shown in the ''Eab~e., A conil.illluous1rope: has D!()W boon, ffJrmed and there 8:J1e six evenly spa,Qed uossj;nss~ as depimd in, Plg. 26'1, 3 ·04m:etres apm-t,from wlThiCh twehe I- 52 metre le-rngths emerge, These have no,w to betueke:d, and, buried.,

I., Be,gwrmiD,S at amzy' one of the 'e1'(}Jflsings,for exa.:mp~t; No. 1 at the: :~,eft-ha,nd 'end, of the splioe, the firs.t aetioa is to .Wx the !aKl.-.up end in positiorn" so that the

'13

!II

cp .2. 7·S m @ ® 1·5,n~1 ® ~

~------'_----~~--=-~--~------~------~

4·51'111 I - 4'51i1111

- 1 I

L 3-0",

.Fope can bema:nip~ated wi,tbout ot'.u~n:i(ijg it any more tlJian is desi red. Fig..27a shows the m.ethodl .of do:hlg thi~,. A s.trofl,g ,set'Vio,g ya.rn A is plaood ,cryer 'tbe 1'101'11; to the left oftlrue Icr08s~ the left-hand strand H, thenbem,g p,laoed. overthe servID.g and seisedte the [ope: w~thil second aery] [lg of yarn C.

m. The nest ope.ration is te cut outthe hemp core or headJ which mnst be removed. to leave room fU.m'~me strand, of w~:re~ whi.cbistotakJ.e its pla.ce.. Taite a sm,aU marllne spite alild drive ittl1:roUgh the :ro.pe at the CJiOI5S,tbat is under thr-ee strands and. to tQlEID_e s~de ,of the heart, as ,art A lllTh. Fig .. 27b"

F"; ""1··t.. l.~. ,(,j" u.'

74

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•

If the spike Apj,erccs the heart, a seeond spike (!llO~ ,slbown)ir$. elltered clear ,of ·the heart from the OIlPos,mte side. SpU[e A is tbeml w.i.tbdra.wmiI and. reinserted elear oft,he: hearl" t.be second .. spite 't~~Mbeing wifbm'awn. A sij:nmar :spHl1:e, H, ls next usedte !,,3,(ise: the heiJrt as shown In Fig.. 2'1b 8ufficlent~y to cut it witb a

k "1)' pen nne

Wbe,nth.e" bead is cut, ea;cb end is pulled 'OME .2S mmbne:tre:s Oill se, as seenin Fig. 21e~ and!. tbe s'iihes withdra.wn.

D. Reflerdng .qdl1 to Fig. 27,c,.~o tUickthe stra:lL1Id tbliQUg:n the rope, d~videUle [o,e lagain with al!atge splike A,andt~d the ~~truJ,d B~muugh the lap made. The strand ~s then pu~fed thr~llgh smartly,~be sp~kle removed, and. the rope wdlbe~ten Q,OWD with amallet, ]t wnItbeD :BffJi[El.ear as!m. Fi,g .. 27d. Care must be taken :00'[ t@ withdraw the marline spiwe l!I:lJ1.m thetuck is made andthe sladt of the strand has been drawn. t1wOlLWgh.,

Do. The s~;rand Bm Fig" 21'01, i.!:;, nOlw ready to be burled, but before dOling so jj~~mllst be served. with y,arFDl m twine (see Fig. :2.7,e) tubdIlI:g, It up to the d~~meter oftheheart, If suitab,~e:tflipe lSalvailab~e the strand may be p3.n:eUed as, this will be '~'luaUy leffectiv,e~ and~:hi.is wm save a. ()(]IfWsid:e.rable amount of tirne :amd. ~atuJu.r.

f'i,S .. 27d. 75'

RESTRICIW

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p~ To bury the strand, dIe luge spike Js again thrust through the rope as shown in Fig. 27,e" under the three strands, A~ C and D and also under the strand H, which is to be buried and. thea slewed in the direction Oil the aIr'OW ready for the subsequent roUing operatkm,

\

~ \;; \ ,

, '\

" \

\ \

\ -

~ \

\ \

, \

\ '\

, \

. . . I

\, .:».

