EECCAPAEIH

EECCAPAEIH

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CD BbICOQAIUIIArO C003BOJlEBUl iJI.f.J.

03,llAHO DPH MHHBCTEPCTB1I BBYTPEBHHI'L ,111lJl'L. 3. 4 /

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OIIHCA.HIE.

1m.

nOCMepTHhlR Bhlnyc~~ HCTOpHqeC~HX~ H3~aHiR n. H. BaTIOWKOBa.

0'1> 3-11.11 4JOTOTHIIUrMll, 63-:M.II rpaBlOpaJlII II ItapToi.

C.-TIETEPEypr'b.

Tunorpa41hl BLlCO'IAiiWE YTBCpllt)J;. TOB3pHm. ,,06mCCTBCBH3J1 ITO.ILsa", B. IJ~.iI.'LJlq., 39. 1892.

PHCYHRH .u;03BO.lleHLI n;eHSYpOIO.

"','"1'''1" (' ,1"1;11111, a r-,

o rJIABJI EH IE.

OT'h pe~aK~ilI

Il. H. BaTIOmKOB'h. BiorpacIllIlJeCKiit OlJepK'h. On IIS)I;aTe.JUI

BBE)1;EHIE.

Paaaooopaaie HhIHi;mHHro HaCeJIeHiH Beccapadia: naexeaa pyMhIHCKoe H pYCCKoe H oCiIIJ;8JI On;i;HRa HCTopHlieCKHX'b npaB'b HX'b Ha CTpaHYj HeoCixo~HMOCTb oCioapi;HiH HCTOpiH Beccapatiin C'b pyc-

CROll TOliRH apsaia, oCiIIJ;ill: nJIaH'b aToH HCTOpiH H paa~i;JIeHie ea 1

Ha rrepioma; . . . . . . .

XI XV XXXIII

r JABA llEPBAJI. Iloaaaeaie PYCCKllX'h CJaBHH'h ua IICTOplIlJeCKOM'h nonpamf II B'h rrpe)(tJax'h HbIHtmHeit Beccapaoia )(0 06HOnania Pyccaaro rOCY)I;apCTBa.

Hapomr. IIpeeMCTBeHHO HaCeJIHBllIie B'b ~peBHOCTH BLlHi;mHiH Beccapsoiio H PYMLlHilO H HMi;Bmie RaKOe-JIHCio oraonreaie R'b CJIaBHHaM'b.-CKH6hI, paa~i;JIeHie IU'b aa IIJIeMeHa H oopasosaaie aoaaro IIJIeMeHH reTOB'b HJIH ~aKOB'b; noxopeaie HX'b pHMJIHHaMH; reopia IIPOHCXOllt;n;eHiH PYMhIH'b OT'b CMi;cH reTo-~aROB'b C'b PHMJIHHaMH H ycrpaaeaie aToll: reopia; TeopiH, OTOllt~eCTBJIHIOm;8JI rero-aaxoa-s C'b CJIaBHHaMH. - rOThI H rYHHhI, IIO~'b BJiaCTilO RO' HX'b CihIJIH H pyccxie CJIaBHHe -CJIaBHHe, paa~i;JIeHie HX'b aa IIJIeMeHa H Ha6i;rx na BH3aHTilO.-ABapu rronsaaeaie HM'b CJIaBBH'b, CTpeMJIeHie IIOCJIi;~HBX'b R'b OCi'be;n;HHeHilO II caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTII, naneaie anapcxaro BJIa;n;hIlIeCTBa B oopaaoaaaie HOBhIX'b CJIaBHHCKIIX'b rocyaapcra-s H B'b BX'b 'IHCJIi; - rocynapcraa CJIaBHHOpyccxaro. . ....

7

r JABA BTOPAJI. Y sacrie nplI)I;YHaitcKIIX'h PYCCKIIX'h CJaBHH'h B'h OOpaSOBaHilI PYCCKarO rocy)(apCTBa OT'h OCHOBaHiH ero ~O OOpaSOBaHiH KHHmeCTB'h Baaaxia II MOJ)I;aBilI.

Pyccxie CJIaBRHe, pa8~i;JIeHie HX'b aa IIJIeMeHa, OCHOBaHie CJJaBHHO-pYCCKaro rocynapcraa H npHTBJKeHie R'b He MY ~yJIi;CiOB'b H xopaaroa-s, yrJIH'lei'i H raaepnea's. - )lYJIi;CihI H xopaarsr H nepBOHa'laJIbHOe oraonreaie BX'b R'b PYCCKOMY rocy~apcTBy.-THBepn;U H yrJIHlIH, nepnoaasaasaua oraomeaia HX'b R'b PYCCKOMY rocy~apcTBy, aropaceaie B'b HX'b 06JIaCTb searpoa-s IIJlH yrpOB'b, y~aaeaie IIOCJIi;~HBX'b, B08CTaHOBJIeHie CBB3H TBBepn;eB'b H yrJlHlIeii

VI

C'b KieBCKUIIIU KHHSbJlIIIU; nOHBJIeHie neqeH1H'oB'h U nOJIOBII,eB'h, npepaaanrax-s aenocpencraeamra CBHSU RieBa C'h THBepn;aIllU U yrJIHqalllU; pyccxie ropona aa ;II;Hl;CTPl; U ,I(YHal; C'h ero C'EBepHhlllK npIlTOKaMK.-CBRSh llpH,D;YHanCKHX'h CJIanHH'h C'h PYCCKUM'h rOCY,D.apCTBOIII'h qpes'h xopsaroa-s K ,D;YJll;60B'h: 06paSOBaHie TaJIKn;KarO KHHlKeCTBa, raJlHII,KiH BJIa,D.'EHiH H pyccxie ropoaa B'I> 6acceUHl; HUJKHHrO .Il.YH!IJI; BepJIR,D.HUKB H BPO,D;HUKUj orropareaie STHX'h BJla;n;l;Hiii: U 1'0PO,D.OB'h OT':L raJIBII,KO-BoJIhlHCKaro KHHJReCTBa nOJIOBII,alllB U TaTapaMH n aenpepsraaaa npeeMCTBeHHOCl'b, S,D;'ECh 21 CJlaBHHO- PyccKaro HaCeJIeHiH. ' ,

rJIABA TPETbH. OopasoBauie II paemapeaie C.JIaBHHO-PYMbIHCKIIX'b KHJDRecTB'h Bazaxia II MO.JI~aBill •

Iloereneaaoe nepeceaeuie PYlllhIH'h C'h IOJKHarO 6epera ;II;YHaH aa cl;BepHhlll, B'h TpaHCHJIbBaHilO, U srzceaeaie BX'h OTCIO,D;a B'h PyMhlHilO, BCJI1i,D;CTBie HanJIhlBa B'h TpaHCHJIbBaHilO Hl;Mel\Karo KaTOJIHqeCTBa. - OCHOBaBie Bazaxia, pacnrapeaie ea npe,D;'f>JIOB'h ,D.O lIepHaro MOPH U CTOJIKHOBeHie ea C'h TypKalllKj ropoaa H CJIaBHH-

CKiH HaSBaHiH IIIHOl'lU'h US'h HUX'h.-OCHOBaHie MOJl,D.aBiu, pacnpocrpaaeaie ell ,D;O Ilpyra U ropona C'h CJIaBHHO-PYCCKUMU HaSBaHiHIIIU; OC06HOCTb CTpaHhI MeJR,D;Y llPYTOM'h H .IJ:Hl;CTPOM'.b, pyccaie ropona S,D.l;Ch U npBCOe,D.HHeHie STOH, crpaasr K'}, MOJI,D;aBin: HOBoe' pas,D;'EJleHie nocJI1i,D;H~ii na ,D.Bi; llaCTK B BOSCOe,D.UHeHie .ll.X'h.UTpelllJIeHie MOJI,l{aBiu B Baaaxia K'h COe,D;UHeHilO MeJR,D;Y c0601O; ,D;i;.aTeJIhHOCTh B'h STOM'h nanpaaaeaia roorroaapefi MOJI,D;aBCKaro CTe<llaHa Beaasaro, aaaamcxaro MUXaKJIa Xpa6paro B ,D.pyrBX'h, rrapaJIKSOBaHHaH Typen;KBIII'h BJIa,D;hllleCTBOM'h; yrra,D;OK'h KHHJKeCTBa 40

rro,D;'h ynpaaaeaiesrs rocnoaapea KS'h rpeKOB'h-<llaHapioTOB'h, ' .

rJIABA qETREPTAH. BHYTpeHHee COCTOHHie PYMhIHCKlIXb KHJImeCTB'b, npeaxymecrseano MO.JI~aBill: peraria, nepsons, ~YXOBHoe npocesmenie, DJICbMeHHOCTb JI Ha~ioHa.JIbHhIJI OTHOmenia II xepru.

L'pexo 'BOCTOqHOC BCnOBi;,D;aHie y rero- ,D;aKOB'h B rOTOD'h, uepeaoa-s caameaaaro rracania na rOTCRiii HShlK'h n aaaseaie sroro C06hl-

Tia ,D;JIa BOSHIlKHoBeHiH Han;ioBaJIbHhlx'b n;epKBeii - CJIaBSlHCKoii B PYlllbIHcKoii.-IIepeBo,D;'h csanreaaaro rracaaia n 60rocJIYJKe6HhlX'h KHUr'h na CJIaBHHCKiii HShlK'h B BJIiHHie Boar-apia, Cep6in H PYCB

aa PYlllhIH'h B'h n;epKOBHo-npOCBl;TBTeJIhHOM'h oraomeaia: yqpeJK-

,D;eHie call1OCTOflTeJIbHhlX'h n;epKBeii B'h Baaaxia U MOJI,D;aBiK K 60-

JIl;e BSBi;cTHhle 1II0JI,D;aBcftie iepapxa: 60rOCJIYJKeHie U xpacriaa-

csoe npocefsmeaie ua CJIaBHHCKOM'h HShlKl; U rraMHTHIiKK CJIaBHH-

CKOH rrBChllleHHOCTH. Haxaao PYMhlHCKOii rrKCbllleHHOCTB B npocBi;m;eIDH, YCJlOBiH UX'h BOSHHKHOBeHiH U paSBUTiH napaJIJIeJIhHO

C'h CJIaBHHCKOKl rrHChMeHHocTiro U npocaameaiex-s n ynR)I,OK'h UX'h

npa rocnonapax-s US'h rpeKOB'h-<llaHapioTOB'h.-BospoJR,D;eHie CJIaBaHCKon U PYMhlHCKOH nBChMeHHOCTK K rrpocanmeaia BO BTOPOH rrOJIOBUHl; XYIII B. U paaaonpaaaocrs UX'h B'I> IIIOHaCThlpH:'l'h U Ml;CTHOCTHX'h co cMi;mannhlM'h CJIaBHHO-PYlllhlnCKHIII'h aaceaemex's: 060c06JIenie PYMhlHCRaro HShIKa K JIKTepaTyphl n paaaar ie K~'h

B'h PYMhIHCKHX'h KHHJReCTBaX'h aa nOllBi; CJIaBHHCKUX'h npe,D.aHlilj coxpaaeaie CJIaBHHO-PYCCKaro SJIeMeHTa, HapaBH'E C'h PYMhIH- 61

CKUIII'h, Bo Beccapa6in. • .•.• • • •

fJlABA llHTAH. OTHomeHiH TYPOK'b II raraps lib Baraxia D MO.JIAaBiB B DOCTeneHHOe BhIAt.n:eHie BSb HllX'b ocooott OO.JIaCTB

Yll

Beocapatiia, BeUOCpe~CTBeHBO nO~qUHeHBoit B.JIa){LIqeCTBY TypOE'b.

BLl)(iiJIOHiO Beccapadia H3':L PYMhlHCKHX"b KHaJKOCTB':L TypKaMH H TaTapaMH H rrpoacxoasneaie ea aaaaania.c-Iloaaaeaie TYPOK':L B':L EBpOnii, CTOJIKHOBenie RX':L C':L PYMhlHOKRMH KHalKOCTBaKK, noxfmnOHie nOCJIii)(HHX':L BepXOBHOR BJiaCTH TYPOK':L H nOCTenOHHhlR 8&XBaT':L TypKaMH KpiinocToit R rOpO)(OB':L B':L HLlHiimHoii Beccapatiia. - TaTapLl H YCRJIeHie HX':L no Miipii yrra)(Ka Moryw;ecTBa JIHTOBCKaro rocyaapoeaa H rroraonreaia ero Iloasmem; Ha6iirH TaTap':L aa MOJI)(aBilO H Beccapatiizi, YTBOPlK)(OHio HX':L B':L By)(JKaKii H nocreneaaoe paonrapeaie RX':L KOqeBbeB':L.-XHID;HRqOCKia:

CTpOMJIeHia T8Tap':L H TypOK':L B OIIYCTomeHio RMH crpaau; cnpaBe)(JIRBOCTb H BilpoTepnHMocTb TYPOK':L, npaaaexasmia B':L Beecapa6iD xpRCTiaH':L P8SHLlX':L HCnOBii)(aniii. - Ilpaaocaaaaae MonaCTLlPH H nepsaa H iepapxia B':L npo)(iiJIax'b HLlHiimneii Beecapa-

6iH; pyccxoe aacsaeale B':L Beccapadia, TyseMHoe H npHmJIOO, rrpasaau nepeceaeaijl CD)(a DlKno-pyccOB':L PYMhlHR3an;ia: JlfnOrHX':L 87 HS':L HHX':L R OBH3H HX':L C':L Pocciejo . . . _ . . " • • '. • . . • .

rJABA illECTAH. CO){tltcTBie pyccsaro aaposa U rocy){apCTBa It'b OCBOOOlR){eBiro Baaaxia u MOJI){aBiB on Type~KO-TaTapCKaro ara, ilO B03coe~UHeHiJl Beccapaoia C'b Pocciea B'b 1812 r.

llOJIHTHqOCKiH H soeaaua caonreaia PYMLlHCKHX':L KHHlItOCTB':L C'L PYCbD: omonreaia JIHTOBCKO-PYCOKRX':L H B':L qaCTnOCTH nO)(OJIbeKHX':L KHHSOii: K':L MOJI)(aBiHj caomeaia MOJI)(aBiH 0'1. MOCKOBCKHM':L rocyaapcraoa-s B':L XY R XVI BB. )(JIH acnpomeaia nOMOm;H npo-

THB':L TYPOK':L; DlKHO-pYCCKoe K83aqeCTBO H yqacTie oro BO BHYTpeHHHX':L )(iiJIax':L MOJI)(aBiH R B':L 60Pb6ii C':L TypKaMH H TaTa·

paxa, )(0 anOXH Bornaaa XMOJIbHHn;KarOj Boraaa-s XMeJIbHHn;KiR

n BH)(hI ero aa PYMhlHCKLa KHHlKOCTBa; otipanreuie MOJI)(aBiH H Baaaxia sa nOMOIn;bD npOTHB':L TYPOK'L K':L MOCKOBCKOMY rocy,l(apCT~Y H caonreaia C':L nRM':L no 9TOMY ,lti;JIY; KphlMCKle noxonsr PYCCKaro BORcKa 1686 H 1688 r['.j nomza caonreaia MOJI)(aBiH H liaJIaxiH C':L MOCKOBCKHM':L rOCY)J;apCTBOJlf':L, C':L npoch60D 0 nOMOm;Rj aaaoesaaia Ileepa I aa Drii POCCiH H npYTOKiii noxom, 1711 1'.Ilocreneaaoe npatiaasseaie Poccia, B':L XVIII BiiKii, K':L TaTapcKoTypen;KHM':L npe)J;iiJIaM':L H BoiiHhI OH C':L Typn;ieD: npaaarie aanopOlKu;eB':L B':L pYCCKoe nO)J;)J;aHCTBO H BoiiHa C':L Typn;ieii B':L 1787-

1739 1'1'. npa AHHii Ioaaaonrra; norpaaasaaa MIIJIRn;ia HS':L cep-

60B':L aa Dri; POCCiH npa EJIHSalleTii IIeTpOBHiij PyCCKo-Typen;KIH BOHaLl 1769 -1774 H 1787-1791 rr. npa EKaTopHH1> II, npaooenaHOHie RpLlMa K':L POCCiH H PYCCKaII KOJIOHHSan;iH Ha Dr!; POCciH.PYOCKO·TypOn;K.aa BORHa 1806 -1812 r-r. H npacoenaaeaie Becca- 105 pa6iH K':L POCCiH B':L 18Hl ro,lty ••••••••.••.••••••

r JABA CE)I;1MAH. CY)J,bObl Beccapatiia nors PYCCKIIM'b BJIaALIqeCTBOM'b C'b 1812 ro~a II ){O KPbIMCKOit BOitBLI 1853-1855 I'O){OB'b.

COCTaBHhlH '1aCTH Beccapatiia, OTOme)(llleii K':L POCCiH, onycromenie HX':L H ocotieaao BY)J;lKaKa, TpeBolKHoe COcToHHie lKHTOJle:il:

H ycnoKoenie HX':L.--RoJIOHHSan;iH Beccapariia: nepeceaenia tihlBmRX':L sanopOlKCKHX':L KaSaKOB':L H3':L-3a ,:u;YHaII H 06pa30BaHie HKK YOTb-.D;YHaitcKaro, )(YHaAcKaro H acaopocoiacxaro BORCK':L; nepeceaeaia 60JIrap':L HB':L 'fypn;iH H KOJlOHiH HX':L B'L Beccapatiia; HiiMen;Kie, mBeiin;apcxie R OTqaOTH rpenecxie KOJIOHHCTLlj noceJIeHn;Ll H3':L 6iirJIhlx':L PYCCKHX':L JID,lteit, paOKOJIbHRKOB':L H cexraaTOB':L, H npacoeaaaeaie K':L POCCiR ,n;YHaAcKHX':L rHpJI':L. Pyccxoe yupaBJIonie B':L Beccapatiia, rpalK,n;ancKoe H nepxoaaoe, C'L ana-

VIII

'IHTeJlhHHlIH YCTynKallH B'l. noasay PYMhlHCKOH HapO](HOCTH: nepXOBHhlH COBi;T'l., OOJIaCTHOH COB1iT'!., YCTPOHCTBO OhlTa KpeCTh.IlH'l.

H rpasanaucxoe oJIarOYCTpOHCTBO OOJIaCTHi RHmHHeBCKaH snap-

xia, ex Y'IpelK](eHix, ](YXOBHaH ceuaaapia C'l. yqHJIB~allH, aapO](HOe otipaeoaaaie; iepapxaseoaoe YCTPOHCTBO KaTOJIHKOB'l. B'L 135

Beccapadia. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o. 0 0 0 0 •••••• 0 0 •

flABA BOChMAHo CY~hOLI Beceapaaia noc.Ilt KPLIMCKOii BoDHY 1853-.1855 rr. B ~o HaCTOH~aro BpeMeHU.

lIOCJIi;](CTBix KPhlMCKOH BOHHH 1853-1855 r. H apexeaaoe OTTOpaseaie OT'!. POCCiH lOlKHOH 'IaCTH Beccapacia; nepe](BHlKeHie aapO](OHaCeJIeHix Beccapaeia; axarpania paCKOJIhHHKOB'l.-CTapOoopX](n;eB'l. B'l. PYMhlHllO H npana HX'l. S](i;Chj BhlCeJIeHie H3'l. PYMhlHCKOR Beccapatiin oOJIrapCRHX'l. ROJIOHHC'IOB'l.j HHlKHe-.n;YHaH-

CRaH PYMhlHCRaH enapxia; PYMhlHCRioll mROJIhl B'l. PYMhlHcRoB Beocapadia; ceRYJIHpHaan;ix MOllaCThlpCRHX'l. H n;epROBllhlX'l. HMi;-

Hiii B'l. PYMhlHiH, ocaosaaie B'l. PYCCROH Beccapatiia HOBo-Haxenxaro MOHaCThlpH H ynpaBJIeme He](BHlKHMhlMH HMy~ecTBaMH aarpaHH'IHhlX'l. MOHacThlpeH B'l. PYCCKOH Beccapatiia, -PYCCROTypen;Kaa BOBHa 1877 - 1878 rr. H aosapameaie POCCiH lOlKHOH Becoapatiin, HO oea'l. .n;YHai!.cRHX'l. rapa's; HOBaH ROJIOHHaan;iolllOlK-

HOIi Beccaperiia; ROJIHqeCTBO HapO](OHaCeJIeHix H pacnpejraaenie

era no aanioaaasaocraa-s H Bi;poHCnOBi;](aHixM'l.; HeOOXO](HMOCTh nO]('l.eMa PYCCROH HapO](HOCTH B'l. Kpai;j HapO](HOe oopa30BaHie; nOJIOlKeHie B'l. Beccapariia ](PyrHX'l. HapO](HOCTeii H lIJIeMeH'l., OCOOCRHO eBpee~'l. H 'IeXOB'l.j aaaneaie oo~erpalR](aHCKHX'l. PYCCRHX'l. Y'lpelK](eHiii: B'l. ](i;JIi; Ti;cHi;iimaro enaaeaia Bsccapatiin 161

C'l. PoccieR.. • •••. 0 •• 0 • • ••• 0

llpuMtqaHiH 1

OO'DHCHeHiH K'D rpaBIOpaM'D 19

YKa3aTe~lb ,lIHqHLIX'D UMeH'D, Y"OMUHaeMLIX'h B'D Tf\Kcrn. 89

r P A B IO P u.

A. nOpTpeTIol M M306paIHeHiR MCTOpM'IeCHHX1o JlHU, ....

1. lIMIIepaTOp'D AJeKCaHll:p'D III A.IleKcaH~pOBUq'D (toTOTBoia Ha OTAt.u.-

HO.'lo J1HCTt).. . • • • • . . . • • • 0 • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • I

2. lloMneit HUKO~meBUq'D BaTIOIIIKOB'D (I)OToTBoia sa OTAtUHOI'I. JIBeTt) XIII

3. PUMCKiit UMnepaTOp'D TpaHII'D (toTo~BHKorpa.ia HI OTAiIJIbBOn ]HeTt) 12

4. MO.Il~aBCKiii rocnoraps CTe41aIl'h Y Be.IIBKiii 59

5. MOJJ~aBcKiit rocnoaaps CUMeOH'D Moru.1a • 65

6. HaCTOJlTe.lIb Haaeusaro MOIlaCThIpH Ilaacia Be.IlUqKOBCKiit 73

7. Type~Kiit cY.lITaIl'h MaroMen II 77

IX

8. RUJl3b )I,HMHTpiit RauTe~lHp'b, MOJl~aBcKiit roonomps, BnOC.Ilt~-

CTBiH PyccKiit ceaarops . 85

9. I'eaepars-eersrsapmars, rpa«fl'b Bypxap~'b-XpHcToipop'b «fIOU'b-

MHUHX'b 89

10. reuepa.Il'b-ipe.Ilb~Mapma.JI'b, rpa«fl'b Ilerps A.JIeKCaU~pOBHq'b Py-

YJIH~eB'b-3a~y Hait cKiit 93

11. RPhlMCKiit xaas Illaram- I'epea 97

12. Hoaopocciacaia U aaoBcKiit reaepars-ryrepaaropt, reaepars«fIe.lIb~Mapma.'l'b, CBtT.lItitmiD KUSlSb I'paropia A.IleKcaU~pOBUq'b

II~TeMIiUII'b- TaBpUqeCKiit . 102

13. I'eaeparaccaayo» A.IleKCaU~p'b Baoarsesavs, KUHSb II raria-

cKiD, rpa«fl'b CYBOPOB'b-PblMUHKCKiit. 109

14. EKaTepUHOC~1aBCKiit apxienaosom, AMBpociit (Cepetpeaaaaosa],

MtcTOO.1JI0CTHTe.Ilb MOJl~o-B.llaxiitcKofi saaapxia ·113

15. RumuueBcliiit MHTpOnO.IIUT'b I'anpian, (BaHY .IleCKO- Bo~ouu) 117

16. r.IIaBHoKoMaHAYIO~iit )I,HtCTPOBCKOIO apxien, reaepan-ort-aa-

saaepia HBaO'b IIBaUOBUq1. ~IHXeJlbCOU'b 125

17. rJlaBuoKoMauAyIO~iit rpa«fl'b HUKo.Ilait Muxait.IIoBHq'b KaMeucKiit 129

18. CBtT.Iltitmiit mass MuxaU.l1. lI.IlapioIlOBUq'b rO.IIeuun~eB'b-Ry-

TYSOB'b-ClJO.lIeIlcKiit . 132

19. IIMnepaTOp'b A.J1eKCaU)l,p'b I IIaBJloBHlj'b (tOTOTBDis aa OTAiIJILBon JIBert) 134-

20. Hoaopoccijcsia reaepars-rytiepaarops H uaMtcTUUG.'b BeccapaocKoit OO.IIaCTH, reuepa.Il'b-«fIe.IIb)l,Mapma.'l'b, reaepan-crsuuipauTepiu, CBtTJltitmiit KIISlSb ~IHXaU.Il'b CeMeUOBUq'b

BOpOU~OB'b. 145

21. Bacosonpeoonameaasra Ilaners, q.IIeu'b CBJlTtitmaro CUHO)l,a, OhlBIlIiit apxienacsem, KUIlIHIIeBcKiit U XOTHIICKiit, BnOC.lIt)l,-

CTBiu KasaocKiit H cBimKcKiD . 166

22. r.IIaBIIoKoMauAYIO~iit IOatUOIO apaieio, reuepaJI'b-«fIe.JIb)l,Mapma.II'b,

• Be.JIUKiit KUJlSb HHKo.IIait HHKO.JIaeBHtl'b Crapnria 169

Ii. BHAbi .tcTHocreii II 3AaHiii.

23. Tpaaaosa IW.lIOHUa B'b PUMt 9

24. IICTOljIlHK'b CB. BeJ1UKoMyqeHlfKa Ioaana Cesaacaaro 23

25. rOpO~Hl~eucKiit y cneucKili ne~epIlhlfi MOIlaCTblpb, B'b Oprsea-

CKOM'b yts~t . 29

x

26. BeHAepcKaJI Kp1mocTb,-cJJ;a'la ea 4 HOH6pH 1789 r. (KCB.lOrpaljJia

BII OTA'IIJJLBOII'L J1BCT'II) • 32

27. XOTHucKan KptnocTb 38

28-29. AKKepMaucKaJI Kp'BnOCTb:

Db 1790 r0JJ:Y . 43

Db aacroamee BpeMSI 49

30. C060PHaJI W~PKOBb CB. )l;HMHTpiH Db r. OprIJeBt. 80

31. ApMHucKaH ncpsons Bb AKKepMaH'B 82

32. IIsMaHJICKaH KptnocTb 121

33 - 34. )l;OMb III1S0Ba Bb RllllIlIHeBt: 1, Db JJ:Ba;J.~aThIXb rOJJ:aXb

ULIU'BIIIHnrO CTO.Il'BTiH, 2, Bb 1873 rOJJ:Y 137

35. llaMHTIIHKb llYIIIKHUY Db RHllIHHeD'B . 141

36. Ilaaaruast, IIa Mtcn nepenpasa PYCCKlIXb BODCKb uepeas

)l;YHait 27 Man 1828 r. . 149

37. AJIeKCaUIlPoBcKaJI Y .IIH~a H Kaae)l;paJbHbJit C060Pb Bb RHllIHHeD'B 153

38. MaaapaKieBcKan uepsos» H .pOHTa-Hb Bb RHllIHUeB'B. 157

39. Ilepsoas Bb ceJI'B HOBoKapara'l'B HJIH }laraJI'B, IIsMaH.'1CKarO y. 163

40. HaMHTIIHKb HMnepaTopy A.1J.eKcaH)J,PY II Bb RHllIHueBt . 173

B. PaSHIoiR HsoCJpaHleHiR.

41-44. BapeJIbe.pLI TPaHHOBOii KO.IlOHHhI H MOIleTa Tpasua

(IjJO'I'OIlBBItOrplitiB B ItCBJlorpatiu HIlOTAiulbBOK'L J1Bert). • 12

45. HbeJJ:eCTaJIb OTb KO.1J.OHHbI Cb PHMCKOIO ua)J,nHCbIO 201 r. . • 17

46. llJIHTa HSb BOPOT'b Bt.UOP0JJ:CKOit BJH AKKepMaHcKoit Kp'BnOCTlI

1438 rOJJ:a. 54

47- 50. )l;B'B MOHeThI MO,,'1AaSCKaro rocnoaapa CTe.paHa '" Be.'1HKarO 63

51-52. )l;B'B CTpaHH~LI C.IlaBnHO-MOJI)J,aBcKoit JtTonHCH. . 68 H 69 53-56. )I,B'B MOHeTLI, BhIqeKaIleHIIbUI HSb Type~KHxb nymeKb

)J,JIn Dlo.ll)l;aBiH H Baaaxia . 95

B 0 C eMU a JJ: ~ a r b saCTaBOKb H aaauiaaom, HSD JJ:peBHHXb pYKonHCHhIXb H nesarasm, KHHTh IIa crpaaauaxu 1,7,21,40,61,87, 105, 135 H 161.

Bt, KOIl~t KIIHrH nparoaeua xposomrorpaqrapoaaaaan sapra Beccapa6-

CKOit ry6epIliH.

o Tb PEllA Kl/II1.

COOPJ-tU'K'o, coJepJ/Cauyiu 8'0 Ce01b onucanie ucmopu~ec'KUx'O cyJeo'O Eeccapadc'Kou cyoepJ-tiu, cocmaeA.fl.em'O nOCA1bJ1-tee 38eJ-tO 8'0 pllJy u3JaHiu, npeJnpUHflmbtx'O, c'O rfj'btCo~auutacO COU380AeHill, JfbUCrtt8umeAbHbtM'O maUH'btM'O C081bmHUiwM'O nOM n eeM'O H U1{ 0 .s a e 8u~eM'O E a mso uc« 08'btM '0.

llOCArb 8otnYC'Ka 8'0 cemm» MOHYMeJ-tm·aA'bHacO u3JaHill « II aMllmHU'KU py~C'KOU CmapUH'bt 8'0 3anaJHbtX7J cyoepHiIlX'o)), Il. H. Eam'JOut'K08'O npucmynUA'O wo u3JaHi'JO oOUfeJocmyn'J-{,'btx.~o ucmopu~ec'KUX'o COOPHU'K08~0, noJ'O Ha38aHieM'O: « XOAMC'Ka.fl. PYCb)), ((rfjOAbtHb)), (( DrbAOPyccill U JIum8a)), (( llOJOAill)) U « Eeccapaoill)). ne~amaHie nocAfbJHflcO U37J 3mux'O COOPHU'KO(Jo O'btAO uawaano OCe7-tb'JO 1891 eoda, 'J-{,O U3- oameAb He ycn1bA'O O'KO'J-{,~umb U 8'btnycmumb eeo 8'0 C8fbm'O: 3aOOA1b87J 8'0 'J-{,OIlOPrb moeo J/Ce eoda, OHv C'KOH'!£aACIl 20 Mapma 1892. rEv npeJcMepmuue JHU no'!£u8utiu He pa3cm.a8aACIl C7J MbtCAb'JO 0

XII

1t'J-tUctb {( Eeccapa6i.ft}) U 3a8tbuyaA'O nuuty~t1eMy 3mU Cmp01tU 3a8ejJutUmb npeOnpU1-t.ftmOe UM'O 011JAO U 8btnycmumb 'X1-tUcy 8'0 8UOtb nocuepmuaeo 8btnYC-xa eeo u30a1-tiu.

no 01-t1O -X01-t'ttU1-tbt n. H. Eam1Out-X08a ObtAO omneuamano ucecms »ucmoe» OC'H081-tacO mescma C'O npU1-taOAe:JfCaUYUMU -X'O 1-tUM'O cpa 81OpaMU,' ocma.a- 1-tOU me-x_cm''O wacmiao ObtA'O 1-taopa1-t'O, «acmmo ocmaea.sc« 8'0 py-xonucu; 1-ttb-xomojJbt.ft ace U3"'O OO''O.ftCHe1-tii/' -X'O cpa81OpaM'O 808ce 1-te ObtAU eZ#e moeda cocmae.ienu, -xa-x'O etae He ObtAO O-XOH'tte1-tO U3com08- Ae1-tie 8CtbX'O npeOHa3Ha'tte1-tHbtX'O OAR nOM11Juye1-ti.ft 8'0 -XHUctb cpa8Wp'O. n peOUCA08ie 'ome U30ameA.fI, O'btAO COCma8Ae1-t0 caMUM'O II. H. Eam1OtU-X08btM'O. OHO omwacma: O'btAO 1-tanUCaHO UM'O COOC1n8e1-t1-t0-

PY'tt1-tO, omwacm« "njJoou-xm08a1-t0 U.;J;l'O 8'0 nocAtbo1-tie 01-tU eeo :JfCU31-tU, «oeda, 8C.AtbOCm8ie m.ft:JfC-Xou· 00- Atb31-tU U nocmenenuo CAaOtb8utUX''O CUA'O, OH'O Y:JfCe 1-t,e ObtA'O 8'0 coomonuuc Oep:JfCamb nepo 80 py-xax'O. 007-ta-x0, ooojJocmb oyxa U ncuocms MbtCAU 1-te no-xuOaA1;f, eeo 00 nOCAtb01-tUX'O 01-teu, U nO-XOU1-tbtU, npo'ttumbt8a.fl, nanucannue UM'O AUCmbt npeOUCA08i.ft, OtbAaA'O -X'O 1-tUM'O U7-tOcoa nonpa8-XU U OonoA7-te7-ti.ft.

IIoAy'ttu8'O pa3ptbute7-tie c. MU7-tUcmjJa 81-tympe7-t- 7-tUX'O Otb.l1;o 7-ta o-xoH'tta7-tie u30a7-ti.ft -x7-tucu {( Eeccapaoi.ft}), nuutyuyiu om« cmpo-xu UCnOA7-tUA'O smo 8"'0 mOM'O 8UOtb, -xaW6 npeonOAacaAOCb nO'ttU8utUM'O U3- Oa·meAeM·'O.

XIII

MJ-tOcOAtbmJ-t1l1l OtbllmeAbJ-tOCmb Il. H. Eam1O'tU- 1C06a no u30aJ-ti1O c01{uJ-teJ-tiu ooco ucmopu1{ec-xux·'O CYOboaxv J-ta'tUuxv 3anaOJ-tbtXCO o-xpaU7-t'o, Otb.ftmeAbnocme, CmRJlCa6'tUaR eMY n01{emJ-tY1O ueanomnoom« U ocmaeueucan 7-teU3cAaOUMY1O 0 J-teMCO naM.ftmb cpeou pYCC1CacO odsaecmea, nOCA),JlCUAa n06000MCO 1CiJ nOM1bUf-eJ-ti1O 6''0 nOCAtbOJ-teMCO eunycxn. eco U30aJ-tiu 'itwpmpema n01{U6'tUacO U 01{ep-xa eco JlCU3J-tU U OtbRmeAbJ-tocmu, cocmae.seme «omopaeo npUJ-tRA:o ua cedn a1CaoeMUWo JIeoJ-tuo,'O HU-XOAae6UWo JI1 au 1C 06 '0.

M. ropoaeu,Hiii.

j

n. H. EAT 10 III K 0 B n.

Iloxnea HHKOJIaeBII'l'b EaTIOmKOB'b rrpOHCXO,ll,HJI'I, Ha'b I;opeHHoft pycCKOft II crapaaaoa ,lI,BOPJIHCKOit ceasa. Ero orem HHKOJIaA JIbBOBH'l'b OI>IJI'b meHaT'b ,lI,Ba paaa; OT'b nepsaro opaKa OH'b HMtJI'b 'leTl>IpeX'b ,lI,O'lepeft II O,ll,HOrO cuaa, snaaenararo pyccsaro noora ROHCTaHTHHa HHKOJIaeBH'la EaTIOmKOBa, a OT'b sroparo opaKa, cs AB,lI,OTheft HHKHTHmHoftTerJIeBoft,-TaKJKe O,ll,Horo csraa, IIoMrreJI HHKOJIaeBH'la, II omy ,lI,0'lb, KhiIO HHKOJIaeBHY.

Bt, 17 -TH aepcraxs OT'b Y CTIOJKHbI, yta,ll,HarO ropoaa HOBrOpO,ll,CKOH ryoepata, HaXO,ll,HTCJI ceJIO ,n;aHHJIOBCKOe, ascrapa, cs XVII BtKa, npaaaaJIeJKaBmee pozy EaTIOmKOBhlX'b: a,ll.'hcb-To II PO,ll,lfJlCJI Iloxnen HHKOJIaeBH'I'b 14-ro anpfua 1811 roaa, PeoeHKY me,,'I'b scero Ce,ll,bMoit ro,ll,'b, KOr,ll,a CKOH'IaJICJI ero oreirs (B'b OKTJIOpt 1817 rona). Paao com.rra B'b MOrHJIY H AB,lI,OTLJI ·HHKHTHmHa. TaKHM'b oripaaoat., ea .rr.tTH OCTaJIlICb KpyrJlblMII caporaxa erne B'b HtjKHOM'b soapacrs II nepemaa na noneseale CBOIIX'b e,II;lIHOI,POBHhlX'b cecreps II opara. 1I3'b HHX'b AJIeKCaH,II:pa HHKOJIaeBHa, He aaMYJKHJlJI, ol>IJla na TpH,lI,~aTb-IIJlTb JltT'b crapme MaJIeHbKaro opaTa, a ROHCTaHTHH'b HHKO"laeBII'l'b - aa ,lI,Ba,ll,~aTb - IIJITL. Bs nHCbMaX'I, noara K'b AJIeKCaH,II:pt HIIKOJIaeBHt coxpaaaaacs TpOraTeJIbHblJI CBII,II:tTeJlbCTBa OO'b ero saooraxs xacaTe.1LHO peoensa, IIOJIy'lIIB'b B'b IIeTepoypf'l1 HaBtcTie 0 CMepTH OT~a, [\OHCTaHTIIH'b HIIIW.;IaeBII'I'b nHCaJI'b cecrps 26-ro Hoa6pJI 1817 rona: c OT,lI,afi rrOCJI'B,lI,HiH AOJIr'b, He OJKUAaH MoerO IIPHObITiJl. lJyBCTByIO srromrf TBOIO ropeers, HO npomy reoa II aaKJIHllaIO UlleHeM'b ,lI,PYjKOI>I H caxoro OaTIOmI\H oepe'l.b csoe 3,l1,OPOBbe, CTOJIb ,lI,parO~iiHHoe MHt U IOJIeHbK'B. ,n;tTefi MLI He OCTaBHM'b, ire npauaa JIH? IIoMoJKeT'b CaM'b Borr., H 'lTO-HHOY,ll,I, ,lI,JIJI HHXl, cAt.lae~I'b. a B03bMY MaJIeHhKaro, a Thl-cecTplI~Y\). Ho ROHcTaHTIIH'b HHKOJlaeBII'l':Q OhlJl'b 'Ie.aOB'I>K'b XOJlOCTOH, II npHTOM'b B'b 3TO casoe BpeMH OH'b Ha'laJI'h XJlOnOThl 0 TOr.I'b, 'lTOObI nonysan, M'hcTo ua ,lI,HlpIOMaTH'JecKoit cJIymot aa rpaHII~eit. IIoHJITHO noaroay, 'ITO OH'b He Mon npaaars na ceoa OOJIaaH- 1I0CTU aocnanasars MJIaAmarO 6paTa nOA'b CBOHM'b HenOCpe,ll,CTBeHHI>IM'b Ha.n;-

XVI

30POM'L H npHHyJK,lI;eH'b OLTJI'b nopyuars peeeaaa rrorre'IeHiJIM'b nO'ITeHHarO MOCKOBCKarO neaarora, ,lI;HpeKTOpa TaMomHeit rHMHa3iH, II. M. ,lI;PYJKHHHHa. IIo YKa3aHiIO nocabauaro, Iloxnea HHKOJIaeBU1J:'b OLTJI'b nojrsmem, B'b nanCiOH'h cflpaHIzy3a Baaapa B'b MOCKBil. 3TO COBepml'IJIOCI> ocenuo 1818· roza, nO'ITH B'b TO CaMOe BpeMJI, KOr,ll;a It H. BaTIOmKoB'b yilxaJI'b aa rpanany. Ho H JKBBJI B'b IITaJIiH, OH'b DpO,ll;OJIJKaJI'b CJIil,ll;HTI> sa OpaTOM'b. «Y Bil,ll;O)lb 0 IOJIeHbKil H Iloanes», Dl'ICaJI'b OH'b AJIeKCaH,lI;pil HBKOJIaeBHil B'b MapTi> 1819 rO,ll;a. <EcJIB OH'b em;e B'b naactoaf MOCKOBCKOM'b, TO npoca HMeHeM'b Ilerpa MHxaitJIOBH1J:a He 3aOlolTb ero. IIJIaTJIT'b JIB sa Hero perYJIJIpHO, H HrieT'b JIH OH'b see HYJKHoe? Bora para, neRHCI> OO'b aTOM'b; see, lITO ,lI;JIJI Hero c,IJ;i>JIaeml> , npaay na CBOit C'IeT'b, RaR'b oJIarO,llilJIHie MHil, a ne eMy. ltaJReTCJI, no MoeMY pacnopaaeano aa Hero nJIaTJIT'b ,lI;eHer'b ,lI;OCTaTOllHO. H 3,l1;ilCb He yapy C'b rOJIO,ll;Y, JIUmb OLI eMY OLIJIO xopomo, crl,ll;CTBeHHO, B'b CeM'b CJIY'Ia:B MOHX'b ,lI;OXO,ll;OB'b He JKaJIilii ... ECJIH JI XOTb aeaaoro ,lI;opor'b Teoil, TO HM'lno npaso rrpOCHT» TeOJI He OCTaBHT» npomay IIOMrreJI, He OCTaBHTb, 3Ha1J:HT'bHriT» noneseme 0 ero nocnaraara: 1J:T06LI ero Y'IHJIB, Ii,0PMHJIH II O,ll;ilBaJIII. Ocooeaao ,lI;Bil nocrl,ll;HiJl CTaTbH». Br, nHcbMi> K'b cecrpb, nHCaHHOM'b 8'b xaprs TOrO JKe 1819 roze, KOHCTSHTHH'b HHKOJIaeBH1J:'b TSIiJKe rOBOpHT'b 0 MaJIorlTHeM'b 6paTi>: «OO'b HeM'b He nepecraio ,lI;yMan. Co BpeMeHeM'b nepeBe,ll;y R'b KaBeJIHHY, eCJIH TaM'I> JIy'Ime MOCKOBCKarO). Bn ,lI;aJIl>ni;itDIHX'D nacsxaxs nosra He BCTpi;'IaeTCJI ynoMuHaHm 0 Iloxnef HHKOJIaeBH'Iil; HO. Ha,ll;OOHO CKa3aTb, lITO B'b 1820 ro,ll;y y KOHcTaHTHHs HIIKOJIaeBHqa Ha'IaJIHCb YJKe npacrynu uepsaaro paacrpoacrna, TaK'b 'ITO xoraa, ,lI;Ba roaa crrYCTJI, OH'b B03BPSTHJICJI B'b POCCiIO, npH3HaKH TJIJKKOii ,lI;ymeBHoit 00rl3HH OLIJIB B'b HeM'b 01J:eBlI,ll;HLT.

II3'b npHBe,ll;eHHLIX'b BLInHCOK'b BB,lI;HO, 'ITO Iloxnea HHKOJIaeBH'I'b OLTJI'b noMilm;eH'b B'b naactoas Baeapa TOJIbKO ,lI;JIJI rrepaoaasarsaaro oOY'IeHiJI. 3a. rilM'b npeanoaaraaocs rrepesecra ero B'b ,lI;pyroe Y'IeOHOe aaneaeate, H crapmiit OpaT'b UOJI'b B'b BH,lI;y ,lI;JIJI 3TOit ~tJIH oJIarOpO,ll;HLIit nanctom, npa IIeTep6yprcKOM'b nezarorasecaosn, HHCTHTyrl, ynpaBJIHeMLIii B'b TO BpeMJI,lI;. A. I\.aBeJIBHLIM'b. Ho npeanoaoateale aTO He ocymscraaaocs, B sorna, sa 00- JIil3HbIO KOHCTaHTHHa HIIKOJIaeBH'la, 3aOOTLI 0 MJIa,ll;meM'b ero opaT'B npHHJIJIa aa ceOJI HX'b TeTRa EKaTepHHa 8e,ll;OpOBHa Mypasseaa, orrs OLIJI'b OT,lI;SH'b B'b naaclom, MypSJIbTa. IIo BceMY BilpOJITiIO, BLIOOP'b sroro aaaeneala OLIJI'b C~ilJISH'b no YKa3aHiIO A. II. Typreuena.

IIacTOP'b HilMen;KOii pecfl0pMaTcKoit OOm;UHLI B'b Ilereptiyprf Ioramn,

XVlI

MypaJlbT'1 6LIJl'b Y'leHHKOM'b SHaMeHHTarO ITeCTa.n.O~H H o6Jla,n;a.Jl'b saMil'iaTeJlbHLIMH neaarorasecsaaa CnOC06HOCTJlMB. IIs'L CBOerO n3JICiOHa, OCHOnaaaaro B'L 1811 ro.n;y, OH'L BCKOP-B ycntJI'b c,n;-BJlaTb oopaanosoe Y'le6Hoe. aaaeneale, B'b IWTOPOMD H HpaBCTBeHHoe, H YMcTBeHHoe, H IfJHSH'leCKOe BOCnaraale BeJlOCb pasyxao H onymeaaeaao, ITO'lTeHHLIft nacrops BHHMaTeJlbHO PYKOBO,n;HJI'L CBOHMH nOMOm;HHKaMH, a B'L COCTaB-B nocnararenea H npenoaaBaTeJleit naactoaa 6LIJIH JlIO.n;H OTJIHlJ.HarO oepasoaaata H cnocoonocrea. B'L OCHOBY mKOJlLl 6LIJlO nOJlOmeHO oepasoaaaie ryaaaaoe, HO nacmle KJIacCLI pas,n;tJlHJlHCb na ,n;Ba oT,n;tJIeHiJl-KJIaCCH'leCKOe H peansaoe. XOTH npenozasaale BeJIOCb Bo06m;e na <J!paHll,yscKOM'L HJIH HtMe~OM'b JlSLIKt, B'L HeM'L He 6LIJIO ynymeno HHlJ.TO xacaromeeca POCdH: pycCKiit JlSLIK'L H CJIOBeCHOCTb, reorpaola H HCTOpiJl aamero OTe'leCTBa npenonaaaaacs 06CTOHTeJlbHO, H ,n;JIJI 3THX'L npezxeross nparaamaexa 6LIJIH JIY'lmiJl CHJILI roraamaaro Y'ie6HarO COCJIOBiJI: It. II. ApCeHbeB'L, H. II. BYTLIPCKiii, H. II. I'pers, II. IT. MaKCHMOBHlJ.'L, IT. r. 060,n;OBCKiii H zp.

IT. H. BaTIOmKOB'b nocrynaar, B'b naactom MYPaJIbTa B'L 1823 r. H npo- 6LIJI'L B'L HeM'L nJITb JItT'b. ITO,n;06HO BCtM'L BocnHTaHHHKaM'L eroro npespacnaro aaeeaenta, OH'L nasceraa cOXpaHHJI'b 0 HeM'L 6JIaro,n;apHoe BOCnOMHHaHie.

ITOJlY'lHB'L y MYPaJIbTa oCHOBaTeJlbHYIO nozroroaay, IIoMneit HHKOJIaeBHlJ.'L nepemem B'L ApTHJlJIepiitcRoe y'lHJIHm;e. I -ro aasapa 1829 rO)l.a OH'L 6hIJl'b npHHJIT'L Ty,n;a IOHKepOM'b, a B'L ROHll,t roro me roxa npoaaaenear, B'L npanopmaxa H OCTaBJleH'L npa YlJ.HJIHm;B «,n;JIH nponoaaeata BLICmHX'L HaYK'L». Br, 1831 ro,n;y nocri,n;oBaJIO rrpoaaaozcrso ero B'L nomopysaaa, a no OKOHlJaHiH aypca B'b oIfJHll,epCKHX'b KJIaCCaX'b OH'L B'L 1832 roay HalJaJI'L CTpoeBYIO c.iIym6y B'b rBap)J;eit\:Koii KOHHOii apTHJIJlepilI. ITOCJlt roro OH'D em;e aoceas .rrtT'L np06hIJI'h B'L pJl,n;ax'b .soacea H nosaay Jl'L BoeHllYIO cJIym6y Jmmb B'b Ha'laJIt 1840 rora.

OCTaBHB'b pom saHHTiii, He npencraaaaamta ,n;JlJl Hero ocoriaro HHTepeca, Iloxnez HHKOJlaeBHlJ'L HMtJl'L BOSMomHOCTb nposecra HtCKOJlbRO JltT'b COBctM'o BHt CJlym6LI. B'L 1841 rony OH'L oTnpaBHJICJI sa rpaaany II noesTII.,l'b I'epaaauo II ~paHll,iIO, a 110 eocspamema B'L OTe'IeCTBO nonepexbuao mHJl'b TO B1> Ilerepoyprs, TO B'b MOCltBt, spamaacs B'L JlY'lIIIeM'b, npocaflll,enatitmeM'L 06m;OCTBt 06tHX'1 CTOJllIll,'L. HOCHMoe IIM'L aareparypaoe HMJJ C6JllISlIJlO ero C'L paHHHX'L riT'b CO MHorlIMII JIHlJ,aMII, KOTOPLIJISHaJIH ero )J;apOBIITaro 6paTa. TaK'L, em;e B'L MOJIO)J;OCTII Iloanea HIIKOJlaeB~PI'L noehmain, .n;OM'h KapaMSHHLIX'L H ocooemro comeaca CO crapmaxa ChlHOBbJIMH acroplorpaea; II

BECCAPAIlIIi.

