Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process Part 2

Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010
Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process
SHEET No.2
PART 2
13. A sample of methane gas having a volume of 2.8 L at C and 1.65 atm was mixed
with a sample of oxygen gas having a volume of 35.0 L at C and 1.25 atm. The
mixture was then ignited to form carbon dioxide and water. Calculate
a- The volume of CO2 formed at a pressure of 2.5 atm and a temperature of C.
b- The % excess of O2.
sample of methane gas having a volume of 2.8 L at C and 1.65 atm

P V = N R T
( atm ) ( Lit ) = ( g mole ) ( ) ( oK )
( 1.65 atm ) ( 2.8 L ) = ( ?? g mole ) ( 0.082 )( 298 oK )

( ?? g mole ) = (4.62)/(298*0.082)
( ?? g mole ) = (4.62)/(24.436)
( ?? g mole ) = 0.189 mole methane
sample of oxygen gas having a volume of 35.0 L at C and 1.25 atm

P V = N R T
( atm ) ( Lit ) = ( g mole ) ( ) ( oK )
( 1.25 atm ) ( 35 L ) = ( ?? g mole ) ( 0.082 )( 304 oK )

( ?? g mole ) = (43.75)/(304*0.082)
( ?? g mole ) = (43.75)/(24.928)
( ?? g mole ) = 1.755 mole oxygen
Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 1

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Mail. IS-FE@HOTMAIL.COM
The mixture was then ignited to form carbon dioxide and water
CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
INPUT 0.189 1.755 0 0
REACTED 1X 2X X 2X
OUTPUT (0.189-1X) (1.755-2X) (X) (2X)
LIMITING COMPUND ( α= N/STICHOMETRIC ) THE SMALLEST α IS THE LIMITING

COMPUND 0.189 0.895
OUTPUT (0.189-1X= ZERO) (1.755-2X) (X) (2X)

0.189-1X=ZERO
X=0.189
OUTPUT (0.189-0.189) (1.755-0.378) (0.189) (0.378)

OUTPUT (ZERO) (1.377) (0.189) (0.378)
A- The volume of CO2 formed at a pressure of 2.5 atm and a temperature of C.

P V = N R T
( atm ) ( Lit ) = ( g mole ) ( ) ( oK )
(2.5 atm ) ( ?? L) = (0.189 g mole) (0.082 ) (398 oK)

(?? L) = (0.189 * 298 * 0.082)/ (2.5)
(?? L) = (6.168)/ (2.5)
(?? L) = 2.467 Liter
B- The % excess of O2.

The % excess of O2= =
The % excess of O2= 1.377 / 1.755 = 78.46%

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14. A compound containing only C, H and N yields the following data.

i. Complete combustion of 35.0 mg of the compound produced 33.5 mg of CO2 and
41.1 mg of H2O.
ii. A 62.5 mg sample of the compound was analyzed for nitrogen by the Dumas
method, giving 35.6 ml of N2 at 740 torr and C.
iii. The effusion rate of compound as a gas was measured and found to be 24.6
mL/min. The effusion rate of argon gas under identical conditions is 26.4 ml/min.
What is the molecular formula of compound?

41.1 mg of H2O.
% C in CO2 = =
% C in Compund =
% H in H2O = =
% H in Compund =
= 0.1304 = 13.04 %
No. mole N2 =
Mass N2 = No. mole N2 * M.wt N2 =0.001418*28 =0.03971 gm

% N in Compund
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

% 26.10% 13.04% 63.53%
Bases of 100 gm 26.10 13.04 63.53
No. mole 26.10/12 13.04/1 63.53/14
2.175 13.04 4.5378
Empirical formula 2.175/2.175 13.04/2.175 4.5378/2.175
1 5.99 2.08
≈ 1 6 2