~""~'~~~

Lt.#- 'I'

In order that the essential features of 'this oipera1~;ion mal)' be ,apP'I"eCtated;,tbe rope must be viewed from the other side. This is indicated in Fig. 27f which shows the rope turned through 1S:O degrees. It will be no~ed that strand D, llOfW lies behind the point of~he marline s,piOOe, thela-tter being, fmnlygripped between the strands F" G and H on the one side, and A~ C and D on. the Q,tb,er" If the s,pikle is rolled orrotated with the lay of tile rope, it wiJI travel from left to dght and will also feree tbe strand :8, m.to the centre of the rope as it rotates" the heart E meanwhile being removed, asbefore SIO as to leave room fior the strand ]J,. Fig. 27 S showsthe bm---yiug of the strand almost completed.

Fi,g . .21f~ 710

,RH-STlUCTED

RESTJUCTED

Fi,g.27g.

'q., Wbel'l 'the strand 13, has. been blll'ied the servin,liI on the left~band side oftbe cross is cut off and another servmng: is applied on the right-hand side ofthe C;fOSS. The splicer then passes to the other' side of the :rope and again drives the marline spiketh_l'1ough 'the centre separat ins the strands and enabling the heart to' be extracted, while the straad is heiDI burled by the rotatkm .of the mad~ne spike as before,

r. Care must be' taken to see that the centre of the rope is ,completely filled with the steel strands.that no spaces, are I,en between the ends and that at eaeh end a,f the sp,mice the strand actua1ly meets the heart. At intermedia.te, pPm,ts, the ends ,of the steel strands must butt closely I;ogethe:r.

s. When all the strands have been tucked and buried! therope is p,]aced on the floor, and beaten in.to complete regularity w~th ,21\ mallee,

t, It maybe tholLlght tlIa t jhere :ns,a.n ~,oesStive num ber ,o,f serv~n:gs and cuttings throughout thiS' operation, but although these precautions may seem painstaking they are well worthwhile in tbe IOong run, and will materially assist in producing a 'thoroughly sound splice.

THE SHORT SPLICE

7066. The short splice in wire rope is carried oet in a manner similar to that described mparagraphs 7053-7054. The ends should be splioed, each to each, with a five tuck spW ice; making the oomplete splice ten tUCKS overall, Bach five tucb should be made with three tucks u.sing the whole strand of the rope, and two. tucks with one half .of the wires cut out of each strand" The 'tucks should be under and over a,laiDst tbe lay of the rope.

THE EYE SPLICE

7.061. The 'ey'e splice is 'made in a manner somewhat similar to. that described. :in pa'r.a:,graphs 70.5 S~ 7056" The length of t.he splioe is necessarily limit,ed and. its str,eD,gth dependmt 01] thenumber of tucks emJPloy,ed. The rope Is, in fact, plaited upon itself, and when carefully made the strength of the spIke will not be less, than 90 % '0'£ that (If the main portion of the mpe,

77

RE,~1I'CTE' 'D'

- ~1"'.ft..I!., :_ _l •

-~-!!!

106,8,. To determine the. length ,of'l'\ope required to make an eye sp~ice allow 35 mj]!limetJ:1es of rope .Ior each millimetre (Jif dlametes, A rope of 2:8 miUimetJle8 diameter for instance, s.bould be uruayed for a dis.tance of 0-9'8 m_,eires to jpllovide strands of srufficient len,gtt to make a :satisfactory splice,

1069'., There is an apP!Fopdate siae of thimble for eaeh siZi!;;:: of rope in cernmoneee and,cate should betaken t.mt a suitable thimbJe is employed., Ta,ble 7 which refers to Fig. 28 mayibe takCc_ri as, a guide but an 'cbimbles may not cOllibrm exactly to the dimensions given,

Table 1.-App[l(Jpria:te thimbh::: siz~.

Size
of rope' Dimens,ions (mm)
(diameter
mm) A B C D E F (min)
13 28 54 17 41 73 12
Hi 41 7S 22 68 9& 16
19' 44 79 25 73 HJ7 1'9
22 57 un 3.2 :82 13,]' 22
.25 7'0 119' 3S' 1007 1162 2L6
28 7;5 133 .38 111 11S; 28
32 9$ l52 41 13.3 197 33, ..,__--- IB -----fi-i

Fig.21t-Tbhnble., 78

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o E

!!!!