XVIlI

KOpOTKOe SHaKOMCTBO COO,ll;HHJIJIO ero TaKJRe C'I> A. II. Typreaeaaxs H KHJIseM'!> II. A.· BJISeMCKHM'I>. B'I> ceMLil nosreaaaro H. II. KpHBD;oBa, O,ll;HOrO HS'I> saMil1JaTeJu.HLIX'I> PYCCRHX'I> JIIO,lI;eA" csoero BpeMeHH no YMY. oopaeoaaHOO H BIilCOKHM'I> HpaBCTBeHHIilM'!> Ka'leCTBaM'b, IIoMDeIO HHKOJIaeBH1JY cyJK,lI;eso 6IilJIO BCTpilTHTL Ty occ6y, 6paK'I> C'I> KOTOPOIO ,lI;aJI'I> eMY COpOK'I>-meCTL nT'h ceMe:AHaro C'IacTLJI; CBa,D;LOa ero C'I> Co4lieii HHKOJIaeBHOIO KPHBD;OBOA", e,ll;HHCTBeHHOIO ,lI;01JepLIO HHKOJIaJI IIBaSOBH1Ja, nOCn)l;OBaJIa B'I> 1846 rozy.

Ih TOMY JKe rozy OTHOCHTCJI soaspameaie Iloanea lliKOJIaeBH1Ja na nonpame rocyaapcraeaaoa CJIY.lK6hI. 6-ro iIOHJI 1846 roaa OH'I> 6hlJI'I> naSHa1JeH'h '1HHOBHHKOM'I> OCOOIilX'I> nopyqeBiit npa xosHA"cTBeSHOM'I> )l;errapTaMeHTI; MHHHCTepCTBa BHyrpeHHHX'I> )I;'I;.rr'h H C'I> rlIX'I> nops B'I> rescale sersrpen JIiln 6IilJI'I> rrOCJIil,ll;OBaTeJIbHO KOMaH,lI;HpyeM'I> B'I> TaM6oBcKyro ryoopHiIO rro )l;il.rraM'I> sapoaaaro npojoaoascrsta H B'I> ocooennocra ,lI;JIJI. HSYlleHiJI Xri6HOA" TOprOBJIH na MopmaHcKoA" npacraaa.

3-ro CeHTJl6pJl 1849 rona II. H. BaTIOmKOB'I> 6IilJI'I> rrO.lKaJIOBaH'I> B'I> ssaate KaMep'I>-IOHKepa K'I> Bacosazmeay .n;BOPY, a B'I> HallaJIil CJIilZYIOm;arO' rO,ll;a OTKOMaH)l;HpOBaH'L B'L pacnopaaeale BHJIeHCKarO reaepaas-ryrepaaropa. C'L 3THX'L nops oopaeyerca Henocpe)l;CTBeHH8JI CBJlSL Iloanea HHKOJIaeBH1Ja C'I> 3ana,ll;HO-PYCCKHM'h KpaeM'L, aa nOJILSY xoroparo 6IilJIa nocsameaa 6oJu.IDM xacrs ero )l;aJILHilitmeA" CJIymeoHoA" ,lI;ilJlTeJII>HOCTH.

B'I> rrepBIilit neplom, csoero CJIYJKeBiJi B'L 3TOM'L Kpail II. H. BaTIOmKOB'I> em;e He xors, KOHe1lBO, SaBHMaTb caMOCTOJl.TeJIbSarO nonoaceala: 26-ro OKTJl6pJl 18 50 ro,ll;~ OS'I> OIilJI'L aaaaaxem, BHD;e-ryoepHaTOpOM'L B'I> Eoeao, a noaroaa cnycra, 18- ro MapTa 1851 roza, BCTynHJI'L B'L ornpaaaeale OOJlSaBHOCTeA" nOMOID;HHKa nOnellHTeJIJI BHJIeBCKarO Ylle6Haro ospyra. Bo rJIaBi> nOCJIilABJIro COCTOaJI'L B'L TO BpeMJI MilcTBIilii reaepam-ryoepaarops IIJIbJI PaBpHJIOBH1J'L BH6HKOB'I>. II. H. BaTIOmKOB'I> saBil)l;hlBaJI'h npa BeM'I> YlleOHOIO '1acTbIO cssepo-sanaaaaxs ry6epHiit B'I> roseate )l;ByX'L C'I> nOJJOBHHOIO riT'I>, rro l-e HOH6pJl 1853 rona, H B'L 3TO BpeMJI Y.lKe HMilJI'I> BOSMO.lKBOCTL OSBaKOMHTbCJI C'I> oco6eHBOCTJlMH TaMOmHJIrO 6IilTa H C'L Tl;MH oTBOmeHiJlMH, KaKiJl o6paSOB3..JlHCL B'L Banamo - PYCCKOM'L Kpail Me.lK,lly npeacraaareaasa paaJIHlJ:HIiIX'L HcrroBil)l;aHiit, aapoaaocrea H otimecreeaaaxs IiJIaCCOB'L.

OcTaBHB'L B'L ucxo)l;il 1853 rO)l;a )l;OJIJKHOCTL nOMOID;HHKa nonesareaa B'L BHJleHCKOM'L OKpyril, Iloanea HHKOJIaeBH11'I> He IIOKHHYJI'I>, O)l;HaKO, ylle6- naro Bt)l;OMCTBa H eme TpH roaa HaXO,ll;HJICJI B'L COCTaBil ero, HCnOJIHHJI paaJIHllHIilJI nopyxeata, aoaaaraamtaca Ha Hero MHHHCTPOM'L napozaaro npoces-

XIX

~eHiJI A. C. HOp08LIM'I>. Ilepexors II. H. BaTIOmKOBa 8'1> MUHHCTepCTBO BIIY~ TpeHHUX'I> .IJ;i;.rr'l> noc.JIi;,lI;OBaJI'L TOJILKO B'I> 1I0HOpt 1856 rona. 3arlM'I> 5-ro anpsxa 1857 roxa 00'1> OLIJI'I> Ha30aqeH'I> BHn;e-,lI;HpeKToPOM'I> ,lI;enapTaMeHTa ,ll;YXOBHLIX'L ,lI;M'I> HHoCTpaHHLIX'L HcnoBiI~iA, a B'I> 1858 ro,ll;Y Bacoxajtmero BOJIeIO OLIJIO BOSJIOJKeHO aa Hero saBt,ll;bIBaoie YCTPOitCTBOM'I> npaBOCJIaBHLIX1, XpaMOB'I> B'I> Sana,ll;IILIX'I> ry6epHiHX'I>.

Bt,ll;CTBeHOoe cocroaale npaBOCJIaBOLIX'I> n;epKBeit B'I> aTOM'I> Kpail oopaTHJlO na ce6JI saaaaate npaBBTeJILCTBa eIII,e B~ TpH,lI;n;aTLIX'I> roaax». Ho npaWlTLIJI TOr;J;a MtPLI no aTOMY npe,ll;MeTY OKasaJIHCL 6esycntmHLIMH: M'hCTHLIM'I. .rrorl~KaM'I>, 60JILmeIO 1JaCTLTO KaTOJIU'IeCKafO acnoeszaata, npe,ll;JIOJKeHO 6LIJIO osaOOTBTDCJI coopyxealexs B'I> HX'L HMtHiJIX'I> npaBOCJIaBHLIX'I> xpaMOB'I> HJIH JKe acnpaaaeaiesn, YJKe CYIII,eCTBYIOIII;HX'I>, HO npUme~HX'I> B'I> BeTXOCTL; B'I> reseale ,lI;BaAAaTH CJIHmKOM'I> .JIi;T'I> npeaaoxeate aTO OCTaB3JiocL He HCnOJIHeHHLIM'I>. CBLIme TpeX'I> TLlCJI'I'l> npaBOCJIaBHllIX'I> n;epKBeit, lIaXO,ll;HBIDHXCJI B'I> nOlrlmI,H'ILHX'I> BMimiJIx'I>, ItOTOPhlJI npBHa,ll;JIeJKaJIH OOJIbmelU 'IaCTLIO nOJIJIKaM'I>: OKaSLIBaJIBCL B'I> KpaAHe HeY,lI;OBJIeTBOpUTeJIbHOM1> COCTOJIHiH; MHOrla HS'I> HOX'I> rpOSHJIH paapymealesrs, a OCTaJIbHLIJI no CBoeMY YOOJKOCTBY H BeTXOCTH TpeOOBaJIH oeSOTJIaraTeJILllarO acnpaaaeala. Bo MHOrOX'I> M'hCTHOCTHX'I> , r,ll;t aaceaeale npHHa,ll;JIeJKHT'I> K'I> npaBOCJIaBHOMY HcnoBt,ll;aHiIO, BOBce He OhlJIO n;epKBeit, HJIH JKe, ecza OHil H CYIII,eCTBOBaJIH, B'I> HHX'I> He ompasJIJlJIOCb OOfocJIYJKeHiJI no He,ll;OCTaTKY 1J;epKoBlloit yrsapa: BO MOOrnX'I> xpaMaX'I> TtX'l> MilcTIIOCTeH, aaceaeale KOTOPhlX'I> BOSBpaTOJIOCL B'I> npasocaaale lIS'I> ynia, npO,ll;OJIJKl}JlH ynoTpe6JIJlTLCH npexale 60rocJIYJKe6HLIe npe,ll;MeTbI H KIIHro, COCTaB.'IeHHhlH CorJIaCIIO YHiaTCKOMY 06PH,lI;Y. llPHTOM'I>, HII B'I> O,ll;HOM'I> n01JTU npHxo,ll;il He cymecrsosazo HapO,ll;HLIX'I> mKOJI'I>, H ,lJ;ilTH npaBOCJIaBHLIX'b pO,ll;HTeJIeit Hepil,ll;KO nocfmaaa ysaaama, CO,ll;ep.lKHMLIH RCeO,ll;SaMB npa coci>,lJ;CTBeOllhlX'I> KOCTeJIaX'I>, 'ITO, KOOe'lHO, ,lI;aBaJIO BOSMO.lKHOCTb K'I> oripauteuhc UX'I> B'I> JIaTHHCTRO. 0 TaKOM'I> ne'IaJIbHOM'I> noaoaemn ,lI;Ma npaBHTeJILCTBO HM"B.rrO KpafiHe CKY,lI;HhlJl cBi>,lI;i>HiH, H BHyrpeHHHJI .lKHSHb Banaaao-Pyccaaro upaa HaXO,lI.HJIaCL B'I> IIOJIHOM'I> paeotimeuta C'I> .lKHSOLTO OCTaJILHOH POCCiH.

BeJIBKOIO aacayroio Il. H. BaTIOmKOBa 6LIJIO TO, 'ITO OH'I> O,lI.BH'I> IIS'b nepesxs C pe,ll;H oopaaosaaaaro PYCCKarO oorn;eCT~a yra,ll;aJI'I> HacTOJlIII,iH penriOSHLIH nOTpeOOOCTH sanamo-pyccaaro npaBOCJIaBHarO aacenenla H nanpaBHJI'I> CBOU CTpeMJIeHiJJ K'I> TOMY, 1JTOOhl pacspars nsnneynaaanuoe nelJaJILHOe nOJIoJKeHie Bern;eit Ilpe,lI.'I> npaBHTeJILCTBOM'I> U 06~eCTBOM'b. Bt,

*

· xx

sanHcKt, npe)J;CTaBJIeHHo:lt H141> B1> 1857 rO)lY MHHHCTPY BHYTpeHHHX1> )J;tJI1> C. C. JIaHcKo14Y, HSJIOJKeHLI npHlufHLI, BCJIt)J;cTBie KOTOPLIX1> crapama npaBHTeJILCTBa 061> YCTPO:ltCTBt npaBOCJIaBHLIX1> ~epKBe:lt B1> sana)J;HLIX1> ry6epHiJIX1> OCTaBaJIliCb CTOJIb )J;OJIro 6esycntmmum. IIo npeacraaaenla aTHX1> co06pa,meui:lt na BLICO'Iafimee aoaapfate, B1> Boas nO'IHBmeMY rOCY)J;apIO lIMIJepaToPY AJIeKCaH.n;PY HHKOJIaeBH'IY 6JIaroyroAHo 6LIJIO BOSJIOJKOTb ocymecraaeale ue06xo)J;RMLIX1> Mtp1> aa casoro II. H. BaTIOmKoBa.

IlepBLIM1> YCJIoBieM1> )J;JIJI ycntxa npempaaararo )J;tJIa 6hlJIO npaaaaao He06xo.n;HMLIM1> - YCTpaHoTb noMtJp;HKOB1> - KaTOJIOKOB'b Banamo- Pyccsaro KpaJI OT1> BCJIKaro ysacrta B1> sa60TaX1> 0 npaBOCJIaBHLIX1> XpaMaX1>. 3an14'h npacryrraeao 6LIJIO K1> c06paHiIO na MtCrt CTaTIICTHlIeCKHX1> )J;aUHLIX1> no I\aJK)J;oMY npH-xo)ly H KaJK)J;o:lt nepssa OT)J,tJILHO. 8Ta paoora )J;aJIa TO'IHLIJI cBt.n;imiJl 0 B'hpoHcnoBt)J;H014'b H nJIeMeHHOM'b cOCTaBt MtcTHaro aacezeala. B14tcrt C1> rt141> nOJIY'IHJIHCL cBt)J;tuiJI 0 MtcTHLIX1> npaBOCJIaBULIX1> CBJITLIHHX1> H 0 MtCTULIX1> naMJITHHKaX1> nepsoeaaro SO)l'leCTBa, HS1> KOIlX1> xaorte BOCXO)J;RT1> K1> )J;peBHHM'b BpeMeHa141>, K'b XII H XIII BtKaM'b, H .n;aJKe B1> CBoeM1> pa3pYmeHH0141> BB.n;t OCTaKITCJI KpacHOpt'lBBLIM'L CBB)ltTeJILCTBOM'L TOMY, 'ITO Kpafi aTOT'L - Hs.n;peBJIe PycCKi:lt H npaaocxaaaua • .n;aJIte npe)J;nOJIOJKeHO 6LIJIO npOHsBO)J;l'ITL coopyateale H 06HOBJIeuie XpaMOB'L B'L rtX'L ocooeano ceaemaxs, r)J;t HX'b RtT'L BOBce, HJIlI r)J;t OHB nepemaa B'L COBepmeUHYIO BeTXOCTb, pacXO)lYJI aa TO CYMMLI, accHrHOBaUHLIJI HS1> rocyzapcmeaaaro Ka3HRqa:ltcTBa. Ha pH)J;y C1> aTOMH nOJKepTBOBauiJIMH HS'b KaSeUHhlX'L HCTOllHOKOB'h npe)J;nOJIOJKeUO 6LIJIO HSLICKaTb 'IaCTHLIJI cpexcrsa )J;JIJI cuaoJKeHiJI 6t)J;HLIX'L n;epKBefi YTBapLIO, HKOUaMlI, KHHraMH H pHsa14H • .n;JIJI ceopa nozaepraoaaala 'lacTULIX'L 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIe:lt, C'b Bacosamnaro COH3BOJIeuiJl, OTKpLITa 6LIJIa nomacsa no BCeii axnepia,

Ocy~eCTBJIeuiIO BCtX'L aTHX'b MtponpiJlTiii II. H. BaTIOmKOB1> nOCBJITUJI» OKOJIO .n;eBJITH JI·};TD. He orpaHH'IHBaJICb O)J;UHM» 06~lI14» PYKOBO)J;CTB014», OU1> BXO)J;HJI» co BHH14aHie14'L BO Bet no.n;p06HOCTH )J;tJIa, HSyqaJI'L npoesrsr coopyJKeHifi, npOH3BO)J;HJI'b SaKa3LI, CHOCHJICJI C1> MtcTUhlMH HallaJILCTBaMB, BeJI'b )J,tJITeJILHYIO nepenacsy C» JKepTBOBaTeJIJIMH H CBOBMH COTpY)J;UBKaMB H T. )l. Heycraanaa aaeprla, npOJIBJIeHUaJI H14'L B» npeCJIt)J;OBaHiH UaM'BqeUHoii ~t.JlH, 06'L1ICHJIeTCJI Uy60KO YCBoeHHLIM1> HM» COSBaHieM'L, 'ITO lIcnOJIH1Ie140e B14» )J;tJIO HMteT» BeJIHKOe narplorasecaoe aaaseale . .iKBsueIiHoe H, TaR» csasars, cepaesaoe nOBBMaHie CBOllX'L 06JISaHHOCTefi Iloaneeas HIHWJIaeBUqeM'L 06HapYJKHBaeTCJI B'L oc06eHHOCTH US'L roro, 'ITO OH» He CTa-

XXi

paJICJI lICKYCCTBeHHO C'IIYJKUBaTL npe.o;tJILI cBoeit ,u;MTeJILHOCTlI. TaK'II, yKpaWM XpaMLI oes'll KaaeHHLlX'I> SaTpaT'L, npa CO,u;titCTBill npllXOJKaH'II II na O,u;HII t[aCTHLIJI cpeacrsa, HeJILSJI OLIJIO ynYCKaTL liS'll BIIJJ;y II aapoaaaa mKOJIhl, aaBo,u;UMLIJI npa n;epKBaX'l> II n;epKOBHhlX'II OpaTCTBaX'II npaBOCJIaBHLIM'II ,u;yxoBeHCTBOM'II H MipJlBaMU aa UX'I> COOCTBeHHLIJI CKy,u;HLIJI cpeacrea. XOTJI OOJlaaHHOCTL era H He npUHa,u;JIeJKaJIa COOCTBeHHO K'II ,u;ilJly OOHOBJIeHiJi XpaMOB'II, o,u;HaKO Be OLIJIa 'IyJK,u;a eMY no CBoeMY xapasrepy, H nOTOMY Iloxnea HUKOJIaeBII'I'II He UCKJIIOqan ea HS'II spyra CBOHX'I> ,u;titCTBiit.

EJilICTaTeJILHLIit ycntX'l> yBtH'IaJI'I> n peanptarle, soroparo rJIaBHaJl TJIJKeCTL JIerJIa aa CHJILI nosreaaaro ,u;'IlJlTeJIJI-naTpioTa. B'II rexenle ,u;eBJITH JItT'II, C'II 1858 no 1867 ro,u;'II, B'II ,u;eBJITH ry6epHillX'l> Banamo-Pyccaaro spaa BHOBL nocrpoeao HJIH OOHOBJIeHO OliIJIO ,u;o 1. 700 n;epKBeit, ua 'ITO aapacxoaoaaao 9.860.549 py6., ornYID;eHHLIX'I> liS'll rocyaapcraeanaro KaSHaqeitcTBa. IIplfBJIe'IeHHaJl 1''11 ,u;t.ny 'IaCTHaJl II oOID;ecTBeHHaJi OJiarOTBOpUTeJILHOCTL BbIpaSHJIaCL OOm:nPHLIMll nOJKepTBOBaHiJiMlI. Ocooeaaoe Y'IacTie npaHJlJIH B'II HHX'II, C'II oJiarOCJIOBeHiJi npHCHOnaMJlTHarO MIITpOnOJIHTa cJ>HJIapeTa, rpaJK,u;aHe MOCKBLI, cHao,u;HBmie ,u;o ,u;ByX'II TLICJl'I'II aanaaao-pyccaaxs n;epKBeil: 60roCJIYJKeOHLIMU npeaaeraxa. 3.o;ilcL yMtCTHO 6y.o;eT'II npaaecra oOID;ie UTorH nOJKepTBoBaHiit, nocrynaemaxs B'II pacnopaaeale II. H. EaTIOmKoBa H sa- 60TJIUBO pacnpejrsaeaaaxs 11M'll no HaSHa'IeHiIO.

~eHmKHLIX'I> cpe,u;CTB'II nocrynano:

OT'II rocy,u;apLIHH IIMnepaTp:nn;LI Mapill AJIeKCaH,u;pOBHLI U

on ABryCTtitWHX'II )!;tTeit IIx'II IIMnepaTopcKHX'b BeJIU'IeCTB'II. 69.910 p.

OT'II 'IaCTHLIX'I> JIUn;'II H oOID;eCTB'II • 246.238 ,.

BeID;aMH nOJKepTBoBaHo:

OT'II I'ocyzapa IIMnepaTopa AJIeKCaH,u;pa HUKOJIaeBU'la-25 HKOH'II B'b 60raThlx'II OKJIa,u;aX'II;

OT'II I'ocyaapsraa IIMnepaTpllD;LI, ABrycrhitmHX'I> )!;tTeit IIx'II IIttllIepaTOPCKlIX'II BeJlll'IecTB'II II 'IJIeHOB'II IIMnepaTopcKaro ~OMa-lIKOH'II, nepsosHOit yrsapa H ,u;pyrllX'l> ooroCJIYJKeOHLIX'I> npe,u;MeTOB'II aa 40 nparozoss TIoJIOn;Koit II MHHCKOit enapxiit;

OT'II HacJfh,u;HHKa Ilecapesasa, HIiIHt oJiarOnOJIY'IHO napcrayiomaro I'ocy,u;apJl IIMnepaTopa AJ1eKCaH.o;pa AJIeKcaH,u;poBII'Ia- 80 cepe6pJlHLIX'II ,u;apoxpaHUTeJILHHn;'II;

OT'II MHTpOnOJIUTOB'II: MOcKoBcKaro-cJ>HJIapeTa II c.-neTepoyprcKlIx'III'paropta H IIcH,lI;opa, OT'II JIOOp'll Tpoane-Oeprtesoa II AJIeKcaH,u;po-HeBcKoit,

XXII

on MOCKOBCKHX'b MOHacTLIpeA II ~epKBeA II OT'b tIaCTHliIX'b 6JIarOTBOpllTeJIeii 113'b paamrxs MtCT'b IIMnepiH - p1l3l> H ,lI;pymX'b 06JIa'leHiA 6.565, IIKOH'b B'L OKJIa,ll;ax'L II OO3'b OHLIX'b 1.396, cepe6pJIHLIX'b sanrs 1.090, ,lI;apoxpa· HHTeJIbHII~'b 524, KpeCTOB'L HarrpeCTOJILHLIX'b 1.435 H KpeCTIIJILHLIX'b 1.000.000, eB3HreJIiA B'b OKJIa,ll;ax'b 913, COCY,lI;OB'L BO,ll;OCBJITHLIX'b, aHTII,lI;OpHLIX'b II ,lI;p. 2.808, nO,ll;CBt'IHIIKOB'b BLIHOCHLIX'b 11 HanpeCTOJIbHLIX'b 1.422, naHllKa,lJ;llJI'b II JIMlIIa,ll;'L 79 7 ,IIJIa~aHU~'b 275 H, caepxs roro, 60JIbillOe KOJIU'IeCTBO MeJIKIIX'b ~epKOBHLIX'L npeaxeroas: Ka,ll;IIJ1'b, MYpHU~'b, ,lI;apOHOCU~'b H T. ,lI;.

HtKOTOPLIJI JIu~a 1I3'b nerepeyprcsaro 06~ecTBa npHHJIJIII aa csoe UJK,lI;UBeHie cHa6JKeHie yTBapLIO H 60rocJIYJKe6Hm111 KHHraMH na ~JIylO uepKOBL, a I'ocyzapaaa MMnepaTpH~a MapiH AJIeKCaH,lI;pOBHa npHHJIJIa na csoe noneseale no O,ll;HoA ~epKBH B'b KaJK,lI;OM'b yts,lI;t xpaa.

HaKOHe~'b, B'b 4.] 29 nYHKTOB'b Banaaao- Pyccsaro spaa ornpaaaeao KHHr'b )lYXOBHo-HpaBcTBeHHaro cozepaaata ,lI;JIJI 24 7 ~epKOBHLIX'b 6u6JIioress, KOUMH !lOryT'b nOJID30BaTbCJI KaK'L npU'ITLI, TaK'b H npUXOJKaHe, H y'le6- HLIX'L PYKOBO,lI;CTB'b H paaaaxs npHHa,ll;JleJKHOCTeA ,lI;JIJI 782 ~epKOBHLIX'b II 6paTCKUX'b IllKOJI'L, B'b KOJIU'IeCTBt 50.000 aK3eMIIJIRpOB'b.

TaKHM'b 06paaOM'b, B03JIOJKeHHOe na II. H. BaTIOIllKoBa ,lI;t.no coopyaeHiJI II 06HOBJIeHiJI npaBOCJlaBHLIX'b ~epKBeA B'b 3ana,IJ;HO-PYCCKOM'b Rpat 6LIJIO nO'lTeHO BLICOKHM'O BHHMaHieM'L Ilapcsaro .n;oMa H Bcrpi>'leHO JKHBLIM'b H ,lI;tJITeJILHLIM'b CO'lYBcTBieM'b co CTOPOHLI pyccsaro oeuiecraa, .n;JIH caaoro pysoBO,ll;UTeJIJI 6JIaroro ,lI;tJIa aTO 6LIJlO JIY'lmelO Harpa,ll;oA, PJI,lI;OM'L C'b KOTOPOIO MOJKHO ·nOCTaBUTL TOJILKO ropasyio npU3HaTeJIbHO~TL npaBOCJIaBHLIX'b JKHTeJIeA 3ana,ll;HOfi PYCH. Br, HX'b'lYBcTBaX'L OH'L xors y6t,ll;HTLCJI KaR'b BO BpeMJI JIH'IHarO 061,1l3,l1;a spas .u;JIJI ocxorpa nOCTpOeK'b, TaK'b II H3'b nOJIY'leHHLIX'h HM'b nUCeM'b enapxlaasasm, npeocasmeaaaxs H MilcTHLIxl> crapozcanom, •

.n;t.no nepsonaaro CTpOeHiJI B'b 33na,ll;HLIX'b ry6epHiJIx'b HM'lmo aecoMnHHoe aaaseate ,lI;JIH ncea Poccta, Y me caMLIA npH3LIBl> K'L nOJKepTB~BaHiJIM'b na XPaMiJ B'b 3ana,ll;HOA PYCH HarrOMHIIJI'b PYCCKOMY 06m;ecTBy OO'h aToA He pt,ll;KO 3a6LIBaeMoA HM'b OKpaun. Ho em;e 60JILillee 06~eCTBeHHoe Ha'leHie HMt.n1l Y'IeHLIH 113,l1;aHiH, npearrpaaarsra II. H. BaTIOIIIKOBLIMl> B'h CBJI3H cs ~epKOBHO-CTp01lTeJILHLIMD ,IJ;t.nOM'b H na OCHOBaHiu xarepiaroa», c06paHHLIX'b no aTOMY CJIY'lalO • .n;aHHLIJI 0 B'1po1lCnoBt)(HOM'b II nJIeMeHHOM'h COCTaBt M'hCTHaro HaceJIeHiJI, ,lI;06LITLIJI na M'hcTaX'b npa CaMOM'b Ha'laJIt ,IJ;i;.na, ,lI;allH B03MOJKHOCTL COCTaBHTD «ATJIac'b HapO,ll;OHaceJIOHiJI 3arra,ll;HO~PYCCKaro l\PaJI no 1ICrroBt,ll;aHiJlMl>») na KlWK,lI;oA naprh soroparo H306paJKeHa nJIO~a,ll;L

XXIIJ

O,ll;HOft 113'1> 3ana,ll;HJilX'I> ryoepHift, rp3A{lIPlecKII pa3,1l'llJleHH3JI no IIcnoBi>,lI;aHlIO II nJleMeHII, C'I> npllJlomeaieM'I> TaO.JIllllhl 0 'IlIcn mllTeJIeft no KaJK,lI;OMY npaXO,ll;J npaBOCJlaBHOMY, PIIMCKO - KaTOJlIl'IeCKOMY II cMilmaHHOMY OT,n;i>JlbHO. ATJlac'l> 8TOT'I> BId,n;ep.m:an ,n;aa 113,n;aHiJI (B'I> 1863 II I 865 ro,ll;d.X'I» II CTaJI'I> reneps olloJliorp3A{lll'IeCKOIO pi>,lI;KOCTbIO. OH'I> nOK33aJI'b TO'IHLlMII D;lIcfipaMII, 'ITO BCJI nJlO~a,n;b 3ana,l(HarO KPaJI aacenena pyCCKlIM'I>, OOJlbmeIO 'lacTLI? npaBOCJlaBHIdM'I> HapOJ(OM'I>, sa lICKJlIO'IemeM'I> ROBeHcKeft II OT'IacTH BHJleHcsoa ryoepHifi, r,IJ;t npeOOJl3,1(aeT'I> nJleMJI JIlITOBCIWe, lICnoBi>,lI;JIOm;ee saroza'IeCTBO. ,n;aHHIdJI raxoro pO,ll;a lIriJlH npaaoxeale He TOJlbKO B'b TOM'b cneWaJIbHOM'b ~, HCnOJlHeHieM'b soroparo npassam, OIdJl'b PYKOBO,l(llTb II. H. BaTIOmKOB'b. BIdBO,ll;Id, npezcraaaeaaae ero 4: ATJIacOM'I>>>, cfiaKTlI'IeCKlI orrposepraa rl JlomHldJI CBi>,I(i>HiJI 0 cocrasf HaCeJleIDJI B'I> 3ana,JUlOM'b KP3t, KOTOPIdJI pacnpOCTpaHJIJIlI nOJlJIKII, 3aJIBJlJIBmie CBOll rrpIITJI3aHiJI na 8TlI lICKOHHO pyccsta OOJlaCTH. OOHapo,n;OB3Hie 8TIIX'I> ,lI;OCTOB'hPHIdX'I> ,n;aHHIdX'b B'b caMldii nepio,ll;'I> nOJlbCKHX'b CMyT'l> OK33aJIO aecosresaaoe BJliJIHie H3 pYCCKoe OOm;eCTBO. TaKIIM'b oopaeoas, ycnilmHOMY nO'IIIHY II. H. B3TIOmKOBa IIpIlH3,l1;JlejKllT'I> ,lI;OJlJI Y'IacTiJI B'I> paap-BmeHIH TaK'b-HaaIdBaeMaro nOJlLCKarO sonpoca,

PJI,lI;OM'b cs « ATJlacOM'b) Hpe,n;npIlHJITO OIdJlO em;e ,u;pyroe 113,1(3Hie, noJIy'IllBmee T3Koe me, KaK'I> II OH'I>, aaaseate B'b P33'bJICHeHilI IICTOpll'IeCKIIX'I> cY,lI;eo'1 33na,n;HOii pYCII. .JIHI~a, npOH3BO,l(llBmiJI 113hlCKaHiJI 0 cocraaf aaceJleHiJI aarramsrxn OKpaHH1:., Hept,n;KO BCTpil'lam na nyra CBOIIX1:. paa'bta,n;oB'b 3aMi;'laTeJIbHlde rraMJITHlIKII rJly60Koii ,n;peBHOCTII, KaK1:., HanpHrip'l>, B'b roPO,l(t OBPY'It, BeJlll'leCTBeHHlde OCTaTKH xpaxa CB. Bacaata BeJIIIKarO, COopyxeaaaro BeJIHKBM'b KHJI3eM'b BJla,n;HMipoM.'b PaBHOanOCTOJlLHIdM'b B'I> 997 ro,n;y, 1I paaBaJlHHId YcneHcKaro cooopa, nocrpoeaaaro BO BJIa,n;IIMipt-BoJlIdHCKOM1:. BeJIHItIlM'b KHJIaeM'b MCnICJlaBOM'b B'I> XII BtKt. BCTpi>'lamCL TaK.m:e xpaaa OOJl-Be n03,l1;Heii nocrpoaaa, coopyaeanse npaBOCJlaBHO-n;epKoBHldIDI 6p3TcTBaMlI npa Y'IacTill oJlarO'leCTlIBIdX'b PYCCKlIX'b BeJlbMOm'b, nOTOMKII soaxs onOJlJI'llIJIlICL II OOpaTlIJIlICL B'b JlaTHHCTBO; TaKOBId, aarrpaasps, pasBaJIHHId BOrOJlBJleHCKaro COOOP3 B'b ropo,n;i; OCTPOrt H OCTaTKH opaTcKoii RpecToB03,n;BHJKeHCKOii n;epKBlI B'I> .JIyn;Ki>. IT. H. BaTIOmKOB'b, IIMlmmift cJlY'Iaii OCMOTpi>Tb xaorie 1I3'b 8rnX1:. naMJITHllKOB'b ,l(peBHOCTH, pacnopamaca 1I3rOTOBJleHieM'L PHCYHKOBD H cfioTOrpacfill'IeCKlIX'b CHlIMKOB'b co Bci>X'I> rro,l(OOHIdX'h. naMJITHlIKOB'b II, COOpaB1:. 0 HlIX'b HCTOPII'lecKiJI cB'h,IJ;tHiJI II HapO,l(HJilJI npe,n;aHiJI, npe,n;cTaBHJI'b aTlI aareplaasr, 'lpe31:. nocpezcrso MlIHlICTpa BHYTpeHHllX'I> ,n;tJI'b II. A. B3J1yeBa, na soeapsale I'ocyzapa IIMnepaTopa AJleKCaH,ll;pa

XXIV

Haxoaaeaaxa H nOJIYlIHJI'b Bacosaamee paapsmeale na HX'b H3.n;aHie. TaKJIM'b 06pa30M'b nOJIO.meHO 6LIJIO Halla.nO Be.nHKo.nimHOMY C60PHHKY «IlaaarHHKOB'b pyccsoa CTapHHLI B'b 3ana.n;HhlX'bry6epHiJlx'b». Bs 1865 ro.n;y BLIllI.nH B'b cBiln nepaae nersrpe aanycsa eroro H3.n;aHiJl, 3aKJIIOlIaIOnde B'b ceot 30 .mCTOB'b PHCYHKOB'b H lIepTe.mei .nHCTOBaro cpopMaTa, C'b 06'bJlCHHTeJIoHhlM'b TeKCTOM'b. 3TH xersrpe BLInycKa nOCBJI~eHIiI naMHTHHKaM'b .n;peBHOCTH aa BoJIliIHH H npencraaamor» HCHoe CBH.n;ilTeJIoCTBO TOMY, 'ITO BMilcrl cs . naca.m.n;eHieM'b npaBOCJISBiJi B'b 8TOM'b Kpail BO.n;BOpeHLI 60IJIB B'b HeM'b nasaraa XpHCTiaHCKarO rrpocssmeata H HCltYCCTBa.

Bn nepio.n;'b .n;i;,aTeJIDHOCTH II. H. EaTIOmKOBa no coopyxeaho XpaMOB'b B'l> aanamo-pyccsaxs ry6epHiJlx'b B'b ero CJIy.me6HOM'b noaoaeata rrpOH30llJIH C.nt.n;yIO~iH neperlHLI: B'b 1858 ro.n;y OH'b nOJIyqHJI'b lIHH'b .n;ilAcTBHTeJIoHarO CTaTCKarO cOBilTHHKa H 61iIJI'b Ha3Ha'IeH'b saaeprepoas K'b BLICOqaAmeMY ,1I;BOPY, 3aTilM'b noaaaoaam opaeaaaa CB. CTaHHCJIaBa H CB. AHHLI nepsof CTeneHH H, HaKOHe~'b, B'b 1866 ro,lly aaaaasetrs 'IJIeHOM'b coBi;Ta MHaacrpa BHyTpeHHHX'b .n;tJI'b C'b npoH3Bo.n;CTBOM'b B'b TailHLIe cOBilTHHKH. R'b TOMY .me nepio.n;y OTHOCHTCJl ero ysacne B'b HilcKOJILKHX'b OC06LIX'b KOMMHclaxs. TaK'b, BCKOpil no B03JIo.meHiH ua II. H. EaTIOmKoBa 3a60T'b 0 aanazuoPYCCKHX'b xpasaxs, OH'b 6hln aaaaasem, lIJIeHOM'b B'b 06pa30BaHHLIfI npa CB. CHHo.n;iI KOMllTeT'h .n;JIH paacxorphala npezcraaaeala KieBCKarO, BOJIhlHCKaro H nozoxscxaro reaepars-ryoepaaropa, KHJl3J1 B. II. BaCHJIL'IHKOBa, 0 nepeJIo.meHiH HaTypa.nLHoit nOBHHHOCTH, KOTOPYro HeCJIH npaxoaaae K'b npalITaM'b, B'b .n;eHe.mHYIO. Bs 8TOT'b KOMHTeT'b 6hlJIH nparaameasr .n;enYTaThl OT'I> sanaaao-pyccsaxs enapxiA H pa3HLIX'b BiI.n;OMCTB'b, H B'b lIHCEl> nOCJIiI.n;HHX'b OT1, MHHHCTepCTBa BHyTpeHHHX'b .n;t.n'b npe.n;CTaBHTeJIeM1> OhlJI'b n. H. EaTIOllKOB'b. He npH3HaBaH uh.neco06paaHLIM'b 06cy.m.n;aTl> eonpocs 00'1 orieaneseata .n;YXOBeHCTBa TOJILKO KaK'b rlpy cpHHaHeosylo, OH'b anecs B'b KOMHTeT'b oco- 6yIO aarracsy 0 TilX'h Milpax'b, KOTOPLIJI, no ero MHilHiIO, MOrJIH 6LI CJIy.mBTL KaK'b .n;JIJI YCTaHOBJIeHiJi .n;06phlX'b OTHomeHiii Me.m.n;y nacTLIpHMH H naCTBOIO, TaK'b H .n;JIJI .n;ilAcTBHTeJILHarO soaasnneala HpaBCTBeHHaro ypOBHH caxoro .n;yxoBeHcTBa. Bt, 3arrHCKiI 8TOii, rJIaBHLIM'b oopaaoxs, npOBO)l.HJIaCL MhlCJIL ·0 TOM'b, 'ITO Heooxo.n;HMO CTpeMHTLCJl K'b YHHlJ.To.meHiIO 3aMKHYTOCTH .n;YXOBHsro COCJIOBiJi. no OKOH1JaHiH pa60T'b B'b 03HalleHHOM'b KOMHTerl, 3anHCKa n. H. EaTIOllKOBa nozaaa noaom K'b npe.n;CTaBJIeHiIO MHHHCTpa BHyTpeHHHX'b )lilJI'b 06'1 OTKPLITiH o6~aro npHcYTcTBiH no .n;t.naM'b .n;yxoBeHcTBa, Ky.n;a n. H. BaTIOmKOB'b, BM'hCrl C'b rpacpoM'b ,11;. H. TOJICThlM'b, 6LIJI'b nasnasem, 3aBiI.n;yIO-

xxv

~M'b ,n;il.rraMll. COOOpaJKeHiJl, H3JIOJKeHHLIJI B'b 3anHCKi; IIoMneJI HHKOJIaeBH1J:a, nOCJIYJKHJIH K'b YHH'lTOJKeHiIO MHOrHX'b OOLl'laeB'b, BKpaBmHXCJI, B'b re'Ie Hie ,n;O.JIraro BpeMeHH, B'b ~epKOBHYIO npaKTHKY, HO He lIrlIO~HX'b OCHOsaala B'b KaHOHH1J:eCKHX'b nOCTaHOBJIeHiJIx'b. Ho paspaeorsa 3THX'D M"hp'b COaepmanacs YjKe Oe3'b Y'1acTiJI II. H. BaTIOmKOBa, TaK'b KaK'b BCKOpt OH']) oLIn npaaaarrs Bsrcosaameio BO.JIeIO Ha zpyroe IJOnpH~e C.JIYJKeOHoit ,n;i;JITe.Jl])HOCTlI: 13-ro MapTa 1868 rona BCeMH.JIOCTHBtitme noaeasao OLlJlO eMY BCTYITHTb B'b ,n;O.JIJKHOCTb rrOrre'1HTe.JIJI BH.JIeHCKarO Y'1eOHarO oxpyra,

'I'aepaoe H HeYK.JIOHHoe nposegeate PYCCKHX'D Ha'la.JI'b B1> ynpasaeala Y'leOHOIO 'l3CTbIO COCTaB.JIJlJIO ocooeHHYIO nOTpeOHOCTb Banaaaaro spaa Henocpencrseaao nocns npespameata nO.JIbCKoit CMYTLI. CHCTeMa 3Ta, yxaaauaaa Bacosaamero BO.JIeIO, npHBO,n;H.JIac]) YJKe B,]) HCnO.JIHeHie rrpennecrseaHHKaMH Iloanea HHKO.JIaeBH'la no ynpaaaeauo BH.JIeHCKHM'b ospyroat, - KHJl3eM'b A. A. illHpHHCKUM'b-III:uxMaTOBLlM'b H II. II. KOPHH.JIOBLlM'b. II. H. BaTIOmKOB'b OLl.JI'b )l;OCTOitHLlM'b npo,n;O.JIJKaTe.JIeM'b UX'b ,JJ;'Ma.OcoOeHHoe BHlIMaHie OLl.JIO HM'b oopameao Ha COOCTseHHO napomoe otipaaosaale. OH'b 03aOOTH.JICJI YCH.JIeHieM'b COCTaBa lIHcneKTOpOB'b aapozuax» Y'1HJIHm'b H acxoaaTaitcTBOBa.JI'b, '1T06LI 1J:HC.JIO 3THX'b .JIH~'b OLlJIO YBe.JIH'leHO Cn 14,n;0 24. OH'h npH.JIarap 3aooTLI K'b TOMY, '1TOO'b yJIY'1IDHTb noaoaeaie MO.JIo,n;e'1HeHCKOH Y'1HTe.Jl])CEoit ceaaaapla H BLlpaOOTa.JI,]) npoesrs ,n;.JIJI OCHOBaHiJI apyraro no,Il00HarO aaseaeala 6.JIH3'b MOrH.JIeBa. Y cntx'h Mtp'b, npHHJITLlX'h no Hapo,n;Hoit IIIKO.rri;, npaaaeas K'b ce6t CO'1YBcTBie CeJIbCKHX']) oO~eCTB'b, xoropoe BLIpa- 3H.JIOC]) C'b lIX'b CTOPOHhl rrOJKepTBOBaHiJlMH na co,n;epJKaHie y'1lIJIlI~'b 1I Ha YCTPOitCTBO y,n;06HLlXD rrorl~eHiit,ll;JIJI HBX'D: TaKiJI nOJKepTBOBaHiJI OKaaa.JIHCb BeC])Ma 3Ha'1lITe.JI])HhlMH He TO.JIbKO B'b rtX'b ry6epHiJIX'b ospyra, r,n;t npeooaa.ll:aeT'b pYCCKoe rrpaBOC.JIaBHOe naceaeme, HO ,n;aJKe B'b I\OOOHCKOit, aaceneaaoa 1I0'lTH BCK.JIIO'IHTeJIbHO .JIUTOB~aMH-KaTO.JIUKaMH. OOY'IeHie KpeCT])JIHCKBX'b .ll:tTeit ~epl\OBHOMY nhaho B'b mKO.JIaX'h nOC.JIYJKlI.JIO K,]) YBe.m'leHiIO O.JIaro.JItnla npaBOC.JIaBHarO Ooroc.JIYjKCHiJI. IIpoH3Be,n;eHhl6LI.JIu TaKJKe nO.JIe3HQUI y.JIY'lmenla B'b clf>ept cpezaaro oOpaaOBaHiJl. C.JIY~KaJI rHMHa3il1, COCTOJIBmaJI npeJK,n;e B'b Bt,n;tHiH BH.JIeHCKaro pe4>opMaTCltarO caaoza, nomaneaa Obl.JIa ynpaareano Y'Ie6HarO ospyra rrapaairs cs npO'IHMlI TaKHMlI 3aBe,n;eHiJIMH. Booome B,]) rHMHa3iJIX'D Y.JIY'1meHLI OLI.JIH npenozaaareascnla CH.JILI H3,]) .JIU~'b 1\0- penaaro PYCCKaro npOHCXOJK,n;eHiJi. II. H. BaTIOmKOB'h rrpH3HaBa.JI,]) nOJIe3HblM'b OCHOBaHie B'b BH.JI])Ht npaaocnasuof .n;yXOBHOit aKa,n;eMiH, cs OCOOLlM,]) HCTOPHKo-If>H.JIO.JIOrH'leCKHM']) If>aKY.JIbTeTOM'b, KOTOPLIH rOTOBH.JI'b OLI npenoaasare-

XXVI

JIeit ,lJ;JIJl MilCTHhlX'b rBMHasiA H CJIYJRBJI'b 6LI .o;eHTpOM'It ,lJ;JIJl Y'IeHoA ,u;i;JITeJII.HOCTH B'b Kpai>. jKeHcKoe oomecrseaaoe 06paSOBaHie B'b OKpyrl TaKlKe noay'IBJIO npa II. H. Banomaoes 60JIi>e pycCKiA xapasreps: SaKpLlTLI 6LIJIH 'IaCTIII.Ie JReHCKie naacloau, CO,lJ;epJRHMLIe IIOJIbKaMU H CJIYJRBBmie pascamasaaa nOJILcltO-KaTOJIH'IeCKBX'b H,lJ;eA, H nOJIOmeHO OCHOBaHie BLICmeMY mecraaaacCHOMY JReHCKOMY HHCTHTYTY B'b BBJILHi>.

KaK'b aa O,lJ;Hy US'b BLI,lJ;aIOID;HXCJl Mi>p'b, npaaaraxs II. H. BaTIOllKOBLIM'b no BHJIeHCIWMY Y'Ie6HOMY ospyry, CJfl>,lJ;yeT'b YKasaTL na nepesozs KaTOJIHJIH'IeCKUX'b MO.lIHTBeHHBKOB'b aa PycCKiA JlSLIK'b. Bs 'IBCJIi> BOCIIHTaHHHKOB'b 'B'b llKOJIaX'b oxpyra HaXO,lJ;HJIHCL ,u;i;TH pO,lJ;HTeJIeit, KOTopLIe, acnosfuya saTOJIH'leCKYIO nspy, He C'IHTaJIH ce6H nOJIHKaMH, a npH'IHCJIHJIH K'b 6i>JIOpyccaM'b HJUI JIHTon.o;aM'&; MeJK.n;y T'kM'b, saKOH'b BoJItiA H HM'b npenOMBaJICJl na nOJIbCIW:M:'b JlSLIKi>, 'ITO BeJIO HX'b, HecoMHi>HHO, K'b OnOJIH'IeHiIO. He npaaaaBaR BOSMOJRHLIM'b ,n;orrYCKaTb TaKoit nopaaoss Be:w;eit B'b npaBHTeJILCTBeHHoit mKOJI'l>, II. H. BaTIOmIWB'b c,n;i;JIaJI'b pacnopaateale 0 nepeBo,n;i> na pYCCKm JlSLII{'b KaTeXBSHca H MOJIHTBeHHHKOB'b, 6LIBmUX'b B'b ynorpenreata Y 6i>.rropycCOB'b H JIHToBqeB'b, H no 0,n;06peHiH aTHX'b nepesoxom, ,n;YXOBHLIMB BJIacTJlMH PHMCIW-KaTOJIH'IeCKarO acnoabzanta, BBeJI'b yrrorpeoaenle aTHX'b KHHr'b BO Bci; YQe6H.hlJl aaseaeala ospyra. Mi>pa 3Ta BCTpi>QeHa 6LI.rra COQYBCTBeHHO He TOJIbKO 6i>JIOpyccaMH-KaTOJIHKaMH HS'b MipHH'b, HO H Hi>KOTOPLIMB KaTOJIH'IeCKmlB CBH:w;eHHUKaMH, Ha'laBIIIHMH npenozaaars SaKOH'b BOlKiti: na PYCCKOM1> HSLIKh.

Hanoaens, HeJILSR He ynoxaayr» erne 06'b 0,n;H01l11> M'l>ponpiJlTiH II. H.

BaTIOIJIKOBa B1> 6bITHOCTL ero nonexareaeas Bareacsaro Y'le6Haro ospyra. B's Bi>,n;i>HiH ero COCTOJlJID BHJIeHCKiA MyseA, OCHonaHHLIit B'b 1856 ro.n;y ,n;JIH coxpaneaia naMHTHHKOB'b Sana,ll;HO-pYCCKOA ,n;peBHOCTH, 110 cTaBlliit C'b nepnaxr, lKe rlT'b csoero cynrecrsoaaata XpaHHJIHrn;eM'b npeaxymecraeaao TaKUX'b npeaaeroas, KOTopLIe HarrOMHHaJIH TO.lIbKO 0 nepio,u;i; nOJILCKarO rocIIo,n;CTBa H KaTOJIH'leCKaro npe06JIa,n;aHiH B'b 3ana,n;Hoit PYCH H JIHTBt. Br, 1865 ro~y Ha'laT'b 6.hlU nepecxorps MyseAHLIX'b KOJIJIeK.o;iA C'b .u;i>JILIO BLI,1d,JIHTb H3'b HUX'b npe,lJ;MeTLI cosepmenao HeYMi>cTHLIe, HM'l>Knqie nOJILcltO;n;eMoHcTpaTuBHoe aaaseate, Pa60Ta ara 6.hlJla npaaezeaa K'b OKOH'IaHiIO erne npesae, 'Ii>M'b BO rJIaBi> ynpasneala ospyrosn, CTaJI'b II. H. BaTIOmKOB'b. Ho, BnOJIHi> 0,lJ;06PHJl ee co caoea CTOPOHLI H rJIy60Ko y6i>JR;n;eHHblA B'b TOM'b, xro ysenoe y'lpeJK;n;eHie ,n;OJIjRHO 6.hlTL 'ly.lK;n;O nOJIHTH'IeCI{HM'b .o;i>JIJlM'b, B'b oc06eHHocTH BpaJK;n;e6HLIM'b PYCCKOMY rocyxapcreeaaoxy Ha'laJIY, IIoMneA HHKOJIaeBH'I'b HacTOJIJI'b na HS'bRTiH BS'b BHJIeHCKaro MyseJi 254 npeaxeroes,

XXVII

npH3HaHHLIX1> HeIIO.n;Jleaca~MH XpaHeHiIO B1> HeM1>, H pacnopsmnca rrpenpoBO.n;HT:O HX1> B1> MOCKOBCKlit IlyoJIHtIHLIit MY3eft. 3a TO BO BpeMJI ynpaaaeala II. H. BaTIOIIIKOBa, BHJIeHCKOe XpaHHJIH~e .n;peBHocTeft, paBHO I{a&1> ~ coeaaHeHHaH C1> HHM1> nyomtIHM OH6JIioTeKa, OOOraTRJIHCL 3Ha'lHTeJILHLIMb KOJIH'le- , CTBOM1> CTapHHHLIX1> oe~eit R pYKonRceft Mi>cTHaro pyccsaro rrpORCXOJK.n;eH1JI.