Mob. 0109790568
Which will give us an empirical formula of C1H6N2

Molecular Wight of the empirical formula is = ( (1*12)+(6*1)+(2*14) )=46
iii. The effusion rate of compound as a gas was measured and found to be (R2)24.6
ml/min. The effusion rate of argon gas under identical conditions is (R1) 26.4
ml/min.
Graham’s Law of Effusion
Mult. Factor =

The molecular formula of compound is C1H6N2

Mob. 0109790568
ANOTHER SOLUTION FOR Q. No. 14
I will assume that the formula of combusted fuel is CxHyNz

Make balance for complete combustion for CxHyNz
1- Balance the Carbon CxHyNz + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2
2- Balance the Hydrogen CxHyNz + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2
3- Balance the Nytrogen CxHyNz + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2
4- Balance the Oxygen CxHyNz + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2
CxHyNz + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2
1 x

41.1 mg of H2O.
A- Combustion of 35.0 mg of CxHyNz

No. mole CxHyNz = Mass CxHyNz / M.wt CxHyNz
=
reacted mole M
B- Produced 33.5 mg of CO2

No. mole CO2= Mass CO2/ M.wt CO2
=
=
Equan No. 1 =

Mob. 0109790568
C- Produced 41.1 mg of H2O

No. mole H2O = Mass H2O / M.wt H2O
=
=
=
Equan No. 2 =
No. mole CxHyNz = Mass CxHyNz / M.wt CxHyNz
=
CxHyNz N2
reacted mole
No. mole N2= ??

P V = N R T
( atm ) ( Lit ) = ( g mole ) ( ) ( oK )
( atm ) ( L) = (??? g mole) (0.082 ) (298 oK)
(??? g mole) = ( * )/ (298 * 0.082)

(??? g mole) = (0.03466)/ (24.436)
(??? g mole) = 1.4184 gmole =
1.4184 gmole =
1.4184 =
=
=
Equan No. 3 =

Mob. 0109790568
Note
Equan No. 1 =
Equan No. 2 =
Equan No. 3 = =
iii. The effusion rate of compound (CxHyNz) as a gas was measured and found to be
(R2)24.6 ml/min. The effusion rate of argon gas under identical conditions is (R1)
26.4 ml/min.
M. wt CxHyNz=M2=
Graham’s Law of Effusion
=
So That
Equan No. 1 =
Equan No. 2 =
Equan No. 3 = =

The molecular formula of compound is C1H6N2

Mob. 0109790568
15. An organic compound contains C, H, N and O. Combustion of 0.1023 g of the

compound in excess oxygen yielded 0.2766 g of CO2 and 0.0991 g of H2O. A sample
of 0.4831 g of the compound was analyzed for nitrogen by the Dumas method. At
STP 27.6 ml of dry N2 was obtained. In a third experiment, the density of the
compound as a gas was found to be 4.02 g/L at C and 256 torr. What are the
empirical and molecular formulas of the compound?
Solution: In order to determine the empirical formula, we need to first determine the mass percent of
each element in the compound from the information given above. To determine the % C and H, we need
to use the % of each in CO2 and H2O respectively, so that we can determine the actual mass of each from
the compound:
% C in CO2 = =
% H in H2O = =
% C in Compund =
% H in Compund =
= 0.1076 = 10.76 %
Use the ideal gas low to determine the moles of nitrogen from the sample, convert to grams, and
determine the % of N in the sample. STP is 1 atm, and 273 K
No. mole N2 =
Another solution to get No. mole N2

At STP, 27.6 mL of dry N2 was obtained,
so using the molar volume of gases at STP
0.0276 litres @ 1 mole / 22.4 litres = 0.001232 moles of N2
Mass N2 = No. mole N2 * M.wt N2 =0.001232*28 =0.03449 gm

% N in Compund
% O in Compund = 100 – (73.73+10.76+7.14) = 8.37%

Mob. 0109790568
finally, the % mass of oxygen in the compound is the remainder, which ends up being 8.37 %. Now, we
assume we have 100 gm of the compound, and determine the moles of each we have to determine what
the empirical formula is, after dividing everything through by the smallest number of moles:
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