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7010. F~ the purpose of describ1ing 'the operation, it will be as:~,umed. tha't it is, required to make a, thlmbl.e eye splice at the end .of ill stool wire rope 1.16 mUlimetres in d.iam.eter" having six strands each cO[ls,wstifJ.g .0:( ,3,' wires.

707'1. Wben making an eye s:p1ice in wiFe rope (part'kulady i~ one of large size), hang up the rope in such a position 'that 'the part to be splioedwm be at a.ooDVeo.went heighit for the eperator

7072. The detailed stefl,g, are as. foUows:

a. As the :mipe .is. 1,6 millimetres in diameter;, measure off 0-56 metres from the end and, be,ginnin.g al this point put on ill serving of spun ya.rn or serving wire abont 5'0 mllllmetres wid~, serving (a'S ,always) a,gamst the lay (see X in Fig. ,29a).

hl. Put a. light serv~ng; Y abeut 2:.00 m.iUi:metI·,es frem 'the end, unlay the rope and whmp the end. of each srrand to prevent Ore wires from sp~Nading.,

e, The rope must nowbe seized :firm]y to the' crown or top of the thimbl,~, as shown in Fig. 29,a. Place fbe beginning of the SO millimetr-e sel'v.i1ng in tbe grooves at the 'base or threat of '~methlnl hie and, lilll:Y the rope round 'tbe thlmbl,e. Seiw rope and thlmbme at the crown as shown 8,1 Point A. This, should 'be done' in a- vice as sh .... wn

___ ~ !tV .. 'I!

Fig" 29a..~Eye splice" wire rope .. 19

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11. The next s1:ep is to bed the rope securely in the- groove of'the thimble, POSiUOll the rope in the vice ,8$ shown in Fig. 2gb, taking care to cover 'llbe J,ilWS with cotton was.te orr sacking so as to prot,eetthe strands. Nowmampu},ateboth vice and rope to make the latter follow the groove of the thimble dose~Iy, and. 'witb .a,mIDimllm o:fpJ~ay·.

ij ~ i ~

,6,

4

5

Fig. 29c.

·801

RBSTRJCTED

.RESTItlCTED

Two nlioce seizings should DOW beapplted. at B :B;[JId C~jUJst ,81bo¥~ Ule threat oftbe t:bimble~ one on each side,. ][11 the caseof the. large_x ropes it may be ,a:dyisa b~,e to put on two in:termedia~e sei:drnrgl5 betWOOB erewnand tl1rOil1!lt but if the' vice work is carr[e,d. oat slowly "u]d c8.:r'eful~y~ three ~.izin&swin 'IJls.ually hol,d. the rope mrruy in pQiS~tiDt]_

e. The IIope shawd. OQW be ;~tll.p'I'orted in ave"tic~l pQ;s~,tion,tb.~mble in the VIDe.. Remove the temp:orazy srop (Y in F~!.29a) and. 'lJl}]atythe tail str,atlJdsa:s f111r as tbetiIroa;t gtg"" This wm expose tbf,';~.bre heart" whictJ ,should be ,ent€l'Wll of tlle rope at a point close t~~he fhrOla~ stop. The t~il strands are now l_ra:l18~d dlfOO ,ea,cn Bi,d~ ()if the 5t.a,nding part as in Fig,. 2gea~L1d areeumbered as in Pig. 2gd,. The crevices (I,' the st~ndingpart are lettered jft the: fi,gllre ..

NB.~p]lid:lJg can also be' carried Q,ut in the bO([Eonlal pogtion.

Fig. 290 .. 81

RE' .- ',Q"Ii'D lfCTE' ' , D

.. '~_' _-~I . .I..D.I. .. _ I" '-.

l!I

f. The rope is now ready fer .sp,Hcing,. The spUce sbou1d consist of five tucks against the b.,y,tmee fuU tucks, with a whole strand of the rope", and. two tucks. with one half of the wires cut OU,~ IOf each strand, Ttwe sequence of the first tuck is ,shown .in Fig. 2:ge ,', FiS. 2'9f shows tbe posJ'cion ,after tile firs,tHrck of strand No.1. Pig, 29,g shows the position atter the first tuck of strands Nos, 1" 2 and 3. Om comp,~etion of the first tuck, the splice' should be beaten up and a keep' slerving applied oV'CJr it..