TaI{JIM1> ·oOpa30M1>, BO Bceit cnoea .n;iwTeJIMIOCTH no ynpaareaho BRJIeHCKRM1> ytIe6HLIM1> ospyroas II. H. BaTIOIIIKOB1> OCTaBaJICJI HeH3Mi>HHo Bi>PHLIM1> TOit 06~eft cHcTeMi> yrrpasaema 3ana.n;HO-PYCCKlIMD npaesrs, KOTOpaa OLIJIa rsepzo YCTaHOBJIeHa B1> 1863 ro.n;y no MLICJIH M. H. M ypaasesa H OCHOBLIBaJIaCL aa cTpOrOM1> H HeYRJIOHHOM1> YBaJKeHiH K1> PYCCRHM1> rocy.n;apcTBeHHLIM1> HatIaJIaM1> H K1> rrpaBOCJIaBHOA Bi>Pi>. MeJK.n;y Ti>Mb, npa reHepa.rr1>-a,n;1>IOTaHn A. JI. IIDTanoBi> B. rJIaBHOM'b ynpaezeala C1>oepo-3arra.n;HLIM'I> KpaeM'I> oOHapY.iKRJIOCL CHJILHOe YRJIOHeHie on npe.iKHefi CHCTeMLI. liaK'I> npocssmeaasra H ropaxo JlIOOJI~iA caoe OTe'leCTBO a.n;MRHHCTpaTOp'l> II tIeJIOBi>K1>, Iloxnea HRKOJIaenllq'l> He .n;onYCKaJI'I> B03MO.iKHOCTH rrOCTYnHTDCJI CBORMR narptorasecsaaa y6i>.iK,IlelliJIMH H BcJIi>.n;CTBie roro BC&Opi> pa30meJICJI BO B3rJIJI.n;aXD C'I> reHepa.rrOM'I>-ryoepHaTopOM'I>. Pe3YJIbTaTOM'I> aroro pa3JIa.n;a 6LIJIO YBOJILHeHie II. H. BaTIOIIIKOBa OT'I> .n;OJIJKHOCTH norre'lIlTeJIJI, COCTOHBlIIeeCJI, BnpOtIeM'L, COBepmeHHO .n;JIJI Hero HeO.iKH.n;aHHO; 24-ro OKTJI6pJI 1 869 rona OH'I> OLIJIb nepeasmem, B1> Ilerepnyprs 'lJIeHOM'b cossra xaaacrpa aapoxaaro npocabnteuia.

BblCOKOIIOJIe3HaH .n;'BJITeJIbHOCTD, KOTOPYIO npOJIBIIJI'I> Iloxnez HIIIWJIaeBHlIb npa ynpanneaia ospyroxn, Hero ropasaa npezaaaocrs CBOHM'b pycCKHM'I> yoi>JK,n;eHiHM'I> npHBH3aJIR K'I> HeMY ero BRJIeHClmX'I> COTpy.n;HHKOB'I>. OCTaBJIJIJI BRJILHY, OH'I> B'I> TtCHOMD Kpy.iK&'B RX'b, na npOIIIaJIbHOM1> oo'I;.n;1>, BLICKa3aJI'b RM'I> CBOft 3aBi>T'I>-C'I> JII060BbIO, repirbulesrs H caMOOTBepJKeHieM'I> DeCTH CBHToe ,n;i>JIO B03CTaHOBJIeHiH R YTBep.iK.n;elliJI PYCCKHX1> na'laJIb B'I> YlIeonLIX'I> 3aBe.n;eHiRXD Obsepo-Banamaro KpaJI, .n;a6LI KaiK.n;blft R31> HRX'I> MOf'l> co cnosoltaoro COBi>cTbIO nOBTopHTb CJIOBa nO:31a:

H Be CO!lKBy O'Ieli: B'J. ,I,pe!loTiI, H Be OCJla6BY Dpe,l,'J. 60PL6oli:. He 6pomy DJlyra, pa6'J. JlilBHBIiA:, He oToil:,l,y 1I on Hero,

IIoKY,l,a Be Dpopby BHBIi, rOCDO,l,L, ,I,JllI cilBa 'I'soerol

OCTaBHB'I> BRJILHY, II. H. BaTIOmIWBb nepeceaanarca B'L MOCKBY.

IIocJIi> MHOrHXD JIi>T'I> HanpHJKeHHoit paanooopasaoa .n;i>JITeJIbHOCTH B'I> 3a-

XXVIII

namo - PYCCKOM,]) Kpai> OH,]), 6e3,]) coMHilHiJl, Hm']) -npaso aa l101IeTHLIA OT,n;LIX,]). Ho OCTaBaTbCJI 6e3,]) 3aHJlTiA 6hlJIO aecaoacreeaao ero 3HeprH'IeCKOA npapozs. MOC&OBCKoe 06m;OCTBO C']) YBruKeHieM,]) BCTpi>THJIO 'leJIOBi>K3, KOTO-

'pLIA TaK,]) peBBOCTHO H TaK,]) ycrrsnrao no,n;BH38.JICJI na nOJIl>3Y PYCCKaro ,n;i>JIa na HameA 3ana,n;BoA oKpauHil, H nocrrsmaao npHBJIe'Ib ero K,]) BOBOA 06~e(~TBeHHofi ~'hJITeJIbBOCTH B,]) caoea cpe,n;i>: 2-ro 41eBpaJIJI 1870 roxa IToMneA HHKOJIaeBH'I,]) 6LIJI,]) 1I30paH,]) nOMOm;HHKOM,]) npe,n;ci>,n;aTeJIJI ITpaBOCJIaBHarO Macctonepcsaro 06m;eCTBa, BO rJIaBi> soroparo CTOJlJI,]) B1> TO BpeMJI MRTpOIIOJIHT,]) MHBoKeHTiA, a l1-ro xaa 1871 ro,n;a COCTOJlJIOCb ero H36paaie B1> TOBll,PHm;H npe,n;ci>,n;aTeJIJI Mocaoscaaro CJIaBJlHCK3rO KOMHTeTa. 3aTBM,]), IrBCKOJIblW Mi;c.ap;eB,]) cnycra, I l-ro JlHBapH 1872 roza, nocn,n;oBaJIO BLICO'IaAmee aasaaseate IT. H. Banomxoaa sane-npeaaneuroas KOMDcciH no coopysseano B,]) MOCKBi> xpaxa BO HMJI Xpacra - CnaCHTeJIJl. C1> OOLIQHOIO csoeto rOpJl'IHOCTblO Tpy)J;HJICJI Iloxnett HHKOJIaeBH'I,]) B,]) 3TRX']) TpeX1> Y'IpeJK,n;eHiJlx1>. Oc06eBHo xaoro YCHJIifi nOTpe60BaJIOCb cs ero CTOpOmJ BO BpeMJI CepocKoA BoAHLI 1876 rona no CHapJlJKeHilO ,n;OOpOBOJILn;eB'b H aarnM,]) BO BpeMJI nocJIi>,n;HeA BOCTO'IHOA KaMnaHiR, Kor,n;a B,]) CJIaBJlHCKiA KOMHTeT1> CTeKaJIHCb orpOMHLI.8 nOJKepTBOBaHiJI, H xoraa ero OCaJK,n;aJIH H3,]) IOJKHOCJIaBJlHCKHX'b 3eMeJIb 6e3npepLIBHhlJI npocsria 0 nococla. B']) 3TO BpeMH Iloxnea HHKOJIaeBU'I,]) paa,n;i>JIJlJI,]) Tpy.n;LI no IWMHTeTY C']) MBaHoM'I> Cepri>eBlI'IeM,]) AKcaKOBLIM'b, C']) KOTOPLIM,]) ero CBH3LIBaJIH .n;aBHHmHiJl .n;PYJKecKiJl oraomeaia.

Cpeaa Bci>X'b 3THX']) 3aHHTifi IT. H. EaTlOmKOB,]), no npeJKHeMY, He noIm,n;a.1'b MLICJIblO Bananro - PYCCKaro npaa, Eme B,]) OLITHOCTL CBOIO none'1HTeJIelI'b BHJleHCKarO yqeOHarO ospyra OH,]) no,n;rOTOBUJI'b MaTeplaJILI ,n;JIH npozoaaeala Bacosaame nopyseaaro eMY H3,n;aHiJI «ITaMHTHHKOB,]) pyccxoa CTapHHLI B'b 3ana,n;HLIx']) ryoepHiJIx']» H K,]) ysacrno B,]) HeM']) npHBJIeK,]) yselILIH CBJIhl, HaXOAHBmiHCJI B,]) BHJIbHt. Bs 1872 ro;zy BhlmM']) B'b cBi>n Y -fi aanycics «ITaMJITHRKOB'b» , a I:l'b 1874-VI-fi; KaJK,n;LIit H3'b HHX']) coCTOHT'b H3'b aTJIaCa PRCYHKOB']) H KHBrH B,]) 4-10 ,n;OJIIO JIlICTa, B1> KOTOpoA conepaarca He TOJILKO OO,])HCHeHiJI PHCyaKOB'b, HO H caMOCTOHTeJILHhlJI CTaTLH; aTJIaCLI 3aKJUO'laIOT,]) B,]) ceot, na 36 JIRCTax']), npesocxomo-acnomeaaae H300paJKeHiH .n;peBHHX']) coopYJKeHiii Osnepo-Banaaaaro KpaJI H CHHMKH cs npoH3Be,n;eHiit sanamo-pyccsoa nesara; BaJRHilfimiJl H3,]) nOMt~eHHLIX,]) CTaTeit CYTb: «O'IepI(,]) HCTOpiH ropoxa BHJlLHLI», npespacao COCTaBJIeHHLIA H3BtCTHLIM'b yqeHLIM,]) B. r. BaCHJILeBcKHM,]), H JI1000nLITHhle MaTepiaJILI ,n;JIJI HCTOpiH aanamo-pyccsof craponesara, ~oopaHBLIe H oopaooraaase 3HaTO-

XXIX

KOM'b II. A. rHJILTe6paH,n;TOM'b. II. H. BaTIOmKOB'J. C'L OC06eHHOIO JII060BLIO Ha6JIIO,n;aJI'b sa lIe,n;rOTOBJIeHieM'b aroro Hs,n;aHiJl, xoropoe, 110 ero cnpaBe,n;JIlIBOMY y6b,n;eHiIO, ,n;OJIJKHO 6hlJIO onaaan, cy~ecTBeHHLIH yCJIyrH oresecraemrof HCTOpH1IeCKoA HayK'l, OOHapo,n;OBaHieM'b HOBhlX1> ,n;parO)J,iIHHhlX1> p;aHHhlX'L. Ho B1> 1874 rozy lIs,n;aHie c IIaM.HTHHKOB1>)) 6hlJIO OCTaHOBJIeHO H Bos06HOBHJIOCL JIHmb ,n;eCHTb rlT1> CiIYCTJI, xorxa rpa<p1> ,11;. A. TOJICTOit Hcxo,n;aTaitcTBOBaJI1> paapbmenle aa ero IIpop;oJIJKeHie. IIo Bos06HOBJIeBm «IIaMJlTHHKOB1>)) H3,n;auO 5hlJIO eme p;Ba aanycsa: VII-it-B'b 1885 rozy H VIII-it-B'b 1886 ro,n;y. Bsmycaa 3TH, nOCBJI~eHHhle XOJIltICKoA PYCH, COCTaBJIeHhl 110 IIJIaHY )!;ByX1> rrpemneCTByIO~X'b, ro-ecrs, KaJKp;LIit HS1> HHX'L COCTOHT'L HS'b aTJIaCa PHCYHKOB'b H 'lepTeJKeit H KHlIrH rescra. PHCYHKH, 'lHCJIOM'b 30, BocnpOHSBOP;JlT'b naMHTJlllKH nepaoaaaro SO,l('1eCTBa B1> XOJIMlJJ;HHt, noprpersr rJIaBHhlX'b HCTopH'IeCKlIX'b ea )l;tJlTeJIeit H cHHMl,m C'b ea cTapHHHhlX'L nHCLMeHHhlX'L naMJlTHHKOB'L; B1> aTJIac'b BlW1IO'IeHa TaKJKe acropaso-reorpacasecsaa napra xpaa. lITO KaCaeTCJI TeKCTa, TO OH'b COCTOHT'b HS'b paza crarea no n;epKoBHoit H rpaJK)!;aHcKoit HCTopiH XOJIMCKOA PYCH, no ea apxeoaorla H 3THOrpa<PiH. 00- Tpy,n;HHKaMH II. H. BaTIOIDKOBa OhlJIH aa 3TOT'b paas KaK'b MtcTHhle SHaTOKlI RPaJI, TaK'b H HtKoTopLIe HS'b HamHX'b H3BtcTHLTX'b Y'leHhlX'b: ,11;. II. IIJIoBaitCRiA, M. O. I\OJlJIOBH'I'b, II. II. MaJIhlmeBcKiit, A. C. IIaBJIoB'b, H. II. IIeTPOB'b, C. B. IIIOJIi.OBH'I'b. I\pait 3TOT'b (JII06JIHHCKa.H H Ct)l;JIen;&aJl ryrepHiH BapIDaBCKarO reaepam-rytiepaaropcraa), B'b KOTOPOM'b PYCCKaJI napoxHOCTL COXpaHHJIa CBOH OCOOOUHOCTH, ueCMOTpJI aa zaanee nOJILCKOe rocnozCTBO, )!;O nOCJIt,n;HJlrO BpeMeHH nO'lTH He npHBJIeKaJI'b K'b ce6t BBHMaHiJi HamHX'b yseauxs; TtM'b BamHte npe,n;cTaBJIHeTCJI HaY'luaJl sacayra II. H. BaTIOmKoBa, KOTOPLIit C'bJM'hJI'b o6paTHTL aa Hero H3LICKaTeJILHOCTL HtCKOJIbKHX'b TaJIaHTJIHBLIX'b PYCCKHX'b Hscrl)!;OBaTeJIeit H TaKHM'b 06paSOM'L nOJIOJKHJI'b OCHOBY Y'leHhlM'b Tpy)!;aM'b CJIt.n;yIO~HX'L nOKOJItHiit.

BLInYCKaMH, 1I0CBJI~eHHhlMH XOJIMCKOit PYClI, 6hlJIO ,n;OCTOitHhlM'b oepaSOM'b 3aKOH'leHO aaaaale « IIaMJlTHHKOB'b ). Ho (IIaMJlTHHKH» COCTaBJIJlJIH Hs,n;aHie pocaomaoe H noporoe, npHTOM'b nesarasmeeca B'b OrpaHH'IeHHOM'b KOJIH'lecTst 3ImeMnJIJlpOB'bj no 3THM'b npH'lHHaM'I.! OHH He MOrJIH HMtTL maposaro pacnpocrpaaeata, IICXO)!;JI HS'b 3TOit MhlCJIH, II. H. BaTIOmKOB'b npempaHJlJI'b ,n;pyroit pJl)!;'b Hs,n;aHiit no HCTOpiH H OIlHcamIO 3ana,n;Hoit PYCH, 60JIte ,n;emeBLIX'b H, crl)!;OBaTeJILHO, 60JIte ,n;ocTynHhlX'b OOJILIDHHCTBY '1HTaTeJIeA, Hs,n;aHiit, nparomsrxs Ta~e ,n;JIJI mKOJI'b H Bo06~e TaK'b HaShlBaeMhlX'b nonyJIJlPHLIX'b. B'b 3TlIX'b HS)!;aHiJlx'b HMi>JIOCL B'b BH)l;J IIPOCJIt,n;HTL lICTOpJJlIeCKH

xxx

eY,lI;b6.hI paaHLIX'1 'IaCTe! 3ana,ll;HOil PYCH, oCBim~3JI cJlaKT.hI ea npomaaro cs PYCCKOI!: TO'lKH apfmla, 3eMm BCKOHH pyccsta B rrpaBOCJIaBH.hIJI, 3aII3,l1;HOPycCKiH 06JIacTB noxro crpaaana OT'1 rOCnO,ll;CTBa ITOJIbmH B ltaTOJIH'IecTBa, B STO 06CTOJITeJIbCTBO CaMhIM'1 IIe'l3.JIl>H.hIM'1 06paaOM'1 OTpa3HJIOCI> ua oopa- 60TKi; HCTOpiH STOro xpaa B na rlXb npe,ll;CTaBJIeHiHX'1 0 Hen, uItiJI cymeCTBOBaJiB erne aenaeao Bl> 06paSOBaHHOM'1 PYCCKOK'1 06~ecTBi;. XOTJI nocnf nOJIbCKlIX'1 CMyT'1 1863 roza BSrJIJI~ namero 06~ecTBa B'b STOMl> oraomeHiB 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO npOHCHHJIHCb II C.l(i;JIaJIBCb 60m npaBBJThHLUm B 60JIte Hao.ioHaJ1bHhIMB, nM'1 He MeHile aama JIHTepaTypa eme He ,lI;aJIa 06~e,ll;0- crynasrx» coxaaeata, B'b IWTOP.hIX'1 BCTOPlflleCKiJl cy,ll;b6.hI 3ana,ll;HOil Pyca 6hIJiB 61>1 H306paJKeHhI C'b Han;ioHaJIbHOil TOqKB apsata, COrJIacHo rpeeosaHiJIM'1 HayKB H B'1 06~e,ll;OcTynHOM'I> B3JI0.lKeHiB. BOCIIOJIHHTl> STOT'1 rrpo6i1JI'1 B 6hIJIO ~tJIDIO II. H. BaTIOmKoBa. Ero MLICJIb HamJI3 ce6i1 ocymecraneate npa npocesmeanoxs CO,ll;tilCTBiB rpa<Jla ,11;. A. TOJICTOl'O, KOTOPLIit BCrrpOCHJI'I> na TO Bacosaamee paapsmeme. TaltHM'b 06pa30M'I>, Ha'lBHaH cs 1887 roza, BLIrry~eHhI 6LIJIH CJIt.n;yIO~JI 'leThIpe KHBrn: «XOJIMCK3JlPYCb) (Cn6.1887), «BOJIhIHb) (CII6.1888), «Bsaopyccta B JIBTBa» (0116. 1890)1I «IIo,ll;oJIiJI» (Cn6. 1891). B'I> Ka.lK,lI;OM'I> B3'1> STlIX'I> TOMOB'I> BSJIaraeTCJI IICTopiJI ,lI;aHHoit o6JIaeTB B'I> BB.l(i; CBJl3HarO pascsasa, B KpOrl roro, K.aK'b ,Jl;orroJIHeHie K'b STOMY OCHOBHOMY O'lepKY, JlBJIJIIOTCa 06'bJlCHHTeJIbH.hIJI CTaTbH K'I> pBcYHKaM'I>,-pBCYHKH .lite 1I:J06pamaIOT'I> Be~eCTBeHHhIe lIaMJITHHKB rlCTHOit ,lI;peBHOCTB, a TaK.lKe noprpersr BCTOpH'IeCKHX'b .zct;JlTeJIeit, BMtBmllX'b oco6oe aaaseale ,lI;JIJI spaa, ,n;JIJI ycnsmaaro ocymecraneala aroro nOJIe3HarO npeanplarta IT. H. BaTIOmKOB'b aameJI'b .zct;HTeJIbHarO H TaJI3HTJllJ8arO COTpY,ll;HHIta B'I> JIH~ rrpolf>eceopa EieaCKoA .n;yXOBHOit aKa,ll;eMiH H. H. Ilerpona, KOTOPLIM'1 B COCTaBJIeHhI, npa co~hitCTBiB npooeccopa II. II. MaJIhImeBCKaro, OCHOBHhIH CTaTbH actXb BLInYCKOB'1; CTaTbH.lKe P;OIlOJIHHTeJIbHLIJI o6pa60ThIBaJIHCb rJIaBHhlM'1 o6paaon M. II. I'opo,Jl;e~HM'1. HI> ,lI;OIlOJIHeHie K'1 'IeThIpen H33BaHHLIM'1 KHHraM'1 IT. H. BaTIOmKoBbIM'1 6hIJI'1 1I0,D;rOTOBJIeH'I> O,ll;HOPO,Jl;H.hIit C'1 HHMH no rrJIaHY Tpy,ll;'1 0 Beccapaota. Ho nO'lTeHHoMY H3,11,aTeJIIO He cy.lK,lI;eHO 6LIJIO ,Jl;O.lKHTb ,Jl;0 saxona ero B'1 cBtn.

IIocJIt aroro 0630pa 1I3,l1;3HiA IT. H. BaTIOmKOBa no BCTOpiH H ,lI;peBHOCTJIM'1 Banaaao-Pyccsaro KpaJI, ooaopa, KOTOPhIit ,lI;OBeJI'b HaC'1 ,lI;0 resymaro roza eCTeCTBeJIHLIM'1 IIYTeM'1, - H60 ITo:ltlIIeit HBltOJiaeBB'I'1 HBKOr,ll;a He paaCTaB3JICJI C'1 MhICJlbIO 06'1 STOM'1 Kpat, r.zct; lIM'1 nOJIO.lKeHO CTOJIbKO narplorasecxaro Tpy,ll;a, -C'IBTaeM'1 Hy.lKHLIM'1 B03BpaTH1'LCJI Ha3a,ll;'1 B'1 osepsf ero CJIY.lKe6Hoit ,lI;tJITeJlbHOCTH.

XXXI

20-rOlloHH 1881 roaa HLIHiI 6JIarOUOJIY'lHO ~apcTByIO~eMy I'ocyaajuo IbmepaToPY 6JIa.royro,n;Ho 6LIJIO BCeMHJIOCTHBilAme H3.3Ha'IHTl> II. H. BaTIOmKOBa nO'leTHLIM1> oueKYHOM1> B1> MOCKOBCKoe npacyrcrele Oneayncsaro coBilTa Y'lpeJK)I;eHiii IIMuepaTpHIJ,LI MapiH.3arlM1> 17-ro iIOJIR 1882 rOJJ;a IIoMueii HHKOJIaeBH'l1> 6LIJI1> nepeeezeas Bb C.-IIeTep6yprcKoe npacyrcrale Onesyacxaro cosara H ncaops nocrl roro npHHJlJI'b B1> csoe 3aBtJJ;LIBaHie C.-IIeTep6yprcKiA BJJ;OBiA )l;OM1> , JJ;OM1> UPH3ptHiR 6t)l;HLIX'D JJ;tB~1> oJIaropomaro aaania H Bocspeccaoxia COOOpb BetX'D Y'le6HhTX1> 3aBe,n;eHiii.

15- ro MaJI 1883 roaa, B1> )l;eHl> CBR~eHHaro xopoaoaaala IIX'D IIMnepaTOpCKHX1> BeJIH'IeCTBb, II. H. BaTIOmKOB1> OLIJI1> BCeMHJIOCTHBtAme UOJKaJIOBaH1>KaBa.rrepOM1> opzeaa en. AJIeKCaH,n;pa HeBCKarO; 17-roMapTa 1885roJJ;R eMY 061>JlBJIeHa OLIJIa Bsrcosaamaa Ero IIMIIepaTopcxaro BeJIH'leCTBa OJIaro,1I;apH~CTD aa Tpy.!J;LI no H3JJ;aHiIO VII-ro H VIII-ro BLInYCKOB1> (IIaMJlTHHKOB1> PycCKoA CTapHHLI B1> 3aUa)I,HLIX1> ryoepataxs », a l-ro JIHBapR 1887 roaa, B1> Harpazy nJITHJJ;eCJlTHJItTHeA CJIYJKOhT, OH1> BCeMHJIOCTHBtAme 6LIJI1> npoaaBe)l;eH1> B1> ,lI;tAcTBHTeJILHLIe TaAHble COBtTHHKH.

B1> HOBOA csoea )I,tJITeJIl>HOCTH no 60royrO,1l;HLIM1> 3aBeJJ;eHiHM1> IIoMueA HHKOJIaeBH'l1>, He CMOTPJI na TJIJKeCTl> JI'i>T1> , UPOHBHJI1> CBOIO OOLI'lHyIO aaepriIo. O,n;HOIO H31> IIOCJItJJ;HHX1> 3aOOT1> ero OLIJIO B0300HOBJIeHie B1> nepeoaa'IaJIl>HOM1> BHJJ;t BHYTpeHHeA OT)I;tJIKH Bocnpeceacsaro cooopa, npenpacnaro coopyaeala 3HaMeHHTaro PaCTpeJIJIH. Ente He3a,n;OJIrO )1;0 KOH'lHHLI ero 3aHH- . .MaJIa MLICJID 0 UOJIHOM1> B0306HOBJIeHiH H BH'l>mHocTH xpaua.

Rporl pJI,n;a H3JJ;aHiii no HCTOpiH 3aUa)l;HOA Poccta, Iloxnea HHKOJIaeBH'l1>, B1> UocJItJJ;Hie ro,n;LI cnoea 3tH3HH, npH.BeJIb B1> acnoaseate eme O)l;HO aareparypaoe npe,n;npiJITie-H3)1;aHie cO'lllHeHiA csoero opaTa n03Ta.

RaK1> 061>JICHeHO BLIme, IIoMneit HHKOJIaeBD'I1> UO'lTH He 3HaJI'I> BLICOKO)l;apOBHTaro KOHCTaHTHHa HHKOJIaeBH'la. Ho BocnHTaHHLIA na JIY'ImUX1> npe)l;aHiJIx1> PycCKoA JIHTepaTypLI H OOJI3,n;aJI TOHKHM1> 'IYBCTBOM1> H3JI~HarO, OH1> BUOJIHt yM'l>JI1> ~tHHTl> TaJIaHT1> roro, xoro Ha3LIBaIOT1> 6JIHJKaiim:HM1> npenmeCTBeHHHKOM1> IIymKDHa. OH1> rOBOpHJI1>, 'ITO H3,n;aHie rrpOH3Be)l;eHiA ROHCTaHTHHa HHKOJIaeBH'la 3aBt~aHO eMY )l;pyrOM1> n03Ta, KHJI3eM1> IIeTpoM1> AHJJ;peeBH'IeM1> BJI3eMCKHM1>, H 'ITO HCrrOJIHHTD 3TO 3aBt~aHie, XOTJl OLI rrO)l;1> KOHe~1> JKH3HH, OH1> C'IHTaeT1> CBOHM1> CBH~eHHLIM1> )l;OJIrOM1>. Pe)l;aKI\iIO aroro H3JJ;aHiJl H COCTaBJIeHie oiorpa4liH R. H. BaTIOmKOBa Iloanea HHKOJIaeBH'l1> npe,n;JIOJKHJI1> namyntexy HaCTOJI~iJl CTPOltD.

COCTaBHTeJIl> aacroamaro oxepsa He HMtJI1> CJIY'IaH BCTpt'IaTDCJI

XXXII

C'b II. H. BaTIOmKQBLlM'b )1.0' rlX'b nops, noxa He nQJIY1JlIJI1> O'T1> nero :)TQrQ IIpe)l..lIO'JKeHiJl. 3a TO' B1> reseale rpexs nn, nosa IIQ)l.rQTOBJIJIJIOCb H3)J,aHie, QH1> HaXQ,lI,lIJICJI C1> HHM1> B'b IIQCTQJIHHLlX1> CHQmeHiJIx1> HCMteT1> .JzyMaTb - ycni>J11> YSHaTb H C1>YMilJI1> Q~ilHHTb ero nQ'lTeHHYIO JIH'lHQCTb. C1> IIQJIHLlM'b )l;QB'};pieM'b K1> TPY.Jzy pezasropa Iloxnea HIUWJIaeBH'l1> npe)l;OCTaBHJI1> eMY BLlpaOQTaTb IJJIaH1> HS)I;aHiJI B Qnpe)tbHTb paaMilpLl BcilX1> T'hx1> QO'I>JlCBBTeJIbHLIX'b crarea, KaKiJI KaSa.JIHCb ByJKHLlMH )l;JIJI nO'JIBQit Q~HKB npO'HSBeJJ;eBiit nosra, C1> BeHsMilBBO'IO OJlarQCKJIO'HBO'CTbIO BLlCJIymHBaJI'b O'B1> xrente oiO'rpa<fJiH no rlpi; eJI CO'CTaBJIeHiJI H Bepil)l;KQ )1;0" nQJIHJIJI'b HSJIO'JKeBHQe B'b Heit HS1> 6QraTarO' aanaca CBQHX1> BQCnO'MHHaHiit. OH'b He IlJ,a)J,JIJI1> HB CHJI1> CBO'HX1>, HR BpeMeHH )l;JIJI roro, 1JTQOLl CQQ6~Tb BS)I;aHiIO' HeQOXO')l.HMYIO nO'JIHO'TY H )l;QCTaBHTb pe)l;aKTO'PY xarepiaasr, KQTO'PLle MO'JKBO' OLlJIO' )l.QOLlTb HS1> pasasm, ceMeitHLlX1> ap~QB1>. STOA peBHUBQit Sa6O'TJIHBOCTH IIQMIIeH HBKQJIaeBlna PYCCK3JI nareparypa Q6J1SaHa rhM:1>, 'lTQ B1> COCTaB1> HS)I;aBiJI MQrJIH OLlTb BI{.,llO'leHLl He TQJIbKQ MBQriJI npespacasra nacsaa CaMQrQ nQ3Ta, paSLlCKaHHLlH ero 6paTQM1>, HO' H SHa'IHTeJIbHLlit sanaes CBH)l.ilTeJIbCTB1> 0' HeM1>, OCTaBJIeHHLlX'b ero CQBpeMeHHHKaMH. KpO'Mil TQrQ, na CBQIO )l;QJIIO llO'Mneft HBKO'JIaeBH'I1> npHHJIJI1> Be'B SaOQTLl rro HSrO'TOBJIeHiIO xY)I;O'JKeCTBeHHLlX'b npHJIO'JKeHiit K'b HS,lJ;aHiIO. B'b TQM1> BO'O')l.ymeBJIeBiH, C1> KO'TQPLlM'b Iloxnea HHKO'JIaeBH'I1> BeJI'b ,lJ;i>JIO' R3)1.aHiH, pe)l;aKTQP1> HameJI1> )l;JIH ceoa CaMQe JKBBO'e noompeale, CTO'JIb )l;O'PQrO'e )l;JIJI ycnfua pa6O'TLl... ,1(a nQ3BO'JIeHQ 6Y)l;eT1> S)I;ilCb esrpaaars )l;aHb cepzesHO'it npHSHaTeJIbHQCTB H r.1yOQKarQ YBaJKeHiJI K'b naMHTH )l;QcTQAH·hitmarO' IIQMneJI HHKO'JIaeBH'la co CTO'PO'HLl TO'rO', Ha KQrQ QH1> BO'S.JIO'JKHJI1> Tpy)l;1> nparQTO'BBTb K'b ne'laTH npQHSBe)l;eHiJI O',lJ;HQrQ HS1> JIYQIIIBX1> PYCCKHX1> nQ3TQB1>.

llYTKiit H QTSLlB'lHBLlit 1\0' BceMY, 'ITO sacaerca .nYXO'BHO'it JKH3BH PQCcia, JKHBO'it nO' rexnepazeary, KpimKifi S)I;QPO'BbeM1>, Iloanea HHKO'JIaeBH'l'b sceraa KaSaJICJI MO'JIO'JKe R cBilJKi>e CBQerO' npeKJIO'HHarO' nospacra. OH1> CTa.JI'b XBO'paTb JIHIIIb B1> nQCJIil)l;HIOIO SHMy. BQnsHb ero npO')I;O'JIJKaJIaCb CJIHmKQM'b nJITb MilcJI~eB1> B QKaSaJIaCb HeHSn'lHMO'IO. OH1> BCTpilTHJI1> cxeprs CnO'KQitHO', cs 'lYBCTBQM'b rJIYOO'KQ BilpYIOIlJ,arO' xpacriaaaaa, )l.aJKe )l;ilJIaJI'b pacIIO'PHJKeHia 0' Milcrl CBO'erO' norpeoeala. KO'H'lHHa ero nQcJIi>)I;O'BaJIa B1> Ilerepoyprl, 20-rO' MapTa 1892 rona,

JI. MaiiROB'D.

----

PT"b Yl.3.l(A TEJlB.

K'L BhlIlIe.1l.IIIIIM'L B'h CBtT'L IICTOplIlJeCKIIlIl> OnIICaHiml'L .1I,BYX'L PYCCKHX'L ry6epHiii 3 a 6 r ~ h H (JIIOO;UIHCKOIi II Ct.1l,.JIe~Koit), BXO.1I,JIIII.IIX'L B'L paitoH'.b ynpanaeaia sapmaacaaro renepam- ry6epHaropa, II lteBHTII TaI''.b Ha3hlBaeMMX'.b 3 a n a.1l, H H X '.b, nO.1l,Bt.1l.01lCT~eHHb1X'h BIIJIeHCKO.MY II KieBCKOMY reaepars-ryeepaeropaxs, I'ocy.rr.apIO lIMnepaTOPY O.JIaroyro.rr.Ho Ohl.1I0, no BcenOllllaHHtitmeMY )l.OK.lIa.1l.Y MIIHIICTpa BHYTpeHHHX'.b llt.JI'L, CTaTC'L-CeKpeTapJI lIBaml HIIKO.JIaeBIIlJa llypHOBo, 0 XO.1l.UTaitcTBt H3.11,aTe.1JJI "IIaM.HTHIIKOR'L PycCKoii crapanu B'.b aanaauaxs ryoepHi.Hx'D", BCeMII.JIOCTIIBtitme COII3BO.JIIITh Ha npIICOe.1l,HHeHie K'D II3.JI.aHiIO onIICaHiJI BeccapariCRoff ry6epHirr.

ITo nplIMtpy npe,'J,UIeCTBOBaBIIIIIX'L IICTOpIIlJeCKIIX'D OqepKOB'.b II3,lJ.3mH. HRCTO.HIII.a.a snara COCTaB.JIeHa TOiKe aa OCHOBaHlII cue~ia.1JhHblX'.b lttCTHhlX'D 113C.JIt.1l,OBUHiii II .1I,OKYMeHTa.1JhHblX'D .1I,3HHhlX'D, noxepnayraxr, B'L npaBIITe.JIhCTBeHHhlX'L II lJUCTHhlX'L upXIInaX'D II

, .

KHlIrOXpUHIIJIlIm.ax'.b .1I1I~aMII, nOCB.HTHBIlllllllI ceOJI n3yqeHlJO IICTO-

pin II H8CTOJlIII.arO 6blTa IOrO-3ana.1l,HUrO KpaJl, soropae, no nopylJeHiIO 113,n:aTe.JIJI: noctTIIJIII onacannua lIMH MtCTHOCTH *). Co nK~IOlJeHieM'D HhlHt "Beccapa6in" B'.b lI3,n:aHie "ITaMJITHIIKII" , no.1IYlJaeTCJI npaaannoe onacanie cy.n.e6'L norpaanusuxs ryoepHiit, OTb 6epel'OB'D Ba.JITiitcKaro,n:o lJepHaro MOPJI, II B'D 06m,elI'D 113.n.a-

*) OTHOCJlm,iecJI 11'1> Beccapariia HCTO'IHUKH H nesaraaa H3c.1It.ll;OBaHiJl, npUHJlTIiJi npa cocraaaeuia HCTOpU'IeCKaro onncaaia Beecapadia, nepesacaeaa B'I> "rrpmdI'IauiJlx'I>".

BECCAPABIJI.

III

XXXIV

Hie npe)J,cTaBJIJIeTh C060l0, cMteM'L HR,IJ.tJlTbCJI, HaHB03MOiKHO nOJIHoe HCTOpBIJeCKOe oooaptHie HaIllHX'L 3anS,IJ.HblX'L OKp8HH'L •

.11:HtCTP'L, IIpYTh H ,I(YHSft COCTaBJIJlIOT'b eCTeCTBeHHhIJI rpaHH~hI Beccapadia, HaCeJIeHHOii uecrpass Co ICTaBOM'h nxeaem., pa3HOp0.ll.HhIX'h CTOJIhKO jf\e no Btpt, KaK'L H no Ha~ioH8JIbHOCTH. IIpe06JIa,IJ.aIOm;ee nJIeMJI - Mo.1J,IJ.aBSHcKoe, 38. HHM'h CJIt)J,yen no IJHCJIeHHOCTB CJIaBJlHO-PYCCKoe, soropoe IiMtJIO sorna-ro nepseaCTBYIOm;ee 3HSIJeHie 8'b Kpat. OCT8JIbHoe H8CeJIeHie COCTOHT'h 1f3'b noa,IJ.HtiiIllBX'b nepecezeauees H3'L POCCiH n ,IJ.pyrnx'b CTpaHb •

.11:0 npHCOe,IJ.BHeHiJl Beccapaoia K'b axnepia BCt 3TH BLlXO)J,~hl atHJIH, He HMtJl TtCHOit CBJl3H C'h PYCCKHMH H MOJI,IJ.aBaHCKIfMH TY- 3eMIJ;aMn. II3'b POCCiH nepeCeJIJlJIIICb B'b paanoe BpeMJI: CTSPOOOpJl,IJ.~hI, 6tataBIllie CIO,lla ,IJ.JIJI OOJIte CBOOO,IJ.HarO OTnpaBJIeHiJl 6oroCJIYiKeHiJl no CTaphIM'b KHHl'8M'b, ,IJ.JIJI ;KBaHB no ,IJ.peBHBM'h 06hIQaHM'h; HeKpaCOB~bI, nosmryamie cnoa CTaHn~hI aa .11:0HY; eanopoxcsie xaaaaa, nepeCI:IJlHBIIliecJI B'h Beccapaniro nocaf YHHqTOateHiJl, B'L 1775 ro,IJ.Y, 3HaMeHllTOH HX'h Ctqn, Haxo)J,lIBllIeitCJI B'h EK8TePlIHOCJISBCROit ry6epHin, H 3eMJlH RO'l'OPOit COCTOJlTh HbIHt BO BJIa.u.tHiH HtMe~RHX'h KOJIOHHCTOB'b, BhI3BaHHhIX'h npH EKaTepHHt II.

KaK'h HeRpaCOB~bI, TaR'll H aanoposua OCHOBaJIlI HOBbIJI Ct'IH na .11:YHat. OHH nosra HHKOr,lJ,a He OKa:.lbIBUJlH BpSjK,IJ.eOHLlX'L ,IJ.tliCTBiit npOTHB'h PYCCKHX'b BoiteR'h B'h HaIIlI:l BOitHLl C'L Typ~ieH, 11 B'h 1876 ro,IJ.y JlBUO CTaJIlI na CTOpoHY POCCiH H, Cq.0pMupOBaB'h CBOI:l ,IJ.PYiKHHbI, npBMKHYJlll K'b HaIllHM'h BoiiCKaM'L.

R'b qlICJIY nepecexemtess 113'b POCCiH OTHOCJlTCJI I:I Kptnoeraae .;lIO,IJ.lI, otjKaBlllie on CBOI:lX'h BJIa,IJ.t.TIb~eB'h, II pasaaro pO,IJ.a 6po,IJ.JlrI:I.

Ilepeceaeaie B'b Beccapatiiro C.TIaBJlH'h C'b npasaro 6epera .11:)HaH *) HaQaJlOCh cs nOJlOBllHbI npouuaro CTOJltTiJl. OHO CHJIbHO BOapoCJlO BO BpeMJI BaiiubI cs Typ~ieit B'b 1787 - 1791 rO,IJ.ax'L. Ilepeceaeana HCKa.HI yo1uKHuJ,a B'L 1I311alIJIt, KlIJIin, BeH,IJ.epaX'L, ARKepM8Ht, RlIIIlHHeBt II PeHI:I, a rasae HU aeMJIJlX'h, npanaaaejKaBlIIlU'b rarapans B'b BY,lI,JKaKt, MeiK,llY yCTbJl~1II AutcTpa II ,I(y-

~--------.-~--

.. ) Talln. H:J)laBUa )lepl£HTCJI YBtpeRUOCTI., 'ITO n6ea'h Pyca aexa KpCTa Oil TpH IIPCT&".

IIpIIM. 1130.

xxxv

HaH. Bo BpeMH BoiiHbI 1806 -1812 rr, nepeceaeaie YCHJIHJIOCb B'L 3HaQHTeJIbHOii CTeneHH. XOTH, no OKOHlJaHiH BoliHH, B'll CHJIY Byxapecrcsaro rpasrsra, BbIXo,n:n;aM'L 1I3'L CJIaBHH'b npezocraaacno OYJIO npaBo BepHYTbCH na CBOlI PO,n:HblH ueneaama, Ha npaBLIii 6epePb ,n:YHaH, OHlI, o,n;HaKO, He 3aXOTMlI BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH ,n:aHHLIM'll HM1> paapfnneaiexs H npe,n:nOlJJIH OCTaTbCH rra 3eMJIHX'b, HM'b He npHHa,n:.1Jea\:j,llI,HX1>, HeCMOTpH na TO, lJTO OLIT'.b DX1> erne BOBce He OblJI'b oOeanelJeH1> HallIlIM'.b npaBHTe.1JbCTBOM1>. TIepBLIM'b, otipaTHBllIIUI'b BRHMaHie HU 6t,n:CTBeHHoe nuroxenie nepeceneanens, Ohl.J1'b reaepans IIH30B1>: BO BpeMH noehmenia Beccapaoia nanepaTOPOMrb AJIeKcaH,n:pOM1> I, OH'b Hcxo,n:aTaDcTBOBaJl1> ,n:JIH oe33elIeJIbHhlX'L nepeoeaenuens 3eMJIlI B'b CrenHX1> HoraiicKlIX'b, B1> KOJIlIQeCTBt CBHme 500 T. ,lI.eCHTIIH1>. C'b aTOH nopu nepeceaenie OOJIraps B'b Beccapaoiio CTaJIO 3HalJlITeJIbHO YBeJIHlJlIBaTbCH, TaK'b lJTO It'b 1819 ro,n;y lJlICJIO IIX'b AOmJIO ,n:o 25 T.; B'b 1835 ro,n:y OHO 6hlJIO csame 63 T., B1> 5O-x'b me rO,lJ,ax'b lJlICJIO oOJlrap1>, mlIBmlIX1> B1> CTa KOJIOHiHX'b, npenanraro 100 ThlCH'l'b.

B'b n,n:MlIHlIcTpaTlIBHOM'L ornomenia oOJIrape no,n:lJlIHHJIIICb KO-

. .

JlOHl8JIbHOMY ynpaaxenuo, na pH,lJ,y C'b npOlJlIMII KOJIOHIlCTaMH, ,n:o

ero ynpaanaeaia (17 .u:exaopH 1866 ro,n:a); Brb nacroamee BpeMH OHII cpaBHeHLI C1> KopeHHhIMII amTeJIHMII mmepia, COrJIaCHO BHCOqaiime YTBepat,n:eHHhlM'b B'h 1871 ro,n:y npaBIIJIaM'b 001> ycrpoiicTBt nOCeJIHH'b· c06cTBeHHlIKOB'L (ohlBmIIX'b KOJIOHIICTOB1» Bo.u:BopeHIILIX'b Ha xaaeHHHX1> 3eM.1JHX1>.

C1> 1814 rona, nOCJIt npacoenaneaia Beccapsdia K'b POCCilI7 B'L aTY OOJIaCTh CTaJIlI nepeCeJIHThCH Ht~Ien;Kie KOJIOHIICTH H3'b repI(OrCTBa Bapmaacsaro H 1I3'b paaHIilX'b MtcTHOCTeii I'epxaaia H IDBeitn;apilI. llPII Ha'laJIt aaceaeaia, KOJIOHiH nOJIYlJlIJIII, B'h seers nanraxs n06t,n:'h Ha)l.'b HanOJIeOHOBCKBMlI nOJI'llIlII.ltMlI B'b OTelJeCTBeHHYIO BoiiHY, HalIMeHOBaHiH: " BOpo,n:IIHO" , "TapYTIIHo", " KYJIbM'b " a T. )1,.; no cs n;apCTBOBaHiH aarreparopa HHKOJIaH I xonymena ObIJIII .IlpyriH naaaeaosania noeerenilt, 60JIte CHMDUTlI'lHhlH ,n:JIH HtlteUKlIX'b KO.1JOHHCTOB'b, NaK'b-TO: "rHa,n:eHTaJIb" H T. n.

06meHiH MeiK)l.Y IIH0cTpaHHhum li.OJIOHiHMlI 1I MtCrHLlM'h pycCKlI~I'b II lIOJI)l.UBaHCKHM1> naoareaies» lie cyuiecrayers, II OHt coCTaBJIHJOT'.b B'b Beccapaoia KaK'b ObI statum in statu, npli lJell'b

XXXVI

lInCJIO nHOCTpSHHLlX'D KO.TlOHIICT0B'b, He csnraa C.lJaBHII'.b, npOCTHpaerca CBLlUle 30.000 ,lI,YUl'.b.

Eme BO spesa namaxs BoHH'.b C'D rryp~iefi B'b 1806 -1812 1'1'.

YCHJIII.lOCh nepeceaeaie B'b Beccapadiio espeees; ,lI,.JIH HHX'.b 1\'10.'1- ,lI,sBiH II Bazaxia OhI.JIH scerna aerocrenpiaaaa, HO enpea CTaJIH MaCC8MIl nepexomrs B'.b oTY oO.lIacTh 1I3'.b IIO.ll.O,liH II ,lI,PjI'HX'b 33,na,ll,Ho-pyccKnX'.b ryoepHifi, Xor,ll,a HBn.18Ch Ha,ll,ejJ~,lI,a, 'ITO .ll.aHHUJI OO.JI8CTb 0Y,lI.eTb OKOnq1TeJIhHO npacoeaaaena X'.b POCCiH. Hnmt espea HaBO,ll,HHIOT'.b ropona Beccapa6in, apeH,lI,YIO'l"h 3eMJIlI y noanmaxoes, ,lI,epjJ~aT'h B'.b cnoea :1aBIICIIMOCTlI ,,~8paH'b" (KpecThHH'b), a8BO,ll,HT'h nJIRHTa~ilI TaOa'lHhIH II ,lI,pyr. Moam:o Oe3'b upeyaezasenia CKa3aTh, 'ITO BCH TOprOB.JIH B'D nxs pyxaX'b. I'opoaa nMII nepenoaHeHLI: enpeeus QlICJ1HTCH cname 100 T·

lITO sacaerca uararrs, TO nepnoe noanzenie IIX'h Bb l\IO.JI~BiII II Ba.JIaxilIOTHOClITCH X'.b X V BtXy. Br, 1818 ro.ll.Y, rrOC.JIt UPllCO,e,ll,IIHeHia Beccapscin K'.b axnepin, sacn, JlX'b Ohl.JIa aaspsn.reaa B'.h nOMtmn'IhIIX'h lIMtHiHXb KHH3efi KaRTaKY3nHhIX'b II ,lI,pyrllX'b BJI8- ,lI,t.JIh~eB'b. llllC.JIO ~b1l'dH'.b O<}l<l>lI~ia.JIhHO He onpeatoreao, HO ,lI,O.JI~HO upocraparr.ea csame 15.000 .llym'.b.

Iloaareaie apMHH'.b B'b jI,YHaAcKHX'b KHH£eCTB8X'b llCTOPBKlI OTHOCa'l"h K'.b XIII BtKY· Bs Beccapaoia apaaae HaCe.JIHIOT.b npeaaym.eCTBeHHO AKxepM8HcKifi yt3,l1.'l>; BD AKKepM8Ht Y HlIX'.b ecrs ,lI,peBBHa nepsoss *). llHCJlO llX'.b B'.b TOQHOCTlI He onpeataeao, HO ,l1;O.JIJ£HO npOCTHp8TbCH CBHme 3.000 Jlym'b.

XOTH Beccapafia aasorna He npHHa,l1;.JIeam.'l8 Iloxsurs, 0,ll,H8KO, KaKl> oo.lIacTh, npaseraiouiaa K'b Iloaoaia, H8.ll.'.b KOTOPOIO nOJIbCKaH nponarama TaK'b ,lJ.O.JII'O rarorsaa, OHa, oy.n.YQU CTpaH.OIO npaBOC.JIaBJIOlO, cs arra'lHTe.JIbHhIM'b C.JIaBHHo·pYCCKUM'b HBCe.JIeHleM'1, He Mor.m He noaseprarsca nparaaaniaas <l>uHaTHKOB'.b-nO.JIhCKIIX'b xamarosrU .JIaTHHCKaro .n.YXOBeHCTlla IIO,l1;O.JIiII, nosymaatuaxca sropruyesca B'.b ea .n.YXOBHYIO jl\1I3Hh. Ho BCt nonarsa II ycaria cosparars npaBOC.1JaBHOe HaCe.JICHie Beccapaoia B'.b XaTO.JIIl'leCTBO H B03CTaHOBIITh ea aaITe.'Iefi npOTHB'.b e,l1;llHoBtPHoii Poceiu OCTa.TJ:HCh BTyHt. I'paAll'la cs ,lI,peBHe-pyccxllMIl 3eM.lIH11II, npanaareaaunran HLlHt

*) Bu,l\'L ell nOl!llt~ell'L B'L uacroamea KlIUrt.