% 73.73% 10.76% 8.37% 7.14%
Bases of 100 gm 73.73 10.76 8.37 7.14
No. mole 73.73/12 10.76/1 8.37/16 7.14/14
6.144 10.76 0.523 0.51
Empirical formula 6.144/0.51 10.76/0.51 0.523/0.51 0.51/0.51
12.04 21.09 1.025 1
≈ 12 21 1 1
Which will give us an empirical formula of C12H21NO
Now, we’ll use the density measurement to determine the molecular formula. We can rearrange the idal
gas law to get the M.wt of compound from its density
PV=NRT
PV= RT
P = RT
P = RT
=
=
Mult. Factor =
So that the molecular formula is C24H42N2O2

Mob. 0109790568
ANOTHER SOLUTION FOR Q. No. 15
I will assume that the formula of combusted fuel is CxHyOzNf

Make balance for complete combustion for CxHyOzNf
1- Balance the Carbon CxHyOzNf + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2
2- Balance the Hydrogen CxHyOzNf + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2
3- Balance the Nytrogen CxHyOzNf + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2
4- Balance the Oxygen CxHyOzNf + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2
CxHyOzNf + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2
1 x
Combustion of 0.1023 g of the compound in excess oxygen yielded 0.2766 g of CO2

and 0.0991 g of H2O
A- Combustion of 0.1023 g of CxHyOzNf

No. mole CxHyOzNf = Mass CxHyOzNf / M.wt CxHyOzNf
=
reacted mole M
B- Produced 0.2766 g of CO2

No. mole CO2= Mass CO2/ M.wt CO2
=
=
=
=
Equan No. 1 =

Mob. 0109790568
C- Produced 0.0991 g of H2O

No. mole H2O = Mass H2O / M.wt H2O
=
=
=
=
Equan No. 2 =
A sample of 0.4831 g of the compound was analyzed for nitrogen by the Dumas
method. At STP 27.6 ml of dry N2 was obtained
No. mole N2 =
No. mole CxHyOzNf = Mass CxHyOzNf / M.wt CxHyOzNf

=
CxHyNz N2
reacted mole
0.001232 gmole =
0.001232 =
=
Equan No. 3 =

Mob. 0109790568
Now, we’ll use the density measurement to determine the molecular formula. We can rearrange the idal
gas law to get the M.wt of compound from its density
PV=NRT
PV= RT
P = RT
P = RT
=
=
So That
Equan No. 1 =
Equan No. 2 =
Equan No. 3 = =
The amount of Oxygen from any equation from the three previous substite the
values of x, y, and f to get the value of z
Equan No. 1 =
=
=
=
=
=
=

The molecular formula of compound is C24H42N2O2

Mob. 0109790568
16. Consider a sample of a hydrocarbon ( a compound consisting of only carbon and

hydrogen ) “1st stat” at 0.959 atm and 298 K. upon combustion the entire sample in
oxygen, you collect a mixture of a gaseous carbon dioxide and water vapor at “2nd
stat” 1.51 atm and 375 K. This mixture has a density of 1.391 g/L and occupies a
volume four times as large as that of the pure hydrocarbon. Determine the
molecular formula of hydrocarbon.
I will assume that the formula of combusted fuel is CxHyNz

Make balance for complete combustion for CxHyNz
1- Balance the Carbon CxHy + O2 x CO2 + H2o
2- Balance the Hydrogen CxHy + O2 x CO2 + H2o
3- Balance the Oxygen CxHy + O2 x CO2 + H2o
Bases 1 Mole of fuel

PV=NRT
PV= RT
P = RT
“1st stat” “2st stat”
P1=0.959 atm P2=1.51 atm
T1=298 K T2=375 K
N1=1 (assumed) N2= ??
V1=
V1=25.48lit V2=4*25.48=101.92 lit
V2=
= Equation No. 1
ρ1=?? ρ 2= 1.391 g/l