g. The seeond 'tuckj~s made by takin,g ,each str,and in order from 1 to 6" carrying it over the strand next to the one under which it was 'first tucked, under the fellowiag strand and out. In thisand an sueeeeding tucks, strand 6, is dealt with in the same manner as all the other strands, and is [10. longer :tueked under 't:W'IO rope strands. An strands foUow 'tlile two rules:

(1) Over one and under one, and (2) pun taut under the spike,

:II. When '~he second tud{ms co.mp,Jeted put on a serving as before andproceed agahr, exactly as in sub-para. g, to compmete the third tuck.

i. There areflve tucks in all and although the Iasrtwo are: made in exacdy the same manner, it is necessary to taper the splice by ~r,adu.a.Uy reducing the number of wires in the strands,

Bef70re makED:g the fourth tuck t'i'!lerlefcu·t\ one OUlird of the wire is, separ,atedl from each strand, Asshereare 37 wires per' strand ill this rope, twelve wires shonld be seperated from each strand and the balance 0" .25 wires used to make' the llIexttWlct., Tile :sep.,a~:ed w~res are not removed immedi,ateIy bat onJy 'When all tucks have been, Icomp11eted.

Fig. 2ge.-Seq1lJence of' first series tucks, 8,2,

RiEST,IUCTEU

II

,RESTRICTED

j., Afrer QompletllITlg 'U1e~o1»'th tucke;!tllCtfya'!, b~f6J.ie with the strands of 25 wires, ,s:e,arat~ out ,a;pprollLim.a,tely balftllli,ewires liI~mainlng. Ie, m 2" and make the fiftband mast tuck wilth 'the balance 1.3. Now cat off tne~empo'rary servh1,gs, beat the s.pUce irrtiO rtgn~,ar shape witL1 a. mallet or spl1cinlban~mer ~ and. finllJlly cut (or break) off the untuckedwi:resr~fef'Ied to above, On the oo,mp~etio:n of tltis openuion the; sp,~ ~oe wiU P[\e.S{'f1Jt. the genera~ appearance sblt)wnm, Fig. 2911. N ete 1. Strands 4, :s and (5 are net smo,"""n ,in Figs. ,29£ ilDd ,I. Nate 2,., 'The better method. is not te aut (tie wires huttD take ,tacJt one andbend it btllck and :forth. until it breaks, as tbislprodlllOes a HIde .fuI,ook which isprefenllble to the sharp end produced. by ,cut~,~ng. 'With. a highly flexfble rope ofmalJljy\~ires~, hcwever, this i8a~aborig(l:s.proces:s ~u~d ma.y not alwarysbe worthwhile, palrHcu1arIy if time ~s of imporrtance.

Fig. 29f ..

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REsrlUCTED

k. After cutting off the seiz~ngs, ~he splice shouldbe par,ooUed as shown in Pig. 29i. TbeparceUing starts from the throat of the thimble while the serving starts ,art A wt'irJdng up the throat. Bear j n m ind the rule conta:med in the ,couplet:

W:orm and parcel with the ~ay Bot turn and serve the other way.

Fig. 29h.

Fig.29i.

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1073. Another' method of splicing wire ropes is the 'Talurit' method. InstrU.dions for tb~8 method. are fro be found. in BMER WKSf'B ,m,7/1. It. is, used mamly for the maoufa,cblM or repair' of' slin~, and isp.a::rtieulady snitable in forming the termlaaHall 0'( wire ropes, when: tbimbl,s leyes are fitted. The e;ye sp,mjae is formed by passing an ,ailloy ferrule ov,er both p,arts of the wire rope and ,applyin,g pressure on the ferrwle in special dwes on a. press, in order 'to ~("rm tbe ferrule round and into the strands of the rope. The finished splice is il1ustr,ated in Fig., 30.

Fig. 30.,-- Assembly of rope and ferruk,

Paras .. 7f114-70rJS Reserved.