XXXVII

ABCTpo-BeHrpiu. 113'h EOllXb o.mamthuaJI - BYKOBHHa -- C;IYjKlIT'b uenrpoas O'b,,'IOKpHHH~Karo, T8Kb naauaaexaro " ancrpiaesaro " paCKOJUl, a CJIt,lI.YIOm.aJI, cxexaaa cs BYKOBlIROIU raJIIIIJ,iJI 00.'18- )l.aeT'b PYCCKHMb H8CeJIeHieM'L, 3R KOTOPhlMb JIlIlllb cs .'IerKoit PYKlI QlpaRn;yacEuro lICTopHIm PIOJIbepa YTBep.ll.lI.laCb KJIlIlIRU p Y T e HOB b, XOTH TaKOrO OT,lI.t.lhHaro OTb PYCCKlIX'b n.'IeMeHH HlIKOf,lI.a He cymecrnonaao.e- Beccapaoia OCTaeTCH BtpHOIO CBOIlMb CTap03aBtTHhIMb HU lIUJIall'b.

II3b HCTOplIlIeCKarO osepsa Beccapsoia II lI3'b KpaTKHX'b }IOHorra<l>iit, IIOMinlleHHLlXb Bb HaCTOJIIlleit KHlIrt, 1J.HTaTeJIh }lOiKeT'b n03HaKOlIRTLCH cs npornaum, 3TOit OOJIaCTII, KOTOpaJI CpaBHlITe.'IhHO necsaa He,lI.flBHO HOID.'Ia B'b COC'IaB'h Pyccxoa axnepia, HO, no I1CTOpIIlIeCKHM'I) ,l.I.aHHhlM'b II napO,lI.HhlM'b npe,lI.aHilUl'h, ncerza Ohua OJI1l3Ka Poccia; OHb YUII,lI.UT'b, sro, neCM:OTpJI HU Heo.1JaronpiJITHhlH BtKOBhlJI yc.1JOBiH, B'b KOTOPhIH 6hl.1fa nOCTaBJIeHa Beccapariia BCJIt,lI.ernie CMemROCTlI ea C'b rOCY)lapCTBaMII, OK83hIBaBmlUIII spemoe aaianie na eJI ,lI.YXOBHhIJI HaqaJIa, OHa orpaxnarac» no B03MOil\HOCTlI HaUIIHI'h npaBIlTe.'IbCTBOM'h, soropoe IIpm-mMa.'IO MtphI pezarioaaonO.1JHTIl1J.eCKtirO u HpaBCTBeHHaro xapaarepa K'b oxpaneaito IIp aBOczanuoa, upapomreascsojt BtphI B'h Beccapaoia n PYCCKOit naponHOC1II on BJIiSlHiH coefucrnenmrxr., Bpail\,lI.eOijhIX'b Poccia crpaas. lllITaTe.lh YCMOTPUT'b OCOOYIO 3800TY npSBlITeJIhCTBa B'b ,lI.tJIt HflPO,lI.narc oopaaOBaHiH II npUHJIThIH MtphI K'b upespameairo crpamuotl )l.eMOpa"lU3a~ilI npaBOCJIaBHarO oeccapaocKaro naceaenia.

Bonpoes 0 BpeMeHII BBe,J.eHiH XPlICTisHCTBa B'h Beccapadin BXO,lI.IITb B'b COCTUB'b OOlllaro BonpOC8 00'h ero BBe,lI.eHiu B'b npIl,ll.yHuficKOii OOJIaCTII. HaYKt He Y,lI.a,JIOCb erne onpejrsnm, cs 6e'3YC.'IOBHOIO TOIJnOCThIO. KOf,lI.a COBepIIllIJIOCb aro COOhITie. ITo CBlI,lI.tTeJIbCTOY EnCeBiJI IIuM<I>uJIu, euacsona seccapiacsaro, CB. anocroas AH,lI.peit nponont)l:hlBUJI'b eaaareaie OT'b YCTheB'b )lYHaH If 1Jepnaro MUPJI ,lI.0 ctBepHhIX'b crpaas II B03BPUTlIJICH B'b I'peniio nepeas )laairo, AHCeJIhlll'h Baanypn yraepxaaers, CChI.laHCh HS ,lI.peBHiH xpoHHKlI, xro B'h CKlIeiH ObI.I0 nars paas nponosfuyeao CB. eaanreaie, n sro B'h IJlICJIt nponoBt,lI.HHKOB'b OhIJI'h CB. anOCTOJI'h Ilaaeas. KOTOPhIii OTnpaBlI.1J.'h csoero YlIeHHKa AH,l(pUHJlKa (O,l(HOrO lIa'h 70 anoCTOJIOB'h) ,l(JIR HaCl1i1\,J,eHiH xpacriancrsa B'h CJIUBHHCKlIX'b 3eM.:1HX'b,

XXXVITl

lleJK,n;y npOQH1w.'b II D'b .II:aHiw, npn qell'b OhIJla OCHOBaHa enacxonia B'b IIaHHoHiu.

Bs CaMOM'b HaqaJlt II BtKa no P. X., npn IIMuepaTOpt TpaJlHt, pIIMCKie aerioaa nOKoplI.'111 JltBhlii oeper'b .II:YHaJI, KOTOPhIii 6hIJI'b naceaeas ;J.aruum II reTaMII. B'h BoiiCK3X'b Tpaaaa B'h aTJ nopy YJKe OhlJlO MHom xpacrians *).

Bnoas noaopeuaaa crpaaa, no OT,IJ;aJleHHOCTII OTJ, PIIMa, CJIYJKIIJla lltCTO!I'h ,IJ;.JIH CCbJ.1IOK'h: COXpaHBJIOCb npenanie, Oy,n;TO-OhI TY.1l.a COCJlaH'h OhIJI'h H OBIIltiii. Ho rJlaBHbIlf'h KOHTBHreHTOM'L CCWbHhlX'h COCTaBJlHJlH no npeaaymecrsy xpacriane, H cs Bo,n;BopeHieM'h HX'h B'b ,I(aKin, B'h noc.llt,n;Heii YCHJlHJIOCb xpacriancsoe upocssrarem> Hoe aasaao. HMnepaTOp'b A,n;piaH'h BbICJIaJl'h B'h .II:aKilO .no 14.000 xpncriarrs. IIMuepaTop'b ABpeJliaH'b ObIJI'h nopaxerrs MBOjl,eCTBOll'h xpacriarrs, OOHTaBJIInX'b B'b .II:aKill. 0 3HaqnTeJInHOM'b npeooJla,n;aHiH xpncriaacsaro HaCeJIeHiH B'b .II:aKin cBH.ntTe.'1bCTBYIOT'b: 'I'epryJIiaH'b, EBceBiit, Iepoamn, H np. TaKIfM'b oOpa30M'b, MOJKHO CqHrars BtPOHTHbIM'b, qTO xpacriaucmo OhlJIO BBe,n;eHO B'b Beccapariia He n03,n;Hte I Btxa no P. X.

CtMH, opomeHHoe nponoBt,ll;HHKRMU xpHCnaHCTBa B'b ,I(aKiu. naao aa ,n;OOpyIO nOqBY, TaK'b KaK'b p:w npa KOHcTaHTllHt BeJl11- KOM'b B'b .II:aKill OhlJla yqpei&,IJ;eHa npRBOCJlaBHRH enacsoncsaa saeezpa.

o ,n;Bll&eHin uapoxoss uepeas .II:YHaitcKiH 3eMJIU - rYHHOB'b, no,l('h npe,n;Bo,n;uTeJIbCTBOM'b ATTHJIhl, aaapoas, OCHOBaBIIIIIX'b carsHoe u;apCTBO. noaopenaoe B'b IX B1;Kt KapJIoll'b BeJlHKlIM'b, a raase o ,n;aJlLHtiimllX'h cy,n;boaX'b spaa, QUTaTe"lb HaO,l(eT'b rro,n;pooHl,JJI CBt,n;tHiH B'L lICTOpnqeCKOM'b OqepKt npodeccopa Ilerposa; MLI jKe CKai&eM'h TOJlbKO HicKO.'1bKO CJlOB'b 0 MtpaX'b, npUHHTIilX'b HaIIIIIM'h npRBllTeJlnCTBOM'D K'D B03BhlIIIeHlIO npaacrneanaro ypOBHH naceaeHiH Beccapaccaof OOJIaCTH, nocrs npacoeaauenia ea K'b HlInepia.

*) KaK'L H3BtCTUO, B'L 'JeCTL aasoeaaaia ,lI,aKiu pllllUllua~1H 61ua B03,11BUrUYTa B'L PHM'!; aaaxeaaraa Tpasuoaa KOJIOHBa, aa KOTOPOIi: ropeJILe.pOM'L aaotipaaeaa nO,llBHrH PUMCKUX'!. BOli:CK'L ua .n:yuail; B'L npH)l.yualicKoil lite 06JIRCTU COXpaUHJICa BaJI'L, uoclI~ili: noubluil BaHMeHOBaBie "TpaIlBOBa BaJIa". H306palileuill TpallBol!oii: KO,lO<JHbI R 'Jacm ell ropeJILe.pOB'L BOC-

npoaaseaeaa B'b HacTolI~eli: KUHrt. llpUM. usa.

XXXIX

CBOHM'h YCTpOeHieM'b, lIJIH - ,ll;SiI~e CKamell'b OOJIte - CBOIIM'h ,ll;YXOBHhlM'b OhlTieM'L, Beccapadia 0(}a3aHS MHTpOnO.1JHTY Taapiaay (BaHY JIeHCKO- BO,ll;OHH), nepBOMY apxanacrupio Beccapa6in noczs npacoeaaaeaia ea K'b POCCilI. YnpaBJIJIa :u:epKOBHhlMH ,ll;tJIaMH Beecapariia, 3TOT'b 3HSMeHlIThIit apxnnacraps ycntJl'L B'L KOPOTKitt ,n:BYXJItTHiii CPOK'b y1Jpe,ll;HTb B'L RHnIlIHeBt ,ll;YXOBHOe Y1JIIJIHm.e, ,n:YXOBHyIO CeMlIHapiIO H ,n:HK8CT{~piIO (KOHCIICTOpiIO); OH'b OaS60THJICJI oth OOpaaOBl:lHiH ,I\tTeii ,n:YXOBHSrO 3BaHiJI 1I, aa OTCYTCTBieM'L B'h TO BpeMJI CBtTCltlIX'b yqeOHhlX'L 3aBe,n:eHitt, IICXO,n:STUitcTBOBaJI'h Y npSBIlTeJIbCTBS ,n:03BO.'IeHie HS npiexs B'L ,ll;YXOBHYIO CeMBH3piIO .lI.tTeii CBtTCKarO npoaexozaeaia.

Ilepnoe CBtTcKOe Y1JeOHOe aasenenie - B'L RHlIHlHeBt 6blJIO OTKphlTO no paCIIOpJIIKeniIO MIIHIICTepCTBa napoanaro npocafnuenia JIHilib B'b 1832 ro,n:y. B'L 1834 rOAY MHHIICTepCTBOM'b yqpea\.lI.eHa OhlJIQ B'h RHIIIHHeBt MymcKaa raxaaaia, a B'L CJIt.nYIOu~eM'L ro,n:y OTKpblT'b nplI Hett naaciorts. APMllHCKoe oomecmo. C'L cBoefi CTOPOHhl, OTKPhlJIO B'b AKKepMaHt HS1JSJIbHYIO IlIKOJIY, u npeasoaaren, .lI.BOpaHCTBa BaJILllI'b YCTPOlIJI'h npiiora B'L RHIIIHHeBt. Boorime, B'b 30-x'L ronax» yqpejKAeHO 6hl.l0 a lJUCTHbIMll JIn:u:aMH H pa3HhlMII 06- meCTBaMH He MSJIOe 1JnCJIO naaciorroas. B'L 4O-X'h .IKe r0.ll.ax'b YCTpoeHhI 6hIJIH B'h KnIlIHHeBt .lKeHcKia Y1JlIJIIIlUS H nancionu ,n:Ul .lI.tBH:U:'h *).

Ot5'L oopaaosaaiu nasmaro KJIaCea 3aOOTlIJIOCb npeHMym.eCTBeHHO npaBOCJ'IaBHOe ,n:YXOBeHCTBO, crapaniasa soroparo 6hl.'10 OTKPblTO He MaJIOe 1JHCJIO nepeouauaxsauxr, mKOJI'h· ,ILltJIbHtfimee YMHOil\eHie lllKOJI'L 6bl.1JO ll'l;CKOJIbKO 3UMe,ll;JIeHO B'L 50-X'D ro,n:ax'h, no npBlIlIHt RPblMCKOit BOitHhl.

Bs HSqaJIt 60-x'L ro,noB'b OTKPLlTO cneniaauroe yqe6HOe aasenenie ,ll;JIJI .lI.tBHU'h ,n:yxOBHaro 3BUHiJI. Bs ] 867 ro,ny, nocJIt peaaaia YQe6HhlX'b 33Be,ll;eHiit rp. ,1(. A. TOJICTHM'L, OblJIO 06pall~eHO aa HHX'b ocoooe nnnxaaie sucnraro npaBHTeJIbCTBa, TaK'L KSK'h no peBH3ilI OKa3aJIOCb, lITO BO MHOrHX'L :u:ePKBUX'b, He TO.1JbKO CO clltmaHHbIM'L COCTaBOM'b npaxosana, HO 1I C'b 1JHCTO pyCCKHM'h aacenemeirs,

*) HNut B1> Beccaparicxoa ry6epHiu C'IHTaeTCJI 13 cpe,ll.uux1> Y'le6UNX'b aaBe,1l.euili U 329 uuawux'b u cenCIIHX'b WIIOJl'b, C'b 06m.u1ll'b '1UCJl01ll'b Y'Iam.HXCJI 0110.10 30 1 HCA'I'!>.

XL

oOrOCJIYiKeHie COBepIIlaJIOCb no MO.'J.naBttHCKH, CJIaBHHCKiH JKe ooroC.IYi&eOHIilH xrnrrrr, H:J,Il.peBJIe ynOTpeOJUIBIIliHCH B'b uepxoaaoxs 60- rocayxeaia, 3mitHeHIil ObI,,'!H PYMblHCKHMH, a B'b IlIKOJIaX'b seaocs npcnonaeanie HU MOJI,Il.unaHCKOM'b H3bIKt. II pUBHTe.'lbCTBO npH3H3JIO HeOOXO,Il.BMhIM'b DO.'IOiKIlTb sonerrs nO,iI,OOHoit rocY,Il.apCTBeHHoii pasp03HeHHocTu, soropaa npioriphraza cepseanoe nO,,'lHTlJ1IeCKOe anaseHie B'b BH,Il.Y otipeaonaaia nOJIy-c3MoCTOHTeJIhHUrO II MaJIonpiH3HeHnaro POCCiH RHHiKeCTBa au npe,Il.tJIaMJI POCCiitCKOtt annepia. TaI\uM'b OOpa30M'b, cyutecraoaneuraa neypaanna B'b Beccapaein no ,Il.YxOBnoMY n yqeOHOMY Bt,Il.mICTBaM'b He MOI'JIU He OOpUTIITb HS ceoa BHIIMuHie l'p. TOJIcToro, noctramnaro :lTY ry6epHiIO, RaK'b CRa3aHO, B'b 1867 ro.llY. ITo BCenO,ll.llaHHiltiIIleMY ero r 1J,OKJIa,Il.y, 6UJIH npnnara MtpbI :1IUIHHCTepCTBOM'b HUpO,Il.HarO npocasmeuia II ,Il.YXOBHblll'b Bt,Il.OM0TBOM'b, rranpaBJIel-IHbIH K'b npexpameniro ,n:UJIbHtttrneii PYMhIHHaania uepsaea II II1KO.'I'b. B'b nO,Il.oOI-IIilX'b .~ltpUX'b npe,Il.CTaBJIHJIaCb FlaCTOHTeJIbHllH HeOOXOl'I.llMOCTb ocoriernro norony, qTO H3'bTOit qSCTII Beccapariia, KOTOpylO Mbl yCTynHJUI KHHil,eCTBY no Ilapaacxoay TP<lli.TaTY, nponaranna, nOOID;pHeMaa MOJI,Il.UBUHCKlUlII B.1UCTHMH, aalIaJIU paorrpocrpanan.cn B'b named Beccapanoaoa oO.laCTH. IIpHBe,n:eHie B'b ncno.menie M'l3p'b, upempaaarsm, nammrs npanareasCTBOM'b no IIIIlln;iaTlIBt rp. ,n:. A. TOJICTOrO, HaqU,'!OCb oauoupeaenno cs xOI'I.UmticTBOll'b rp. Bapanosa 0 BBe,ll;errill PYCCKaro H3hIKa B'b IWCTeJIbHOe ooroc.'IJiKeHie rlX'b npaxoaous ctBepo-3una,Il.Huro span, o .KOTOPIilX'L E3,J.aTeJIb HMtJI'b c.lyqait ,n:OBO.'JbHO nO,Il.pOOHO BhICKa- 3aTbCH B'b caoesrs npe,Il.HCJIOBilI K'b "IIo,n:oJIiH". Xo.taraacrso rp. Bapanoaa OWIO mmpUBJIeHO K'b TOit ;.&e n;tJIH, RUK'b H np03KT'b rp, Toacroro, cute He OCYID;eCTB.leHHLIH, 0 conepnrenin 60roc.llY;I,eIliH Ha CJIaBHHCKOlI'L H3IilKt B'b npaBOCJIllBHLIX'b uepanaxs C'b PYCCKEMII npaxozanaxn II cs npaxonaaa, COCTOHIIl,IUIll 1I3'b ClIttmaHHuro HMeJIeHiH, ,n:JIH ,II,upOBaHiH PYCCKHM'b B03MOlliHOCTlI n yrlmeHiH CJIYlUaTh n paaylttTb CJIOBO Boxie.

Ilepnua, KTO npaaam, ,Il.tttcTBIITeJIbHblH MtpLI 1\.'b nO;I,'beMY ,n:yxonno-npencruermaro ypOBHH oeccapuOCKaro npUBOCJIUBHUrO naceJ1eHiH, KTO npn3HaJl'h HeOTJIOjKHYIO HeOoXO,Il.HMOCTh ero 06D~eHiH cs OCTaJIbHOIO Pocciett, OblJl'b enacaorrs Ilauezs, Ha3HUqeHHhlH na KIImaneacxyro Kaor,n:py B'h 1871 ro,J.Y. C,,'!t,ll,YH auocroaecsony 33ntTy,

XLI

upeocs. Ilaueas cra.rs H8CTOHlIllBO TpeOOBaTb, lITOOLI PYCCIWe HRceaenie OLIJIO HaCT8B.1lHeMO B'h ,lI,OrMaTllX'h ntphl HB HapO,ll,HO.M'h H3hlKt.

IIpeocBHm:eHHbIH IIaBeJI'h npSBIIJI'h RUlIlIlHeBCKOIO XUee,ll,poIO OOJIte ,lI;eCHTII .1ltT'h. OH'h HeCOMHimHO IIpIIHeC'h He TO.llhKO no ;(yxonH(lMY Bt,lJ,OMCTBY, HO II 110 CBtTCKOit, YlJeOHO-BOCIIIITclTeJlbHoit l£UCTH necsaa cym.eCTBeHHYIO nOJIb3Y KpaIO. OHS oc06eHHO CTaJIR Om:YTHTeJIbHOii nOCJIt BepJIIIHCKal'O KOHl'peCCa, 110 KOTOPOMY 6bIJ18 soaapa lD.eHS IIMIIepiu ra xacn, Beocapaoia, OTKY,lJ,a K'h HaM'b npOHIIKRJIa PYMbIHII3ardH. 38 cson BbI,lI,SlOllI.iaCH aacayra npeocs. IIaBe.ll'h~ npn aoaropsameaca B'h 1877 ro,lJ,Y BoiiHt cs Typ.u;ieit, Y,lI,OCTOIlJICH Bncosaauraro sHHMaHiH Toro, RTO mem. H 1I0JI'h aa c05010 cnoero HaCJIt)lHIIKa npeCTOJIa, IIhIHt OJIarOnOJIY1JHO napcrnyrouiaro I'ocyjnpa Ib:nepaTOpa, BO r.lilBt aarnaxr, BOiicK'h, na ,Il.t.1l0 oCB060m,ll;eHiH OTh sssoaaro lira OTTOMaHcKoit llOPThI e,Il.HHoBtPHblX'h II e,ll,IIHOKpOB-

HblX'h Hallb C.'HlBHH'h npasaro 6epera. ,n:YHaH... '

II:3,l1,aTe.'lb cnaraers HeyMtCTHhlM'h IIXO.IJ.HTh 3)1.tCh B'h O.u;tHKy osepsom., soropae 1I0Mtlll.eHhl B'h nacroamell RHHrt: IIYCTb cy' )f.HT'h 0 HHX'h l£HTaTeJIH; HO, 3RKaHqIlBaH cBoii llHOrOJItl'HiH: Tpyft:b, OH'h csnraers ,lI,OJIrOll'h BblpR3IITb rJIy60KYIO npB3H!l.TeJIbHOCTb TtM'h Yl£eHLIM'h Yl£peiK.IJ.eHiHM'h H OpaTCTBaM'h. KOTOPbIH nO,ll,)lepiKIIB3JIII

. .

B'h HeM"b anepmo aecmaaa ,J:JIH Hero 3HaNaMlI BHHMaHlH, paBHO

II OT,lI,tJIhHblM'h JIll.u;aM'h, ,lI,YXOBHLlM'h II CBtTCKllM'h, KOTOphIe 0R83.UIII eMY CO)ltitcTBie ,lI,OCTaBJIeHieM'h CBt,ll,tHiH: II noaeaauaa cOBtTaMII, OXOTHO IIplIHHTblMII H3,l1,aTeJIeMb BO IIHIIMaHle.

CO,ll,tHcTBie B'h COCTaBJIeHirr II H3,l1,aHilI aacroautea KHIII'II UbI.IO OKa3aHo, rJI!l.BHLI11'h oopaaOM'h, IIMIIepaTopCKOIO IIyO.'1Bl£HOIO BII6- JIiOTeKOlO, RieBCKIIM'L .u;epKOBHo-apxeO.1l0rIIQeCRIlM'h 06m:eCTBOM'h, IlLICOKonpeOCBHm.eHHblM'b C e p I' i e a 'h, upxienacsonoas xepconcsmrs II O,ll,eCCKIIM'h, lIJIeHOM'h rOCY.lI.apCTBeHHaro Cossra, ,lI,IIpeKTOPOM'h Hxneparopceca IIy6.1l1Il£HOii BIIO.'1ioTeKII A. e. B hIlI K 0- B Ll M 'b, cenaropoxs ,n:. A. Po B II H C K n M 'h, reaepars JIeiiTeHUHTOM'h H. M. illeoeKo, aKa,ll,eMllKOM'h .H. K. fPOTOM'h, 6eccapa6Cli.BM'b ryoepHaTOpOM'h A. II. R 0 H C r a H TIl HOB II Q eM 'h, 110- neQHTe.lIeM'h K8BKR3CKarO yqeOHarO ospyra R. II. .H HOB C R II M 'h, sane- npe311,lJ,eHTOM'L Haneparopcsaro Oneccsaro OOlll.eCTBa acropin

XUI

H JlpeBHOCreA, aaCJIYiKeRHbUI'b npopeccopoat, B. H. IO pre B Hq e M 'L,. pe.n;UKTOpOM'L "lIcTopHqecKaro BtcTRIIKa" C. H. III yo H HCKHM'b, ,Il,tACTB. CTaT. COBtT. II. H. llaIllKoBblM'b, nperro.n;UBaTe.1JHMH .n;YXOBHblX'L ceMHHapiii: KlImllHeBCIwii - E. E. M II X aJIeBIIqeM'L H A. I'. CTa)),HHI1;KIIM'L II O.n;eccKoii-.:TI. C. M U 11; t e B H q e M 'b, nO,Il,OJIbCKHM'L IlOMtllI.HKOM'b, CT. COB. A. 1I . M 1I P 0 H e H K 0 II KllIllHHeBCKlIM'L CBHIlleHHllKOM'b o. MllXaHJIOM'b qaKH POM'L.

M3.n;aTeJIb cuuraers ,Il,O.'IrOM'I> cepnna ocotienao oJIarO.llapHTb rJIaBHLlX'I> corpyaaaxom. CBOHX'I> no H3.n;aniJIM'L: npoqieccopa HiesCKoA .n;YXOBHoii HKa,Il,eMiH H. 1I. Il e r p o na H .n;titcTn. CTaT. COB, M. lI, I'o p o ren aar o, a TaKme nO)IJlHYTh C'I> npH:maTeJIbHOCTbIO TtX'I> JIlIl1;'L, KOTOPbIM'I> 01l'L nopyuans npeaaapnran.aa JI P03b1CKaHiJl paHbIlle COCTaB.1JeHiJl HCTOpnqeCKnX'I. OqepKOB'L: B. II. It y JI 0 H a, II. A. I' H.'I b T e 6 p a H .n; T a H nOJIKOBHHKa renepaxsnaro llIraoa A. B. 3 p r e JI JI. TO.1JLKO oJIaro.n;apJl YCHJlqHBOMY II ,Il,OOPOCOBtCTHOMY TPY1I.Y YKa3aHHhIX'L JIHI1;'I>, MOrJIn 6b1Th BhIJlCHeHbI wBKOTOPhIJI TeMHhIJI CTOpoau HCTopiH 3ana.ll.HO-PYCCKaro KpaJl, KOTOPblJl H3JIOJ£eHhI B'L I1;tJIOM'I> PJl,Il,t n3,I1,aHiit, Oe3'I> npe,l(B3HTblX'L MbICJIeit H npH BtpOO!d'L ocaamenia MHHyBIIIHX'L cooblTiii

B'L 3UKJIIOQeHie H3.n;aTeJIb He MOa\eT'I> He nOBTopHTb CJIOB'L q>OHDH3IlHa, nOCTaDJIeHHhIX'L IIM'b :mHrpalfloM'L K'D "lIo.n;o.'IiH":

"HtT'L BtpHoCTn rOCY,l(apIO, r.n;t Htn eJI K'I> HCTHOt". 1I0 BCtlll'L .n;aHHblM'L 113J(aTeJIIO nopyxerriax», OH'I> pa60TaJI'b, npaaepaaaaacs aroro npaenaa, aoropoe CJIYiKllJIO eMY He1l3MimOblM'b PYKOBO,Il,CTBOM'L; OO'I> CQeJI'L ObI npecrynauas OTKJIOHHTLCJI OT'b Hero na iOTY H3'L KH,KHX'L-6b1 TO HII OblJIO BH,l(OB'h II.1JO n06Yj&.lI.eoiii.

HaCTOJIm8JI KHHra CJIymHT'D eaaepmeaiexs cepia n3,I1,8HiJl "lIallJlTHIIKH pyccKoii orapnnn B'D 3ana,Il,HblX'b ryoepoiJlx'L". rJIaBHaJI H3'L COCTaBHblX'L qaCTe~ nacroatnea KHnrH-lIcTopnlfecKiit oxepes Beccapariia npHHaJlJIemBn nepy npopeccopa ItieBcKoit ,Il,YXOBHOit aKa,l(eMilI H. II. Il e r p o na, KOTOPhIlU'b COCTaB .. 1JeRbI rasae o(hJlcnenia CJIUBJIHo-J'tIOJI,l(aBcKoit JItTonlIclI H xapra Beccapaocsoa ryoepHin, Morrorpaoia 00'h mmeparops AJIeKcao.n;pt I 'M'L nauacaaa C. M. Ce p o ao u n n rr a-s, a6iorpatV1JI apxieuncaona IIaBJIa-B .B, Maih 0 B hI M'L. OCTaJIbHblH 06'hJlCHeHiH It'L rpamOpaM'I> COCTaBJIeRhI

XLIII

M. 11. I' 0 p o.u. e IJ,lOI M 'h, l\OTOPOMY UpHHS.u.JIemnT'b T8KiKe pe,IJ;8Kuionnaa uacrs I13.l1.aHi.a II OJlIliKaftmee HaOJIEO,IJ;eHie 3a neuaraniexr, l\HHrlI II nocnpoaaaeaeniesis 1I.1J.nOCTpaIJ,iii. IIpIIJIOiKeHI-Ih1.a K'h KHnrt $>ToTImiu acnomenu IIplI.lI.BOpHblM'h .pOTorpacf>ml'h B. 1. R JI aceHOM '}'; KcnJIorpacf>ilI - IIpeIlMYIII,eCTBeHHO XY.lI.0i1n-IlIKOM'I>-rpaBepOM'h B. B. MaT 3; xapra Beecapadcsoa ry6epHin- KapTOrpacf>UqeCKHM'I> 3ase.u.enieM'h A. A. II JI b Ii H a. KHHra aaneaarana B'I> ranorpaqria roaapantecraa "Oom.ecTBeHnurr IIOol'Ib38", no,ll,'h HaOJIID.lI.eHien .u.u:peKTUpa TosapHI.IJ,eCTBa B. II. B II III H H K 0 B 8.

J3BE.llEHIE.

Pasuoo6pasie HLIHilmuaro aaceaeaia Beccapa6iH; IIJIelleUa PYllhluCKoe H pYCCRoe H o6m;aa o~iluRa HCTOpHqeCKUX'L npas-s HX'L ua cTpauy; ue06XO.II;BIlOCTL o6ospilnia HCTOpiu Beccapa6iH C'L PycCKoii TOqKH apsaia, o6~iii nJIaH'L 8TOii HCTOpiH

H pas)l;ilJIeuie ea ua nepionu.

ECCAP ABIH npacoeraaeua &'D POCCiH E'D 1812 ro~y. Ilpeacraaraa HS'D ceo.JI O~Hy HS'D OT~3.JIeHHbIX'D ospaam, eBponeitClwii POCCiH B'D IOrO-3ana~HOM1> yr.Ily e.JI, HhlHtmH.JI.JI Beccapaecsaa ryoepHi.JI OT.IlHqaeTC.JI HeOObIqaitHOIO necrporon 9THOrpacImqec&aro caoero COCTaBa H B'D 9TOM'D OTHomeHiH .JIBJI.JIeTC.JI &a&'D OLl nepexo~HOIOOO.IlaCTilO on pYCC&o:lt Hapo~HocTH &1> PYMhlHC&O:lt, naeeJI.JIIO~eit HbIHtmHIOIO PYMhlHilO H CMeJKHYIO lJaCTb .ABCTpiH. Hs'D pa:mooopasi.JI COCTaBa MtcTHaro uacereaia ecotieano su~aIOTC.JI, no CBoett qHC.ileHHOCTH,· ~Ba r.IlaBHhlX'D II.1Ie&IeHH: PYMbIHC&Oe, caxoe MHOrOQHC.1IeHHOe, ecrecreenuaxs oopaso&l'D T.JIroTtIO~ee &1> CBOHM'D COOTelJeCTEeHHH&aM'D PYMhlHcKaro &OpOJleBCTBa H AncTpiH, H saTtAl'D pyc-

BECCAPABIJI.

1

-2-

csoe, COC'1'aBJIHIO~ee BtTBh BeJiIIKoit CJIaBHHo-PYCCKOit ceasa. To II APyroe nJIe~IH, H'b JIII~t CBOIIX'b OTe1JeCTBeHHhlX'h IICTOPIIKOB'b II 1I3CJIt)l,OBaTeJIeit crapauu, O)l,lIHaKOBO caaraen, ceoH IICKOHHhlMII, KopeHHhIMII mlITe.lIHMII 9TOit crpaau H 3aHBJIHeT'h cnoa HCTOplIqeCKi.a npana na aee. TaK'b HanpIlMtp'b, HtKOTOphIe PYMhIHCKie yqeHhIe-naTpioThI II )I,OCeJIt npoaoaaaion, CMOTptTh. aa PYCCKYIO Becoapatiie, KaK'b aa 1JaCTh PYMhlHCKOit repparopia, OTTOprHYTYIO OT'b MOJI)I,aBill .HlImh B'b ~812 ro)l,Y, II erapaicrea yTnep)l,lITh onoa npasa aa aee He TOJIhKO ua OCIIonaHilI araorpaeasecaaro ea COCTaBa, HO II B'b CIIJlY llCKOHHOit HKO-OhI npaaaareaaocra ea PYMhlHaM'b, soropae, no IIX'h MHtllilO, noaaaaacs II YTBep)l,HJIIICh 3)1,tCh ropaaio paasme PYCCKaro II.JIeMeHII 1). PYMhIHCKllM'b narpioraai, o.mronpiHTcTByeT'b II TO OOCTOHTeJIhCTBO, qTO Beccapania, 1I3)1,aBHa COCTaBJlHBmaH oTJ);aJleHHYIO oKpallHY Pyccsar» rocY)I,apCTna, necsaa MaJIO OCTaHaBJlllBaJIa ua ceot BHHMaHie y~tJItBmIlX'h )1,0 HacTOHlQarO npeaeua PYCCKllX'b JItTonHceit, 3UHIIMaBmaxca npeHMYlQeCTBeHHo COOhlTiH?tJ1I rJlaBHhIX'h, ~eHTPaJIhHhlX'b OOJlaCTeit PYCCKOit 3eMJIH. CKYAOCTb PYCCKIIX'b JltTOIIIICHhIX'h 113BtCTiit 0 nepnoaa- 1JaJIhHoit H )l,penHtitmeit CY)I,hOt spaa, npaaaa, nOCHOJIHHeTCH OT1JaCTH OTPhIB01JHhIMII cBtAtHiHMII 0 uaporonaceaenia II HCTOpll1JeCKHX'b cYAhoaX'b ero, HaxoJ);JI~HMHCH n'h nHChMeHHhIX']) naMJlTHIIKaX'b COCt)l;HllX'b HapOAOB'h, C'b KOTOPhlMII Kpait BXOJ);lIJI'b B'b uenoepeacrneaaoe conpasooaoaenie, KaK'b HanpII~ltp'b PIlMJlHH'b, BlI3aHTiit~eB'b, OOJll'ap'b II rpesons: DO BeCI)~m 1JaCTO II 9TH CBtJl,tHiH, npa cnoea O'l'PhlBOqHOCTH II CJIY1JaitHocTlI, OTJIII1JaIOTCJI ueenpersaeanccruo II COlIBqHnOCThlO 9THOrpaWH1JeCKHX'h II ronorpaeaseCKIIX'b HU3BaHiit H .1I:alOT'h PYMbIHCKHM'b Y1JeHbUI']) HOBhlit nOBO)l,'b K'b nocrpoenin oO.JIte HJIll Meute npOII3BOJIhHhIX'h reopia 00'h IICKOHHOit )l,aBHOCTII PYMhlHCKaro n.JIeMeHII, B'h HUTepeCYIOlQeit uacs orpaas. C'h csoea CTOPOHhI, pyecaie yqeHble craparacs II CTapaIOTcH OCBtTIITh HeMHOr01JHCJleHHhIe II HeOnpe)l;t.JIeHUhIe waKThI, sacaiomieca )l,peBHtttmett IICTOpiH spaa, C'h pyeCKOit rosaa apsuia, )l;01W3hIBalI llCKOHHYIO npaaaaseaaoen, ero CJlaBJlHOPYCCKOMY nJIeMeHH, II B'b 9TOM'b OTHomeHiH AQCTHrJIII yme 3Ha1JHTeJlhHhlX'h pe3Y JIbTaTOn'b. ltD coaarsaho, pe3Y JIhTaThI 9TH pasopooanu no paauaar, C01JIIHeHiJlM'b, IIHOr)l,a He OTHOCHIQIIMCH npHMO K'b )l;aHHOMY rrpeAMeTY, II He caeaensr B'b O,lJ;HO ~tJIoe.

MhI IIMteM'b B'b Bll)l,Y cAtJIaTh onhlT" nO)l;OOHarO CBO)l;a OTPhlB01JHhIX'b 113ntcTiit II H3CJItAonaHiit PYCCKllX'h yqeHhIX'h 00'h IICTOplIqeCKIIX'h CY)l,hoax'h PYCCKOit Beccapaoia, npll1JeM'b HaAteMcH COOOm;HTh II HtCKOJlhKO HO-

- 3-

BhlX'b ~aHHhlX'b ~JUI YHCHeHiH HCTOpiB spaa C'b PYCCKOit T01JKH apsaia. r.JIaBHhlit aarepecs, KOHe1JHO, COCpe}.(oT01JeR'b 6y~eT'b na HCTOpiB PYCCKOit Beccapania. A TaK'b KaK'b nOCJI'h]J;HHH BXO~HJIa H'hKor]J;a 1JaCTHMH CBOHMB B'b COCTaB'b PYMhlHCKBX'b KHJlmeCTB'b Baraxia H MO.JI]J;aBiH, TO HaM'b npa]J;eTCJI KOC,IIYTbCJI B 06~eit cY~b6hl 9THX'b KHJlmeCTB'b, HaCKOJlbKO 9TO He- 06XO]J;HMO 0YAeT'b ]J;.JIJI HCTOpiH C06CTBeHHO PYCCKOit Beocapaoia. Ho Mhl AMeKB OT'b MhlC.IIH upeacrasan, nOJlHYIO, OOCTOJlTe.JIbHYIO B BnO.JIH'h ~OCTOB'hPHYIO BCTOpiIO PYCCKOit Beccapaoia; HeBso'hmHhle npoo'hJlbl B'b <paKTH- 1JeCKOM'b OTHomeHiH, npe]J;nO.JIOmBTeJlbHblit xapasrep» H'hKOTOPblX'b noaoaeHiit B BblBO]J;OB'b 11 BbITeKaIO~iJl OTCIO~a omH6KH, a rasae HeSHaKOMCTBO C'b PYMhlHCKBMB BCT01JHHKaM1I, B'b CBHSH CO cnsmaocri» pa60TLI, MoryT'b OLITb YCTpaHeHbI TOJIbKO C'b Te1JeHieM'b BpeMeHH.

Bt, OOm;HX'b qepTaX'b, BCTOpiJl PYCCKOit Beceapatiia Momen OblTb BLIpaaena B'b C.JIt~YIOm;HX'b noroaeaims, KOTOPblH Mbl Ha~'heMcH no~p06H'he pa3BBTb H onpasaars B'b CaMOM'h HSJIOmeHiH. Buurenna ua Cn;eHY HCTOpiB, 1131. xaoca BeJIHKarO nepeceaeaia HapO]J;OB'b, HHKaK'b He noeae VI B'hKa no Pom]J;ecTB'h Xpn:CTOBOM'b, pyceate CJIaBJlHe, C'b CaMLIX'b nepnsm, speaem. caoero IICTOpH1JeCItarO oymecrsoaaaia, aaHHMaIOT'b H HhlRtmHIOIO Beccapa- 6iIO C'b npaaerasnraaa uenocpeaemeaao K'b Heit SeMJIJlMB H, He CMOTPJl na xacroe nepemaaenle sepess 9TY C'I'paHY ~HKHX'b B nO.llY]J;HKBX'b KOqeBHHKOB'b, ynepmHBaIOT'b B'b Heit HJIII rocnO]J;CTBYIOm;ee noanaeme, HJIH, no KpaitHeit Mtp'h, oCt~JIOCTb ~O oopasonaaia noryoaaooroaren.asm, PYMblHCKHX'b KHJlmeCTB'b IIJIH BOeBO)l;CTB'b Baaamcsaro H MO.JI}.(aBCKaro B'b KOHn;t XIII BtKR. Co BpeMeHH oopaaoaaaia 9THX'b KHHmeCTB'b HJIH BoeBO]J;cTB'b, CJIaBJIHO-PycCKoe naoereuie HJIn: cMtmHBaeTcH C'b npn:m.nblM'b PYMLIHCKHM'b, OKaSLIBaJi na Hero CHJbHOe KY asrypaoe BJIiHHie, HJIH OTTtcHJleTCH na ctBep'b H BOCTOK'b UhlH'BmHeit Beecapaoia, npoaoasan caMOCTOHTeJIbHOe pasnarie cnoe nO)l;'b sam;HTOIO COCt)l;HJlfO .JlRTOBCKO-PYCCKaro HpaB~C.JIaBnaro HaCeJIeHiJi Iloaoria, 1I0Ka aasonem, K'b X VI BtEY He SaKOH1JBJlCJI nponeccs ButmHHro OO'be)l;HHeHiJi II pacurapeaia npe}.(tJIOB'b PYMhlHCKHX'b KHJllKeCTB'b HJ1I BOeBO)(CTB'b )1;0 casaro )l;HtcTpa. IIOCJt aroro, )l;OJlKeH'b OW'b HaCTYlIlITb BllyrpeHHiit IIpOn;eCC'b OOpa30BaHiJi PYMbIHCKOit uapo]J;HOCTH II noraomeaia eIO )l;Pyr1lX'b 9THorpa<pH1JeCKHX'b 9JIeMeHTOB'b MtCTuaro HaCeJIeHiH, ocotieano aarepecyemam aacs 9JIeMeHTa C.IlaBJIHO-pyCesaro. 9TOT'b IIpOn;eCCb ]J;titcTBHTeJIbHO H Ha1JaJICJI Bb aalla~HLlXb sacraxt, _PYMblHCKHX'h KHHmeCTB'b eme B'b XVI BtEt, ecra He pause, 11 nocrenenao

*

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CTaJI'b paCnpOCTpaHHThCH Hit BOCTOK'b II osaepe-aooross, no HanpaBJIeHiIO K'b ]l;HtCTPY, T. e. B'h TOM'h· me CaMOM'h aanpaareaia, B'b KaKOM'h COBepmaJICH II nponeccs aafmmaro OO'he)(lIHeHiH II paomapeuia npe)l,tJOB'b PYMbIHCKIIX'b KHJlmeCTB'b. Ilpoueccy aTOMY CO)l,titC'fBOBaJIO II eAIIHCTBO npaBOCJIaBHoit BtPhl Y PYCCKIIX'h CJIaBHH'b II PYMblHOB'b. Ho DOIITII O)l,HOBpeMeHHO C'h HaqaJIOM'b aroro BHYTpeHBJIfO npouecca PYMhIHII3a~ill CTpaHhI, OHa Ha1JIIHaeT'b DO)l,Da)l,aTL BJIaAhI1JeCTBY TYPOK'b, mropue, )l,JIH ynpoqeHia cBoeit BJIaCTII Ha)l,'b PYMhIHCKIIMII KHHmeCTBaMII, nOCTeneHHO OTTOpraIOT'b on HIIX'b no)l,'b CBOIO HCIIOCpe)l,CTBeHHYIO BJIaCTL pH)I,'b YKpi>nJICHiit no oeperast, lJepHaro MOpH II ]l;HtcTpa, C'h OTHOCH~IIMHCH K'b aTIIM'h yKptIIJICHiHM'b oKpyraMII, BMtCTt ct, rlM'b oopa3YH 1131. HHX'b YKptnJIeHHYlO JIIIuno iI,.m 3am;IIThI cnoea on JIIITOBCKO-PYCCKaro H aarnM'h I10JIbCKitrO roCYAapCTB'b. 9TO HMCHHO ra JIHHiH, KOTopaH )l,OTOJIt npeaaymecraenao 3aCCJIeHa OhIJla CJIaBHHo-pyCCKIIM'h II.lIeMeHeM'b II 1I03me II ynopHte APyrHX'b qaCTcit PYMhIHCKlIX'b KHHmeCTB'h IIO~1JllnJl.mCL nponeccy nasumaro, DOJIIITH1JeCKarO 06'he)umeHiH IIX'h II BHYTpeHHCMY nponcccy PYMLIHH3a~ill. 9TaTO JIIIHiH YKptnJIeHiit C'h HX'h oKpyran 1I COCTaBlIJIa COOCTBeHHO TaK'b ua- 1JhIBaeMYIO Becoapatii». ItopeHHoe C.1JaBHHO- PYCCKoe naceaesie OCTaBa.lJ.OCb 3AtCb nonpeanexy II AO caxaro IIplICOe)l,HHeHin Beccapaoia K'h POCCilI nonHOBJIJlJIOCb nepecereaiaan C'h .!J.tBOit CTOPOHbI ]l;HtcTpa II )l.ame H3'h BHYTpeHHOX'b OO.J1aCTCit POCCilI. Ho K'b aTOMY KopeHHOMY HaCe.IIeHiIO TYPKH npaCOeAIIHlt.'llI em;e CBOII rypenaie rapHlI30HhI II noce.J1lIJIII 3)1.tCL HOBhIJI TaTapCKiH KOIIeBhIH OP)I,LI, TaKl> 1JTO uaporoaacerenie HhIlltmHeit Beccapaoia, 1I0)('b BJIaCTiIO TYPOK'h, 6bl.110 cMtmaHHoe Type~Iw-TaTapCKO-PlCCKoe, C'h He3Ha1JIITe.IILHOIO .JIlImL npoMtcLIO py~rbIHOB'h. Bornannra TaKII~r'h 06pa30M'h KJIIIH'b Type~Ko-TaTapCKIIX'h YKptnJIeHiit Mem)!;y PYMhIHCKIIMII KHHmeCTBaMII II Mem)l,Y I10.lILCKO-JiIITOBCKIIM'h II BIIOCJIt)l,CTBilI PYCCKIIM'h rocy)!;apCTBaMII, TYPK~ yrpOmaJIlI cs Oil,Hoit CTOPOHbI PYMhIHCKIIM'h KHHmeCTBaM'b ooaepmenHhIM'b nO)l,aB.'IeHicM'b IIX'h no.mTlIqeCKoit CBOOOJJ;hI, a cs )l;Pyroit-6e30IIaCHOCTII H ~t.1I0CTII rpaamn, I10JIbCKO-~1IITOBCKaro II 3aTtM'h PYCCKaro rocr)l,apCTB'h, II IIOTOMY BhI3BaJIII B'b 03Hit1IeHHLIX'h COCtJJ;HlIX'b rOCY)I,apCTBaX'b PH)!;'b COI030B'b npOTIIB'b ceOH, IIMtBmIIX'h ~t.lliIO, IIO KpaitHeit Mtpt, OTO)!;BIIHYTL TYPOK'b BfJlYOb IIX'b axnepia. Ho BhI3BaHHhIH aTIIMII COI03<UflI CTOJIKHOBeHiH I10JIbCKO-.1"IIToBcKaro rOCYil:apCTBa C'hTYPKUMII Oo.1hmeIO 1JacTiIO OKa3hIRaJIIICh JJ;JIH nepaaro HeY)l.a1JHblMH II )l,ame OLIJIII nplI1JIIHOlO spexenaaro aaxsara TypKa~1lI KmrcH~a-I10)l.o.lIbCKarO Y nOJInKOB'b BO BTOPOit no-

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.IJ.OBHHt XVII BtKa. Y crrtlIIHte 6b1.nH BOeHHblJI JJ:titCTBiJi nporam, yTBepl(HBlIIHXCH B'b Beccapaoia TYPOK'b co CTOPOHhI pyecsaro npaaarersorna, soropoe em;e C'b KOHn;a XV BtKa CTa.nO BXOJJ:HTb B'b cuomeaur C'b PYMhIHCKHMH rocnoaapaaa H JJ:PyrHMH xpHcTiaHcKHMH rocYJJ:apHMH HO nonpooy 0 COBMtCTHOit 60Pb6t C'b TypKaMH. C'b KOHn;a XVII BtKa OHO uasaaaen, pHJJ:'b nacrynareasaax» JJ:'BnCTBiit npOTHB'b Typn;iH, apeaoio KOTOPhIX'b OOhIKHOBCHHO OhIJIa Beccapaeia C'b 060HMH PYMhIHCKHMH KHHzeCTBaMH. Bt, noxoJJ:bI Ilerpa Beaasaro B'b 1711 r0JJ:Y H MHHHxa B'b 1738 H 1739 ro,!I,ax'b, B'b JJ:Bt PYCCli.o-Typen;KiJl BOitHbI npa EK3TepHHt II H B'b KaMnaHiIO 1806-1812 rr. ara crpaaa BCH, MOZHO caaaars, noaara OhIJIa PYCCKOIO sponiro H CHOBa npioopsrena eIO A.lIH PYCCKOit rp3JKJJ:aHCTBeHHOCTH. B'b 1812 rOJJ:Y B03coeAHHeHa C'b Pocciea c06cTBeHHo rypeuaaa Beccapania, C'b oKpyueHieM'b ea eCTeCTBeHHhIMH rp3HHn;aMH no ptKaM'b )I,YHaIO H lIppy, COCraB.IlJlIOID;HM'b H JJ:OHblHt rpaHHn;hI PYCCKOit Beocapatiia, Ho OHa )l;Ocraaacs POCCiH rrOlJTH conepmeaao onycromeuuon, KaK'b BCJItJJ:cTBie p1lAa np0JJ:0.llZHTe.llbnhIX'b Boitn'b, TaK'b H BC.IltJJ:cTBie nsrcereaia H3'b HeH PycCKHM'b npaBHTeJIbCTBOM'b MtcTnhIX'b raraps, H yme nOJJ:'b PYCCKHM'b npaBHTeJIbCTBOM'b CTMa 3aCeJIHTbCH BHOBb, He CTO.llbKO, nnpcses's, PYCCKHMH nOCe.JIeHn;aMH, CKOJIbKO pa3HhIMH HHOpO)l;n;aMII H OTqaCTH pYMbIHaMH 113'1 COCtJJ:HHX'b crpam, 11 OO.llaCTeit. 9Ta KO.llOHH3an;iJl em;e oO.llte YCH.lIH.Ila neCTpOTY HhIHtlIIHHrO COCTaBa uacereaia PycCKoii Becoapatiia.