= Mass/volume
= (x*44+ )/101.92=1.391
= (x*44+ ) =141.770
= (x*44+ ) =141.770 Equation No.2

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From the two previous Equation I can get the value of X and Y
Equation No. 1
Equation No. 2 =141.770
So That X≈2 and Y≈6
The molecular formula of compound is C2H6

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17. A plane uses C8H10 as a fuel. Assume complete combustion, calculate the % excess
air needed such that water vapor in the combustion products is about to condense
at C and total pressure 736 mmHg. Calculate the density of the combustion
products and the partial pressure of the CO2. (Saturated vapor pressure of water at
C is 92.4 mmHg).

Mob. 0109790568
18. According to a law that limits the % CO2 in combustion product on dry basis to 10%,
Calculate the % excess of air needed for the complete combustion of C5 H12.
complete combustion of C5 H12

Theoretical amount of Oxygen : C5 H12 + 8 O2 5 CO2 + 6 H2O
Theoretical amount of Air : C5 H12 + 8 O2 + 32 N2 5 CO2 + 6 H2O +32N2
Excess amount of Air :
C5 H12 + (8+x) O2 + (32+4x) N2 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + (32+4x)N2 + x O2
% CO2 in combustion product on dry basis to 10%
Excess amount of Air :

C5 H12 + (8+2.6)O2 + (32+4*2.6)N2 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + (32+4*2.6)N2 + 2.6 O2
C5 H12 + (10.6)O2 + (42.4)N2 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + (42.4)N2 + 2.6 O2
Calculate the % excess of air needed for the complete combustion of C5 H12
The % excess of Air= =
The % excess of O2= = =

Mob. 0109790568
19. Calculate the quantity of air needed for the combustion of 220 gm of propane (C3H8)
in a furnace that uses 20% excess air. Calculate the volume of air at a pressure of
750 mmHg and a temperature o , Calculate the volume and density of the
combustion products and the partial pressure of CO2
1ststep you have to write a balanced combustion reaction (assume that we use Oxygen only in
combustion)
C3H8 + 5 O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
from previous reaction we notes that every 1 mole of propane need 5 mole of Oxygen to make a
complete combustion.
2ndstep you have to write a balanced combustion reaction using theoretical amount of air
(ratio between Oxygen and Nitrogen in air is 21:79 ≈ 1:4, this mean that every 1 mole of
Oxygen have 4 mole of nitrogen)
C3H8 + 5 O2 + 20 N2 3CO2 + 4H2O +20 N2
3rdstep add the 20% excess to the theoretical amount of air ( ideal amount + 0.2 * ideal
amount )
C3H8 + 5 O2 + 20 N2 + 0.2 (5 O2 + 20 N2 ) 3CO2 + 4H2O +20 N2+0.2 (5 O2 + 20 N2)
C3H8 + 5 O2 + 20 N2 + 1 O2 + 4 N2 3CO2 + 4H2O +20 N2+1 O2 + 4 N2
C3H8 + 6 O2 + 24 N2 3CO2 + 4H2O +24 N2+1 O2
4th step Get the No. of mole of 220 gm of propane (C3H8)

No. of mole = Mass / M.Wt
= 220/(3*12+8)
= 220/(44)
=5
5th step Calculate the amount of air I need it to burn 5 mole of propane
C3H8 + 6 O2 + 24 N2 3CO2 + 4H2O +24 N2+1 O2
1 6 24 3 4 24 1
5 30 120 15 20 120 5
No. mole of air required to make complete combustion = 25+100= 125 gmole
No. mole of air entered to furnace = 30+120= 150 gmole

Mob. 0109790568
Calculate the volume of air at a pressure of 750 mmHg and a temperature o

