Mendel’s Laws of

Heredity

Why we look the way

we look...
What is heredity?
 The passing on of
characteristics (traits)
from parents to offspring
 Genetics is the study of
heredity
Mendel used peas...
 They reproduce sexually
 They have two distinct, male
and female, sex cells called
gametes
 Their traits are easy to
isolate
Egg cells
Sperm Cells
Mendel crossed them
 Fertilization - the uniting of
male and female gametes
 Cross - combining gametes
from parents with different
traits
Rule of Unit Factors
 Each organism has two alleles
for each trait
– Alleles - different forms of the
same gene
– Genes - located on
chromosomes, they control how
an organism develops
Rule of Dominance
 The trait that is observed in
the offspring is the
dominant trait (uppercase)
 The trait that disappears in
the offspring is the
recessive trait (lowercase)
Law of Segregation
 The two alleles for a trait
must separate when gametes
are formed
 A parent randomly passes
only one allele for each trait
to each offspring
Law of Independent
Assortment
 The genes for different
traits are inherited
independently of each
other.
Phenotype & Genotype
 Phenotype - the way an
organism looks
– red hair or brown hair
 genotype - the gene
combination of an organism
– AA or Aa or aa
Heterozygous & Homozygous
 Heterozygous - if the two alleles
for a trait are different (Aa)

 Homozygous - if the two alleles

for a trait are the same (AA or
aa)
Dihybrid vs Monohybrid
 Dihybrid Cross - crossing
parents who differ in two
traits (AAEE with aaee)
 Monohybrid Cross - crossing
parents who differ in only
one trait (AA with aa)
 Abnormalities of Chromosomes

Chromosome abnormalities fall

into one of two categories:
numerical or structural

Numerical abnormality, referred to

as "aneuploidy", can be due to whole
chromosome number change (having
too many chromosomes or too few) or
can be due to altered copy number of
parts of chromosomes.
Structural changes are referred to as
deletions (chromosomal material is
missing), insertions (additional
chromosomal material is present),
inversions (a portion of the chromosome
is 'backwards'), and translocations
(chromosomal material has moved from
one chromosome to another).
 Background

Humans, like all other sexually reproducing

organisms, receive one copy of each
chromosome from each parent at conception
(i.e. fertilization). Specifically, an egg
contains 23 from the mother (chromosomes
1 through 22, and X), and a sperm contains
23 from the father (chromosomes 1 through
22, and either X or Y). When the egg and
sperm fuse at conception, a new individual is
created containing 46 chromosomes, the
expected number for a human individual.
Abnormalities of Chromosome Number
CHILDREN W/ DOWN
SYNDROME
Trisomy is a type of anueploidy in which
there are three copies of a particular
chromosome instead of the regular two.
Trisomy for most chromosomes is not
compatible with life. The most common and
recognized type of trisomy is trisomy 21, or
Down syndrome.
Monsomy is another type of aneuploidy
where there is one copy of a certain
chromosome instead of the regular two
copies. When this occurs it is almost
always lethal. The only complete
monosomy that is compatible with life is
Turner syndrome, where there is only
one X chromosome instead of the
normal pair. Below is a depiction of a
karyotype of a person with Turner
syndrome:
WITH TURNER SYNDROME
a "webbed" neck (extra folds of skin extending
from the tops of the shoulders to the sides of
the neck)
a low hairline at the back of the neck
drooping of the eyelids
differently shaped ears that are set lower on
the sides of the head than usual
abnormal bone development (especially the
bones of the hands and elbows)
a larger than usual number of moles on the
skin
edema or extra fluid in the hands and feet
•DETERMINING YOUR GENES:

TONGUE ROLLING
ATTACHED EARLOBES
Widow's Peak
Albinism
(from albus, "white"; also
called achromia,
achromasia, or
achromatosis) is a
congenital disorder
characterized by the
complete or partial
absence of pigment in the
skin, hair and eyes due to
absence or defect of an
enzyme involved melamin
 IDENTICAL TWINS
 Identical -- monozygotic (one zygote) -- twins
form when a single fertilized egg splits into two
genetically identical parts. The twins share the
same DNA set, thus they may share many similar
attributes. However, since physical appearance
is influenced by environmental factors and not
just genetics, identical twins can actually look
very different. Identical twins are always same-
sex sets.
 Fraternal TWINS
 Fraternal -- or dizygotic (two zygotes)
-- twins develop when two separate
eggs are fertilized and implant in the
uterus. The genetic connection is no
more or less the same as siblings
born at separate times. They may
look alike, or they may not.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
 SOCIALIZATION refers to the developmental
period where the ideals of morality and
socially acceptable behavior are instilled in
a child

 EDUCATION have been determined to be

significant in the manifestation of criminal
behavior.
 Human being is being shape
through heredity and environment