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Section 5~FITTING AN ADAPTOR ASSEMB,LY TO STERLWIRE ROPES

1'0176. The metm.Qd described in the follo:wi.Dgpara,gra:phs and lUust[,ated in Fig:, 31 is used for fitting ,a,q ,ada'f)'tol' ,assembly to a steel wire rope such as ,R winch rope,

70·'n. To, :fit the asseulbly:

3. Tlrread the rope through the bush, passing, the bl1sh well alOflg the rope'. b~ Seh:etbe end, 0,' the rope to pr,event it l1nla,ying.

e, Measure from the end, of the rope 'to a distance equal tothe length .of the pj,gtail plus 1.0 .mmimetres, and mark the rope (Fig, 31a.).

d.Witb tbe aid of "two marline spikes expose the heart of the rope and out itleeel with the chalk mark (Fig. 31b and c). Lift out the portion to be removed and, with the ,add of a spike rell the heart out 00{ the fJl;)pe CFig;.,]]d),.

e, Pass the p'igtaninto the I10pe as at. Fig, 31 d. and roU the, taU into the rope by rotating the,sp,:mke far a length of ,a,ppjrO,dmalt~Wy' 23'0 mill imetres,

f., Remove the seizing, unlay the end of the rope. and dose it around the CODe" Tap the cone iml'to position, ensuriag that the end l()if the pigtail islevd withthe ·cbalkma..rk., See Fig. 31e:.,

g'~ Fit the adaptor to 'tbe bush and tighten U:PI the bolts .. (Fi:g. 3Jf).

b. Check that ~be: adaptor is, :freeto retate onthe bl!.ish . .Apply a whJppmg: of single strand ,an_neall.ed wire imme,dia,tely behind the bush ..

'(lao. New light alloy chains are being introduced into service for recovery

v.:ehj,cies,. 'Their loo,ltlu range from 1·22m to' J. ·35 m with a Working Load k'.I'\,\-

o~between 1·8 toenes aad 9,,5 to-ones, depending upon the diameter of'the chain.

Atta,chmeots, issued fO'1 use with the: ,chains. are:

,9.. Hammerlok Connectors,

b. AUoy Steel Hooks.

IC. A1Joy Srecl Master Links"

'OSl. Ham'fl'(J'I'lo,k C(mJu!c'~(}J's. The new locking ,arrangements OIn. the Harnmerlok connector consists of a special stud ,assem'bly and :~iQcking pin. The stud ,assembly has a sna\p' dng I. similar to a cb~cUp only mote subs:tantial) nested, between. two'

86

RESTRICTED

~..- .•.• ..;,;,\,_. .••.. _., ...•. - ..•. s I

--, 1-:

1Chnlml

2nd S,PU<E

a,

e,

d -

.'

87

IlESTRlCmD

RESTRlCJ'ED

hardened steel spacers, all held. together by a moulded. plastic casing {this casiD,g is used onJy to ,ass,ist with tbe initial assemb1y of the' components) " AUhClugb the plastic casing' will be worn a Wai_Y d uring normal usage" tbe perfarmance of the cennector is not :affectoo in any 'way,.

7082" The Hammerlek conneetor is scc!!l.rely loaded by 'm-~vjnldl_,e loclcingpin into the stud ,assembIDy until. the snap' rmg engages the recessed portion of the locking pin. When the pin is fu1Jy home, the: end ,of the pin will be fhish with the surface of the body :fof,ging"

7083. New sling chain ,Qss,emblies. Hammerlok links, Hero-Alloy' chain and att.aehmen'b;, can be assembled quicldy and. safe1y when requir-ed"

7084"" Rep,airs to' ,allo}, ,chail'l. Witb Hammedok Unks, complete legs, of new cham may be i.Dserted in assemblies ;!lr-eady in use p'foviwng the attachments are in good condition ..

Paras" 70B5-70B6 Reserved.

lNTRODUCTJO

7087. SU:ngs are shor~ lengths of wire rope"cordage, or chain made IL!I'P' to a~taeb loads, to a lifUng or baUlb.18 tackle,

COlmAiGE'SLINGS,

7088" A cordage sling consists of afen.,gtb of cordage with the two ends spli,ood together . It is used "for light work and tor articles, 'that wouldbe damaged by a. wire rope or chaln bearing OJ.IiI, them. The sUog is passed mound ,the article to be lifted,. The bI,ght formed by one end is passed tbxou,gb the bjght. formed by the other end and then over the hook of the liftmg or hauling tackle.

w:om ROP'E SLINGS,

708"9" Wir,e rope slings are made up from 'wire rope into vadolls forms indlldins: a, Bndless slings cOl(Js:isting of a length of wire rope willi the two 'ends, spliced tQlether. The sling is oft'en pro'tectedby'having SpUD. yarn or oth.er whipping IllflJterial wrapped round it.

RESTRlCT'ED