P V = N R T
( atm ) ( Lit ) = ( g mole ) ) ( oK )
atm ) ( ?? Lit) = ( 150 gmole ) (0.08 ) ( 305oK )
( ?? Lit) = (150 gmole ) (0.08 ) ( 305oK ) / (0.986 atm)

( ?? Lit) = (3,751.5 atm. lit) / (0.986 atm)
(?? Lit) = (3,751.5 atm. lit) / (0.986 atm)
(?? Lit) = 3,804.766 lit
(Vair entered Lit) = 3,804.766 lit
Calculate the volume and density of the combustion products and the partial
pressure of CO2 at a pressure of 730 mmHg and a temperature of
A- Volume of the combustion products

P V = N R T
( atm ) ( Lit ) = ( g mole ) ) ( oK )
atm ) ( ?? Lit) = (15+20+120+5 gmole ) (0.08 ) ( 393oK )
( ?? Lit) = (160 gmole ) (0.08 ) ( 393oK ) / (0.960 atm)

( ?? Lit) = (5,156.16 atm. lit) / (0.960 atm)
(?? Lit) = (5,156.16 atm. lit) / (0.960 atm)
(?? Lit) = 5,371 lit
(VCombustion Product Lit) = 5,371 lit
B- Density of the combustion products

Density =
C-Partial pressure of CO2

P CO2 = Mole Fraction * Pressure Total
P CO2 =
P CO2 =

Mob. 0109790568
20. Methane (CH4) gas flow into a combustion chamber at a rate of 200 lit/min at 1.50
atm and ambient temperature. Air is added to the chamber at 1.00 atm and the same
temperature, and the gases are ignited.
a- Amount of oxygen to ensure complete combustion of CH4 to CO2 (g) and H2O (g),
three times as much oxygen as is necessary is reacted. Assuming air is 21 mole
percent O2 and 79 mole percent N2 Calculate the flow rate of air necessary to deliver
the require.
b- Under the conditions in part a, combustion of methane was not complete as a
mixture of CO2 (g) and CO (g) was produced. It was determined that 95.0 % of the
carbon in the exhaust gas was present in CO2. The remainder was present as carbon
in CO. Calculate the composition of exhaust gas in terms of mole fraction of CO, CO2,
O2, N2 and H2O. Assume CH4 is completely reacted and N2 is unreached.
Calculate the Mole flow rate to get Mole flow rate of air from the balanced Combustion
reaction
Methane flow conditions ; Pressure =1.50 atm
Temperature= C=25+273= 298
Rate of Methane=
P V = N R T
( atm ) ( Lit/min ) = ( g mole/min ) ( ) ( oK )
( atm ) ( 200 Lit/min) = (??? gmole/min ) (0.082 ) ( 298oK )
(??? gmole/min ) = ( atm) * (200 Lit/min)/ (0.082 ) ( 298oK )
(??? gmole/min) = (300 atm. Lit/min) / (24.436 )

(??? gmole/min) = (12.277 g mole/min)
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O

1 2 1 2
Theoretical O2 12.277 2*12.277 12.277 2*12.277
CH4 + 6 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + 4 O2

Real O2 12.277 3*24.54 12.277 2*12.277 49.108
Real O2 12.277 73.662 12.277 24.554 49.108

Mob. 0109790568
Calculate the flow rate of air necessary to deliver the require

CH4 + 6 O2 + 22.57 N2 CO2 + 2 H2O + 22.57 N2 + 4 O2
Real Air 12.277 73.662 12.277 24.554 277.109 49.108
Moler flow rate of air needed is 73.662+277.109=350.771 g mole/min
Air flow conditions ; Pressure =1.00 atm

Temperature= C=25+273= 298
P V = N R T
( atm ) ( Lit/min ) = ( g mole/min ) ( )( oK )
( atm ) ( ??? Lit/min) = (350.771 gmole/min ) (0.082 ) ( 298oK )
(???Lit/min) = (350.771 gmole/min ) (0.082 ) ( 298oK )/ (1 atm)