Ha OCHOB3HiH ssnneosaaaaaaro, MOZHO YCTaHOBHTb C.Ilt)l;YIOID;ie MO!fCHThI HJIH nepiOJJ:hI B'b IICTOpiH PYCCKOit Becoapatiia:

1) nOJlBJIeHie PYCCKHX'b CJIaBJlH'b ua IICTOpHQeCKOM'b IIonpHID;t H B'b npeJJ:tJIax'b HhIHtlIIHeit Beccapania, JJ:O oCHoBaHiH Pycosaro rocYJJ:apcTBa; 2) YQacTie nplIJJ:YHaitcKlIX'b PYCCKHX'b C.IlaBJlH'b B'b oopaaoaania 11 pa.3BIITiH Pyccsaro rocYAapcTBa OT'b oCHOBaHiJi ero JJ:O o6pa30BaHiJi KHHmeCTB'b Baaaxia 11 MOJIJJ:aBiH;

3) 06pa30BaHie 11 pacmapeaie C.'laBHHO-PYMblHCKHX'b KHJlZeCTB'b Baaaxia 11 MO.ll)l;aBill 11 nnyrpeaaee COCT01lHie HX'b;

4) rarapceo-rypenaoe nriauie aa Baaaxuo 11 MOJI.lI;aBiIO 11 nOCTeneuaoe BhIJJ:tJIeHie 113'1 HIIX'b ocoooii 06JIaCT1I Beccapadia, aenocperCTBeHHO nOJJ:lJHHeHHOii B.lIaAhIQeCTBY TypOK'b;

5) COJJ:titcTBie pyeosaro uapona H rocy JJ:apcTBa K'b oCB060zJJ:eHiIO Barana H Mo.JIiJ;aBiH C'b Beccapa6ieit OT'b rypeuso-rarapeaarc lira, JJ:O B03coeJJ:IIHeHiJi Becoapaoia cs Pocciea B'b 1812 ro.ll;y, H

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6) 0YJ\h6b1 Beceapaoia nO)l;'h pyOOKHM'h BJlaJ\blqeOTBOM'h On 1812 rOJ\a H )\0 HaOTOJl~arO BpeMeHH.

lf3.1lomeBie 9THX'h MOMeBTOB'h HJIH nepiO)l;OB'h H3'h HOTOpiH Beccapania H OOCTaBHT'h coaepaaaie BHlKeCJlt,n:yIO~HX'h raast;

r ~ a B a IT e p BaH.

IIoaBJIsHis PYOORlIX'Il ·OJIaB.HH'Il aa lIOTOPKlISOItOM'b nonpama 1I B'Il nps.u;iJJIax'Il HLIH'hmusii Beocapariia .u;o OCUOBaHia Pyo-

osaro rocy.napOTBa.

Hapomr, npeeMOTBeHHO HaOeJI.IIBmie B'I> ;n;peBHOOTH HYHi>mHi.ll Beccapatiijo - H PYMYHiIO H HM'IlBmie KaKOe-JlHOO oraomeaie K'I> OJIaB.IIHaM'I>.-CKH9hl, pasJ(i>JIeHi9 HX'I> aa naexeaa H oopasoB8Hie aonaro IIJIeMeHH reTOB'I> HJIH J(aKOB'I>j nOKOpeaie HX'I> pHMJI.IIHaMHj Teopi.ll npoacxoaoreaia PYMLlH'I> OT'I> OMi>OH reTO-;n;aKOB'I> O'I> pHMJI.HHaMH H YOTpaHeHie STOR reopia; rsopia, OTOJKJ(eoTBJI.IlIOm;a.ll r9To-J(aKOB'I> O'I> OJI8B.IIHaMH.-ToTH H rynHhl, nO;n;'I> BJI80TiIO KOHX'I> OYJIH H pyccxie OJIaBBHe:CJIaBHHe, pas;n;i;JI9Hie HX'I> aa rraexeaa H Haoi>rn aa BHsaHTiIO.-ABapu, nOJ('lRnenie HM'I> OJIaBHS'I>, OTpeMJIeHie UOOJIi>;n;HHX'I> ·K'I> OO'I>e;n;IIHeHiIO II oaMOOTOBT9JIhHOOTH, rranenie anapcnaro BJIa;n;yqeOTBa H otipaaoaaaie HOBl:lX'I> OJIaB.IlHOKHX'I>

rooyp;apOTB'I> R B'I> HX'I> llHo.ni>-rooy;n;apoTB3 OJIaB.IlHO-PyooKaro. .

1> IIOCl'B)l;HIE BtKa npeA'b P02KAeCTBOM'L XPIICTOBhIM'b OOJaCTII HblHtmHeil: POCCilI, JeataIqin: HaA'b lIepHbUJ'b MOpeM'b II HlIatHllM'L rexeniear, )l:l'HaH, Ha3bIBaUCL CKII6ieil:, a atlITe.lIlI 9TIIX'b OO.lIaCTeil: Ha3bIBa.lIIICL CKH6aMH. Ilooasnne paaAt.'1n:.lIIICL aa CI\H60B'bCKOJOTOB'b II ua rocrrO,'(CTBOBaBllIIIX'L Ha~'b HIIMII CKII- 60B'L-Hapa.JIaTOB'b H.m ~apCKIIX'b. B'L HalJaJIt IV BtKa rrepe)l.'b POat)l.eCTBO&f'b XPIICTOBhIM'b rra,l(aen r.JIaBeHCTDO napaaarom, B'b Ha,l(nOHTiil:cKoil: CKII6ilI. D1> 399 rOAl' AO POat,l(ecTBa XplIcToBa cI>II.lIlInII'L MaKe)l.OHcKiil: nootj\IIJI'b CIm6CKaro napa ATen:, Pet301IJI'b ero Doil:cKa H aaxnaTII.II'b B'b n.lItH1.

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20,000 CKII6CKIIX'b meH~IIH'b II )(tTefi. Sa 9TIIM'b co6hlTieM'b nOC.lIt~oBaJIlI: )(BlImeHie aas-aa JJ;oHa na aanal\'b CKlI6CKaro n.IIeMeHII caBpOMaTOB'b, CMtnreuie aroro TIJleMCHII B'b Ha~noHrificKIIX'b H Ha~)(YHaltcKlIX'b 06.IIaCTJlX'b cs n.IIeMeHaMII CRII60B'b-CKO.IIOTOD'b H oopaaoaauie B'b 06.IIaCTJlX'b, Mem)(l HlImHIIM'b Te1JeHieM'b )l,Htnpa II HlImHIIM'h Te1JeHieM'h )l,YHaJl, HOBOI CKlI6CKOfi )(epmaBhl, no)('b r.IIaBeHCTBOM"b II.lIeMeHII, aasuaaamarooa Y rpesom, reTaMH, a Y PII~[.IIJlH'b-)(aKaMII. Bt, 9TOM'b-TO n.IIeMeHII II XOTJlT'b BII,lI,tTb O,ll;HIIIIpe)(KOB'b PYMhlH'b, a )(Pyrie-IIpe)(KOB'b C.lIaBJlH'b.

ITo reopia, KOTOpofi npatepaanaroos 60.lIbmllHCTBo PYMhlHCKIIX'b IICTOPIlKOD'b, PYMbIHCKaJI uapomocrs BOaHIIK.lIa lIa'h caiaaia ,lI,aKO-reTOB'b C'b pIlM.lIJlHaMII. Bt, nO.IIOBHHt I-ro BtKa ,lI,0 P. Xp. uapcrao reross ,lI;OCTlIr.IIO BhlCOKofi CTeneHII caoero Mory~ecTBa. B'b 9TO BpeMJI naps reross Be6epHCTa, IIO.IIbaYJlCb npopanaaiaaa apeua )l,eReHeJl, NaK'b IIOBe.IItHiJlMll 60rOB'b, nO.IIY1JlI.II'b HeOrpaHII1JeHHYIO B.JIaCTb mli\'b CBOIlM'b' naporos», npiy1Jll.IIb IIO)(BJIaCTHbIJl eMY IIJIeMeHa K'b nOCTOJlHHOMY TPYi\Y, noarepaaaho 0T'b IIbJlHCTBa II 6eaYCJIOBHOMY nOBIIHoBeHiIO aasouasrs. IIoJIbaYJlCb neorpaHII1JeHHOIO B.,mCTbIO, Betiepacra, no CJIOD<HI'b CTpa60Ha, 06paaOBaJI'b 06- nrapaoe II CIIJbHOe rocy)(apCTBO, nOKOpIIJI'b xnoro coct,ll;HHX'b IIJIeMeH'b ~ )(aJKe 6hl.n crpameas )(JIJI PIIMJIIlH'I). Ilocrtaaie He MOrJIII OCTaBaTbCH paBHO)(ymnblMII K'b aasoenaaiaa» rero-aaaiaosaro uapcrsa. Y me IOJIifi Ileaaps aaMhlmJIJlJI'b 1I0XO)('b npOTIIB'b rerom, He COCTOJlBmiilcJl, O)(HaKO, BCJIt)J;CTBie CMepTII Ilesapa. OcymecTBIIJI'b ero OKTaBiaH'b-ABryCTI, nopylIHB'b neseaie BofiHhl C'b reTaMII BJIiIO RaTTY, KOTOPhlfi paaOIlJI'b reross II BaJlJI'b 50,000 IIJItHHhlX'b, nepeaesemtaxs nOTOM'b )(JIJI nocereaia C'b esnepnaro 6epera )l,YHaJI aa IOmHblfi, B'b ~lIIaiIO. )l,pyrofi n06t,ll,IITeJIh reTO-)(aKificKIIX'b ~apefi, TIIBepifi CII.lIbBaH'b, aaCTaBHJI'b 100,000 reroCKH60B'b nCpeCeJIIITbCJI C'I) JItBaro 6epera )l,YHall B'b MIISiIO. ITPII )l,OMII~iaHt csacrie BofiHhl CRJIOHJleTCJl na CTOPOHY reross, II naps lIX'b, )l,el\e- 6a.JI'b, npIlHYi\lIJI'b paacsaro asueparepa adKJII01JIITb C'b reraaa nOCThI)(Hhlfi )(JIJI PHMCKOlt axnepla MHp'b. HaKOHe~'b, aaneparops TPaJIH'b, IIOCJIt orpoaaerrs nparoroareuta, D'b )(Ba IIOXO)(a COKPYllIIIJI'b MorymecTBo JJ;el\e- 6a.m, OKOH1laTe.lIbHO nOKOpIIJI'b ~apCTBO rerom, II B'b 105 ro)(y IIO Pom)(eCTBt XPIlCTOBOM'b 06paTlIJI'b ero B'b PIlMCKYIO HpOBIIH~iIO nors IIMeHeM'b )l,aKilI. BTO c06hlTie YBtKoBtlJeHO )(OHhlHt coxpaHIIBllIeIOCJI KOJIOHIIOIO, Boa)J;BlIrHyroIO B'b PlIMt, na KOTOPOlt lIa06pameHhl n06tm)(eHHhle TPaJlHOM'b ropo)J;a II napom )l,aKilI 2), a TaKme ~t.'IhlM'b PJl,ll;OM'b PIlMCKIIX'b MOHeT'L,

erseaaaeamm, B'b qeCTb aTOit n06tAhl 3). HeMeA.1IeHHO no BCTYllJIeDilI B'b ).t;aRilO, TP3JIH'b nOBe.JIt.iI'b ceDaTY c,l(hJaTb paenopaaeaie 0 BhlCbJ.JIKt lISn BCtX'b qaCTeit lIMnepilI RO.1I0HlICTOB'b A.JIH sacerenia BHOBb aaaoeeaauca SeMJID. MemAY 9THMH RO.JIOUDCTaMH OD'b pasAtJIHJln CB060AHhlS senD ).t;aKilI, aamaTH.JI'b ee KptnoCTJlMH H PlIMCRHMH rapaaaouasa H B006II\c AaAn eit 6.JIaroYCTpoeHHblit BDA'b ~). C'b BMeHeMn Tpaaaa AO CBXn nopt, COXpaHHJIHCb B'bBeccapaoia rass-aaaasaeaue TpaJiHOBbI naaa, Bepxuiit H UH1KHiit, soropue, no MutuilO KOMneTeUTHblX'b Bn BOeHHOM'b AtJIt JIIOAeIt, npOCTO 03HaQaJIH rpaaany pasasm, BJla~tuiit. OAHUn H3n DlfXn, 6hlTb MOateT'b, AtitCTBHTeJIbUO 6bIJI'b BOSABDrHYT'h BO apeseaa TpaJIHa pHM.JI.HUaMlI, A.JIJI 0603- uasenta py6ema lfMnepiH, B MOTh 6hITb B'b BaatUtit-

-9-

TpaHHOBa ROJIOHHIlo B'b Pl1Mt.

mHXn nYHRTaX'b npacnoC06.JIeH'b R'b 060pOHt ~). qTO ate sacaerca TyseMuaro rero - AaRilt.: csaro aaceaeaia, TO OUO qacTilO BCTpe6.JIeuo 6hlJ1o BO BpeM.H BOItUhl, qacTilO nepeceaeao 6hl.JI0 pHM.JIJlHaMH BO BHyrpeuuiJi npOBHD~iH, qacTilO J\06POBO.JIbHO OCTaBD.JIO CBOIO POAHHY D BhlCeJlHJIOCb sa KapnaThl,

- 10-

a uacruo OCTa.lOCb na pO~llHt II cMtmaJIOCb no apona II B3bIKY Cb noot~HTeJJSJMll, IlOJIOmllB'b 0YATO ObI aasaao p!MhlecKoit eapO~HOCTH 6). PllM.JIHHe yTBep~HJIllCb, MeiK~y nposaat, II B'b AKKepMaet, 0 lJeM'b CBH)I,tren.ornyert, ee)l,aBHO Hait~eHHblit 0.'I1l3b Ar.KepMaHa Mpa~lOpHblit nseaeeran. OT'b IWJlOHHhl Ull CTaTYll, C'b PllMCI\OIO e3)1,nllChIO, OTeOCSIm;eIOCJI K'b 201 ro~y no P. X p. 7). rOCnO)l,CTBO plIMJSIH'b B'L tI:aKill npO)l,OJIZa.JlOCb )1,0 sropaeaia B'1 nee rorons, uapoaa repxaucaaro npoacxoaxeaia, soropue cnoaxa XllIqHllqeCKllMll Haotra~llI saeranaaa PHItIJIHH'b n3J111ThCH ua npaByro eTopOHY lI,YHalI. Tormumie llMnepaTophl aanuzcs BhlHyat~eHHblMll, B'b .IIHI\t Anpeaiaua, B'b 274 ro)l,Y, OO'bSIBllTb rpauanea asnepia ptKY }lYHait II yCTynllTb tI:aKiIO TpaSIHa napaapaat.. BCt~lb atllTe.nlIM'b ea npearoaeuo Obl.nO nepefiTII aa npanaa 6epef'b tI:YHalI, Bb ~11l3iIO. HO,-no c.nOBaM'h IOera,-~tacca ~aKiitcKaro aapoaa, soropan lJYBcTBOBa.Jla TOJIbKO 6peItIH, a He BhlrO~bI paxcsaro B.'Ia~hllIeCTBa, caorpasutaro na Hero, KaK'b na I\tHHhlit sarepian, ,lI;JISI BOHCKa II <pllHaHCOB'b, KaK'b na rJIynoe CTa)l,O uepna, no BbIpalKeHiIO Illeecnapa, KOTopaH BO BCt speaena cnocooaa Ohl.m f(YMaTb TO,,'!bKO 0 MaTepiaJIhHbIX'b BhlrO)l,aX'b, OCTa.JIaCb ClI~tTb Hit CTapOM'b neueraurs, I1J1aTB nonars HOBhlll'b rocrrO)l,aM'b TOIIHO TaK'b me, KaK'b n.JIaTlIJIa npemHHMb. 9TH OCTaBmieCSI na pO)l,llHt ~aKHtn;hI, no npezcraureairo 3aII\lITHlIKOB'b CTapOAaBHOCTlI PYMhlHcKaro nJeMeHlI aa }lYHat, COCTanlI.UI C060IO ctBepHYIO BtTBb PYMbIHcKaro napora S).

Ho B'o upoacxoaaeaie PYMbIH'b OT'b pOMaH1l30BaHHhlX'b )l,aKOB'b H paaCl\llX'b KO.IJOHlICTOB'b aa ctBept tI:YHaH B'b Tpaaaoeoa npoaanuia II npeat)l,e ue BtPHJIlI xnorie, oneas nonreansre YlJeHhIe, 3alIlIM~lBmiecB acropien npal~ynaiicKllX'h crpaus. B'b ueaasaee npexa 9TOit crapoa reopia HaHCCeH'b couaaeaiess Peccrepa (Romanische Studien) TaKoit y~apb, on aoroparo OHa )1,0 CHX'b IIOPb He MOiKeT'b OnpC:lBIITbCSI. Peccaeps )l,OKa3hlBa.Jl'b, liTO Bb HbIIItmHeit PYMbIHillll Ce)l,MUTpa~ill PYMbllIhl nOSIBlI.1I1Cb He paHte XIII BtKa, II lITO nOHB.nCHie llX'b 3AtCb HaXO~UTCH Bb CBSI31I ClJ yqacTieM'b IlX'b B'I> 60.uapClwfi 60Pbot sa oCB060iKiWHie Borrapia OTb rpesecsaro ara; )1;0 XIII BtKC:l nxt, no .\lHtHiro PeCC.JIepa, MOiKIIO ObJ.II:O IIaitTll Bb 60JlbmllXlJ cmomIIhIX'b nooeaeniaxr, TO.~hKO 011 IOrD OT'b tI:YH<tH, rAt c06cTBeHHo II B03HllKJa PY MbIHCKaSI nanionaasnccrs. B'b 187 6 ro,~y c~t.'lal1a 6h1.na nonursa socspeCllTb cTapllHHYIO reopuo; 110 6.iIHCTaTe.JIbHblB BO MHOmX'b ornomeuiaxi, 113- C.nt)l,OB<lHia IOHra HC aacnposepraa BCCbMa npoxnuxr, ocaosaaia, ua &OTOPhlX']) f(epiKlITCH npoTllBOIIO.JIOlKHOe yqeHie. ITocpef(llHt l\IeiK~Y 06tlllllll Teo-

-11-

piHMH Peccaepa H IOura CTOHT'b H3BtCTUblit lJemCItiit YlJeBhIit, Ioaamexs; no MBtBiIO soroparo, pO,ll,HBY BbIBtmBHX'b PYMblB'b CJIt,ll,yeT'b HCKaTb Be B'b TPUBCHJIbBaBiH II BOOOm;e ae aa ctBept )I;YBaJI, a aa IOl"b 0T'b 9TOR ptKH, B'h nearpaasaaxs OOJIacTHX'b Ba.lIKaB'b; O)(HaKO pacnpocrpaaeaie HX'b na ctBept OTBOCHTCH Be It'h XIII BtKY, KaK'h norarars Peccaeps, BO KO BpmIeBH, ropaaso OOJIte paBBeMY,-K'h XII, XI H,lI,ame X BtKaMb. Toaamest, YKaSaJI'h, lJTO j(oKYMeBTaJIbUble lICTO'lBHKH, HMeuoo ,lI,apCTBeuBhIH rpaxorsr yropCKHX'b KOpOJIeit, CBHi\tTe.lJbCTBYIOTb 0 cyntecraoaaaia )l;OBOJIbBO 3UalJHTeJIbHhlX'b BaJamCKHX'b nocMeuiit B'b TpaBCHJlbBaHiH yme B'L nepnoa xerBepTH XIII BtK<l, BO BpeMH, K'b KOTOPOMY, no MBtBiIO Pecerepa OTUO(\H.!IOCb TO,,'IbKO nasaao ,lI,BHmeuiH BaJIaXOB'b aa ctBep'b )I;yuaH 9). OJIaBHHcKiti YlleHhlit, IIH'I'b, no crapoMy nonpocy 0 uenpepanaccra posaacsaro naceJIeHiH Bb )l;peBBeit )I;aKill, orcraanaers nepaoaasaasuoe coxpaaenie pOMaH~eBb TOJIbKO Bb caMhlXb ropacraxi, KpaHX'b TpaHCHJIbBaBiH H COCt)l;UHXb MtCTUOCTHXb HbIHtmBeit YrpiH, r)l;t OBII HaXO,ll,BJIHCb paasme uooeaenia TaM'b yrpoBb 10). Y nacs Bb Poccia MHtuilI Peccrepa npll,ll,epXtllBaeTCII B. r. Bacanescaia, TOMameKa-e. II. Y cneBcRifi II IIHlJa-K. H. I'pors. Uoc.'It)l;Hiit npemoaaraers 'ITO nepecereain Cb Barsaucsaro nuryocrpona B'b ubIBtmHIOIO Baaaxuo U coct)l;HiH SeM"llI pOMaUCKHX'b 9JIeMeUTI)Bb, no-, CJIymllBmllxb Rb oopaaonanin pYMhlncKoD IIapO)l;HOCTlI, BOCXO,ll,HTb, BO BCHKOM'h cJIYlJat, yme Kb IX BtRY, eCJIH ue Rb eme 60.'Ite pauHeMY BpeMeOH, H H~ltIOTb CBHSb C'L O)l,uott CTOPOUbI Cb paomapeaieas H YMuomeHieMb CJIaBIIII'b noayoorpona, a Cb ,lI,pyroit - Cb pacnpocrpaneaieat OO.llfapCRaro BJIa,ll,hllJeCTBa Bb SeMJIHXb ,lI,peBBett )I;aKiH, na ctnep'h 0T'b )I;YHallll).

Ob YCTpaBeHieMb me H,m OCJIuo.'IeHieM'h reopia, OTOm)l;eCTBJIHBmefi poaaaaeapoaaausm, ,lI,UROn'b Cb PYMhlHaMH, OTKPbIJIOCb MtCTO )(.lIH )l;pyrux1) Teopiit OOb 9TBorpa«llUlleCKOMb COCTaBt H' xapaKTept ,lI,peBBHX'b )l;aKOBb H Bb ocooeanecra ,lI,,,lH reopia, npusHaIOm;ett )(aKOB'b npe)l;KaMH nannm, C.JIaBHBb. Teopia 9Ta OCHOBhlBaeTClI rJIaBHhlMb o.opasoMb ua nosaaaaiaxt, pyc· CKOit JItTOIIlIClI. IIo CBlI,lI,tTe.'IhCTBY UallaJIbHoit PYCCKOD JItTonHcH, CUYCTlI xncro speaeaa no pas,lI,tJieHiH nOTOMKOB'b HOH ua 72 HSblKa, « UOCMH"mCh CJIaBlIHe no )I;yualO, r,ll,t llhlBt SeMJIH YropcRalI H Boarapcaaa. On nXb CJIaBlIUb pasonnacs CJIaBlIBe no SeM.Jlt H BaShlBaJIHCh pa.1HbUIH U~IeHaMII Bb paSHblX'b MlJcTaXb: nooerannrieoa aa p. MopaBt UaSBa.JllICh xopaaaxa, a ,lI,pyrie aasnaracs lJeXaMH; Tt lite c.mBHue-6tJlhle xopsarsr, cep6bl II xopyraae. Kor)(a me BOJIOXII noaopara C.'IUBlIlI'b )(YBaitcKHxb, noceaaracs

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1tIeJR~y HlUIlI II CTa.lI1I nparscaarr, IIX'h, TO lJaCTI, C.lIaBHH'h BblCeJIIIJlaCI, ua BIICJIY II np03Ba.JIaCb TaM'h .lIHXaMII ... Tasic me C.lIaBJIHe npanua II noceraJlHCI, IIO )l;H'.lmpy II HaSBa,,'IHCb nO.lIHHUMlI, a ~pyrie ~peB,,'IHHaMII, nOTOMY lJTO nOCe,,'IH.lIHCb B'h .lItcax'h; a ~pyrie nOCe"'IlI,,lIICI, MelK~y ITpllneTI,IO II )1;BlIHOIO H nassaaacs ~perOBHlJaMH; lIHble nOCeJIH.i1l1CI, aa )1;BIIHt II Ha3Ba.JIHCI, noaouanaan, IIMeHeM'h p1ui,lI ITO.I0ThI, Bna~alOrueit B1. )];BIIHY; C.'laBHHe me, nooeaaamiecn OKO.lIO oaepa lI.lII,MeHH, np03Ba.lIHCI, CBOllM'h lIMeHeM'h, C)\tJIUJIH ropo~'h H Ha3Ba.JIlI ero HOBrOpO~OM'h; a ~pyrie noce.'IH.'IIICI, no )1;ecHt, no CeitMY, no CY.lIt II Ha3BaJIlICI, ctBepHHUMH». B'h ~pyrOM'h MtCTt ,1ItTOnacs ~OIIO.1JHHeT'h nepeneas CJIaBHUO-pyCCKHX'h n.lIeMeH"b IOmHo-pYCCKIIMH meseaaaa: (()1;Y.lIt6hl, -- rOBOpHT'h oaa, - mH.JIH no Byry, r~t HhlUt BOJlhlHJIHe; yrJlHlJH H TlIBepn;hl ClI~t.JIlI no )1;UtCTPY, no Byry H no )1;Htnpy, II CH~t.'1H I1pH )1;YHat, II 6hlJIO lIX'h MHomeCTBO; lI60 ClI~t.lIll no )1;HtIlPY, 110 Byry II no )1;UtCTPY, ~ame ~O MOpH; II eCTI, ropoaa HX'h H ~O cero ~HH; H OUII Ha3hlBaJIHCI, y rpeaoas BeJIHKaJI CKH9iHI). OqeBII~HO, -rOBOpHTh npo$ecCOp1. CaMOKBaCOB'h,-1JTO pycCKiit .ntToIIHCen;'h paamnaers ~Bt anOXH CJIaBJIHCKOit KO.lIOUH3an;iH B1. EBPOIIt: ~peBHtitmylO, ~O HameCTBiH BO.lIOXOB'h na C.lIaBHH'h ~yuaitcKIIX'h, Kor~a C.lIaBHHe mll,,'1H TOUKO B'h IOmnhlX'h 06.lIaCTHX'h EBPOIlhl, uaaaaaacs y rpesoas CKH9aMH, II 1I03~HtitIIIYIO, nOCJIt uameersia BO.lIOXOB'h, Kor~a IIpaCJIaBHHe ~BlIHy.lIIICI, 1I3'h cBoeit npapO~IIHbI B'h n;eHTpa.JII,HhIH 06"mCTH EBPOIIhl, r~t OHlI, B1> pa3.lIHlIHbIX'h MtCTHOCTHX'h, naaaanros pa3JIlIlJHbIMH HODblMH HMeHaMlI. BO.lIOXaMH me C.lIaBHHe naasrBa.lIH B'h anoxy Hecropa H Ha3hlDa1OT1. D'h aacroamee BpeMH HTa.'II,HHn;eB'hpHMJHH'h. Do CBH/l.tTe.lhcTBY HCTOPHKOB1.-COBpeMeHHHKOB'h, B'h siloxy 3anoenaala napcrsa rerom, pHM.lIHHaMH II rOCIIO~CTBa lIX1. B'h )1;aKiH, «auoria AaKiitcKiH H,,'IeMeIIU, y6traJI OT'h paaosaro paccrsa, OCTaBIIJlH CBOIO po~HHy H saceaaracs aa RapnaThl». lIMH me reru, no cDH~tTe.lIbCTBy HCTOpasa eeolfllI.lIa ClIMoKaTbI, ecn, ~peBHtitmee HMH C.JIaDHH'h. C.lIt~oBaTe.JII,HO, MOMeIlT'h aasoeaauia uapctna rerom, plI~I.lIHHaMlI BIIO.1Ut COoTBtTcTByeTh cDlI~tTe.lIbCTBy PYCCKOit .lItTOillICII 0 speaeua II 06CTOHTe.lII,CTBaX'h IW.lIOHlIsan;iH npacranam lI3'h 06.lIaCTeii ~YHaitcKHX'h B'b nenrparsnua OO.lIaCTH EBpOIIhl. )l;pyraro no~06Haro MOMeHTa HCTOpiH C.JIaBHHCKoii IIpapo~lIHhl IIe aaaers. 'Iro IIO~l) rero-aaaaaa, Bome~IIIlIMH B1. cromuoneale C'b PHMJIHHaMH, pa3YMtlOTcH HMeHHO aaum IIpe~KH-C.lIaBHlle, aTO 1I0~TBepm.J:aeTcH H H306pameHieM'h reTO-I~aKOB'h na Tpaaaoaoa KO,,'IOllBt, r~t OBlI, no napyaHOCTlI, noopyaeni» II KOCTIOMY, CXO~HhI C1. TlInOM'h HapO~OB'h C.lIaBJIHCKHX'h,

~Hrypa HMnepaTOpa TpaRHa.

BapeJIbecp".b TP.9.JlHOBOH l{OJIOHHbI. As

Bape.nbect>".b TpaRHoBoH l{OJIOH

KmCKie KpeCTb1iHe npeJl'b TpwmOM'b.

MOHeTR HMnepRropR Tp8JIHa.

fbI. CueHR 6HTBbI C'b JlRKiwURMH.

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B CJIaBHHCKBM'b npUaAHBKO~f'b I\,O.IIH)J;hl, HeCoMHtHHO aaauctnonaansnrs CJaBHHCKBMB HapOJJ;aMB OT'b PIHfCKlfX'b KaJIen)J;b, B C.J1aBHHCRBMB nperaHiHMB, Bb KOTOPhlX'b BaZHYIO pOJIb arpaers BMH ~apH Tpaaua, B, HaKOBe~'b, cymecraoaaaiem, K.JIa)J;OB'b PBMCKBX'b MOHeT'b, OTh Tpaaua ,],0 CenTBMiH Cenepa BKJIOqBTeJIbHO, Bb npe)J;t..IIaxb aeMJIB PYCCKlIX'b B lIOJIbCKBXb canBHHb. Cy~ecTBoBaHie 9TIfX'b KJIaJJ;OBb 06'hHCHHeTCH TtMb, uro npaCJIaBHHCKiH BJilf reTO-)J;aKiIlCKiH H.1eMeHa, OCTaB.IHH CJIClBHHCKYIO npapOJJ;BHY B'h anoxy rocnojorsa TaM'b PBMJIHH'b, 06MtHB.1IB caoe rpOM03iJ;CKOe BMy~ecTno na JIerKO YHOCBMhlll MeTaJIJIb, npBHeC.IIB C'h C060I0 paacsoe cepe6po IIa 6epera BIICJIhl, 3aHa)J;IIaro Byra, HimaHa, IIpBIIeTII, cpemaro B nepxaaro reseuia )l;Himpa, )l;ecHhI, CeitMa, OKB B BonB II nopYlIB.lIB ero xpaaeuuo aeM.lIB HOBOit pO)J;BHhI. C'b sroro BpeMeHB 06.JIaCTB BBCJIhl II cpeaaaro reneHiH )l;Htnpa, npeJJ;CTaBJIHBmiH C060IO UYCTbIHB CO npexeua I'eposora )1.0 BpeMeHB IO.J'liJl Ilesapa, JlBJIJlIOTCH yme SaCeJleHHbIMB reraxa, CKB6a~IB, BelIeTaMB, aHTaMB B CK'JIaBHHaMII, COOTBtTcTByIO~mllI CJI<1BlIHO-PYCCKIUtlb lIJIeMeHaM'h Haqa.IIbHoit PYCCKOit JtTOUIICB 12).

9Ta CMtJIaJI, aasamasaa reopia, .npaara, eme He nOJIYIIlI.m noanaro npasa rpamJJ;aHCTna Bb HayKt II BhlSBa.JJa JJ;ame cepseaasra noapaaenin npOTHBb OT)I,tJIhHhlXb ea nYHKTOB'b 1:1), HO Bce-TaKH BMteTb na cBoeit CTOpout 60Jte maacom na ycrrtx'b, lItM'b reopia 0 PYMhlHCKOit nanioaarsHOCTB reTO-JJ;aKOB'b, B nOJJ;TBepm,rJ;aeTCH il:C1J1hHtitHIIIMB BantcTiHMH Bal) HCTOpiII rrpBJJ;YHaIlCKlIX'b crpam., HaXO)l,HCh aa nepenyrsa Ba'b AaiB B HhlHtmHBXb HOBOpoccittCKIIX'h crenea B'h BHaauTiIO B Bb aamt)l,HYIO EBpony, 9TH CTpaHhI uocsepemo 3aHHMaeMhl 6hl.1lB, aa 60,,1te II.JJ1f Mente soporaoe BpeMH, paaHhlMII BapBapeKBMII II nO.1lYBapBapCKHMB HapOAa~IR, KaK'b-TO: rOTaMB, rYHHaMH, 60.1fapa~fB, anapaMII H J(p., ast-aa KOTOpWX'h see OOJltC B OO.1lte BhlcTynaIOT'h na IICTOpBlIeCKoe nonpame C.I1aBHHe co CBOIIM'h onpeAt.1leUHhlM'b HapOAUbIM'h xapaarepows, noaa, HaKOHe~b, He aaHBMUIOT'b, Bb 9TOit crpana rOClIoAcTByIO~aro noroaeaia.

HenocpeACTBeHHbIMII aaMtcTBTeJIHMH pBMJlHH'b B'h npHJJ;YHaitcKlIX'h crpaHaX'h H B'h lIaCTHOCTII B'h )l;aKiH TpaJIHa Ohl.1lll rOTM, KOTOPhlM'b PHMCKiH BMnepaTOp'h ABpe.1liaH'h yCTYIlB.1l'b 9Ty CTpaHY B'b 271 ro,ll,Y no P. Xp., nepeceraas CBOIIXb KOJIOUBCTOB'b na HpaBhlit 6epef'b )l;YHaH. B'h KOH~t lY BtKa rOTbI HaCe"lH.JJB JJ;OBO.1lhHO 06HIBPHYIO repparopuo B'h IOmHbIX'b CTeUJlX'h POCCiB, npOCTHpaJICh na nOCTOK'h )1,0 )l;oHa, a ua aanaAt aauaxan nocToIIHYIO nacrs )l;aKiB, T. e. Baraxim, MO.1l,],aBiIO B Beccapaoho, B puaiJ;t-

- 14-

.1JSIJHCh na OCTrOTOB'b HJH rpeitTYHrOB'b, mHBmHX'b B'b cTeUJIX'b, Mem~y )I,BtCTPOM'b H )l;OHOM'b, H BeCTrOTOB'b If.llH TepBHHrOB'b, 06HTaBmlfX'b Me3t~y JI,HtCTPOM'b H )l;YHaeM'b. A Tt u ~pyrie BMtJH no~'b caoero BJaCTilO U pyeCKHX'b CJaBJlH'b. Bt, CBOeM'b ~BHmeHilf C'b csnepa ua 1Of'h OCTrOTbI, no~'b npeABO)J,HTeJbCTBOM'h KOPOJIJI csoero BpMaHpHxa, nOKOpHJIH ce6t HtCKOJhKO BapO~OB'b ossepa, Mem~y KOTOPbIMH Y3HaIOT'b lIy~h, MOp~By, necs, MeplO, lIepeMHcy H ~p., H 3aTtM'b nO~lIHBHJIH cBoeit BJIaCTll Jl3bIfOB'h, pOKCOJIaHOB'b, BeHe~OB'b H npa6aniitcKHX'b 9CTOB'b, HS'b KOHX'b BeHe~bI HJIH BeHeTbI npa- 3HalOTCH sa npe~KOB'b n03~HtitmHX'b CJIaBJlH'b. PaBHbIM'b 06pa30M'b H BeCTrOTbI HJIH TepBIIHrH. 3aHJlB'b )l;aKilO TpaJIHa, nO~lIllBHJIH ce6t TY3eMHoe nacereaie, soropoe B'b 369 rOJJ;y nOMOraJIO HMnepaTopy Ba.neHTY B'b 1I0itHt ero ct, rOTCKHM'b KOpOJIeM'b ATaHaplfXOM'b H sa 9TO nomeprayro 6bIJIO noCJIt~HHM'b mecToKoMY roneano. Bt, nOCJItJJ;cTBiH BpeMeHH 9TO TyseMHoe naceaeuie HCHO BbIcTynaeT'b co CBOHM'L CJIaBJlHCKlfM'b xapaarepoas. llOCeJHBmacs na IOrt HblHtmHeit Poocia, rOTbI C6.IIHSIIJHCh C'b nOHTiitcKHMII rpeIWMII, H B'b 9TOM'b 06CTOJlTeJhCTBt, MOmeT'b 6bITh, 3aIt.l1OlIaeTCJI npHlIHHa, no KOTOPOit OHII BnOCJItJJ;CTBiH JJ;OCTlIrJIH H3BtCTHOit CTeneHD 06paaOBaHHOCTII H CpaBHHTeJbHblX'b ycntxOB'b B'b HCKYCCTBaX'b H oxeus paao H B'b OOJIbmOM'b KO.IIHlIecTBt npHHJlJIU xpacriaucsy» Btpy. I'oraas H nO)J,qHHeHHbIM'b IIM'b HapOJJ;aM'b MomHO npanaouaars H H3ctlIeHHhIe B'b CKaJIaX'b )J,HtcrpOBCKHX'b ~epKBU H KpeCTbI, CJIt)l.bI KOTOPblX'b, OTlIaCTD )J,OHbIHt coxpaaanIlIieCH, 3aM1iTHbI 6bIJIlI yme BO npeseaa ROHCTaHTDHa Barpnaopoaaaro aa otipameuaoa K'b Boarapia CTOPOHt ptKII. rOTbI me )J,a.nH IOatHO-pyCCKIIM'b CJIaBHBaM'b H csoe naaaauie (( Pycs». llaMHTHHKOM'b KYJIbTypHaro BJIiJlHiH rOTOB'b aa CJIaBHH'b c.'lyman rOTCKiH CJIOBa B'b ~peBBeCJIaBHHCKOM'b H pycCKOM'b H3bIKaX'b 14).

rOTOB'b BbITtCHHJIH C'b 6eperOB'b lJepHaro MOpH H CMtHH.IlH 3~tCh ryn"bI,-HapO~'b MOHrOJIbCKarO nJIeMeHlI. OCTaBHB'L, no KaKllM'b-TO npllqDHaM'b, crena cpe~Heit AsiIl, BO BTOPOit nOJIOBHHt IV BtKa OHD YCTpeMDJIllCb na sanars, B'L Espony, YBJIeKaH C1> c06010 BCTptqaBmiHCH aa nyTII MaCChI J\pymx'b l:OqeBHHKOB'b H B'b TOM'b qllCJIt aJIaH'L, H BMtCTt C1> HHMH 06pyIlIHJIHCh CBOHMH noasanaaa na rOTOB'b. Cnepna nO)J,qHHeHbI 6bIJIH OCTrOTbI, He60.lIbmaH lIaCTh KOTOPhIX'b 6tza.na ua 3aUa~'b; 3aTtM'b )l;aKiH Tpaaaa CO BCtMH ea 06l1TaTeJHMH npasaaaa rOCHO~CTBO rYHHOB'b. TO.IIhKO rJIaBHaH Macca BeCTrOTOB'b, C'b Hpllcoe)J,lfHHBmllMDCJl K'b HHM'b TOJInaMH HtKOTOPbIX'b J\pyrHX'b repMaHCKHX'b IIJIeMeH'L, DCKMa cnaceaia B'b Hpe)J,tJIax'b BH3aH-

- 15 -

TiitClWit HMrrepiH H nOJIyqllJla paapsmenie rrepeOO.JIHTbCJI sa )lYHalt. MelR)l;Y TtM'b rYHHhl He )l;YMaJIH OCTaHaB.JIHBaTbCH B'b CBOeM'b HeYJJ;epmHMOM'b CTpeMJIeHiH, noaa BaKOHe~'h, He )l;OCTHf.JIH llanaoaia, - crpaau, qpeSBhlqaitHo Y)l;OOHOit KaK'b )(.JIJI HX'b concraeauaro MtcTorrpeohlBaHin, TaK'b H )(J1J1 HX'b )l;aJIbHtltmHX'b rpaOHTeJIhCKHX'b H aasoeaaren.asm, ~t.JIeit. OTCIOfVl OUH BJIaCTBOBaJIH ua)l;'b nosopeaauaa H~l'b napO)l;aMH H B'b resenia IIOJIYCTOJItTin rpOMHJIH co CBOHMH COIOSHHKaMH BOCTOqHhlJl H Sana)l;BMJI crpaau PHMCKOlt HMnepiH. I'yaacaoe uapcrso pacnaaocs B'b 453 ro)l,Y, co oseprno SHa.MeHHTaro KOPOJIJI rYHuOB'b ATTHJIhl. IIootm)(eHHhle BoaCTaBllIHMH npOTHB'b HHX'b rOTaMH If remnasa, TO.1J.IIhl ryuHOB'b paaOpeJIlfCh, nOBH)(IIMOMY, B'b pasaua CTOpOUhl. Ho II caua rOTM, OCBOOO)(IIBmDCb IfS'b nO)l;'b B.mCTIf rYBHOB'b, rrepeCeJIHJlDCh cnaxara B'b Ilaaaoaie, a saTtM'b B'b UHmHIOIO MllSiIO, oTKY)I,a, C'h coraacia asueparopa Beaoaa, B'h 488 rO)l;Y ornpasmaes, no)('b npezso)l;llTe.JIhCTBOM'b KOPO.JIJI caoero TeO)(OpHXa, B'b HTaJiIO II npo)l;epma.llllCb S)I;tCh )1;0 npesem, aaneparopa IOCTllHiaHa 15).

)lBHmeHieM'h rYUUOB'b SaXBaqeHhlOhlJIll, BOJIeit-HeBOJIelt, II CJIaBJlHe, no)(qllHJlBmiecJI JJ;OTO.lIt roraxt. Ha oymeornoaaaie CJIaBJlHCKaro 9JIeMeHTa B'b rYHHCKllX'b nOJl1ID~aX'b )(OBOJIhHO JlCHO HaMeKaIOT'b nOKClSaHiJl BHsaHTilt~a Ilpacsa, OCTaBHBmaro onaoanie CBOlfX'b BIIe(IaTJItuiit 0 nyremecrsia a npeOhlBaHill Y ATTllJIhl nOCOJIbCTBa BlIaaHTiil.cKolt HMnepilf, B'b KOTOPOM'h II OH'h YllaCTBOBaJI'b 16). DPHCK'h BCTptTllJI'h Ha)l;'h HllmHHM'b JYHaeM'h TyseM~eB'bCK1l90B'b, roscpaannm, CKH9CKIIM'h JlShlKOM'b,IIS'b soroparo coxpaaars rpa C.JIOBa, OqeB~)l;HO C.lIaBJlIICKiJl: me d 0 s-uasBauie CRlI9CKaro nanarsa, saMtuHBmaro BUUO; c a m o n-c-uassanie CKlI9CKaro HaIIUTRa,IIpUrOTOBJIJlBmaroca llS'h JIqMeUH, a s t r a v a- uaananie CR1l9CKOit rpanesu, norpenarsnaro CTOJIa na MOfllJIt IIOKoitHllKa. B'b IIOCJIt)l;CTBilf BpeMCHll no pacnateuia rYUHCKaro ~apCTBCl, na ctBepHOM'b oepery qepuaro MOPJl JlBJIJlIOTCJI rocnorCTBYIO~HMII pO)(CTBeUHhlJl IIJIeMeHa CJIaBJIH'h H aBTOB'b, OqeBll)l;HO nOTOMRlf rlX'b BeHeTOB'h, soropae, nors BepXOBHOIO BJIaCTiIO Bpsaapaxa, OOUTaJIll It'b IOry OT'b uosnpeaasm, IfM'L me ~llHHOB'h II JIlITOB~eB'b. I'orcsia JItTOnaoem, Iopuaars, IIllCaTeJIb YI BtKa, paaJIHqaeT'b B'b EBPOIIt I'epaaaiio H CKII9iIO. B'b CKlI9ill OH'h IIoMt~aeT'b tI;aKiIO, KaK'b BtH~OM'b orpam)l;euByIO BhlCOKHMH ropaaa, sa KOTOPblMll, na HellsMtpHMOM'b npocrpaacrss, OOllTaJ'h MHOrO.JIIO)l;Hblit uapors nenercaia. « Haanaaie sroro napoaa, -IIPO)l;OJDKaCT'h IopHaH)l;'b,-H3MtUJleTCJI no PCl3J1l1QiIO OOJIacTel II II.JIeMeH'b, HO npeaaymeCTBeHHO ua3hlBaIOTCJI OUII CJIaBJlHaMII II aHTaMIf. CJIUBlIHe OOUTaIOT'b, uasa-

- 16 -

naa OT'b C.IlaBHHO-pH~ICKarO ropora HOBio~YHa (Civitas nova) H osepa Myaiana JJ;O piU\H ]I,utcTpa, a ua ctBept-no BHC.lIY. Boaora H .ntca c.nymaTh HM'b BMtCTO ropOJJ;OB'b. AUTbI me, xpa6pttimiit y UHX'b napors, saUHMaIOn SeMJH ua)l,'b 1I0HTiitcKnM'b MOpeM'b, MemAY )l:UtCTPOM'b n ]I,utnpOM'b». Bt, ~pyroMb MtCTt, onnCLIBaH aanoeaaaia 9pMaupnxa, Iopuau)I,'b rOBOpn'I1,: « 9pMaUpnX'b nOJJ;uH.lI'b opymie ua BeHeTOB'b, soropue, npoaoxoaa OT'b onroro napma, B'b HaCTOH~ee BpeMH COCTilB.nHIOT'b yme Tpn napora: BeHeTOB'b, aHTOB'b If C.lIaBHU'b» 17).

YTBep)l,HBmnCL sa ctBepHoit CTOPOHt ]I,yuaH, B'b ublHtmHnX'b Beccapa6in n PYM LIHin , C.lIaBHUe n aHTbI B'b reneaia VI n VII BtROB'b ~t.1JaIOT'b 6eanpepblBHLlll nropaenin B'b IIpe~t.lIbI Baaanrin, na BauaHcKiit noayOCTPOB'b, TO o~un, TO B'b co06~ecTBt C'b 60JIrapaMn n aaTtM'b asapaan. Oc06eHHO nropaeaia C.lIaBHH'b B'b npeJJ;t.lIbI BnaauTiitCIwit axnepia ycn.lIn.lInCh CO npeseaa mmeparopa IOCTnHiaHa, ROTOPblit B'b 545 ro)l,y aameaca BblHymJJ;eHHbHll'b OTIIpaBlITL K'b aarasrs econoe nOCO.lIbCTBO, C'b upearoaeHieM'b OT~aTL nM'b onycTtBmiit ropo~'b Typnc'b (Tnpac'b-AKRepMaU'b), Cb TtM'b, 'lT06b1 ORn sanrantanr rpauansr nMnepin nporam, sapaapom; O'leHL MOmeT'b 6b1TL, 'lTO C'b sroro npexena Tapaot, nO.lIY'ln.lI'b y aUTOB'b naanaaie Btaropoaa, n (ITO caMn aHTbI, aaumrs CTpaHY npeaaaxt, repnaarom., nepeaxeannara ce6H B'b ranepnom, IIO)l,06uo TOMY, KaK'b OHn nepe,1l;tJIa.lIn ua CBOit JHiJ,'b xnoria )l,pyriH rOTCRiH caona, nO.lIY'lnBmiH IIpaBO rpasnasotaa B'b nx'b JI3b1Kt. Ho YCTYURa anrasrs HblHtmHeit Beceapa6in e'b AKKepMaHOM'b He OCTaHOBn.lIa )l,a.JILHtitmnX'b BTopmeuiit nx'b Bb IIpe,l,tJbI BasaariaCKOit nMlIepin. C'b ~pyroit CTOPOUbI, cep6b1 n xopsarsr B'b VII BtKt BTOprHYJnCL B'b lfunpiIO n )l:a.lIMan;iIO, aaceaara nx'b C'b paapsureaia n~meparopa lfpaKJIiH, OTCIO)I,a CTaJn pacnpOCTpaHHTLCH aa BOCTOK'b, IIO MHain n 8paKin, n COm.lInCL C'b aHTa~1H B'b 6aJKaHaX'b n B'b ctBepHOii )l,O.lInut /lyHaH. ]I,BnmeHie C.mBHH'b nplIUH.lIO ranie rpoaaaaae pasMtpbl, 'lTO CTaJIO yrpoaan, caMOMY cymeornoaanim BnaaHTiitCIwit mmepin. C'b sroro npexeua (C'1 VI BtKa) -rOBOpnT'b rH.lIL4Iep~nnr'b, - KaK'b 6Y)l,TO KaIWH HeBt,1l;OMan cara roasaaa MaCCbI e.1J.<lBIIH'b Sl1 AYHafi. 110 Bceit BtpolITHocTn, nx'b ,1l;BnH!.ll'b nanops HOBblX'b oprs ypa.1LcKaro un nopacaarn mesena, pO,1l;CTBeHUblX'b rYHuml'b, cntmllBIIIHX'b O)l,Ha aa iJ,pyroIO saHHTL 60raTblH crena 'Iepaoxopia H HbIH.tmHefi Bearpia 18). To 6bI.1JU 60.uapbl n oe06eHHO asapsr.

Hamecrnie anapi, 6L1.;10 nOC~I'B)(CTBie~I'b aosaro )l;BnmeuiH Typen;KnX'b napO)l;OBb B'b IOrO-BOCT01JHI>IX'b CTenHX'b nLIHtmneit Poccin, uauaamaroca npn

- 17 -

IOCTBHiaHt. B'L meCTIf,l(eCHThlX'L rO,1ax'L VI BtKU anapa B'L IJIfCJlt 20,000 YCTpeMlfJllfCb na aana.'l.'L If npemJl,e scero paarposaaa If nO)J,qHUHJlH cooeo BJiaCTH nouriacsie HapoAhl H B'L QHC.1Jt HI'L 60Jlfap'L, aHTOB'L If APYruX'L CJlaBHH'L na )lHtnpt II )l;HtCTpt, B'L HblHtlllHIIX'L Eoc('upaoiH, MOJl)J,aBiu n

n"eJ.\eCTaJI'f> OT'f> KO.DOllHhI es PHUCKOIO BaJ.\uHcLIO 201 roJ.\a.

Baaaxta. OTcIO~a aBaphl np0;J;oJma~1H oaoe ;t,BumeHie na sanars, K'h caJlblM'L rpitHDl\RM'L (~pallli.CJwit ,l(epmanbI, ,10.Jjf\llbl obI.m npcxoran, lIepe3'h 3C~IJlH, yme aaeereanua CJRBHUa~lH, U CHOU11'L 1l33(1YUJlITe.:IbIlblM'L i~BH2KeDie~I'h YBJeli..JJ1f sa COOOIO SOillIllTe.lbIlblH 1HlCChl C.IaBHII1)" IWTOPbIX'h DOTOll1>,

BECCAPABIII. 2

- 18 --

IUlK'b CBOBX'b nO;'lJl.allHblX'b, nOCC.1BJlB ua aasoeaaauua repparopia. ABapcsoe aro Obl.l0, KOHeqHO, BeJIBliUI'b ot)J,cTBieM'b )lJl.H eJ3BJlH'b; BOO asapa HlIc.KOJbKO He llW;J.BJB caoaxt, nOMUHnhlX'b If yrnerara BX'b, SaCTaBJJIJI nOCTOJlHHO ua ceoJl pafioran, II OOllpaJl llX'b. Ilpeaanie 0 3teCTOKOCTJlX'b aaaps no OTHOllieHiIO K'b)J,Y .atoaAl'b n.nI BOJlblHJlHaM'b COXpaHllJOCb 11 n'b PycCKoii .1JtTonBen, r)J,t OHB ynoMBHaIOTCJI C'b BllelIeM'b OOPOB'b. TtM'b He MeHte sanBCB~lOeTh OT'b anaps llMtJla B CBOIO xopoumo CTOPOHY ilJJI CJaBHH'b: OHB Ma.JIO no ~ta.Iy npBBhIlW.JI1I 1\'1 MlIpnOllY 3eMJle)J,tJblJec.IWMY TPY)J,Y, nOJIOOll.1JB cnmo 1I0BYIO HeM.'11O B OCBOIl.1JllCb C'b lICit. Heaanacn, K'b OOII\elIY Bpary H YTtCHBTC.JI1O cnOCOOCTBOBH.'Ia IIX'b cmesenuo II paanarhc Y HllX'b napomnro casocoauania, a Bnoc.~t)J,CTBiB 1I0llOr.1Ia H HX'b nO.1I1TlllICCKOMY OO'be)J,lIlICBilO. B'b nepaoa no.J1OllDBt "VII BtKa C.mBHHC qexill D MopaBill, BOCnO.JIbSOnanllIHCb noenasrxa HeY)J,<l'IiHIII anaps B BHyTpeHHllMB "X'b HeypH)J,B~aMll, COPOCD_Ilf BX'b aro D coeaauaaacs, XOTJI If ueaaaoaro, IlO)J,'b BJIaCTblO can.aaro BoaWI CiUIO. HtKOTOPhlH C.'laObIJl nonursa neaarauecsaro OO'beAllHeHiJl BCTI)tqaIOTCJI B'b aTO Bpe~1H Y C.lIaBHH'b, nO)J,B.mCTHblX'b aaapasn., II na HII3tHeMb )I,YHat. BhIHY3i)J,aeMhle asapaaa K'b HaotraM'b aa npe)l,t.lhl BlIsaHTiitcKoit Hlmepill H K'b OTIIOPY OTMeCTHbIX'b HRna)J,eHiit BII- 3aHTiii~eB'b, 3)J,tllllIic caanaae cocpe)J,OTOlIHBaIOTCH MaJlO no ~1a.lJy nO)l,b HeHOCpeil.CTBCHHOIO aracruo enOIIX'b BOll\)J,eil II KlIJlSeit, HaXO;1llBIIIHXCJI Bb Bacca.'lbHoit s3nHCBMOCTD on asaps, Bt. 593 rOi\Y, npa llMnellUTopt DlanPBKit, nO.'lKOBO,1CUb ero n PllClib, mC.mH uanaaars )lYHaiimillx'b C.mBHlI'b sa HXb HaotrH ua BBsaHTincRYIO annepiio B npesparan, nocrmaie, nepellIe.'i'b aa .~tnhlfi oepel"b )I,ymlH If Bb MtCTHOCTH, opoumenof ptKOIO Ceperoxt., paa(in.1'h C.1anHlICI\YIO ,iJ,PY3.OIllY, OhlBllIYIO nO)l,b npcI1Bo)J,llTe.JIbCTBOM'b Paarocra lI.JIH Ap)J,aracTa, H aaTt~I'b, nepenreama ptl;Y .H.lJ.omnu~y, BSJl.JIb CTO.lll~Y C.1aBJIlICllarO lLOpOJH My*cli.a, JlemllBIlIYIO sa ptl\olO Eyseo, B caxoro ~IYiKeliU aaxnaran, nb futU'b 19). I\pOMt roro, no BTOPOit norouann "II ntKa, na npanoa CTOPOHt ;l.YHan, OCHOBhIBaeTCH (,.'IaBHHO-OOJfapCl\oe ~apCTBO. O}\lllIb H3b OOJlfapCl\IIXb Bom)J,e.fi, ACU3PYX'b, 311UH.~b Bb 668 rO)J,j nuanmusuo Beocapaono, YTBep;J,If.Ib csoe rOCnOf\CTBO Bb yr.'lY, 0(ipa3ye!110Mb rescnieus )I,utcTpa, )I,ymlH II (iepcro)t'b qepHllro MOPH, II lIa.lomB.lb ~llHb ua OOIfTaBllIHXb TaMb c.mnHH'b, uoropue uaausaia CBOIO CTpaHY y r.WM'h, lI~leHCMb; I\OTOpOe 3aImCaUO B B'b BBaaHTiitcI;IIX'h .'1tTonllCHX'b, Cb lIa~tneHieMb B'b llOUI'.10C'b», 0 ,1Oce.,t y:\cp*lInaCTCH B'b PYMhIHCI\O~lb Ha3BaHilI cera ItOTUCUB, nUUlHlIeBCli.arO yts;~a, 03HalIaIOII\eMb yrO.!lb. H3'b

- 19-

9TorO-TO yua Becoapania OOJIfaphl Aonapyxa At-lIaJIU nOCT08HHhlH BTOpaenia B'h 8paKiIO, C'h ~tJIhIO rpaoeaa U pasooa, B'h npoxoraenia AecHTu .1I'I;T'h, U HaKOUe~'h COBCtM'h nepeCeJIIIJIUCh B'h HhIHimIHIOIO )l;oopy~my, YKptnUJIUCh B'h ropuuxi, y~eJIhHX'h Barsam, U nOKOpUJIU Tt paapcaaeauua mexeaa CJIaBHIl'h, KOTOPhIH OOUTaJIU TaM'h cs YI CTO.ltTiH. lls'h cMtIlIeHiH OOJIraps Acnapyxa U 9TUX'h caasam, BnOCJIt~cTBiu otipaaonaroa ocoohlil CJIaBHUCKiil napors, nOTOMKU soroparo, OOJIfaphl, mUByT'h U AO nacroamaro npeseaa.

R'h KOH~y B.m~hlllccTBa asaps, 3aAYHailcKie tioarapa pacnpocrpauara CBOIO BJIacTh U na .JItBhlli 6epefb Jl,y UaJI , na Baraxho, r,1l;t atUJIU C.JIOBeH~hl, pO,1l;CTBeHHhle 60.uapCKUM'h c.mBHHmI'h, U na IOro-BocTOlIHYIO YrpiIO. Cb KaKUXb UMeHHO nops OOJIfaphI B.JIa,1l;t.1u senelt no .ltBOMY 6epery )l;YHaH, Bb Baraxia, C'h TOlInocTiIO CKa3aTh Tpy)J;HO. MomHo 0,1l;H3KO-me npemoao,iKllTh, lITO oaa yme npa nouapeuia RpYMa (802- 803 r.) CTOH.JIU TUM'h TBep~oIO noron. Hec9MHtHHo BO BCJJIWM'h C.JIYllat, uro RpYM'h eme anauaTeuuo pacmapars 9TD ctBepHhlH B.IJa,1l;tHiH D, nOBU.'l:BMOMY, SUBOeBa.lI'h llaCTh n03,11;HtilIlIeil IOro-BocTOIIHOil Yrpiu. BtPOHTHO, oo.uaphl B.JIa~t.1JH 9TOil crpaaoa ,11;0 aropaenia B'h nee yrpOB'h B'h BOCb~IU,1l;eCHThlX'h ro~ax'h IX BtKa 20).

)l;OCTBrHYB'h B'h CnOeM'h .'l:BB.iKeHiD na aanan, npe,ll;t.JIOB'h 4lpaHKcKaro rOCY,1I;apCTBa, anapu BOIII.lIll B'h CTO.lIKHOBeHie C'h 9TllM'h nOCJt~HllMb U norBO.'!B npers BOSCTaBIIIUM'h ero Mory~ec'TBOM'h. Bt, 803 ro,'!.y Nap.'I'h Be.mKiil OKOHllaTeJIbHO ropscorsoaars HH)I.'h asapana, .nO.'l:lIUHUB'h BX'h U IlO~naacruue DMb Hapo~hl aauana csoea macra. Bt, noc.'It,1l;uifi past, ynoMBHaeTCH OO'haBapaX'h, KaN'h 00'1 ocoooii HapO,1l;HOCTD, B'h 822 ro,1;y 21). C'h na,ll;eHicM'h Xte anapcsuro roonoscrna aauaauerca y CJIaBHH'h YCTaHOBJIeHie HOBhIX'h rOCY,1l;apCTBeHHhlX'h ~eHTpOB'1 B pacmnpenie HX'h B.JIa,1l;tHifi.

TIOllTB O,1l;HOBpeMeHHO C'h pacmapeniem, OO.JIrapCKllX'h B.JIa)l,tHifi ua .1ItBOil: CTOPOUt Jl,YHHJI, C.lJaBHUCKiti KHJJ:-Jb Molhrnp'h, OCBOOO;'l,BBIlIifiCH co CBOml'h HapO~OM'h uar-nors ara anapt, OCHOBa.n K'1 ctBepy OT'h Cpe,1l;HHrO )l;yuaJI CB.JIhnOC rocy,1l;apCTBO, BSBtcTHoe IlOjl,'h HMeHeM'h MopaBiB. HeMHoI'o noaae D ,1l;pyriJI CJIaBJIHCKiH uaeseaa, OCBOOO,'l.llBlIIiJlCJI US'h-no~'h B.JIaCTD asap's, coeJ),HHll.JIllCb B'h oOJIte Kptm\ie HapOJ),HhIe COIOShl, no,'!.'h ynpaB.lIenieM'h CBOUX1, KHJIaeti, U nO.lomll.lIB nauaao rocYjl,apCTmUI'h, B03HBKIlIHM'h nOlITB B'1 Ojl,HO U TO me BpeMJI B'h TpeX'1 pCl3.mlIHbIX'h MtCTHOCTJlX'1 BOCTOllHOlt Espomr. Ilepnoe D3b IIHX'h Obl.lIO OCHonHHO TIJICTO~I'1 ua ocperax'h BUC.TIhl

*

- 20-

OKO.JIO 860 rOAu, nOA'h IHleHeM'h Iloasura; nropoe-e rpeaa 6paTbJlllIH sapnrana PIOPHKOlll'h, CHHCYCOlll'h H TpYBOPOM'h na 6eperax'h BO.JIXOBa B'h 862 roAY, H nasonem, rperse B03HHK.JIO ua )I;Htnpt, no~'h ynpanJIeHieM'h napnaCKHX'h me Bom~eit ACKOJlhAi:l H )I;Hpa, B'h 864 ro~y. 9TO noc.llt~Hee rocy~apcTBo nCKopt 6hlJIO noraomeuo ctnepHhIM'h, OCHonUHHhlM'h PIOPHKOM'h C'h ero 6paThJIMH, H, C.JIHBmHCh C'h HHM'h B'h OAHO, cAt.JIa~IOCh lJ,eHTpOM'h BOCTOIIHOii C.JIaBJlHCIWii i\epmaBhl, T. e. PYCH 22). Bt, C03)J;aHiH nOC.JItAHllfO 1'0- cy~apcTBa H pacmapeniu ero npHHHlIlll.JIH Y1IaCTie H npH~YHaiicKie caanaue, nacenmmie renepemusno PYllhlHilO C'h Beccapa6iefi.

r ~ a B a B TOP a H.

Y'1!acTie npH,n;YHa:HCKHX'D pyCCKHX'D CJlaB.fIH'D B'D otipasoaaaia H pasaaria Pyocsaro rocy p;apcTBa OT'D ocaoaaaia ero ,n;o o6pa-

aosaaia ItH.a:m:eCTB'D Baaaria H MOJl,n;aBilI.

PyccKie CJIaBSlBe, paS;IJ;'BJIeuie UX'L na nJIeweua, ocaoaaaie CJIaBSlHo-pYCCKaro rocynaperaa u nparasseaie K'L Hewy )l.YJI'li60B'L H xopBaTOB'L, yrJIUqeH H THBepn;eB'L.-.D:YJIf,6H H XopBaThI H rrepaoaasaasaoe omomeaie HX'L K'L PYCCKOWY rOCY;J;apCTBY. - THBepI~H u yrJIHqB, nepaoaeaassaaa oraomeaia HX'L K'L PycCKOlllY rocy,llapcTBy, nropacenie .B'L HX'L 06JIaCTb BeUrpOB'L IIJIH yrpOl!~' y,llaJIeHie llOCJIil,llURX'L, BOSCTaUOBJIeHle CBSlSH THBepn;eB'L H yrJIUqeH C'L KleBCKlllIlH KHSlSLSllllH; noaaaeaie neqeHi;rOB'L 11 llOJIOBn;eB'L, npepaasmaxs, aenocpencrsesHhIS CBSlSH RieBa C'L THBepn;aMH H yrJIHqaWHj pyccaie ropona aa .D:Hi;CTP'li H .D:yua'li C'L ero C'li.BOpHHWH npuTOKaMH. - CBSlSb npB,II;yuaicKHX'L CJIaBHH'L C'L PYCCKHIl'L rocY,ll;8pCTBOW'L qpes'L xopBaTOB'L H )tYJIil60B'L: otipaaonanie Faaarrxaro KUHlIteCTBa, raJIHJ~KiH BJIa)ti;HiH H pyccxie ropona B'L 6acceiiHi; HHlItHHrO .D:yUaHj Bepaamrana H BPO;P;HHKH; orropsseaie 9THX'L BJIa)ti;Hiii H rOpOn;OB'L OT'l> raJIHn;KO-BOJIblRCKaro KHHmeCTBa nOJIOBn;aWH H TaTapawH H aenpepusaaa npe-

elllCTBeHHOCTb 8lJ:l;c& CJIaBHHo-pYCCKaro U8CeJIeHis.

OCJI'B na~eHiJl aaapcaaro recneaeraa in. BOCTOqnoD Enponn, PyccKie crannae JlCBO HhlcTynaIOTb "y me co CBOHlfH n.lelleIlllhIMB naananiaua n OT.IIIIqHTe.lIhHbDfB qepTa~H. « If mH.IIB D'h MHpt,-ronOpHTb Haqa.JIhHaJI PYCCKaJI JltTonlIch,-nOJIJlHe, H ~peHJInHe, II csaepane, II 6ymaHe, II paaaMBlIB, H BJlTHlIH, H xopnaru, Jl,y.lI'Mbl me mB.IIH no Eyry, r~'l; llhlHt BO.llhIHJlHe; a Y.1nqH, TBHep~bl CB~t.'1B no Jl,HtC'fPY, CB]I,t.Jllf npa ]l,YHat, II Obl.!IO nx'h IIIB0meCTBo; noo clI,!I,t.'1n no Jl,BtCTPY ~ajf£e ~o MOPJI. H eors ropoaa nx'h n )(0 cero ~HJI, II OHII uaannaaacs r rpeaom. Berasaa C&nein II. ITo J\pyrmlY paauonrenie,

- 22-

« Y .!lUqB BJIU yrJIuqu B THBep~LI CB~t.n:B no Eyry B no ]l;HtCTPY, CHJI,t.n:B npa ]l;YHat, B 6b1JO MHOateCTBO BX'b; H60 CBj\tJU no Eyry H no ]l;H$npy ~aate ~O MOPS!» 28). ITo CBBJI,tTenCTBY MIOHxeHCltaro onacaala CJlaBHHCKUX'b HapOAOB'b, y yrJBqeit 6b1J1o 318 rOpOAOB'b, a y rasepnem, 148 2~). Ho, mUBJI pasepocaauo OTJI,tJbHblMB nreaeaaaa no 06mBpHoMY npoerpaacray HblHtmHeit POCCiB, PyccKie CJaBJlHe nomepraraos onaCHOCTU CHona nomacn, no)l,'b BJaCTb UHopOA~eB'b U Aame MtCTaMB nJIaTB.JIB BM'b AaBb. ITo CKa.'3aBiIO JItTonUClI, «6Pa.JIH ~aHb sapara U3'b·aa MOPJl na 'lYAB, CJaBJlBaX'b HOBrOpOJl,CKHX'b, MepB, BeCB B IIa KplIBUqaX'b, a sosapu 6paJIH na noaaaavs, ctBepHHaX'b, pa"UMBqaX'b B BJITHqax'b, 6pa.JI1I no ropaocrato U 6tJIKt on AbI~a». OCB060atJl,eHie OT'b nOAqBHeHHOCTB BHOll.lIeMeBHHKaM'b, OCHOBaBie PYCCKaro rocY,1(arCTBa H 061>esaaeaie B'b HeM'b BCtX'b CJIaBJlHO-PYCCKHX'b nJle~eH'b BaqaJIOCb Be cs lOra Poecia, nOCTOHllIIO onycromaesaro B HaCUJyeMaro KOqeBBBKaMB, a C'b OT,1(aJIeHHarO cssepa, on nOBrOpOJl,CKHX'b CJIaBJlH'b, B OTCIO,1(a yate nocreneaao pacnpOCTpaHJIJIOCb U na iors Poccia. ITepei1'b 862 rO,Tl,OM'b naeneaa, nraTUBmiJl Aanb napnrasrs, HSrDaJIH nOCJItJl,HHX'b sa Mope, ne Jl,a.JIB HM'b AaHlI B'HaqaJIH caxa y ce6J1 BJIaAtTb; HO, ne YCTaHOBHB'b ca~1H c060it BHYTpeHnaro nOpH)I,Ka H nOKoH, OHB oTnpaBHJIBCb sa Mope K'b saparaa's, npOHCXO~HBIlIHM'b Ha'b Bapauria, HblHtulHeit Hopneria, II nplIrJIaCIIJIII K'b ce6t HR saaaeuie rpexs 6paTbeB'b: PIOpIIKa, Caaeyca H TpyBopa 25). Bcsopf 3artM'b H aa IOrt POCCilI, Y coocraeaana PYCB, nOAqBnenHoit HtKOr)l,a roTaM'b, 06pasyeTcJI napam-pyeceoe BJIaJl,tHie B'b Kieot, na ]l;ntnpt, rAt nepnuaa BapmKcKIIMB KHJl3bHMII JlBJIHIOTCJI PIOPHKOBbI KHSI3bH ACKOJlbJl,'h U ]l;HP'b, B nO~qBnHIOT'b ce6t nJIeMJI nOJIHH'b, nJIaTHOIlIee TorAa ~aHb saaapaas. ITo npeaanin, aTB KHSISbH 60pOJUCb co crenuusa aapnapaxa, C'b coCtJl.BBMB CJlaBHHCKUMB nJIeMeHaMB, Jl,peBJSIHaMB U yrJIBtIaMB, C'b )(YBafiCKUMU OOJIfapaMU, 0: Jl.aate CAtJIa.JIB Ha6tf'b na Basannn, HO, uorepnsar, HeYJl.aqy, npUHJI.JIB xpacriaacrnc B 003BpUTH.'lBCb Haa8J1.'b. Ilpa npeeaaasf PIOpBKa OJlert B npa CblHt ProPHKOBOM'b IIropt 06a 9TH naparo-caaOJlHCKin KHHmeCToa CJIIIBUIOTCJI D'b OJl.HO ~t.JIoe. Oaen, cs M(1.JIOJItTHH~I'b HrOpeM'b, npa nOMOm;U oapnmcKoit )J,pymHHbI H csnepaaxt, naeaens, OCO- 6eDHO me HOBrOp0Jl.CKIIX'b CJlaB1IH'b, OBJIa~tBaeT'b KieBO~'b, oaeprayss B y61IO'b ACKOJIbJl.a U ]l;Bpa. H Jl.tJlaeT'b ero CTOJIB~ero 06MJl.lIneDHaro C.!laOHDOpyccaaro rOCYJl.apCTBU 26). OCHOOHaH CTHxiJl aroro rOCYJl,apCTOa, T. e. Tyaexnoe CJIaOHHCKoe naceaenie, OCTaJIaCb HenpUKOCDOBeHHOIO: sapara He

- 23-

lIeT01!RIIK'b ell. IORHHR C01!RlIeKRro.

oOHapymHJlII nonra DIIKaKoro BosjI,tilcTBin na BHYTpeHHIOIO 2KHSHh CJlaBHHCRIIX"b nJle~IeH"b, He OCTaBHB'h CJt,!J;OB'h HII B'bHShIKt, HH Bb OOLllJaHX'h II T. D., II, BCJltjl,CTBie cBoeil MaJlOqIlCJleHHOCTH, jl,OJljKHhl OhlJlH oeS"b ocofieuHoil OOPhObI C.JIHTLCSI co C.:1aBHHaMH 27), npH,a:RB"b 1131'1. TOJlbKO npouaoe roCn;apCTBeHHoe YCTPOitCTBO, nO~OOHO TOllY, KaR'h TO me C.JIyqH.IJOCh 8tCKOJlhKO paasme C'h BOJIrapieil.

- 24-

C'h YTBepat~euie)I'h CTOJIlIqbl rocy~apcTna m, men:B IIaqlIlIaeTCH IIplIraseaie &'1 BellY IOatUO-pycmilIX'h IIJIeMeH'h ~y .I1i>6on'h II xcpnarom., yrJIIIlIeit II ranepuem., II rocy )l;apCTBellBoe 061>C~HUCIlic IIX'h IIO)l.'h B.IJaCTilO omoro KUHatemmro poza,

)I,y JIi>61iI II.IH nO.lbIIIlIHe H xopnara IIO~IIlIIlSIIOTCH pyCC&IIM'h &HH3bHM'h B'h KOUq:B IX II ~'h Halla.I:B X B:BKa. ITo csaaanim .1J:BTOIIIICII, B'h 907 ro~y KieBcKi1t KUH3h O.JIef'L, me~IlIII ua rpesons, «B3H,11> C'h CODOJO lI1HOiKeCTBO naparom, II C.1ilBHU'h: II .'I:peB.lIHU'h, H xopuarorrs, II ;J.y JIi>6on'h, H THBepnear,». Ho xopnaru, 6.JIarO,~apH oRpaHuuollY noaoacaito osoexy, oCn0604{)J;aIOTCJI 113'1-00.'1:'1 n.l1lCTH PYCCKIIX'L Imllacit npa npeesnauaxi, O.1Cra IIropt, CBHTOCJIant II npeaxymecrneuno IIpH CTapmlIX1:. CbIllOBbJIX'h nOCJIt~uHro. IT09TOMY rperia ChlU'h CBJIToc.mBa CB. B.1a~Hllip'h, C~t.'laBIlIHCb e~IIUOBJIaCTHTe.'le~l1:. PYCII, CTapaeTCH CUOBa nosopars xopsarotrs, ycntBmHX1:. IIO~qIIUlITbCH OO.1JJIKaM1:.. ITo mm~tTe.ilbcTBy .1ltTonHCII, B'L 981 rOAY OU1, XO~H.1JD K'h JIHXaM'h H 3llHSI.n pyccsie ropo.ia Ilepeuunns, qepBeU'L H )l.pyrie. Bt, 992 rOAY BJIa)l.IHlip'h OIlHTb XO)l.II.'l'h na xopnarom, H.m na llelllICJI3Ba IIOJIbCKarO H3'b-3a XOPB3TOB'h H IIepBCIICKHX'h rOpOAOB'h. Cblll'h CB. BJIa)l.IIMipa CnSITOIIOJIK'h OK3HUHblii, uaonrenua IIa Be.l1HROlmHiKeCIiiii IIpeCTO.il1:. IIpH IIOMOIn;IJ TeCTH cnoero, IIO.J1hCK3rO KOPO.JIJI Borecaaau Xpa6paro, yCTyIIllJI'h eMY aa 9TO xepneaosic ropona; uo 6pan CBllTOIIOJIKa Hpoc.lUn1:. ~Iy)l,Pblit YClltu OTBoeBaTh HX'b on IIOJIbmli II BKJIIOlIllJI'h HX'h BD cacTeMY Y)J,tJIbUbIX'h KUllatCCTB'h PYCCKlIX'h 28).

lITO ate KaCaeTCJI y JIHqeit llJIll yr.mqeit n rauepnest, TO OUII R.llI IIll:BJIH aenocpeacraeaaua oraomeain li1> CTO.IlIq:B PYCll RieBY Hero ImmJbJIlll" H.IH nOMepatllnUJIR caaas C'h BlUIR npa nocperonrs xopsaross.

o aenocpercrneuusm, oracmeaiaxn YUHlfeit H ranepnem, K1:. RieBY CYIQeCTnyeTD, npeane seem, nIYTHoe JItTonHcnoe npejnaie 0 Tom" lITO 6Y)I;To-6hl, eme ~O IIOROpelliJI Eiesa ACIW.'lh,10ll'h H JI,lIPO)I1:., MtCTUhIll "aJIah ltiit, ~aBIlIiit mIll cmroMY ropOAY, OCUOB11.1O T<1Kate ropo)l.'h Rieneq'h ua )I,YHat, R nro ACKOU,~'h R )I:RP'h BeJIU, MeiK~y IIPOlIIIMb, Boitay H C1:. yrJIHII11l1fl1 HJIII y.1J.lIIHDm "], B'h arom. nperania )J,ocTontpI1hlll'h rtlOiKUO npaauars 'fOJIbKO ro, lITO yr.mlfO II TIIBCpqbl pause APyrlIxb IOamo-pyccKHX'b rueMeHl, ~OJIjKIIbI OblJID onparnn, ua CC6H BUH~rallie orannao-pycoaaxi, &HJIaeit, ~t.mBIlIHX'h nOCTOHI1IIhle ua6:BrII ua BH3ilHTiIO, 'filK'h KaI~b aTII II.lIC~leHa paClI0.1JOatCIIbI Ohl.llI ua nYTIl R3'h PrCII n'h Basaurin. ITo CBH~tTe~IbcTBy KOHCTaH'flmU Barpanopmnaro, PYOChl 06hlKllOBeHII0 BTopnMIICb B'b BU3HH-

- 25 -

TiitCKYIO RMIIepiIO IIO cimepO-3aIIaiJ.nOllY 6epery llepnaro MOPH, sepesi, IIOcerenia }'TJlR1Jeit R rasepnem, B xepeas BOJIfUpiIO 30). Cb YTBepiK)I;eBie}1b cromusr pyccsaro rOCY)I;apCTBa Bb RieE'B, pyccKie KBSl3blI CTapUIOTClI BU.,'10iKBTb CBOIO PY&Y B na rasepnem, B Yf.IIBqeit R BK.'II01IRTb BX'bB'b COCTaB'b PYCCKaro rOCYAapCTBa. liD COiKa.II'BBiIO, OUB BCTP'B1JaIOT'b CR.JlbObIlI npenarorsia Kb TOMY B'b noanreaia na 10m POCciR UOBbIX'b IWlIeBbIX'1 naPOAOB'b, paapymaamaxi, eerecrneaaua CBHSR Mel£)I;Y c.mBHHo-pyCCRIDIH lI.JleMeUaMR, B Bb qaCrnOCTR ononrenia TB1Jep~eBb B YrJIRlJefi C'b RieBOlib. Ta&BMB KOlleBHHKaMll 6bI.IB oaasaaa yrpbI IUH nearpu, Sar'BMb neqeu'Bm H nO.JlOB~bI H, uaaoueirs, rarapsr.

ITo BSB'BCrilO oaqaJIbuoit PYCCIWit .1l'BTOIIRCB, Oaen., IIOKOPHBb RieBb, B1> 884 rOAl' BM'B.n pars Cb TlIBep~aMB B yr.:1lt1JaMH. 00'0 BCXO,J,'B 9Toll BOitObI Jl'BTOnIlCb UR1JerO ue co06~aeTh, II Silr'BMb, Bb reneuie 60.1'B(' 20 .ll'BTb (Ao 906 rOAa), 06'0 Oaers a ero )l;a.JIbu'Biimeit A'BHTeJIbUOCTB rr01lTII U'BTh ynoMBOauiJI. B'BpoHTUO, Oren, OCTaBII.l'b UeOKOOlJeOUbIMb nasaroe ;\'BJIO noaopeaia YUlllJett H TllBep~eBb BC.I'B)I;CTBie uanopa na UHXb HOBbIXb K01JeBOIlKOB'b yrpOB'b, BepHY.JlCJI BO-CBOHCH n ua BpeliJI OT.JlOiKIIJI'b BCHKI II npeanpiaria HCl IOr'B.

Y rpu lUll ~mAbJIPbI, CPlloHo-yropcKaro npOIlCXOiK)I;eHiH, OKOJlO lla1Ja.Jla I X B'BKa OCTaBII.JlR CBOIO POARUY sa BOJIfoit II Ra~IOit II nycTIMIICb IICRdTbClIaCThlI B'b IIUbIXb crpanaxt.. IIYTb HX1, me.II'b B'b IOro-sanaAHOM'b nanpaareaia. Cb Ma)l;blIpa~IR coe;J,RHIIJHCb 3IIa II RTe.JlbUbIH TO.mbI eOC'B~URXb H 0.lR3KDX. b K'b URMb Type~Ii.RX'b KOqeBHIIKOB'b, eK.'IOUUbIXb R'b orpaaoreosauito n Kb XR~UlIlJeClmMb UaO'BraM'b. ;I;ome~miJI AO nacs CBHA'BTe.'1bCTBa acropia 3flCTaIOT'b Ma.'V)Hp'b yate Bb IOiKBbIX'b crenaxn POCCiH, B'b COC'B)I;CTB'B II 0.1113- IWM'b oo~eIliH C'b K03apaMII, IIOTOM'b OKOJO )l;n'BnpOBcKoit PYCR, Uit oeperaxt, llepuaro xopn H eme )1;aJI'Be HU ioro-aanurs. Bo Bpe~IJI CBOllXb CKIITaBiit no CTelIHMb lOiKUoit pYCII yrpbI, 6en CO~IH'BuiH, He OCTaBJIlIJIll Bb nOKO'B II AU'BnpOBCKRXb C.1UBHUb. 9TO nO)l;TBepiK)I;aeTCH KaR'b H3B'BCTieMb apaooaaro nacarem 1I6U'b-)I,acTbI 0 noeuao-runnusm, CJIaBJlHaXb, I\oTOPbIXb yrpbI COhlBa.m rpeR,Hlb, TaKb II IISB'BCrimIH PYCCKuro .'1'Bronnc~a 0 )l,BlImeBill yrpoBb MIIMO RieBa. Becsaa BOSMOiKUO, 1JTO U'BKOTOpbIe RXb OTpHJJ:hl, OT)I;'B.'1BBmRCb OTb r.mBuoli: MaCCbI, osens paao npOIIIlK.'111 B)I;O.11> 6epera llepuaro uopa, K'b ulIiKueMY )I,ynaIO, II pucaara na C'BBep'B on

. Hero, Bb UbIU'Bmrreli: Beccapaoia H lOatnoli: MO.Jl~aBiR. Ilepnoe H3B'BCTIlOe nUMb noanaeaie MaiJ.hHp'h aa )lYBa'B, OTM'B11(,I1HOe BHsaBTificKHmI nacare-

- 26 -

JInMH, CJyqH.lIOCb OKO.lIO 839 rora, B'b napcraoaaaie asneperopa eeoclJH.lIa. Ho raasnoe CTaHOBHID;e Ma)l;bHp'b naXO)l;HJIOCb eme B'b crpaas MelK)I;Y )1;0- nOM'b H )l;HtnpOM'b, B'b raas HasblBaeMolt Y KOHCTanTllHa Barpaaopoaaaro Jleoeil,iu, nosa, uaseuens, He BblTtcnl'l.lIH HX'b OTTYil,a acnae KOqeBHnKD-neqeHtrH. Y cTynan neqentraM'b B'b cn.lIt H qHC.lIeHHOCTH, Mail,bnpbI npaHymil,eUbI OblJIH nOKHHYTb .JIeoe)J;iIO H OPOCHJlHCh aa sanail,'b HCKaTb TaM'b Bonura npHCTUHBID;lt. IIpottil.ll )l;Htnp'b rAt-To nD1Ke Bieaa, nOTOM'b Byn D )l;HtCTP'b, MaAbnpbl OCTC1UOBBJlBCb B'b OOJIacTB ptK'b )l;HtcTpa, Ilpyra D Cepera, B'b CTpant, HaSblBae~101t ROHCTaHTDHOM'b BarpnHopOAHbIM'b ATe.lIbKyay, B'b HblHtuIHett Beccapaoia B MO.lIiI,aBiD, uaoeaeauoa roraa PYCCKBMD C.lIaBHnaMH, a saTtM'b no nB1KUeMY )l;yuaIO pacnpccrpaaaaacs D HbCKO.lIbKO il,aJIte. 9TO BbITtcHeuieMail.bllp.bDa.bJleoeil.iBnpoHsomJIOB.b B(\CbMDAecnTblX'b rO)J;ax'b IX B'hKa, npBO.lIHSHTe.lIbHO Mem)J;y 885 B 888 rOil,aMB, rasr, KaK'h B'b 889 ro,Jl;y Mail.bHPbJ, KaK'b nOaBO.lIJlIOT'b SaKJIIOqaTb il,OCTOBtPHhlH DCTOpHlJeCKin HSBtCTiH, YiKe necoxnnnnc KOqeBaJIH no ctBepHoMY 6epery HB1KHnrO )l;yuan. Ho ema ycnruD OHB npacaorptrsca K'b HOBblM'b MtCTHOCTHM'1, KUK'b BOB.lIeqeHbJ Ohl.lID Basaarien B'b BOttHY ea C'b OO.lIfapaMD. Ilpaaaaanue BMnepaTOpOM'b .JIbBOM'b, MaAbnphl BToprHYJIUCb B'b Boarapno, ateCTOKO onycromaaa ee B B'b HtCKOJIbKO npieaoas Ha.-rOJIOBY paSOBJIB OO.HapCKaro uapn Caaeoaa, KOTOPhllt caxt, eana cnacca. Ho saTtM'b CHMeOn'b, cupasasmaos 1I OOeSIIeqBB'b ceon co cropoau rpeauss, OTOMCTDJI'b yrpaM'b, orrycrourans, B'b CBOIO Oqepe)l;b, DX'b crpauy, iI,.lIn sero BOCIIOJIbSOBa.JICn nOMOID;bIO neqeH'BrOB'b D OTCYTcTBieM'b r.lIaBHhlX'b OOeBhlX'b CDJI'b Mail,bnp'b, ornpananumxca K'b ApHY.lIhclJy B'b noxom npOTDB'h MopaBiD. TO.lInbI yrpOB'1, yn;tJItBmHX'b D y6'BmaBmBX'b on spoaanoa paonpasu CIiMeona D neqeutrOB'b, no coenauenia C'b OCTa.JIbHhlMB Ma)l;bnpCKlIMD 1I0.lIqDID;aMlI, soanparaamaaaca lIS'b xopascsaro noxora, nepesosenara B'b cpeme,1l;YHattcKYIO paBulIuy, r,il,t D ocraiorca )1;0 nacroamaro BpeMeHB. IIepeceaeaie OTO C.lIyqllJlOCb OKO.'10 892 rOil,a 31).

BTaK'b, Mail,bnphI, nepeoeanaunros r.lIaBUhlMII MaccaMII CBODMII B'1 IOatHyIO PyCb OKO.lIO 885 rosa, OCTaBlIJIII ee OKO.lIO 892 roaa, Ko Bpe~IeUD nepeceaeain lIX'b B'b IOatnyIO POCCiIO If OTHOCIfTcn JItToIIlIcuoe IfsBtcTie 0 BoDnt sieacsaro snaaa O.lIera C'b yf.1IHlIaMII D TIfBepn;aMH, IIOBH,1l;HMOMY He HMtBmett ptmlITeJIbHhlX'b IIOC.lItJl;CTBiii. npiOCTanOBHB'b na npesa HUqaBmiaca npouecct, npaeoeaaueuia yr.lIuqett II raaepneas K'b PYCCKOMY rocYil,apcTBY, yrpbI O,1l;UalW me OKasa.1IH B~I'h H He~laJIOBaatnyIO yC.lIyry, sacro-

- 27-

HlIB'1 llX'1 co601O OT'1 aenocpeacraeuuaro Jl,aB.JIeHiH clJpaHKOB'1 1I repsaa~eB'1, soropae, COKpyllIllB'1 Mory~ecTBo asaps, CT3JIlI npocrapars CBOII aaaoeaaren.aua H KOJIOHllSa~ioHHhlJl CTpeMJIeHiJI H ua CJIaBHHcKiit BOCTOK'1. II09TOMY, KaK'1 TO.lILKO yrphl OCTaBHJIll npeJl,t.Ihl HhlHtllIIIeit POCciH II OCHOBaJIHCb na Cpe~Hey'1 ]I,YHat, pa3J1,tJIHB'1 C060IO HtM~eB'1 H C.JIaBHH'1, OnHTL. Bos06HOBH.,'WH npoueccs nparaseaia THBep~eB'1 H yrJI1I1leit K'1 PYCCKOMY rocy)l;apcTBy. B'1 907 ro~y THBep~hl yqaCTBYIOT'1 B'1 rIoxo,'\t Orera na Ilapsrpar» B'1 Ka1IeCTBt « TO.JIKOBHH'1», T. e. COIOSHlIKOBl,. IIpeeMHHK'1 Oaera Ifroph nOKOpH.II'1 YJIlIQeit H, 06JIOatHB'1 OX'1 )J,aHblO, OT~a.n 9Ty JlaUb noeBO~t cBoe~IY CBtHTeJIb~Y. «If He Jl,3.J1CH eMY OJl,HH'1 ropers, IIO HMeUlI IIepectlleH'1, H ClIJlt.ll'1 OKOJIO Hero TpM .IItTa, II eana B311.JI'1 ero». Hasnaaie 1Ke aroro ropoja ~OCe.JIt cOXpaUllJIOCb B'1 aaaaauia ceaeaia Ilepecsvaaa, Oprseacaaro yts~a. B'1 944 ro~y IfroPb npempaaauaert, noxoJl,'1 aa Ilapupar», II B'1 9TOM'1 noxoJlt YQaCTBYIOT'1 II ranepna, B'1 KaQeCTBt H<lelIHIlKOB'132). IIoC.JIt roro, npeapamanrca BCHKiH JItTonllCHhlH lISBtCTiH 06'1 OT~tJIhHOl\I'1 cy~ecTBoBaHiH rasepuess 1I YfJIlIlJ.eit, BtpOHTUO nOTOMY, uro OHII nonua yate B'1 COCTaB'1 PYCCKaro rOCYJI,apCTBa, a HOTOM'1 orrscnenu 6hlJIll OOBhlMJI KOlJ.(lBBlIKaMH nelJ.eHtra~flI II nOJIOB~aMll na csaepo- 33na~'1, K'1 ~Y.JIt6aM'1 H XOpBaTaM'1, II C.JIllJIHCb C'1 HIIMII.

IIClIeHtrll nOllEH.meb B'1 CTen.lIX'1 HhlHtmueit I01KHOit Poecia BCJItJl,'1 sa yrpaMH II B'1 892 r~)I,y, BMtCTt C'1 60JIrapaMH, BhlTtCHIIJIII nocJIt,'\HIIX'1 1I3'1 ATe.lJhKY3hl, T. e. 1I3'1 SeMJIII Me3tJl,Y ]I,OtCTPOM'1 H ]I,YHaeM'1. Ilepnoaanururo neseasra 3aHHJIlI 60JIbllIOe npocrpaacrno I03tHO-PyCCKIIX'h crenea ua BOCTOK'1 OT'1 yrPOB'1, no 06t CTOPOHhl UII1KUlIrO ]I,Htnpa, no IfHryJIb~y, HH1KHeMY Byry, nOlJ.TII )1,0 ]I,HtcTpa, H BhITtCHlIJIII OTCIO)J,a QaCTb yrJIIIlJ.eit II TlIBep~eB'1 K'1 YCTbllM'1 ]I,utcTpa II sa ]I,utCTP'1 S:l). 0 nepece.lJeHill 9TOM'h CBII)l,tTeJIbCTByeT'1 Ha1laJIhHaH pyccsan .1tTOIlIICb: II II CII~tJIU YfJIUlJU rio )lHtHPY BHlIS'1 II nOTOM'1 npUllIJIII Me3tJlY Byn II )l;UtCTP'1 n CtJIII TaM'1» 34). BtPOHTHO,9TO C.IlYlJ.HJIOCb IIPII6JIII3D.TeJIbHO OKOJIO roro ·BpeMeHD., KOrJl,a BoeBOJJ;a sienosaro KH.lI3.lI IfropH CBtHTeJIhJl,'1 OCamJl,UJI1. ropoJl,'1 yrJIIIQeit Ilepecssem, B'1 renenia TpeX'1 JItT'1. B'1 HalJ.aJt X sssn yrJIIIlJ.II II TIIBep~bI nO~BDUYJIUCb eme ~a.lte ua ctBepO-3anaJl,'1, B'1 COCt~CTBO ]J;peB.JIlJH'b 0 xopBaTOB'1, IIO BepXHeMY reseain ]I,utcTpa II I01KUarO Byra (B'b Iloaoaia), r~t HX'b 3HaeT'1 B'1 nO.JIOBDHt X BtKU KOHCTaHTHU'1 Barpanopoaaua. no ero CBH]J;tTe.lbCTBY, B'b ero BpeMH ua )l;HtCTpt 6hlJIO meers pYCCKnX'b ropoxom; BtJIrOpoJl,'1 (HhIRt AKKepMaH'Ii), Ty arara

- 28 -

(Tamar, HJH Bemepu), R,paKHKaThI (Coposa], CaJMaKaThI, CaKaKaTbI, I'iamaaru, soropae, nnpouesrs, OB'h naauaaen, yme 3anYCTtvlbIMlI 35). C.lt~oBaTeJl>BO, Bo STO Bpe~UI npH~ynaitcKie pyccaie CJaB1IHe, OCTaBlIBb uaanee reseuie )I;HtcTpa, IIO)!;BlIHy.JIHCb nsepxt no SToit ptRt, B'h COct~crBO xopsarom, 11 ~yJt60B'h. TtM'h He MeHte, nOCJt,lJ,yIO~ie noxojjr PYCCKlIX'h KHll3eit CBIIToc.mBa, CB. B.JIa,ll,II~lipa 11 )(p. nOKaShIBaIOTb, qTO BO nClIKOM'h c.'IY1mt coodnteaie IIIelKI1Y HlIlKHHM'h AYHaeM'h II IIo,1(HtnpoBbeM'h C'h KieBOM'h 6hIJIO oo.lIte UJlI xeuse otieauexeao, eCJIlI He CnJlOUlHhIM'h caaBHHCKIIM'h naceaeaieas TlIBepn;eB'h II yr.1HlJeit, OTOll,BlIHYBIDlIXCH na csnepoaanars, TO no Kpaitneit Mtpt pH~OM'h YKptn.'leHHt, OrpalK)(aBIDHX'h npaJ(ynaitcKYIO u npHnoHTiitcKYIO OKpaHHbI PYCH OT'h HaotrOB'h RO'Il'BHUKOB'h 3,,). ChIn'h U npeeMIIBIi.'h IIropH CBHTOC.lIaBo; B'h 967 ro,],y, ornpaBIIJCH, no npocbot naaauriacsaro mmeparopa HlIli.1ullopa, B'h EOJIrapiIO II 3UBOeBaJI'h ee, HO aasoeaars He ~JIH naaanriacaaro IIMnepaTopa, a )I,.lH ce6H, H OCTaJCH lKlITh Tam>, B'h Ilepeacsnarrs na AYHat. II He .lIIOOO MRt Bb Ii,ieBt, - rOBOpl1J1'h OH'h, - XOqy mlITb B'h nepeHc.:mBn;t aa AYHat: TlUI'h cpeaaaa ae~I.JI1I Moen; TYl1:a CO BCtX1, CTOPOH'h CB03IITb nee ~oopoe: OTo rpesom, - aO.lIOTO, Tli.aRII, nnna, OBOIn;lI pa3IIbIH; on 'IeXOB'h II searpom. cepeopo II sonea, 1I3'h PYCB -Mtxa, BOCK'h, Me)!;'h II paoom,». BhIT'BCHeIIIIblit 1I3'h Boarnpia npeeMHIIKOIII'h HIII~lI(lIopa Ioaaaoas IJ;II!tIIICxieM'h, CBlITOC.IIaB'h OCTaHOnlI.JICH :nUlOnaTh B'h Bt.lloOepem~lI, MtcTOnOJIOjKeHie KOTOparo YRa3l>IBHIOTD 1I.JI1I nO~.lIt KIuificKaro YCTblI AYRalI 37), B.JIlI lKe OKO.1I0 Bepeaaacsaro .JIIBtaUa 39), II IIil B03npaTHOM'h nyTB K'h KieBY YOIIT'b OblJI'h lIelleHtra~llI. Bt, 983 ro.n:y Rla,1(HMip'h CBnTOC.JIaBlIq'b, C'h ~lI~eIO CBOBM'b J1;oophIBeIO, XO,'l.lI.I'h nit Boarapi, B'h .1Ia,'l.bHX'h, rorna KIIl\D COIOaHlIli.U ero TOPKII III.HI aa IWHHX'L oepero;u'h a9). Bt, 1043 rOilY, "PB JIpoc.mn.llt My,~pOll'L, noc.'It.n:OBa.II'L BOBbItt nOXO,1('L pyccsax» na BH3allTiIO no 9To~ry nFH. Hpocaam, ornpana.n, na rpesom, cuna cnoero B.JIa)J,lIllipa, ~aB'h eMY IIIlI0ro noacsa U BOeBO,'l.Y 1I.JI1I TLICJII~KarO csoero BblIDClTY. B.m;1UMip'h nonrers B'h .1l0~KaX'L, ao na IIYTD OT'h )l,ynan: B'h IJ;apbrpa,ll,'L 1I0ilIIH.1aCb 6ypn U paaOlI.IIa pyccain .JIU)lhll. B.lIa,rJ,IIMip'L HpOC.lIaBUq'L OTOII.1Cn: OT'L rpCKOB'h U npamers Ua3a;~'L B'h PYCb, a ROeBO)l,a Bsnuara CO cnomn, OTPH~OM'L B3HT'h B'L 1I.1tH'h rpeK1BIlI npa Bapns. B'L 1116 ro;'l,Y B.m}l,H~tip'h ~iOIIOMaX'h, ate.IlaH YiJ,epmaTb ,1(.1lI BlIyR1\ caoero Baca.nn, cuua naaaariaosnro n;apH .lIeoRa, ntcKOJlhKO nplI,1(YllaitcKHX'h rOpO)lOI111, nocra.n, BoeBo)J,y cnoero IIBaua BoaTIfIIIUqa, KOTOPblfi IIOCaatH.JI'h nOCll,],IIIlIi.OB'h no rOpO,1(aM'L )J,YHaitCIi.IIM'h. Ho

- 30-

,Il;OPOCTOJI'b yme 3aXBa1JeH'b ObIJI'b rpeaaxa. )l;J1H OTHHTiH ero y rpesoss, XO~IIJI'b ua )l;yuait CLIH'b MOHO~laxa, BHlleCJIaB'b, C'b BoeBo~oIO eO~IOIO PaTlI- 60poBHlleM'b, HO I1pHnym~eH'b 6L1JI'b noaapararsca 6e3'b BCHKaro ycntxa 40). Bmto~ aam'b HOBLle K01JeBHlIKR, nO.llOB~h1, pO)l.CTBeHULle ne1JeutraM'b, cosepmenno 3acTyuaIOT'1,l\ieBCKIIM'b KHH3bHM'b ~opory K'b )l;YHaIO II npepbIRaIOTl:. nenocperorseaaoe oootimenie meBa C'b )l;yuaCM'b.