(???Lit/min) = (8,571.4 atm. Lit/min) / (1 )
(???Lit/min) = (8,571.4 Lit/min)
A- Amount of oxygen
Theoretical O2 is 24.554 gmole/min
Real O2 is 73.662 gmole/min
B- Calculate the composition of exhaust gas in terms of mole fraction of CO, CO2, O2,
N2 and H2O. Assume CH4 is completely reacted and N2 is unreached
CH4 + O2 + N2 CO+ CO2 + 2 H2O + 8 N2

Mob. 0109790568

Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process Part 2

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Faculty-Wide Courses 2009-2010

Thermo-Chemistry Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Process

sample of methane gas having a volume of 2.8 L at C and 1.65 atm

( 1.65 atm ) ( 2.8 L ) = ( ?? g mole ) ( 0.082 )( 298 oK )

sample of oxygen gas having a volume of 35.0 L at C and 1.25 atm

( 1.25 atm ) ( 35 L ) = ( ?? g mole ) ( 0.082 )( 304 oK )

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 1

LIMITING COMPUND ( α= N/STICHOMETRIC ) THE SMALLEST α IS THE LIMITING

OUTPUT (0.189-1X= ZERO) (1.755-2X) (X) (2X)

OUTPUT (0.189-0.189) (1.755-0.378) (0.189) (0.378)

A- The volume of CO2 formed at a pressure of 2.5 atm and a temperature of C.

(2.5 atm ) ( ?? L) = (0.189 g mole) (0.082 ) (398 oK)

B- The % excess of O2.

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 2

14. A compound containing only C, H and N yields the following data.

i. Complete combustion of 35.0 mg of the compound produced 33.5 mg of CO2 and

Mass N2 = No. mole N2 * M.wt N2 =0.001418*28 =0.03971 gm

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 3

Which will give us an empirical formula of C1H6N2

What is the molecular formula of compound?

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 4

ANOTHER SOLUTION FOR Q. No. 14

I will assume that the formula of combusted fuel is CxHyNz

4- Balance the Oxygen CxHyNz + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2

CxHyNz + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2

i. Complete combustion of 35.0 mg of the compound produced 33.5 mg of CO2 and

A- Combustion of 35.0 mg of CxHyNz

CxHyNz + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2

B- Produced 33.5 mg of CO2

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 5

C- Produced 41.1 mg of H2O

No. mole N2= ??

( atm ) ( L) = (??? g mole) (0.082 ) (298 oK)

(??? g mole) = ( * )/ (298 * 0.082)

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 6

What is the molecular formula of compound?

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 7

15. An organic compound contains C, H, N and O. Combustion of 0.1023 g of the

Another solution to get No. mole N2

Mass N2 = No. mole N2 * M.wt N2 =0.001232*28 =0.03449 gm

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 8

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Which will give us an empirical formula of C12H21NO

So that the molecular formula is C24H42N2O2

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 9

ANOTHER SOLUTION FOR Q. No. 15

I will assume that the formula of combusted fuel is CxHyOzNf

4- Balance the Oxygen CxHyOzNf + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2

CxHyOzNf + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2

Combustion of 0.1023 g of the compound in excess oxygen yielded 0.2766 g of CO2

A- Combustion of 0.1023 g of CxHyOzNf

CxHyNz + O2 x CO2 + H2o + NO2

B- Produced 0.2766 g of CO2

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 10

C- Produced 0.0991 g of H2O

No. mole CxHyOzNf = Mass CxHyOzNf / M.wt CxHyOzNf

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 11

What is the molecular formula of compound?

Eng. ISLAM IBRAHIM FEKRY Page 12

16. Consider a sample of a hydrocarbon ( a compound consisting of only carbon and

I will assume that the formula of combusted fuel is CxHyNz

3- Balance the Oxygen CxHy + O2 x CO2 + H2o

Bases 1 Mole of fuel