IIOJlOBI\LI II.HI fiYMaHLI, ClltHIIBllIie C060IO ne1JeHtrOB'b, nOnBIIJIIICh B'b IOn\BO-pyCC&IIXl:. CTCnHX'b BO BTOPOit nO.llOBliHt XI BtIW II OC06CHHO YCII~1H.llll CBOll Ha6trll ua PycCKiu SeMJIH B'b XII BtKt. IOnmo-pYCCKie RHU3hn sieacsle, nepnaroacaie II DO.llLlIICKie cs aroro npeaeaa r.IJ.UBHtitllllIM'h onpa- 30M'b 3.lHHTbI 6bI.lJ.lI 06eperalIicM'b PYCCKOii: aCMJIII OT'h « ~IIKIIXl:. II noransm, nO.JIOBI\CB'h». JIy1JmyIO 9noxy D'b acropia 60Pb6bI PYCC&IIX'h C'h no.llOBQaMH npeaoranancri, BpC!tIH B.JIa)l,IIMipa ~loHo~laxa, NOTOPLlit « nllJI'b 30- .1J.0TbIM'b llICJIOMOM'b )1;0 H'h , npUHHBIIIII 3eMJIO UX'h BCIO II aarnamua ONaHHHbIX'b arapau's». IIOC,;lt Mouo~taxa, OT)I,aBIIIarO 6JIImailmiH K'h pycCKofi rpaaauf crena TOpKa~I'b II 6epCH)(tJlMb, nOJIOBQbI CHOBa YCII,lJ.lI.lJ.IICb, OBJIa)l.tB'b TClICHiCM'b )l;Htnpa H yrpomaH Ha6traMII BO.JIOCTHM'b Ilepeaeaaacscn, BOJIbIHCIWit II RYPCNOiL CROPO 3aTtM'b He TO'UKO IOmHan PYCL, HO II BeH nOJIOca on )l;oHa )1,0 JI,YHaH C)I,t.lla.IJaCb )l,OCTOHHiC~f'b nO,lJOBQCB'b. IIOJIOBcQRic yJIyCbJ npocraparaci, no Becoapatiin, npauapnarcnoa PYCII, MOJ)l.aBiu II BaJIaxin II npOBlIKa.JJ1I )l,a:J\e sa )l;YHafi, B'b Borrapho 41). Bt, 1148 ro)l.Y nO.llODQbI anepnsre nOJlB.UlIOTCH ua HlIiKHe~I'b )I;YHat H, nepenpasaamacs uepeas Hero, 6epyr'b ropo)l,'h )l;C~JlIlIIIHK'h, onycromamrs CtBCPIlbIH naaanTific&iJl 06.meTII II )l.OXO)l,JlT'h )1,0 BaJIKaH'b 42).

Ho 9TOT'h 6YPHbIit paaiam, nCqeHtjf\cKHX'b II nO.1JOBeQKlIX'h OM'b Be 3ClTOnIIJI'h C060IO COBepmeHHO B'h nplIil:YHaitcKlIX'b aCMJIHX'h MtcTuaro oct)l,aaro naeereaia, sorepoe npOJl,O.lJ.iKa.'lO CU)I,tTb no ropoaaas 43). BtPOHTHO, 9TO 6bJ.:IlI pyccsie ropoza, 831. KOHX'b HtKOTOPblC yHo~IBHaIOTCH nOTOM'1 B'b cnacss BCtX'b PYCCKHX'1 ropoaon», JJ;aUIlIIX1. II 6JIlIiKHIIX'b, BN.'II01JeHHOM'b D'h BOCKpeCCHCKYIO .lJ.tTonIICb. Bt, 9TOM'b cnHcNt ynoMHHaIOTCH C.lIt)l.YIOmie ropma, aearanruie na nyTlI &iCBCRIIX1> RHHseii D'b Borrapuo II BaaaaTiro: «ua )I;YHat Bnil:IlQOB'b·O cmllI crnuaxi, IUUfCHHbIX'b, ~1)(nH'b, no TY CTOPOHY )I;YHaH TblpIlOR1., rll.t JICjlilIn CDJlTaJl IInTHIII\a; a no )I;YHaIO/lPCCTBIIH'b, )l.U1JHH1>, IilI.lIiH; IUl YCTbt AYHaH HODoe Ceao, AIio.~HTpa; ua MOpt liapna, KaBapHa. A na ceil CTOPOllt Ayuau: na YCTbt )I;HtcTpa Ha)l,'h MOPCM'b BtnopoJl,'b, qcpU'b, ACIiifi Toprt.» 44). BO~IbIIleIO nacruo nepe-

-31-

lJBC.JUlIOTCH 3AtCb 60JIrapCRie ropoaa no npaBYIO CTOPOHY )l,YHaH, soropae Ha3BaUhI PYCCKBMII BJIB nOTOMY, lITO AtitCTBBTeJbUO aaceaena 6hIJIB Kor.n:aTO PYCCKBMB C.lIaBJlUaMB, pOACTBeHUhIMII 60JIrapCRBM'b CJIaBHUaM'b 45), B.lIB Jlte nOTOMY, lITO BO BpeMH COCTaB.lIeHiJl nocapeceacaca JltTOUBCB Y uacs eme ue 6hI.lIO COBepmeHHO 3a6h1TO Y1JacTie, npBHJl1'Oe PYCCKBMB RHH3bJlMB B'b .n:tJax'b Boarapia neaaaoaro nepe.n:'b TtMb 46) . .H3'b PYCCKBX'b ate c06- erseaao rOpOAOB'b, nepe1JBCJlHeMhIX'b B'b CUBCKt, )l,B1JBU'b ()I,B~iH) uaxo.n:BJICJI B'b YCTbHX'b )l,yuan, I~BJIiH (crapaaj-> no npaBYIO CTOPOUY oaanro B3'b fBPJI1) )l,YHaJI, HOBoe Cero eors RHJIiH HOBaJI, AKO.lIHTpa-.n:peBHiii .JhIKOCTOMioH'b, HhlUt noca.n:'b BHJIROB'b, BtJIrOpO)(b - uhIHtmuili AKKep~aH'b 47), lJepH'b - BJIII HhIHtUlHifi I'paropionoas, Xepcoacsoa ry6epHiB, B AOCeJIt Ha3hIBaeMhIfi Bb npocropsxia « lJopuall» 48), B.~B me 6hIJIb TaMb, r~t UhIHt ceJIO I'paaenann, a ACRifi: Toprs, r.n:t HhIUt cero HCCKB B.lIH Hccaa, ua JItBOit CTOPOUt )l,utcTpa, Bb Xepooucsoa ry6epHiB 49).

Bnposear, Ii 9TB OKpaBIIHhIe pyccaie ropoaa, OTopBaHHhIe OT'b ueurpa PYCCKaro rocYAapCTBa IIeqeHtruMII B nOJIOB~UMB, .n:0Jll'0 eme no.n:.n:epamBaJIB HtKOTOPYIO CBJl3b Cb 9TIIM'b rocY)I;apcTBOM'b Qpe3'b nocpeacrso BXO,lI;BBmaro B'b ero COClaB'b mesena 6t.1JhIX'b xopaarom, iltBBym;HX'b B'b uhIutmueit I'aaania.

Ilpa pa3At.lIeHiH PYCB ua YAtJIbI Meilt~Y ChIHonbHMB Cu. BJIa~BMipa II 3aTtM'b Mem.1l:Y ChIUOBbHlI1B B nOTOMRaMB HpOC.lIaBa MY)l.paro, 3eM.lIH XopBUTOn'b npBUa.1l:JlemaJIa K'b B.lIa;'\BMipo-BO.lIhIHCIW~IY KUDJKecTny, HO Bl) XI BtKt oua BhI.n:tJIneTcH U'b ocoroe y;'\tJIbuoe KHHmeCTBO II 6hICTPO pasnanaerca, noaa aaacaem, CHona He coeABHHeTCH C'b BO.'IhIHbIO B'b O.1l:HO CB.lIbHOe KHHmeCTno. OUocOO.'1eUHOCTb .11 UtKOTOPaH caMOCTOHTe.lIbHOCTb 9TOfi 3e~IJllI HiPIHHUIOTCH cs 1'tX'b nopi., KaRb KHn3bH-lf3rOIl, TpB 6paTa POCTHCJIanllIIH, PIOPBRb, BO.lO.1I:aPb II Baco.1JbKO, npanuYKB Hpocaaaa lUy.n:paro, HOJIY1JH.lII :31'Y aelll.1IO OTh ne.lIIIKUrO KHHaH niencaaro Bcenoaoaa .HpOCJIaBIIlIa Ub yjI,t.lI'h II YTBepJIlf.mCb B'b llepeMbIIlI.1t II Tepe60B.,t. Ilepeauuus OTnoeBaH'J, UhIJI'b II~IH Y JIHXOII1) B C)l.t.i1aJICH KaIn) 6b1 HaCJIt.n:CTBeUHOIO lIaCTiIO POCTIIc.mBBIleiL Y)J,t.lI'b 9TOTb yrnepmJl,eu'h UbIJIb sa UH~Uf .JIIOUeqCKB:tI'b C'b1>a;J,o~I'b KHHaefi n'b 1097 ro)!,y. Ilonuraa BJla)J,lfxipo-aoasmoaaro KUHan )j;uBB.n:a Ilropeama OTHHTb y HBX'h 9T01'1> YI1t.lI'b, conponoeaaamanca OC.ltII.leHie~I'b BUCIIJIbI\a POCTIIC.1aBHlJa, OCTaJIaCb 6eaycntllIHoIO. Ha BBTHlICnCIWM'h c'hta)l.t KHHaeli 1100 rOiW nOCTClUOB.JleHO 6bIJIO OrpaH01JHTb YAt.lI'b POCTHC.1aBU1Jefi o.n:mBlb Ilepexuuraesn.; HO 91'0

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IIoCTaHOBJIeHie BCTptTIIJO OTIIOPb CO CTOPOHLI POCTIICJIaBlIqeit II He OhlJO npaaeseuo Bl) IICIIOJHeHie. Ilepesumn, II Tepetionn, OCT~t.lIICh sa HIIMII 50) II 1I0C.;lY.lKIIJiII fiAPOMb )l;JH otipaaoaania ~lOry~ecTBeHHaro rOCY)I;apCTBa, ofinaxamuaro nIIOCJIt)l;CTnilI Bpe~leHII ncio lOrO-Sana)l;HYIO PYCh II IIpO~Btranmaro )1;0 IIO.;10BHHhl XIV BtKa, Kor;1a ono, no npespameaia JIIIHiH TysmlHhlXb PYCCKIIXb KllHseil, paS)l;t.lleHO OhlJIO Me.lKAY lloJhmeil, JIIITBOfi II OTqaCTH Beurpiea. 9TO rOCY)l;apCTBO 3<lXBaThIBaJIO II SHaqIlTeJIhHYlO nacn. HhlHtlllllefi PYMhlHilI II Beccapaoia II npOCTIIpaJIO caoe nrianie II BJI~CTh H aa IIO-~YHaficKie pyeosie ropora.

llOTOMKII )l;peBBIIXb xopnarom, PYCHHhl II )l;OHhIHt HaCeJIHlOTb CrIJlOIlIHOlO M<lCCOlO necs XOTIIHCKifi ytSAb II HtKOTOPbUI qaCTII CMeiKHbIXb ytS~OBb HhIHtmBeD Beccapariia 51), II nOTOMY CCTeCTneHHO AOJI.lKHhl OhlJIII BXO)l;HTh Bb COCTaBb I'aransaro IiHH.lKeCTBa. Ho, lie OrpaEIHqHBaHCh 9TlIMb yqaCTlimlb lIhlHtllHeil Beccapania, I'aaauaoe RH.II.lKeCTBO npOCTHpaJO cnmo BJIaCTh H HH.lKe, AO caxaro ]l;YHaH, a, MO.lKeTb OWTI), H sa KapmtThI. Y.lKe OAHH1) H3b oCHOBaTeJIeD II BHHOBHlIKOBb Morym;ecTBa sroro RHH.lKeCTBa, BaClIJ1hKO POCTHCoJ'HlBHqb, lUIUb HawtpeHie rICpeHHTh OO.Jlfapb )l;YHailcKlIxb II IIoca~HTh HXb Y ceoH, II CJtAoBaTeJIhHO npocrapan. caoe uainuie II na )I,YHail Ilpn ounonsars .lKe II BHYKaXb POCTIIC.]JaBllqeit IIO-AYHaDCltafi OOJIaCTh Y.lKe HBRO BXO;J;IITb Bb c4Iepy )l;tHTe.'IhHOCTH raJlH~KIIXb KHfiseD.

BOJIOAaph II BaCHJIhKO POCTlICJlaBllqH y~lep.m ooa Bb 1124 ro,:(y.

Ilocas BOJO~apH OCTaJIOCh )l;Ba CbIHa - POCTHCJIaBb H BJIa)l;I1J1lipb 1I.1llI B.m;UBfipKO, a nOCJIt BaCHJhKa-rpHropiD H HnaHl) .. HepaSOOpqlIBhlti aa cpeacrna B.mAHMipKO, npaasam, aa HOMOm;h nearpcm., BCTaJb aa crapnraro opaTa POCTIIC.1HlBa, 1\0 He MOfb cnpanarson Cb HIBlb. KorAa ae yMepb POCTHCJlanb II ooa opaTa BaCHJlbKOBlIqH, TO B.mAHMipKO BSH.n ceot oot BOJOCTII Ilepeuumn.cayn H TepeOOBJII,CKYlO II Be 1I0AUlI.JICn Cb n.lIeMHHIIIIKOMb CBOHMb HnaHOMb POCTlIc.mBHqe~lb: KEIH.lKlIBllIIMb Bb 3BCllllropoAt H, MO.lKeTb ObITh, Bb PYCCKHXb noeereaum, ua HII.lKHeMb )I,YHat II ctnepHbIXb ero npHTOKUXb 62). BJI<l)J;HMipKO He yM'BJlD 1I0JIa)J,HTh II Cb CBoeBO.'lhHbBIII ra.JIII~KlBUI OOHp<lmf, soropue, 0YAYIH1 HeAOBO.lIbRhI CBOIBID KHH3eMb, npHrJIacu.llI Kb cent aa npecrcrs OOU.lKeHHarO lIM') ~IBmIa POCTIfCJlanHlIa BepJl<l;1HHKl1. lloCJltAHiil, nD 1144 rOAY, AttiCTBlfT('.lhHO 3ilXBaTlI~1b HOBYlO cTo.ln~y B.HlAH~lipl\1l, ra.'lIIQ'), HO, OCa.lK~eHRhlfi B1. 9TOMD ropoAt B.m;W~lipIWM'b II OTptSillIHhlit on Hero no spexn m,ua3Klf, 6t.lKa.n, na )I,YHaft. Iu.mmdo 60Hpe, npanepaennsr Ilnaaa, Aepaw.mch nb

Cnaxa T),PI{8MH I{p1>nocHr Be H.Ile P bI reHep8.JI'b-tIle.n:b.llM8.pllIa.n:~ (1, KUJl31> lloTeJ(KHB'J.-TaBpll'lecKiii; 2, reBepan-J(aiop'l> 3ureJII.ra

, l(HJlalO I1oTeMI(HHy-TaBpH'leCI(OMY, 4 (15) HOJlCipJl 1789 rona. IJlT'l>; S, Type~Kie noCJIo C1. KJIIO'laJlUj 4, "DUAl> KptnocTU BeuJlepu).

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ra.o:Uqt eme ~tJIYIO uep;tJIIO, OqenU)\HO paacsarasaa ua nOMO~b US'h no)\yuaitmwit nOJIOCTH. Mem)!,y TtM'h, JlnaU'h BepJIap;Hlut'h, He paaosarusaa y.n;epzaTbC.II ua )l,yuat, otma.lI'h oTTy)\a CTenbID B'h RieB'h K'h KH.IISIO BeeBOJIOP;y OJIbrOBUqy II saTtM'h OOJhme AeC.IITU .lItn CKHTaJIC.II no paannUhIM'h OO.JIaCT.IIM'h PYCCKOit aeMJIU B'h KaqeCTBt CJIY*HJlaro KHH3.II. llOC.JIt pasaux» rrplIRJIIOqeuiit, OU'h onan, nposasaers na )l,yuait II nop;HUMaen soacraaie B'h no-p;YHaitcKIIX'h OOJlaCTJlX'h1 nOBup;IIMOMY Haxo.n;HBmHXCJI yme no)\'h BJIacTbID ChIHa H npeeaaasa BJIa.n;HMipKOBa HpOCJIaBa OCMOMhIC.JIa. ITo Kpaitueit Mtpt, B'h ·no-p;yuaitcKIIX'h ropoaax» YHOMHuaIOTC.II B'h 9TO BpeMJI ra.JIH~ie PhIOOJlOBhI. OTnpaBUBmUCb B'h nO.JIe K'h nOJlom:~aM'h, JlBaU'h BepJIa)J,HHK'h nomers C'h UUMH H CTa.JJ.'h ((B'h ropo)!,ax'h nO-,I(yuaitCKHX'h» «H H30UJI'h ,l(Bt JIOP;KII II B3HJI'h rosapa Muoro B'h HHX'h, H naaecs ym;epo'h PhIOO.JIOBaM'h ra.JIH~KHM'h». IIOCJIt uepasm, ycntxOB'h Bep.JIap;HHKa, « upanuo K'h HeMY MHoro nOJlOB~eB'h, II oepJla,l(UHKOB'h y Hero COOpaJIOCb 6,000, H nomers K'h Ryqe.JIbMHuy (UhIUt RyqypMHK'h B'h I'aaauia, ue,l(a.JIeKO on ctBepo-sanap;Hoit rpaaana HbIHtmueit Becoapabia), U pap;bI OhIJIU eMY, H oTTy)!,a nomen, K'h YmH~t» (ropers llO,l(OJIbCKOit ryoepuilI); CJItp;oBaTeJlhUO, npOXO)\HJI'h BP;OJlb II nonepen, no HhIutmHeMY XOTHUCKOMY ytsp;y. Ho nop;'h YIIIH~eit nOJlOB~hI OCTaBIIJIH JlHaHa BepJIaAHHKa, KOTOPhIit, n09ToMY, ,l(OJlZeHb OhIJIb OCTaBlITb cnoe npempiarie U B'h 1192 rOAY yMep'h ua qymollHt, Bb COJlYUH. OCBOOO,l(HBmllCb 0T'h conepnasa, HpoC.lIaB'h OCMOMhIC.'I'h cnoKoitHo KHJlmllJl'h B'h raJIU1It, npocrapaa CBOIO BJIaCTh II na no-p;yuaitcKie ropofa. Ilsnerrs II CJlOBa 0 nOJIKY JlropeBt» ronopan. o HpOC.JIaBt, qTO OU'h «nomapan, ropa yropcKiJl CBOIlMH meJItsuhIMII nO.lIKaMlI» 1I « eanapan, nopora )l,yuaIO». B'h APyrOM'h MtCTt TOT'h me ntBe~'h rOBOpHT'h, qTO «p;tBII~bI rrOIOn ua )l,yuat, BbIOTCJI roaoca UX'h sepees Mope ,1(0 RieBa» sa pa,!{OCTlI, qTO JlroPb KH.IISb - B"1 PYCCKOit SeM.lIt, OCBOOOAUJICH U3'h nOJIOBe~Karo nJItHa 53).

KaK'h ,!{aJIeKO npOCTlIpaJIlICh B'h 9TO BpeMJI K'h )l,YHaID U KapnaTa~'h raJlII~KiH BJIa,l(tHiJl, - Cl) TOqHOCTilO onpe,l(tJIIITb Tpy,!{HO. HtKOTOPhI.II YKasaui.ll na IO*HblH rpaHII~bI 9TUX'h B.JIa.n:tuiit )\aIOT'h 113BtCTi.ll 0 nOXO,l(t BHaaHTificKaro lumepaTopa ~laHyH.JIa ROlIlHeua npOTUB'h nO.JIOB~en'h ua JItBhIit oeper'h !l.yua.ll BrI, 1152 ro.n:y. MaHYlI.JIY y.n:a.1JOCb uacTlIruYTI) II paaouTb noaonnem, AOBOJIbUO Aa.JIeIW, nocrf nepenpaaa uepeas ,!{Bt cYAOXOP;HhI.II ptKII, y rpaaam, TaBpocRII9CKIIX'h, T. e. PYCCKllXb. BtPOllTUO, 9Ta rpauana PYCCKOit H UMCHUO ra.JIlIl~KO- PYCCKOit se~I.IlU npoxoaara npa-

BECCAPABIIi.

3

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O.llD3HTe"lhHo OT'h IOro-nOCTOqHarO yr.m Tpancarssaain aa nOCTOK'h, K'h HHXiHeMY )J;YHalO, TaM'b, r~t OH'h KpyTO nosopaaasaeri, n'b lJepHoe Mope, D 06HDMa.ll.a c06010 aHaqDTe.JIhHYIO sacrs Baaaxia II nco MO.IJ.~aniTO M). 9TO nOi\TBepXi~alOT'b H PycCKiH H<l3BaHiH ptK'h D py%eB'b n'b Baaaxia II MO.JI!1aniD, CYIQeCTBYIOIItiH II ~O HaCTOHIQaro BpmIeHD, KaK'b uanp : ALBI- 60BHD;a, HJoMBI~a, Oarem., MII.UiOB'b Bl) Baauxin; Bax~lyeD;'b, ELIcTpnD;a, )J;ocTaHa, Ie.JIaH'h, Ieranaua, Ieaepy, K,pocHa, ~IO.ll~OBa, Paaosa, IIJ;aKaBe.o;'b, C.lIaHIIK'b, CTH6HHKl" CTYi\COeD;'b, CyuIHD;a, Tonorana, TYTOIm II )\p. Bl) MO.1J1.aniH 55). HaKOHeD;'h, n'h 9TDX'b npe~tJax'h BCTptqaeTCH D;t.llLIlt pHi\'b ropojont, 0 CJanHHo-pYCCIiOM'b I1pOIlCXOXi~eHiD KOTOPLIX'h rOBOpHT'b KaK'b caaua naanania I1Xl), TaRl, II .lJ.tTOIlIlCHLIH CBII~tTeJhCTBa. B'b XIII BtKt, no nanpanreuin K'b Enpnaram., B'b HIIllTbeBcKoft II.l1H BOJhIHCKOii .1tTOIIIlCH ynoMHHi:lIOTC~ pyccaie roposa: Bap;wen'b, MOZeT'h 6WTh, TaM'L, rAt BnOC.lItlJ,CTniHHnJHIOTCH Bapi\eOBD;bl, aa O;~HO~I'b H3'h 3ana~HLIX'h npIITOKOB'h nepxnnro Cepera, p. COq,lBt; CHHenO~CK'h arn CHHeBO.l0~C(1) r~t-To nl, npoxo;J,t yrcpeuc-raaansom; Bana, Ha3WBaeMaH PO~Ha, BIIOCJltlJ,CTniIl npooro Poana, aa EhlCTPHD;KOM'b nyTII H3'h MO"WlBiIl K'b ropop;y Bpameay, II Bpamem., -HLlBt KpOHIlITi:lAT'h n'b Ce!1~llIrpi:l~CKott 06.l1aCTH 56). I\pmlt roro, B'b H3BtCTHOM'h cuacss PYCCKIIX'h rOpOIJ,OB'h, COCTaBJeHHOMl, He nosae ROHD;a XIY n.m uanaaa XV BtKa, yno!tlHHalOTCH C.Jlt~ylO~ie pyccsie ropoaa: «ua IIpYTt ptKt POMaIlOB'h Toprs (HhIHt POMaH'h); aa MOJ)\ant-H t~leD;'b; nl, ropax'h-Kopoqy HOR'b (KpcttlYHa y 1I0~OlllBW ropu Bpaaua H.m BpaHHD;a, HClJ;a.JIeKO OT'b «I>OKUIHH1), 6JUI3'h O~06ellIT'h), KaMeHh (Ilierpa), COIHlBa, Cepert, Bann (BaK9Y), He111Oll'b (Mozerl) 6hITh, HaTHH'h, paapymeHllhlfi B'b 157U ro~y), KOJIOMhIH,-rOpOIJ,OK'h ua lJepe~lOlllt, na AUtCTpt XOTllH'b» 57). ECTh TaKjlte YKa3aHiH, qTO Bo XII CTOJtTill na UIImlleM'h )J;YHat n y YCTI,H Ilpyra UilXOAII.'lHCh roponn, aaceaeanue ra.[HD;lw-PyccKIDIII BbIXO.:\D;<UIJI: Bepran., Tel\yll'h II ~IH.1bItt fa.:1H11b (HbllltllJHifi I'aaam.) 58). Ilepuua H3'h JlHX1, 6bl.1'h r.HlBHbHI'h rOpOIJ,O~I'h 6ep.ll a Jl,H1HW B'b , soropue COCT1lB.IJ.HJJH KHK'h 6blKaaaD;KYIO ospaany PYCCKaro rocy~apcTBa, c.IIa60 6WJH CBH3aHbI C'h BlDI'L II HHOrlJ,a l~aXie rpa6I1JII pyCCKylO 3eMJllO. Bt, 1160 roiJ,y uiencsia liBHa" Pocracaaat, ~lcTHc.mBHq'b 1I0CJaJ'h 1131, Iiieua I'eoprin Hccreponaua II HKYHa B'h JOJl,KaX'b ua 6ep.HIIJ,HllK0B1" nsnnnnm, Oaenn,e, H uacraran II xt, y )J;YHall, nopa.'3I1JH lIX'b II B3H.'lH II'h n~ltH'h 59). Bo npean sanaeuia nununaro KHH3n Hpocrana Ocaonacan, lle.HIRifi KHH31> Alupefi Boro.~106cKifi Be.l'B~n, CKaaaTI, POCTH-

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CJIaBHqaM'b: «He XOAHTe Bb MoeA BOJIt, TaKb CT"ynaitTc me TbI, PIOPHK'b, B'b CMOJIeHCK'b K'b opaTY B'b CBOIO OTqlIHY; }l;aBHAY csaaa: TbI cTynati B'b BepJIaA'b, B'b PYCCKOti aeMJIt He BeJIO Teot OWTb» 60).

ITo CMepTH CbIHa Hpocaasa OCMOMwc.m, BJlaAlIMipa HpOCJIaBHqa, noCJItAoBaBllleti OIWJIO 1200 rora, Poxam, MCTlIC.ilaBHlI'b BOJbIHCKiif OBJla~tJI'b raJIHqeM'b II COe;I.lIHHJI'b nOA'b CBoeIO B.llaCTiIO Boauacsoe H raJD~KOe KHHmeCTBa. B'b reseaia sparsoupeaeaaaro csoero ynpaB.lleHiH COe){HHeHHbHIH KHHJKeCTBUMH, POMaH'b MCTIICJaBlIq'b CTapaJCH YKptnIITb II pacmapan, ente OO.JIte cnoe rocyzaporao II ofeaonaoart, ero OT'b BBtlllHH.x'b nparost 61). OH'b aanecs ptlllIITeJIbHbIR YAap'b .uOJIOBIl;iUI'b II,1IH KO~mHU)I'b, npHABHHyBllllIMCH yme B'b TO Bpe~1H K'b HHmHe~IY }l;YHaIO. ~1tTOIlHCh COXpaHlIJa )J,Ba IIaBtcTin 0 noxmax» Poxana DlcTlICJaBlIqU ua noaosnem, Bl) 1202 II 1205 ro~ax'b II 0 aoaapamenia ero C'b ooraToIO )!,OObIqeIO 62). Ity)!,a nanpasaeua OhlJllI 9TH nOXO,l{hI, no oIltTonIlClI HeIIantcTHO; HO ecrs OCHOBUHie noaaran., qTO PO!lIaH"b XOAHJ'b K'b HlIiKHeMY )l,YHaIO II OCBOOOAH.1I1> OT'b no.lI0B~eB'b IIO-AYHaficKie pyccsie ropoaa, O;J,HII'b I1a'b nOXO~OB'b POMilUU npoTlIB'b IIO.llOBn;CB'b IIpe)!,npRUHT'b ObI.'I"b HM'b no yroBOpy C'b BlIaaHTiitcKHM'b axnepampoai, H HMtJ'b B'b BlI)!,y OTBJIe% noaonnem, OOHTaBlllIIX'b na ctneplloit CTOPOHt AYHaH, 0T'b rpaoema rpesecaaxt, ofi.HlCTeii B'b Bo.irapia, C.lt;J,OBUTeJhHO, IIMt.n KOHeqHhIM'b nY"KTOM'b CBOlIMb IIplI)J.yuaitcKill aeM.JIll 63). ITOCoIlt)!,CTBieM'b nOXO~OBb POMaHa npOTHB'b nO.IIOBI~eBb )lOr.JIO ObITh YKptmIeHie Bb OKpaIIHHoit nOJoct I'aauuia KHHmecKoit B.mCTII II npmam, CIO~a CJaBHHo-pYCCKaro HaCeJeHiH 64). ITo I\pntiHefi Mtpt, eme IIpII mHaHII PO)laHU MCTIICJIUBHqa B'b cpeAHeM1, reseaia .iltBhIX'b npHTOIWB'b }l;YHaHITpYTa H ·CepeTa·--HB.meTCH ~tJan CTpaHH I1.m oO.mCTh Cb C.!JaBHHO-PYCeRHM1) uacereuiem, no)!,'b aaaaauiem, CTPUUbI 0POAUHKOB'b.

1I3BtcTia 0 OpO)!,UlIKaXb B'b pycCKofi JtTOIII1Cn BOCXO~JITh I\b nepBoit no.l0BHHt XII BtKa. Taat, BO Bpe)UI 60PhOhI CBllTOC.1aBa OJlhrOBlIlJU n IOpiH }l;OJlfOPYKOBU C'b 1I3JIc.mDOM'b DICTlICJIIlBlIlIeMb B'b 1147 ro;J,Y 6pO)!,HHl\lI ynoMlIHaIOTCH D'b KallecTBt COI03HHKOB'b Cnarocrana, 3art~I'b, 9TII I13BtCTiH rrpO)!,O.JImaIOTCH speas nee XII crcanrie II uepexoarrs B'b XIII. B'b 122 3 ro~y. Bb OHTBt IIa Ka~lKt, noenom fipO,ll;llImOB'b, I1~leUe~I'b IT,,'10CKIIIIll, oOMauy.n pyccaaro KUH3H DlcTlIC.JIaBa PO?ttaHOBHlIa. Cocranaan COpO,ll,HYIO n.nI opoAnqylO BOJlhHYIO )!,pymlIrry, pyocsie OpO)!,HIIKII p.WIIO.IHnUlICh OObIKHoBeHHo no oKpaHllaM'b PYCCKOH 3e~IJlI, I10iJ:00BO nO!-J;J,utfilllllMb Ka3HKcnlb. I'aannoe rut3)1.0 IIX'b 01>1.10, rroBII,"\lmoMY, nit }l;ouy. Ho en KOIl~a XII ntliu pyccide

*

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OpO~HlUm YIIOMHHaIOTCJI H B'b I10-~YHaitClwit OOJIaCTH. 0 3eMJIt H crpauf OpO~HHKOB'b 3~tCb YIIOMHHaeTh no~'b 1186 rO~OM'b BH3aHTiitcKiit I1HCaTeJIb HHKHTa AROMHHaT'b 65). HtKOTOPLIH YRa3aHiH ua MtCTOIlOJIO.lKeHie crpanu I1pH~YHaitcKHX'b OpO~IlHKOB1) ~aIOTh .lKaJIOBaHHbIH rpaaora BeHrepCKHX'b KOpOJIeit H PHMCKHX'b nam, B'b XII H XlII BB. HtMe~KIIM'b noceaennaa's, npil3BaHHhUl'b B'b TpaHCH.llbBaHiIO II OT':IaCTH MOJI~aBiIO I1pH BeHrepCKOM'b ROPOJIt reit3t II Me.lK~y 1141 H 1161 ro~aMH MH 3aCeJIeHiJl 3anycTh.JIhIX1> MtCTHOCTeit. B1> )l;OKYMeHTt 1189 ro~a, OTHOCJI~eMCH K'b <l>JIaH~paM'b, BhI3- BaHHhIM'b refi30IO, I1pSIMO rOBOpHTCJI 0 npeJl:OcTaBJIeHHoit HM'b I1YCTLIHt CeOHHbCKOit 66). Bt, nO~TBeMHTeJIbHhIX'b rpasoraxs neurepcsaro KOPOJIH AHJl:peH III H nanu 1222 II 1223 rr. ua 9TH n03taJIOBaHiH OIlpeJl:t.'IHIOTCH npHO.llH311TeJlbHO II rpaaana coctj\nefi CTpaHhI H 3eMJIH OpO~UIIKOB'h, KOTOpaa aeaaaa ua BOCTOR'b OT'b ropO)l;a II 3eMJIII Kpyn;eoyprn II B'b oJIu.lKafilneM'b COCt)l;CTBt C'b CeOHHCKOIO ~epKOBilO 67). ITo RapTt I'epapna MepKaTopa BTOPOit I10.lOBIIHhI XVI BtKa, MOHacThIpb KepT~'b II ropo)l;'h KepTn;epoepn (Kpyn;eoyprn) .llell£aJIH B'b BepXOBbHX'h npIITOKOB'b tI;yUaH Terna (Byseo] H JlJIoMHn;hI, a ropo~l, HJIH ceaenie Ce6iH (Sebia) - aa p. CaKoBn;t, npHToKt Bupaara, r)l;t HLIUt M. I1;uoaua. C.IIt)l;OBaTe.llbHO, aeMJISI HJIII OO.llaCTb OpO)l;UHKOB'b )l;OJI3tHa OhIJIa JIemaTb MeatJl:Y Oeperom, H lIplTOM'b, B'b COCtJl:CTBt cs )l;peBHHM'b BepJla~OM'b H R'b ctBepo-BocTOKY OT'b Hero, r~t JJ:OJlfO eme I10TOM'b y~epmllBaJIHCb C.lIaBHHO-P-YCCKiSI naanauia rOpO~OB'b H HaCeJIeUUhlXb MtcTHOCTefi. 3)1;tCb ua p. ITpYTt, npa BIIaJJ:eHiH B1, Hero p. Bax.qYH, ua ~peBHHX'b KapTaX'b 3Ha':lHTCSI ropers BpaJJ:hI lUll Bpl)l;hI, BnOC.IIt)l;CTBiH Ilenopa 68), BtPOSITHO ohlBmifi cpe~oTo':lieM'b 3eM.IIH OpO~HHKOB'b.

ITo CMepTH POMaHa ~iCTHCJIaBlIlIa (t 1.205 r.), B'b MaJIOJItrcTBO Jl:tTeit ero tI;aHilIJIa H BaCH.JIbKa, I03tHhISI lIaCTH nO-j\yuaitcKoiI OOJlaCTH OhIJIH conepnreaao orroprayrsr OTb I'aaansaro KHSImeCTBa lJaCTiIO KOMaHaMH UH noaoauaaa, a r.mBULIM'b oOpa30M'b rarapaaa. Ilepnoe CTOJIKHOBeuie pycCKHX'bRHSI3eit C'b TaTapaMII npoH30m.J1OBb 1225 rO)l;y ua oeperax'b p. KaJlKlI, BC.JItj\cTBie uanareuia raraps ua noaoaness, H OKOH':IHJIOCb nopaaeaiem, nO.llOBe~KHX'b H PYCCKHX'b CH.II'b. BHTBa npa RaJIKt YHHQT03tlIJIa rOCIIO~CTBO nOJIOBn;eBl, Memj\Y tI;UtCTPOM'h H tI;UtHPOM'b, ':ITO CHJIbUO nO)l;titCTBOBaJIO HIl HX'b pOj\HIleit, 3tIlBIIIIIX'b ua aana)J,t II npasacaanraxca K'b rpaaanasrs Tpancarsnani«. BtPOSITHO, onaCUOCTh j\JISI HHX'b OhIJIa j\OBOJIbHO neraaa, eMU OUH ptmHJlIlCb B'b 9TO BpeMH HpHUSITb KaTOJIII1leCTBO. I'ona me OCHOBaHO ObMO )I;.IIH HU'b KYMaHO-KUTOJlIl':leCKOe enHCKonCTBO, ntpOJITUO paspymen-

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Hoe ncsops TaTapa~lI, soropue ·CJIi>JJ;OBa.,'l1l sa KOMaHaMII ITO IlIITaM1>. Oaaun pannin 113Bi>CTiJl 0 noanrenia raraps na )l,YHai> OTHOCJlTCJI Kn 1233 rOAY, KOI'Aa. rarapu Bn nepBhlit past. nOJlBIIJIIICb B1> Beccapaota, MOJIJJ;aBill, Baaaxia II qaCTII Benrpia. Bropaeuia ate IIX1> B1> 9TII crpauu HUqa.JIIICb c06- CTBeHHO Cn 1236 roja, KorJJ;a rarapa HUnaJIII na KOM<lHOBn IIJIII nOJIOBnem., atHBIDHXn Bn Beccapaeia H MOJI)l;anill, II npo1I3Be.1III CTPUIDHhIJI onycTOIDeHiJl B1> 9r1lX1> 06JIaCTHXn, TaNn qTO OCTUBIDiecJI om IIcTpe6JIeHiJl atllTeJIH TOJ1bKO aexaorie OCTa.JIIICh aa PO)l;HHi>, a OCTa.JIhHhle sacrne 6i>ata.JI1I B1> TpaHCHJIhBaHiIO, a sacrio CKPbIJIIICh sa JIYHaeM1>, Bn Bnrsaaaxt, H MaKeAoHill. Haaoaem., B1> 1241 rOJJ;y rarapcsia xaHn BUTblii Cn 500,000 BoiicKU Hana.JI1> aa ~IOJI,lI;aBiIO, BaJIaxiIO, Tpaacarsaanin II Bearpho II TaKn yataCHO paaopars 9TII 3eMJIII, qTO atllTeJIH IIXn IICKaJIII cnaceuia B1> nenpacTynHhlxn YID;eJIhHXn rops H .1Ii>CHbIX1, qaID;aXn 69). Ti> H3n nOJIOBn;eB1>, KOropue He XOTi>JIII nOKopIIThCH rarapas's, nepeaera CBOII KOqeBhH Bn Bearpuo nOA1> HalHl.JlhCTBOMn cnoero XUHa HSn poaa IeAHCUH1>, XOTJI TOJIhKO sacrin, nOTOMY· uro oaaa IIS1> OMn, KOlleBaBIDIIX1> B1> SII.i>IDHeMn Kpai> ,lI;0 upacoe,lI;HHeHiH ero K1> POCCill, naauaaaacs Ieaacaacaoio 70). TUKIIMn 06pasoM'b KO~HtHhl nepe2KIIJIII TaTapCKOe aanoenanie II OCTaBaJIIICh Bn CTenJlX1> IOmHOPYCCKIIXn Bn nepiorr, rarapoaaro Bn HUn rocnoacrsa, npaaam, HO)l;)I;aHCTBO TaTapCKHX1> sasoenarerea. Tarapo-soaaaa BJIaAi>JIlI, Mem)l,y npollllMn, BtJIropO)l;OMn 11.l1li AKRepMaHOMn Bn HhlHi>mHeit Beccapariia II )1;03- BOJIH.IIH BeCTII Bn Kpai> TOprOBJIIO rpeqeCRHMn H reHY93CKlIMn Kynn;uMn. 06'1 9TOMn CBH)I;i>reJIbCTByeT1> aarie CB. BeJIHKoMyqeHHKa Ioaaaa Hoaaro Cosancaaro, KOTOPhlit, 6Y)I;yqlI rpeqeCKHMn Kynn;OM1> HSn Tpane3YH)I,a, no HaBi>ntMn KaTOJIlIKa IPpJlra, Bi>POHTHO, reaysana, OROJIO 1330 roaanocrpalI.aJIn B1> Bi>JIropo)l;i> IIJIH AKRepMaHi> om Mi>cTHaro rpa)l;OHUqaJIbH,HKa, no Bi>pi> OrHenOK..lIOHHHKa. 1I0An orHenORJIOHHHKaMH ate HyatHO pasyMi>Th HJIII raraps, soropue TOr,ll;a eme He IIcnoBi>,lI;hlBaJiU MarOMeraHCTBa 71), H.JIII ate Ky~taHOBn. 0 nOCJIi>AHX1> O)l,HH1> upa6cKiit nacarers rOBOpIIT'h, qTO OHH noK..lIUHJlJIHCb 3Bi>S)I;aM1>, Bi>pH.m Bn netiecnun BJIiHHiJl H npell.UBUJIHCh HSY· qeHiIO acrpoaoria 72).

PaBHhlM1> 06paaOM1>, OCTaBa.JIOCh B1> nplI,lI;YHaltcKHX1> cTpUHaX1> II CJIanano-pycoxoe HClCeJIeHie, 0 KOTOPOM1> ynommaeTCH B1> rpajtoraxt, II )l;ORyMeHTaX1> 1254 II 1260 rOiJ;OBn 73). Bs BtJIrOPOAi> HJIll AKKepMClHi> 6hlJIa Aame npaBOC.JIaBHaH enapxia, na ROTOPOit Un 1347 rOAr OLIn eUIICKon'}, KUPII.lI.lIn 74). Ho S)I,i>mHee caanauo-pyccsne uaceaeaie, nOBH)I,IIMOMY, yme

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He IBlt.:lO CBflacii Cb raJIlU.\KHM'b KHHmeCrBOM'b. IIPII ~aHio.llt PO~laHOBOqt npe)J;t.:JhI ra.JIlI~IWrO KHmKeCTBa no AHtcrpy )l;OXO,lJ;OJIlI rOJIbKO )1;0 Ka.noca; na IOro-3aua~t OHII III.IIlI, no Bcelt B'BPOHTHOCTlI, no nepxneny reneuin IIpYTa II lJepeMoIIIY; aa IOmHolt oKpalIut ra.JIII~KarO KUHmeCTBa UaXO)l,lI.BlCh ropo)J;a YlIJH~a, Baaora, Kyqe.JIMIIH'b, OHYTb, ~IIIKy.JIlIHb II ROJIOMhIH. Ho OKO.110 1256 rO)l,a H Baaora nepeuua BO B.IIaCTh raraps 75). PYCCKoe naceaeaie ctBepHolt H ctBepO-BOCTOqnolt qaCTH lIbIHtIIIuelt Beccapaoia, lltPOHTHO, HaXO,lJ;HJIO yotam.m;e Bb nemepaxs CKa.JIIICThIX'b oeperOBb ~utCTiJa II JItBhIX'b ero npOTOKOB'b, KOTOPhIH npeiJ;CTaBJIHIOT'b COBepmeHHYlO aHa.1JOruo C'b nemepaxa II ne.m;epHbIMII xpasaaa Ilosnna II CIlYCKaIOTCH B1l1I3'b 110 reneaiio ~HtcTpa nosra aa O)l,HHaKOBoe pascroaaie cs nOCJIt)l,HlIMII 76). M3'b TaKIIX'b nentepi, 'II nemepasm, XpaMOB'b na npasoa, oeccapaocKolt CTOPOHt ~HtcTpa II ero npassm, nplITOKOBb 1I3BtCTIlhI CJlt){YIO.m;ie neutepnue xpaMbl: Henoporoacsia ua ~UtCTpt, B'b XOTIIUCKOM'b yt3At, 6JI1I3'b CCJIa JIOMaqIIHe~'b, "POTlIB'b Ka.llIOCa 77); npa M. CBKypeHax'b II "PII nO.MapoBt, roro me yt3)1,a 78); IIIa6cKilt 1I.1JH maocKilt aa ~HtCTpt, COPOKcsaro y. 79); nemepa nepcraxt, B'b ~ByX'b aa IOn OT'b COPOK'b 80); neD.\ephI UIIIW Bars-Pamsoaa, Coposcsaro are yt3)J;1t 81); Peaaecsia xoaacrups Cb BhIctqeHHhIMII Bb CKH.IIt KeuiHMII, ua ~lItCTpt, Oprbencaaro y. 82); I'opO)l,lIlI.\ellcKilt OJIII3'b ~HtcTpa, roro me y. 83); BhIctqeHHaH B'b CKaJlt nenrepa IIplI C. By.memTII B'b BepXOBhHX'b p. Cpe)l,Helt mOphI, He)l,aJIeKO on ~lltcTpa, roro me yt3)1,<t 84); nemepu II CKa.JIbHaH I.\epKOBh na p. PeYTt, 6.11lf3'b pa3Ba.1HH'b craparo Oprsena, Meati.\Y. ce.JIaMII BpaHeIIITII II Byry.qeHII II neaareao on ceaenin Ilepeosuaaa 85). HaCKo.lJ.hKO HaM'b 1I3BtCTllO, rpynua neutept, H CKaJlbHhIX'b XpaMOB"b B'b HhIHtIIIHelt Beccapa6ilI He cnYCKaeTCH uaae ptKlI Peyra Cl> en npHTOKaMII II CBOIIM'b paonoaoaenieat, MOaten YKa3hIBaTb aa npeJ.\t.llhI pacnpocrpaaeuia ra.IJ.III.\KO-pYCCKaro nacereaia II RHHmeCTBa B'b 9TOMb &pat B'b )l;aHUOe BpeMH.

KaKl> OhI TO HII OhI.IIO,-OKOJIO nOJIOBIIHhI XIII CTOJltTiJl HblHtIIIUJlH Beccapauin oropnana OhI.m OT'b PYCCImro rOCYJ.\apCTBa, XOTH eme II 3aK.'1IOnara Bb ceot pYCCKoe nacereaie. 9TO nOCJIt)l,Hee He IIClJe3.10 II B'b nOCJItAYIOD.\iH npexeaa H He Ma.110 CIIOCOOCTBOBa.JIO oopa30BauiIO II nponnsraauo B03UllKIIIHXb 3i.\tCb B'b HenpO)l;O.'lmHTeJIbIlOM'b BpeMeHH PYMhIHCKlIX'b KHJImeCTB'b Baaaxia H MOJI,tJ,aBilI, IIS'b I\oTOPhIX'b BhI)I,tJIn.JIaCh nOTO~I'b B'b OCOUYIO OOJIaCTb Beccapaeia.

r J1 a BaT peT D fl.

06pasoBauie u pacnrzpeaie CJJaBJIHO-PYMLlHCRBX'L EHJIlIteCTB'b Baaaxia u MOJI,IJ;aBiu.

Ilocreneaaoe nepeceaenie pyMhlH'L C'L TOlKH8ro 6epera .I(YHa.H aa CiiBepHhlH, B'L TpaHCHJILB8HilO, H BhlCeJIeHie HX'L OTCIO,n;a B'L PYMbIHilO BCJIii,n;CTBie HaDJIhlBa B'L TpaHCHJlLB8HilO HiiMen;Karo KaTOJIHQeCTB8. - OCHOB8Hie Baaaxia, pacmapeaie e.ll npe,n;iiJIOB'L no lIepH8ro MOp.ll H CTOJIKHOBeHie ea C'L TYPK8MH; ropona H caaaaaCKi.1I aasaaaia MUOrHXi. H8'L HH.X'L.-OCBOB8uie MO.;:(,n;8BiH, pacnpocrpaaeaie ea no IIpYTa H ropona C'L c.naB.IIHo-pYCCKIIIIIH H88BauiIlMH; OC06HOCTL CTp8HbI MelK,n;y IIpYTOM'L H .I(Irl;CTPOM'L, pyccxie ropona 8,n;iicL H npacoeaaaeaie STOR CTp8HbI K'L Mo.n,n;aBmi. BOBoe p83,n;ilJIeHie nocJIii,l(ue:il: aa ,n;Bli QaCTH H B03COe,l(HHCHie UX'L.CTpeMJIeHie JI/lOJI,n;8Biu H B8JIaxiH K'L coeaaaeaiio MelK,I(Y c0601O: ,l(ii.IITeJILUOCTL B'L STOM'L H8np8BJIeHiu rocnonepea MOJI,I(8BCKaro CTecJlaH8 BeJIHK8ro, aaaamcaaro MUXaUJI8 Xpa6paro H ,l(PYrHX'L, n8paJIU30B8HUa.H Typen;KUM'L BJIa,n;hlQeCTBOM'L; yna,l(OK'L KH.HlKeCTB8 no,l('L ynpanJ1euielll'L rocnoxapea H3'L rpeKOB'L·cJlaH8pioTOB'L.

nl'BH nepnOHa1la.JIbHYIO pO;J.llIlY cnon na IOrhOT'h JI:Yllan, PYMbIHhI, C'h Te1IeuieM'b spexeaa, cram nepeceaarsca OTTY)I;a na C'lmepHYIO CTOPOHY Ayuan, n'h IIpe~t.JIbI HhIHtmHeit Bearpia, B'b Tpancarssanuo. C'h sasoro speMeHll HalJa.JIBCh ara nepecereaia-cpsmars TPYAHO. Ilo.JIOmOTeJIbHbIH, aeocaopaaaa aoropaueoaia CBH~tTe.JIhCTBa o cruomaax» Ba.mllCKBX'h nocereniaxt, n'h Tpancarseania OTnOCHTCH yme K'h nC11Ia.JIy Xill ntKa. B'h 9TO npesa yropcKie KOPO.JIH, nparaacnm. N'h ceot Ht~IeQKiit op~en'h ~~~ rOCIIHTa.JIIITOB'h, ma.IIOBa.JIH ero H uaoeaeauaxa II HeOOHTaeMhIMH aelt"IH~1lI H OTKPhI.JIH TpaHCH.JIbBaHiIO noceaeanam, BCtX'h BtpO-

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lICnoBt)l;auiit 1I UapO,l{UOcTeit. Br, 9TBX'b rpaaorax» ynOMHHaeTCn 1I 0 saaaxaxi, HJllI pYMbIUaX'b. Ilepaoe yno~lHuauie 0 UIIX'b UUXO)l;lITCH nO)l;'b 1222 rO){OM'b. Ho qTP PYMhlHhl ObIJilI S)I,tCh yate ne aonue nocerennu, a cpannaTe.JlhUO )l,anuie, 9TO MOatBO BlI)(tTb lIS'b c"ltAYIOII(uro: B'h 1223 rO)l;l' nO,l{TBepatAaeTCSI sa MouaCThlpeM'b ca. MHXaHJla npeatuiit )l;Up'b, cooroaamia B'b Se~IJlt, oraarolt y naJIaXOH'b. 3aTtM'b, PYMblUhl (BJlUXH) l'noMHuaIOTcH yate KaKb oct)l,Jloe uaceaeaie, atllByII(ee B'h Tpancarssaaia II FioMauill ue Bb O)l;llUOqKY, U OOJlbP.lHMll noceraaxa. PHAOM'b es UH~Il, B'b TtX'b ate rpaaoraxs, rOBopHTCH 0 CaKCaX'b, neqeutruxb II KOMaUUX'b H, aasouem, 0 PYCCKllX'b 0p0)l;ullKaX'b. B'b 1247 rOAY l'noMHuaeTcH BOeBO)l;a 1JaJIamcKifi, Bceoram., llJIll CTaUllCJIaB'b, BO nCHKOM'b cJlyqat, uOCHII(ifi C.!laBSIUCKOe liMn 86). On 9TUX'b-TO rpaacan.naacsaxr, PYMhlU'b llJlH BaJiaXOBb H nOJlyqUJlH uasaao PYMbIHCKiH rocnonaporaa Baaaxin II Mo.lI)1;aBiSI C'b Beocapafiiea.

BJiHatuiimliMlI npHqOUUMlI KOJlOUH3aQill TpaUCllJlhnaUCKllX'b PYMblU'b B'b npe)l;tJlhl Baaaxia II MOJ)I;aBill II oopaaoaaaia 9TllX'b rocnoaaperm, OhlJIH:

C'b O)l;uoit CTOPOUbI YCllJIeHie utMeQKO-KUTOJlllqeCKarO 9J1eMeUTU n'b Beurpia II 'Ipancarsnaaia, B'b YII(CpO'b MtCTUOMY lIpaBOCJIaBuoMY uaceaenuo, oraBSIUO-PYCCKOMy H PYMbIUCKOMY; C'b )l;pl'rofi - )l;OCTYUUOCTb HOatue-,l{l'uafiCKlIX1J OOJIaCTeit )l;J1J1 PYMbIHCKOfi soaouasania.

Co BTOPOit nOJlOBHUbI XII BtKa Beurpia ptmllTeJlbHO CKJOHneTCJI nil CTOPOUY utMeQKO-KaTOJIHqeCKarO sanaaa. ROpOJIb BeurepcKiit I'easa II, B'b nepnl'IO noaonaay cnoero napcrnoaaaia, eme He HSMtUSIJ1'b Tpa,'(lIQiouUblM'b CBHSHM'b C'b npanOCJlUBUbIM'b BOCTOKOM'b nO)l;'b BJliSIUieM'b YMuaro )l;H,l{Il, cepoa BtJIyma, H OJlarO)l;apH opaKy' C'b pl'cCKufi KHHatUofi EB4IpocHuieii MCTHcJlaBuoii II BOOOII(e cOJiHateuiIO cs PYCbIO. Ho saTtM'b, co npeaeua BCTl'nJ1eUiH B'b aUTII-BH3aUTiiicKl'IO KOaJIHQiIO aaraacearo saneaa, OU'b nooreneano nepemers aa nYTh BCSIqeCKarO COJIHateHiJl C'b aaraao-repaaacsca Esponon H nancsaat, npeCTOJlOM'h II omonpeaeuaaro OTqym)l;euiSI OT'b rpeKO-CJlaBHUcsaro BOCTOKa, a K'b KOUQY csoero npaareuia nonars OKOUqaTeJIhUO B'b pl'KII PllMCKOit KypiH II en yropcsax» npeaoraaarerea II npaoumnnasom, Ilpn ueM'}, Meat)l;y 1141 H 1161 rO)l;aMll npaasana OhlJlH B'b Tpanoarsaaaho utMQbI )l;J1J1 eacereaia saul'cTtJlhlX'h MtCTUOCTCit. Q>aKT'h npaasma utMeQKIIX'b noceaeaness B'h TpaUCH.llbBUuiIO npa feitst II ue nO;,\J1eatllTb CO~lHtuno. 0 UeM'b lIpSIMO CBll,l{tTe.lIbcTnl'eT'h rpasora KOpOJIn All)l;pen II, 1224 roaa, nO)l;TBepat)l;aIO~aH llX'b npana, a rasae oOJlte pauniit )l;OKYMeHT'h 1189 rO)l;a 0 uesaBllCllMOM'b nepsoaaox» l'CTpoiicTBt 9TlIX'h noceaennenr, npa

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Be.l't Ill. Heail81ICIDIO OT1. lItllcn;KOfi RO,10nRaan;io In. TPillICHJIbnitHiH, npn fefiat II nepecennocs Bl, Y rpiru He ~Ja.10 HtMen;RHX1. phlUupeil 0 DCKaTe.leii npH&.1J()lIeHifi. Mem;w I1pOlIHM1., li1. IWHI~y napcrsonania fefiabl OTHOCOTCJI nepeceaeuie TpeX1. OpaTben1. poaa Ke.lee)l,l, -- CTeqJaHa, B~Ia)l.lIc.1ilna H I'paropia, I1.JIeMJlHHHKOn1. MoweHCIwro MapKrpallla: CTeqllllI1, otam.n B1. rrpiro mltcr!; co CnOlIM1. PO,lOM1. 0 C1. 60-10 phln;apJlMH, yOHn1. Hil OiWOM1. coopanin no (J>paHKljlypTt nopaureacsuro MapKrpallla, H OhlJI1. feitaoit pa.r\ymHo npOHJlTO H o,1<lpeU1.,SeMJIJlMD. Bt, nOC.JIt)l.yroID;Yro C~YTHylO anoxy II upa CTeljlant fefisIIllt aanpanaeuie yropcKoit 1I0,1HTORH OCTa.1I0Cb TaKlnfl, ate, D YKasanHbIit npouecci, B'b OCTOPR'JeCKOM'b paaaarin r rpia BCC nO,WRrarcn snepem ~7). ~hOT'b OtlnJIblBl, nt~fCI~Karo KtlTO,1I0'leCTBa B'b TpaOCR.lIhuanuo D Bearpiio R nbIHY.l\o.1!'b TpaHCH,lIbBaOCKOX'b PYMblHCROX1, IaIllSeii, uaaupaurosaro H ~Jap~taPOmcKaro, OCTanHTb TpilHcn.1bnaHiro H OCHOBaT!> 1l0eBO;l;CTna Baraxno H MO.JI)l.aniro.

IIOC.lt uaureornia BitTbUI na Benrpin, n,1!IlJl,tTe.ilI, Basapamosaro YI,t.1<l, Pa)l.Y Herpy IUD Pa)J.y qepHbltt, npOHCXO)l.SI Ha'b .ipennaro pO)J.it· Baocapana, nO)l.Hll.1CJI co nctM'b CBOlIM'b y)J.t.10~f'b H uepeme.n, KapnaTh]' Ilepecerenie aTO cs oeperon'b O.1J.TbI I\'b nepxoauo pt&H )I,bHIOOBHn;bI, lITO Hit IOiKIIOM'L CK.JIOnt KapmlTCKHX'b A.lIbIlOB'b, OObl&HOBeHHO OTHOCO.m &'h 1241 rOI1¥ 88). HOB'Mirnin me HCTOpHli.'b PYMblHio KceHono.Tb OTHOCHT'b aTO ootisrrie Kl, 1290 rOilY 89). C'b sroro BpeMeOH Baraxia, npaspsrran BoaBbIluenIIOCTJlMII Eaptrart, H TpY.1HO npOXOJ\IUlbBm ropHhBfH yID;e.lbJlMD, c!(t.II'l.1aCb y6tatHn~e)lb Jl.JIJI TpaHCHJlbBaHCRHX'b PYMbIHOB'h, npe~BO;J,HTe"lb IWTOPbIX'h OCTaHOIIHJlCJI n'h oornOpHbIX'b IIOJlJlX'b I~,bIMIIo-.lYHro H.lD .Iaurenona, T. e. )I,OJIrO- 110,11>1[, Bc.1'll)l.1. aaTtll'h Baraxia yne.Hl'lo:mcb IIpUCOe;(HHeoieM'b I,'b Hefi ItpaeBcKaro oaIH1Til: ROTOPhlii HaXO;VIJICll no nJla)l,tHilI pO,!l,a BaccapaobI R Ill. 9IIOXY nepeceaeuia Paao ynpuB.lIJI.1CJI ~lHXaH.lIO~I1, Baecapa60iL IlocasaneMY yrpoma.IIo CTO,I[KHOBeuie ct. puuapaaa opaenu en. Ioanna Iepycaraacsaro, KOTOPbBf1, neHrepcKifi ROPO.IIb Be.JIa I)", 110 noanpameaia CBoc~rb ct, ocrpona ~laJlbTbI, Ky~it 6tra.n'b on rarapt, noaapan, BCIO SeM.JIIO Buccapa6a H KO~laHiIO, Un noauarpasaenle sa osaaannoe CMY MH.:lhTittcKnMlI PbInapaua rocrenpiascrno. Bb rpaaorf KOpO.lJI Beau IV', 124 7 rosa, ~Iem~y nposuxt, ronOpHTCJI (j,lt.r\YIOID;ee: «)I,apyeTcJI Bell aCMJlJI oaHaTa Osnepaua, C1. rOpit~lH, Kb KOTOPbIMb npnreraers aCMJlll, it rasae C'h KOJlX,eeTBOM'h Hnaua H (J>opKamu ~O ptKH O.J1TbI, Sit HCK.lIOQCHieM1. aeM.1H liHJlmCCTBU BoeBO,J,bI .hHiOJl, IiOTOPYro OCTHBJlJleM'b OJlaXaMl, (B.:1aXHM1.), Ta&'b KaKl, OUO

- ,14-

B.m,Tl>.m aToii ae~.'Ieii n 11.0 cero speaeaa. BMtCTt C'h aTIIM'h, )Ihl noaapaaa nOIl)feHOBaHHO)IY xaracrpy II Bce~y op~eHY BClO Ito~aHilO, OT'h ptKn Orrsr II rpancaasnancsaxu ropt, aa TtX'h me yc.ilOBinx'b, saxla YKasaHhl 6hlJIlI asnue 0 CtnepllHt, au llCI'.l101IeHieM'b, nnposeat, aeMJIlI Craaacraaa, noeBOAhl naaxom., KOTOPYlO OCTaB.JIJ1eMl) eMY, KaK'b 6hlJlO II )1;0 cero BpeMeHu, n ua TtX1i -me yC~IOBiHX1), K<LKin cYIqeCTBYlOT'b o.;lnToBcKoii aeM.;lt. Bt, nocTpofiKt KptUOCTCii B'h ItoMuoill II B'h aam;HTt aToii aeMJlII on sparom, 6y~e)I'b Y1JaCTBOBaTh II MLT, He TOJlhKO COBtTOM'b II nOMoIqilO, HO II JllllJHO, CC.1n 6y~e~'b uparaameuu I1p!1CHOM'h. It'h aTOMY eme MarnCTp'b 06tIq(1;1'b H<lIqIIIqUTh name rOCYJl,apCTBO OT'b uenpiareaea II, B'h C.IIylJat BoDHhl, )l;UTh 50 BoopymeHHhlX'h phII~apeii )l;JIJI 060pOOhl KptnocTeii II YKptnJleHHhlX'h ropo;J;oB'h an ospaaaaxt. namero rocY)I;apCTBa, 1,11K'h HanpIlMtp'h, Iloaoaa, MOllioHa, Illoupona, spsnecra mCJItaHofi, KptlIOCTU EtJIofi, II sooeme r)l;t YKumen Ua)l;06HOCTb, a )l;PYTIIX'h 60 phl~apett 06nsaJIcJI BLTCTaBlITb npoTllB'h raraps B'h CJylIat lIX'h aamecrsia». Bt, BUII.Y yrpomaBllIeii onaouoCTlI OT1) psmapea, MlIXanJI'h Baccapaoa He aa)l;YMa.'lCJI B'h KPllTlIlJCCKYlO MUHYTY npasaan, BJIaCTb csoero pO,lJ,lIlJa Paao TIepHaro, .mrnh 6hl OTCTOHTb HeaaBllCUMOCTh cBoeii repparopia. C'h BailtHtiillIDMll CBOllMn 6UHpaMlI OH'h npll6hl.n K'h Pa.II.O qepHOMY B'h Apmm'h lUll AplI.mllC'h, KYlI.a nepers TtM'h nepeaeceua 6hl.m ll3'b ItblMIIO·.JI ynro CTOJIll~a Baraxia, II npnaaan, HaA'h C060lO B.mCTh PaIl.O, KaK'h crapmaro pO)J;lIlJa. C'b roro Bpe~eHII BeJiIIKan Baraxia eocranaaa OIl.HO rOCYlI.apCTBO C'h BaJIaxieit 3aO.llTJlHCKott; 6aHhl noc.IItAHefi, KClK'h HaMtcTHIIRU rocnojapea KHJlmeCTBa, COXpaHIIJin nucnree 1I.0CTOlIHCTBO B'h rocnonaperaa. HOBoe rOCYlI.apCTBO, no B.mll.tTe.lbHOMY pO,lJ,Y CBoeMY, Heptll.KO· Ha3hlBU.'10Ch «3eMJefi 6eccapa6cKOOu, oTKYlI.a BrrOCJItll.CTBilI npoasouuo uasnauie n Harnett Beccapariia. It'h BOCTOKY npef~t,,'Ihl Ba.mxi~ 06HUMaJilI sees ctBepHhlit 6epef'b HlImHJlrO JJ;YHaJl II npOCTlIpaJIlICh on OJiThl 11.0 p. Cepera, II OT'b Itapoan 11.0 JJ;YH<lJI. HCHte CTaHOBJlTCJI 1I3- nscrin 0 Baaaxia C'h nonnreaieut, na c~eHY acropia MHPlJlI noenona, KHJImeHie soroparo (1386-1418 IT.) connajaeri, co Bpe:MeHe~I'h Type~Karo nosopeuia B'b BOJIfapiH II Cep6ilI, co Bpe~eHeM'h KOCOBCKOit 6UTBhl n rrepBhlX'h BTOPiitellitt TYPOK'h B'h Baaaxho. K'baTOMY Bpe~eHII OTHOCllTCH 1I3Btcria nnaaarianem, 0 Bmaxia, ooxpaaeuasra cOBpeMeOHnKOM'b XaJIKOKOH~nJIOR). OOII JIlO60llhlTOhl Km~'h YKa3aniHMn ua rpaHH~hl Baramcaaro rocy,il;apCTBa, rast, II HtKOTOPhl)1B no,'(p06HOCTHMH, liaCalOm;llMllCH nepsaxt, CTO.llRHOBeuifi MnptIU C'b TypKamI. MlIplJa nepenecs CBOlO CTO"IH~Y IIS'h Ap-

- 45 -

ranra llJIH AMmHca B'b EYRapeCT'b 11 rtM'b OmlfBHJI'b )l,OTOJIt OeSn.JIO)l,UYIO H OeaJIIO)I,HYIO )l,OJIHUY HHmueti Baraxia. KpOMt TOrO, MlIp1Ja lIIl1POKO paS)J,BHHyJI'b IIpe)J,tJIhI CBOerO rocy)l,apCTlill II B'b rpaaorars CBOHX'b TIITY.JIOBaJICH «Be.JIHKHM'b BoeBO)J,OIO H caMO)J,epmaBHhIM'b rocnorapem, Beeti aeMJIH oeccapaocKoti H aaIIO.JIOHIIHCKHM'b CTOpOHaM'b H MHOrHM'b TYPCKIIM'b (BeHrepCKHM'b) ropO)J,aM'b rOCIIO)J,HHOM'bll, BoeBO)J,OIO H rOCIIO)l,IIHOM'b «Bceti aCM.'llI yrpo-sraXitiCKOti II San.JIaHHUCKIIM'b crpaaam, II onaneaa no BceMY no ]l;yuaIO )J,ame H )1,0 Be.JIHKarO MOpH H ]l;epeCTpy (CH.JIHCTpiH) rpa)l,y BJIaiJ,t.JIb~e~'b)). Kor)J,a nOJlKOBO)J,e~'b Type~Karo cy.JITaua MypaTa, A.JIH-nama, aaaoesan, Boarapho II KaanIIJI'b OO.JIrapCKaro ~apH Illamaaua, TO MHp1Ja, IIO.JIbSYJlCb y)l;OOlIhIM1. C.JIY1IaeM'b, OB.JIaiJ,tJI'b CIICTOBOM'b, ]l;ooPY-)I,mefi, C1I.JIllcTpiefi H BH)U\HHOM'b II IIPIlHH.JI'b CJlt)J,yIO~iit TIITyJl'b: «KPa.JIh Bocuia, )J,ByX'b Baraxia, repuorcrm, Basapama H OM.JIama, OaH'b CtBepllua, )J,ecnOT'b ]l;oopYJ\mH, roenomm, CIIJIHCTpill II BCtX'b rOpO~OB'b H aeMe_1h )1,0 A)I,piaHOIIOJl.nIl. Ho OU'b me IIepBhlH IIO)l,a.JI'b TypKaM'b nOBO)l;'b K'b nropaeaiaas B'b Baraxuo H He TOJIhKO yCTYIIH.JI'b HM'b CBOIl aa)l;yuaficKiJl BJla)l,tuiJl, UO H SaKJII01JlIJI'b, B'b 1393 ro)l,y, C'b TypKaMH nOCThI)I;UhIfi MHp'b, IIO)l;rOTOBHBmifi nopafiomenie Baraxia H MOJl)J,aBiH TypKaM'b. MHP'b 9TOT'b IIO)l;TBepm)l;eU'b OhI.JI'b O)l;HHM'b HS'b IIpeCMUHKOB'b MIIPllll, BJIa)l;OM'b IY ]l;paKYJlOM'b, ROTOPhIfi, B'b 1460 rO)l;y, aaK.BOlln'b C'b CY.JITaHOM'b MarOMeTOM'b IT HOBhIfi )l;OrOBOp'b, YTBepi\IIBmifi IIpeOO.JIai\aHie TYpoas B'b Baaaxia. Y cmia BaJIamCKHX'b rocIIo)(apefi Pa)J,o If, B'b KOU~t XY BtKa, H Muall.la Xpaoparo, B'b KOH~t XYI BtKa, osepruyrs C'b cenn Typensoe aro osaaamcs T~eTHhIMH 90).

B'b anoxy npoussraata Baaanrcaaro rocy)(apCTBa B'b UeM'b OhIJIH CJlt)(yIO~ie, OOJIte H.m MeHte saMtlJaTeJlhHhIe, ropnaa H ceaeaia: Bpamosa, <I>orapaIIl'b, PeOHlU~'b (PhIMUHR'b) aa Out, AJIIOTa, Pacs npa Bna)(euiH OJlThI B'b ]l;yuafi, . AprnIII'b IIJIH Ap)(3tHC1., ]l;hlMoonll~a., Itopress IIJlH mypma, Te.lll'b (Byseo), ByxypeCT'b, BpaHJIOB'b, .JIoureUOB'b (KhBUIhI-.JIYUrD, ]l;0.JIr0- IIOJlhe), TaprOBHCKO, POTeTOpH'b, jboMII~a IIJlll .JIaYHII~a, cI>JlOlJ'b, POMaHIIoasap'b, BamIO.JIb (VasillUID, Vasiglio), PCOUll~Ii'b l PhIMHHK'b) aa p. PhIMHllKt, A 1IY)(1., TOTPOC'b H.JIH TOTpOm'b, OJlTeH'b, (J>oKmaHhI, KlJallYHa, Bap.JIaT'b, Ilyraa HOBaH, TeXHC'b (TeKYlI1.), Ilpyna, cI>aJIhlJa, KIIJIiH, Bt.JIropoiJ,'b ua ]l;ynat II )(p.91). B'b nOCJItp;CTBiH npeseua, B'b KoU~t X," BtNH, Baaaxin )(o.lImHa OhIJla yCTyIIHTb MO.ll)(aBiII CtBCPO-BOCT01JUYIO sacn- CBOIO, TaK'b xro rpaUII~aMII Mem)l;y 9THMH rOCY)l;apCTBaMH C)(tJla.JIIICh ptKH MllJlhKOB1. )1;0 nnaaeaia ero B'b Ilpyrs, p. Ilpyrs B'b HHmHeM'b CBOe~I'b Te11eHiH II ]l;y-

- 46

aaa, ){O qepHaro MOPJI, (Yb ropo~mtH RH.lieit II Bt.HOpO~OM'b aa )1;yHat 92).

Bt, (lIIc.l'i> YKasaHHblX'b rOpO;(OB1) Ba.JIaxiH ~Ibl BH){HM'b H rasie, ItOTOpue eme )\0 ocnonania Ba.iaxia H:JBtCTHbI 6b1.1lH, KaK'b PyccKie roposa, a HMeHOO: Tanurs, POMaHOB'b Toprt, TeKYlJ'b, Bupaars, RpaqYHu, KHJIiJI n BtJIropo)\'b lIJIII AKliepMaH'b 93). RpOMt roro, H ~lHorie )\pyrie aaramcale ropOAa I1MtIOT'b B'b HllSBaHinx'b CBOlJX'b C.'laBJIDCRie IWPHlt 94), qTO 06'bJICHJIeTCn cy~eeTBoBaHie~I'b B'b ;'J.peBHOCTU, B1) npe){t.:1aX'b HblHtmHeti Baaaxia, 60JIrapcuaxt, II PYCCKHX'b nooereuiti II COBMtCTHOIO m03HhIO HX'b cs npameas~allll-Bil.JlaXaMII.

)1;pyroe PYMbIHCKoe rocnojapcrao, MOJI){aBiJI, OCHOBaHO 6b1JIO Tome pyMblHCKHMH BblXOA~rnlll H3'b TpaHCHoilbBtluio. ITo 06meMY npaauanin IICTOpHKOB1). ~IO,;l,l1.aBi1J, MO.l;(anCKie PYMblHbI suceaaracs H3'b Tpanoaasuania, H3'b MapMupOlllcKaro yAt.la, unn. npe}1,BO)l.UTeJlhCTBOM'b KHJIaJI nx'b )1;paroma. Ho 0 npeseau nepeceaeaia nx'b B'b ~IOJl){aBiIO cYI~ecTByIOT'b pua.'lHlJHLIJI ~fHtniJI. no CIWa<lHiIO i\peBHtitrneii CJIilBJIHO-MOJI){aBCKOfi JItTonOCH, «B'b .atTo 6867 (1359)OT'b coaaanin Mipa, BomiHM'b npoaaaeaeuiea's uasaaaos ~fOJ}1,UBClmJI Se~IJIJI, HalJa.Uteh mc rast. Ilpamers )1;parorn'b aoesoza 0T1) Y ropcaoa sexru, OT'b Mappmlyppcrna (~lapMapoma) aa JOB'b sa TypOM'b, II rOCnO){CTBOBa.ll'b ABa .'ltTa» 95). 110 HSCJt){OBaHiJIM'b me PYMblHCKHX'b IICTOPHKOB'b, 6bWI ,l(Bll nepeceaeaia TpanCHJbBaHCKHX'b PYMbIH'b B'b MOJI){aBiIO: nepnoe B1) 1288 rOAY, 1I0]('b npe}1,BO){UTCJlhCTBOM'b )1;parollla; nropoe - Bb 1348 ro~y, non, IIpe.1.BO){HTe.'lbCTBOMb Boraaaa 96). YTBepm){eHie II pacmapeuie ~IO.JI){aBCKaro roonojapcrna 06YC.JIOB.JIlIBilJIl'ICb 113rHaHieMb TaTap'b IIS'L npe}1,t.llOB'b HbIHtmnOX'b TpaHCOJIhBaHill II DloJI){ltBiH .• IIO){oBHKOM'b BenrepCKHM'L B1) 1352 rOAY' 0&0.'10 aroro BpeMeHH rarapu (IaCTO uauaaara an Ce)1,lIHrpa,ll.CKYIO 06JaCTb II ua cTpaHY cesaepont, H onycTOrnUJIH HX'b. BC.lt){ernie 9T01'0, .:lIO)1,OBIIK'b Bearepcsin orupaaan, npOTIIB'L rarapt Ce)1,MlIrpa){csaro BOenO;(y AH){PCJI tllalJKa, KOTOPblfi BTopmY,IICJI B'b KOllCBbJI ramps, pas6u'b IU'L II HallJI'b B'b n.ltH'b HX'L BOJK}1,ll, a cesaepu ){OBepUIIuII nasaToe ,la(IKOItl'b H neorenenuo OTTtCHHJID rarapt, R'b 6eperiUI'b qepHaro MOPJI97). 3THm, II BocnO.1bSOBa.1HCh xapuaponrosle BLIXOA~bI-pyMbIHbI II YTBep]J.H.IllICh B'h ailnYCTt.lOtt crpaas, no CIO CTOPOUY RapnaTCI,aro xpeorn, noceaasuracs, npeane ncero, ua p. ~loJ}1,aBt, B'b COCtiJ:CTBt C'b CTpaHOIO PYCCKIIX'b OPO)1,UHKOB'b 93). Ilpeaaaie rOBOpRT'h, sro ltap~mporncI\ie BblXOiJ:~bI, OXOTJICb aa TypO~I'b, OTKpbI.m nactKy KiUwrO-TO pYCIIHa, no IDleIIH H~Ka. B'L CBOIO

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OIIepe,n;b H~Ko, BUJVI, qTO )l;parOIII'h saceran. 9TY ~I'BCTHOCTh nearepcaaaa Bblxo,n;~aMl\, OTnpaBU.JICJI B'b ITO.JIblIIY 11 ssmers OTTY1(a MHomecTBo nO"lJIKOB'b (T. e. PYCCKUX'b BbIxo,n;~eB1> HSb ITO.JIhlUU), &OTOPbIX'b noceaan, BBepX1>: 1I0 p. COIIaBt. e1> reueniesrs BpCMeHU B1>· 9THX1> MtcTaX'b c06pa.JIOCh MHOmeCTBO .Il1O,n;efi: PYMblHbI U casca SaHJI.JIII cTpaoy BHHSb AO )l;YHaJl, a no.JIJIKH (BblXOA~bI I1S1) ITO.'1blIIU) nOCeJR.JIIiCb Bb uepxnea orpaun, AO rpaaam. Iloasum, OT'b Rapnan AO )l;HtcTpa, 11 IIlIlKe AO AKKepMaHa H RH.JIill b9). Do H OTCIOAa PYMblHbI CTapa.JIHCb BbITtCHIITb PYCCKHX'b H.JIU nOr.JIOTIITb c0601O. B1> 1424 roil,Y nO.lhcKiit KOPO.Jlb Hrait.JIo, y6tmA1LlI CUflISMYHAC1 IIATII Bl) MO.JJ,n;aBilO a Beccapanuo, rOBOpII.JI1.: ( nOJlOXII BOpBaJIIICh B'b Kpait 11, BbITtCHIIBlIIlI )l;aBHHX'b 11 IICKOHHhlX1> amTe.JIeit (PYClfUOB'b), nOCe.JIIIJ1HCb B1> ypomafiHoii II naoaoaocaoa cTpaHt II 100).

Mo.l;I;aBCKiii .JItTolIUce~'b YpeKe rOnOpIIT1>: (( nepBOUH IlU.JIhHO MO.'1i1,aBCKOC rOCYAapCTBO, ocuonaauoe ~mpMapOlUCKUMU noesoraaa, SaHl1Ma.JIO TO.lIbKO no,n;KapnaTCKYIO 06.mCTb (ORPyru· BYKOBHHhl U Cosaasr); BlIOC.IIt,n;CTniH ace, ynCoIH1lHBanCb U paClIpOCTpaHnJICb )l,a.JIte, He rOJlbKO AO MO.'l~aBiu U Cepern IBlt.IIO csoa rpaannsr, HO U AO ~HtcTpa Ii qepoaro xopn pacnpocrpaaa.10Cb» 101). AO soana XIY CTO.1[tTiJI npeAt.JIbI MO.JIAaBiu npOCTUpa.JIHCh TO.llbKO 1(0 ptKU ITpYTa. B'b 9TlIX1) npe;1,t.iIaX1>, no reorpalJlU1IeCKUM'b KapTaM'b XYI ~tRa II 110 YKaS<lHiml'b ~peBHtiimeit C.lIaBJIHO-MO.JI,n;anCKoii .JItTonucu, 6hl.IIH C.ltil,YIO~ie BamntfilUie ropO,ll;a H cerenin: Couasn, TOTPOlII'b, Illsea, HtMe~'b, Ilyrno, ITpYT'b, Ceper», Dl0.:qa,n;anill, BaKOB1> H.m BaKOUb, BapjJ,eOB~b1, I\peii~6ypf1>, Tapropnrs, }lyc.m~1>, ~lyre~'h, MaproqecT'b, Bac.ayfi, ITep~HM'h; HCCbl, Crenauonanu, XpO.I0B'b (I'nprey], fYIII'h, Bpasst (HbIHt Ilenopa), Ce6iJI (HbIHt ~1I6aHa Bb nepxonsaxu p. CaKOB~a, I1pIITOKa p. Bupaara), CtuomaTb (B'b nepxonsnxt, p. TYTOBbI), Type~Kiii Bpors (Ohlot Ba,n;yTYPKY.'lyn), Bauyii, PO~Ha (~lelK~Y Bpamenom, 11 COlIaBOif), ITeTpOJI II ;{p.l02). lleJK),Y 9TlDIU ropo~(nlH MbI BUiI,UMb pyocsie roposn, ynoMIIHaeMbIe B'b nOCRpeceHCKofi .:.ttTOIlIICH, a IIMeHHO: HtMe~1>, Coqany, KaMeHh [Petroin, Piatra], Cepen., Bnmo (BaK9y) H il.p.l03). 3i1,tCb me, Bb cpeaueas reuenin p. Ilpyra II npanuxt, ero nparosom, ObI.I0 rHtSj~O PYCCRHXb 6PO,n;HIIKOBb, nepeammurm, rnmpcsoe uamecrnie an ::ny crpauy 104). BtPOHTHO, pyccsoe aaceacaie 31l-nPFCl\oit Mo.IJ\aBiu, C'b reseaiesn. npeseaa, H.1H C.IIH.I0Ch Cb llO.l~aBaIHUlU 10~), am iKe OTO.'l,BUuy.lJOCb na .1tnylO CTOPOHY ITpYTa, m. HbIHtmH1010 Beccapanin.

'Iro iKe sacacrcn Beccapuriia, T. e. 06.JIaCTH ~lCilqy ITpYTOM'b II AHt-

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CTPOM'b, TO OHa J),O X V BtKa, B'b 3Ha'llITeJIhHOB CBoeB (IaCTII, He npIIHaJ),.'IemaJIU eme MOJI){aBilI II HaCeJIeHa OblJIU sa ctBepO-BOCTOKt PYCIIHBMII, II ){OHLIHt HaCeJIHIOm,IIMII XOTIIHCKiit yt3){'b 106), a ua ioro - BOCToKt-TaTapaMII 1I.JIII KOMHHaMII (nOJIOB:qaMH), KOTopLIe OKO.JIO 1330 rona BJIa){t.JI1I ){ame Et.JIrOpO){OM'b IIJIH AKKepMaHOM'b 107). Co BTOPOit nO.JIOBHHLI XIV Bt1i.R PyccKiB 9JIeMeHT'b, B'b npeAt.JIaX'b HbIHtmIieit Beccapaoia, aaxauaen, opaTh ptmHTe.JIbHLIit nepennet, HaJ),'b rarapcao -1i.OMaHCKIIM'b 9.JIeMeHTOM'b, oJIarosapa 3aBOeBaHiJIM'b .JIIITOBC1i.O - PYCC1i.IIX'b 1i.HH3eit H ocorieuuo O.JIhrepAa. Bo BpeMJI OOPbOhl, npoacxoxanmea B'b TY nopy MemAY JIHTBOit II nOJIbmeit sa ra.m~IW-BO.JILIHCKOe Hac.JItACTBO, nOJ),OJIhCKie II oeccapaocKie rarapu nonepcasnao npHHIIMa.JIH CTOPOHY roro II APyroro 1I3'b OOPIOm,IIXCH rocYAapCTB'b. BtPOJITHO, 9TO HenOCTOHHCTBO rarapi, no){a.lIO nOBOJ),b Be.IJII1i.OMY 1i.HH3IO JIIITOBC1i.OMY, OJIbrepAY, aasan, C'b HUMII BOitHY. Bt, 1362 rOAY OH'b oAepmaJ'b ptmlITeJIbHyIO I1ootJ),Y HaJ),'b TpeMH nOAOJIbCKIIMU TaTapcKIIMH 1i.HJI3bllMU KYT.JIYOyroIO, XaJ),mlIoeeM'b II ]l;MIITpeeM'b Bb HhlHtmlleit IIo)(o.llilI, aa oeperaXb ptKU ClIHiH BO)(hl H.11I CIIHIOXII, II B'b TOM'b me rOAY B3J1JI'b y raraps ropo)l,'b KopmeBY, KOTOPhlfi, no Bcefi BtPOHTHOCTII, HaXO)l,II.JICHHa npaaoas oepery ]l;HtcTpa, B'b HlIjKHeMb ero reseaia: 1I.JI1I OJIII3'b OOJIa KopmeBa, B'b HhlHtmHeMb BeHAepc1i.OM'b ytaAt, IIIII me OKOJlO cera IIaJIaHKII, A1i.KepMaHcsaro ytsAa. OCTaTKII pasoHTblXll OJIbrepAOM'b raraps IIJiII C.JIIIJIIIClb C'b Pyc~ CKIIM'b uaceaeaiesrs, IIJIlI YAaJlIJIHCb 'IaCTbIO B'b KPLIM'b, '1aCTbIO B'b ]1;0- 0PYAmy, O'lIICTIIB'b ]l;HtCTP'b J),JlJI cYJ),oxoJ),Baro cooom,eHiH PYCC1i.IIX'b naJIOMHIIKOB'b Cb llaperpaaoa» II Iepyca.JlHMOM'b. 01i.OJIO 1375 roaa 9T1Ut'b nyTeM'b IIAeT'b na Et.1If0poJ),'b IIJIU AK1i.epMaH'b aa ]l;BtcTpt BO CB. 3eMJIIO apxaMaHJ),plIT'b CMOJleHC1i.arO EorOpO)(U'IHarO MOHacTLIPll, I'peeeaia (Arpanna) 108). IIOAOJIiJl c)(tJlaJacb AOcTOllHieM'b .IJIITOncKo-PYCC1i.HX'b 1i.HSlseit, KOTopLIe pacmHpU.JIH ea npeAtJIbI ){O casaro qepBaro MOpH II paonpocrpauara CBOIO BJIacTb II na npanan, oeccapaoc1i.iit tiepert, ]l;HtcTpa. He nos me nauara X Y BtKa S)I,tcb JlBJlHeTCH qt.JIblit pJI)('b PYCCKIIX'b rOpO){OB'b, 1I3'b 1i.OIIX'b Htsoropue, uecouasaao, nOCTpoeBLI IIJiH B0300HOn.JIeHhl JIUTOBC1i.O-PYCC1i.II~tlI RBHShJlMII aa MtCTt AHtCTPOBCKIIX'b rOpO,1l;OB'b, ynoMIIHaeMhlX'b eme KOH. CTaHTIIHOMb BarpHHOpOJl:HbIM'b. Bt, « KHHrt OOJIbmarO sepreaa», cnacan-

Hoil BO BTOPOit nO.IIOnllHt XVI ntKa C'b OO.JIte J),peBHJlrO oparanaaa, SHa'laTCJI HU npasoa CTOPOHt )I,HtcTpa C.JItJ),YIOm,ie pyccaie ropoza: «a na )I,HtCTpt rpaA'b Haposa, OT'b YCTbJl 130 sepcrt, A HlIme Haposa 20 sepcrs rpa)l;b Y CTbH. A nnae Y crsn 20 nepcrs rpaA'b Opura. A uase Opura 20 nepcri.

BECCAPABIII.

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- 50-

rpa)\'b TenIHHJI. A HHme TerHHH 20 sepcrs rpa)\'b Tyoopqa. A naae TyOOpqH 20 nepers B'b CTapOM'b qepTem'B llOJJ;nHCb CBaJIOJIaCJI» 109). Ha Kaprn Iloasma BJlqeCJIaBa rpo~e~Karo, XYl B'BKa, OOOSHaqeUbI aa ).I;U'BCTP'B 9TH me caxae ropoaa, C'b H'BKOTOPbIM'b BH)J,OUSM'BHeuieM'b B'b aaasaalars, a HMeHUO: CpOKa (Copoaa], Y CTbSl (UJIU OKOJIO ublHtmHJlrO Ba)J,'b-PaW&OBa, UJIU TaM'b, r)J,t UbIHt ceaeuie rOp0JJ;emTU na Ji,HtCTpt, Oprsescaaro ytsJJ;a) , Oparont, (Oprsem.), TemHHH (BeUJJ;epbI), Tyoapqa (HhIHt ceJIO qoopyqU npa Ji,UtCTpt), C'b npUOaB.JIeHieM'b onymeaaaro B'b «KHurt OOJIbmarO sepTema»-JJ;pyroit TyoaplJH (ntpOJlTOO, na JI1moit CTOPOHt ).I;U'BCTpa) U BtJIropoza (AKKepMaoa). Ha APyroit KapTt XYl m!' BtKa MemAY Tyoapqeit B B'BJIrOPOAOM'b osaauem, r. MaHK'b 110). US'b qUCJIa aTUX'b rOpOAOB'b TyoaplJa, IlOBHAOMOMY, ynoxaaaeton B'b PYCCKOM'b .IItTOOHC~t Ji,aHBJIOBUqa OOA'h 1405 rO)J,oM'b, rAt rOBOpHTCJI: «U UaCTHrJIU KUHrUHIO AJIeKCaHAPY B'b raTapcKoit SeMJIt, ua MtCTt, Oa3bInaeMOM'b qUBepqa (uHaqe qBoep~a, coomsrcrnyen, TyoaplJ'B, qooYPlJU U qooPYlJu), B Tyn CXBaTBJIU ee yen, HUKOJIaH, a Ty nepsom, OOCTaBHJI'b HtKOTOPbIit oycypMaHHH'b, 00 UMeHH XaqllOUBaJI U.JIB XalJuoaoa» 111). Ilors 1535 rOJJ;OM'b ynoMBHaeTcH B'b ,lI.OKyMeHTaX'b lfOJIJJ;aBCKHX'b Ilerps TOMma, OapKaJIaO'b (ryoepUaTOp'b) qoopyqCKiit 112). qTO me KaCaeTCJI THrUHH (Bemeps), TO OCHOBaHie BJIH BOSCTaHOBJIeHie ero npanacusaerca Be.IIHKOMY KHHSIO JIHTOBCKO-PYCCKOMY BBTOBTY, KOTOPhlit, B.lIaJJ;tJl IIo,ll.oJIieit C'b 1410 rosa )1,0 cBoeit cxepra, B'b 1421 rOAY nOCTpOUJI'b TaKme, npa YCTb'B Ji,HtcTpa, YKptmJeHHbIit SRMOK'b M3JlK'b (HbIH'B TYPJIaKH) 113). B'b OprteB'B iKUTeJIH ero )l,ame B'b XYII BtK'B rOBOpUJIU CJIaBHHO-pyCCKUM'b H3bIKOM'b, qT6 nUJJ;HO OS'b roro, qTO B'b Ha1laJIt aroro B'BKa MOJI,lI.ancKiit rOCOOJJ;apb, I'acnapt, Tpaniam., oopaID,a.JICH K'b B03MYIqaBmHMCH npOTUB'h Hero oprteB~aM'b C'b C.JIaBHHCKOIO P'BlJhIO, rOBOpJl BM'b: «AaiMaCTe cepme uicro K'b roonozapio» 114). Bt, U'BKOTOPhlX'b US'b 9THX'b ropOJJ;OB'b, KaK'b nanp. B'b AKKepMaH'B, Bemepars U COPOKt, a rasae B'b XOTHHt, atU.JIH U reuya3~bI, YCTpOHBmie ~,lI.tCb CBOU roprossrs KOJIOHiu U saMKB 115).

IIo;J.'b npUKpbITieM'b JIOTOBCKO-PYCCKOX'h KHSlseit IIoJJ;OJIiu U BX'h yKptnJeuHt, PYCK3JI lKH3Hb nOJJ;AeplKOBaJIaCh U paSBUBaJIaCb He TOJbKO 00 Ji,H'BCTPY, no U B'b il.pyrHX'b lIaCTHX'b HhlU'BmHeJi Beccapaoia, na JItBhlX'b npIITOKaX'h Ilpyra II na Ji,yuat. 00'h aTOM'b cBBJJ;tTeJlbcTBYIOT'b CJIaBSIHO-PYCCKiJl naanaaia rOpOAOB'b II ce.JIeuifi B'b npeAtJIaX'h HhlutmHefi Becoapaoia no reorpa«JIHlJeCKHM'b KapTaM'b XYI B'BKa. TaKOBhl: XOTHH'b ua C'Bnept Becoapania, cpe)l,lI CII.mWHaro PYCOOCKaro HaCeJIeHiH; aa p • .JIanymHt, JI'BBOM'b OPHTOKt

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Ilpyra, - Hym'b B'b UUZUeM'b ea reseaia, Jlanymua - B'b cpe,n;ueM'b U JlacTLI-B'b BepXOBbJlX'b, r)J;t UhlUt ceJIO I'oponnne, KumuueBCKaro yt3)J;a; na UUlItHeM'b reseaia IIpYTa' U napaneJIbuoli eMY ptKt Jlaprt-JlYKaHhH OKOJIO HhlHtmHHrO JleoBa na IIpYTt, Illeaers na IIpYTt, OKO.JIO HhlHtmHJlrO cera Xoremru, Bu,n;Bu:qa UJIU BU)J;Jlqa (HhlUt Ba)J;y:qa) na p. Jlaprt, He,l\aJIeIW 0T'b nnareaia ea B'b Ilpyrs; ua )l;yuat Pesa, HCaKQU, 06JIyqu:qa, Bapa, KUJIiJl HOBaJI, Europo,n;'b )J;yuallcKiit, U Iloaaaa U.JIU IIaJIaTa aa p. BO.JIbmOM'b H.JIIlyxt, OKO.lIO uhlutmunro EO.JIrpa)J;a 116). Hs'b qUC.JIa 9TUX'b PYCCKUX'b roposos» naxoaaamleca B'b 06.lIaCTU ptKU Jlallymuhl npUMhlKaJlU aenoepejcrneuno K'b aeMJIt PYCCKDX'b 6PO)l;UHKOB'b U, MOZeT'b 6hlTb, BXOAU.lIU )J,aze B'b en COCTaB'b. I'opom lite 110 uuzueMY reseauo IIpYTa U no Jlaprt B'b noc.JIt,n;cTBiu speaeua BOm.JIU B'b COCTaB'b 06JIaCTU Kuraq'b UJIU RRrUqiy, nOJIyquBmell uasaaaie cnoe OT'b KUraqCKarO .JItca U OT)\UlIBmell MO.I)J,aBiIO OT'b IOzUOIt Beccapaota 1I0C.JIt saaaria 1I0cJItJJ;ueit TaTapaMu BO BTOPOIt 1I0JIOBUUt XYI BtKa . .iRuTeJIH 9TOII 06JIaCTU, iKUBlI B'L 6JIUiKaitmeM'b COCtJJ;CTBt C'L rarapasa, OTJIUqaJIHCb acancmeaaoerno U xpa6pOCTiIO U B'b 9TOM'L ornomenia ,n;aJIeKO npeaocxoaaaa npapoaauxt, MOJIJJ;aBaH'b 117).

KpOMt PYCCKUX'b rOpO)\OB'h, B'h IIpe)\tJIax'L uhlutmue.it Eeccapa6iu coxpaaaracs, B'b XYI U 1I0CJIt)l;YIOIqIIX'b BtKaX'b, U UtKOTOPbllI rpesecsia II reHY9SC&iSI uaasaaia ropo,n;oB'b, oootieaao aa J],Yll"dt II B'b cpe,n;ueA Beecapa6ill. TaK'b nanpaasps, na reorpallluqecKHx'b KapTaX'L XYI BtKa, S)J;tCb oaxo,n;IIJIIICb ropoaa: 110 j(yuaIO - JlUKOCTOM'b B'b YCTblIX'b )l;YHaJI, Oaaana oa MtcTt uhlutmHlIro BUJIKOBa, Cl>ubKouapa, MouKacTpo U Olllu:qa na qepHOM'b MOpt, Mellt)J;y )l;yuaeM'b II )l;HtcTPOM'b, I'epaonaen, npa nnazenia j(utcTpOBcs.aro JIUMaHa B'L Mope, Ollluucca OKOJIO uhlutmullro noca)J;a lIIa6hI na ,n;DtCTPOBCKOM'b JIHMaut; Tapaes na p. EOTHt, npaross )l;HtcTpa, r,n;t HhIHt cero SaIIM'b, Tapaoro r,n;t-.JIH60 B'b BepXHell'b reseaia aTolt ptKU, (~I03teT'b 6hlTb, rJJ;t HhlUt CeJIO I'opoasa) U Tapacno OKOJIO HhIHtmuelt ry .. paraJI6UHhI US).

Ha JItBYIO CTOPOHY IIpYTa, T. e. na HhlutmHIOIO Beccapanho, MOJI,n;aBcsoe rocYJJ;apcTBo CTUO pacnpocrpaaan, CBOIO BJIaCTb JIllmb C'b KOHqa XIY BtKa. B'b 1392 rO)l;y MOJ,n;aBcKiit noeaoza POMaH'b TUTYJIOBa.JICSITaK'b: (( BeJIUKift caMo,n;epmaBuhlIt MlI.'lOCTiIO Boaiee rocnoram, Icamrs POMaU'b noesona, o6JIa)\aJl aeneIO MOJI)J;aBCKOID on naauaua )\0 M'OplI ». OKOJIO 1395 rO)J;a MOJI,n;aBiu npuHa)J;.JIema.JI'b S)J;tCb r. XOTUH'b. Bs 1402 rO)J;y MOJI,n;aBcKill rocno,n;apb AJIeKCaH)I;p'b )l;06Phllt nepenecs MOI:qU CB. Ioauaa Co ..

*

- 52 -

lJaBCKarO U3'b Et.llfopoJl,a (ARKeplIaH<l) na jI,HtCTpt B'b CTOJU~y caoro COllany, a CJtJl,OBaTeJIhHO npocrapan, cson B.JIaCTh II aa Et.UOPOA'b. Br. 1412 roJl,y MOJI)J;aniu yme HCCOMHtHHO rrpUH3Jl,JIem3.!lH ropoza: E1uropo,ll,'h (AKKcpMaH'b) aa )l;HtCTpt U RU.lill H<l lI,YHat, a BCKOpt 3artM'b nepeman nors eJI BJIaCTh Oprsen», .lJarrymHa II ~pyrie ropoaa, ram, lITO auasmHJIll Beccapaoia, no apexeaa AJICRCaHiJ:pa )l;06paro, aaKJIlOlIaJa n'b ce6t CJIt)(ylO~ie oKpyra cs rJIaBHhlMII llX'b roporaxa: XOTUHCKitt, COPOKCRiit, auHtmHitt EtJIe~KiIt, OprtcBCldIt II .10rrymHn:HcKiIt n'b ctnepHoA cnoea qaCTH., II EeHJl,epCltifi, AKKepMUHCKifi U RUJiiicKiit - ri'b IOmHoii 119).

Ho OODe;J;llHeHHaJI n'b rrO.llHTUlJeCKOM'b omomeuia C'b ~IOJIJl,aBieit A.JIeKCaHJl,pO~l'b )1;0 OPbDI'b, HbIHtlIIHn:ll Beccapaoin, rrOCJIt ero CMepTII, on.SJ:Tb OTiJ,t.llI.mCh Orb ~lo.'IAanill, XOTJI U aa KOpOTKOe npeaa. A.JIeKCaH,ll;p'b lI,06- Phl.it yMep'b Bl) 1432 rOiJ:Y, OCTaBIIB'b ;(RyX'b cuaosea 1I.'IblO II CTe~aHa, UJIll IlJIbJIlIIKY II CTelJKa, llemJl,y KOTOPhBl1I BCKOpt HClqaJOCh MeiK,ll;oycooie 1I3'b-3a B.mCTlI, nO)(iI,epmunaeMoe BHYTpeHHelO 00Pb601O naprin, rrpaBOCJIaBHofi U KaTO.IUlJeCKofi. no H33HCllJeHilO AJIeKcaH)!'pa )l;06paro, roonozapoaan BJIaCTb jJ,O.lmHa OhlJIa nepeara K'b crapmexy chluy,IIJIbJImKt; HO CTe~aH'b, rrOJl,jI,epmlJBaeMblit Ilon.meio, cmpaJICJI 1I3rHHTb cnoero opaTa U3'b COlJaBbI. )l;na rOJl,Cl OHU paTOBaJU Jl.pyn npornm, iJ:pyra C'b rrcpe~ltHHbDI'b osacriem, II HaKOHe~'b B'b 1435 rOiJ:Y corJIaCUJUCb pa3i~tJIUTb Mem).y COOOlO BJaiJ:tHie UX'b OT~a 120). TIo 9TO~ly pa3l1,t.1Y, csnepaaa MO.i(~ClBin: U cssepaaa Beccapaoin, C'b rOp0iJ:aMU COllanofi, XOTUHO~I'b II POMaHO~I'b, iJ:0CTa,;lUCb lI~lbt, a IOJKHhlJI lJClCTU Ttx'b me 06JIaCTefi, C'b rOp0jl,aMu BaCJyell'b, Buprarom., TeKYIJeM'b, OJTeHaMU, KlIJieit U AKKepMaHOM'b, OCTa.IIUCb 3a CTe~aHOM'b 121), KOTOPblit n'b 1438 ro/.\y YKptrru.n cnom CTOJU~y BtnopoJl,'h HJIU AKKepMaH'b H B03Jl,nlIfHYJ'b B'b BtJIrOpO~cKolt KptIIOCTII BeJIUKin: nopora, ct, Hajl,rrlICblO aa rr<1UTt, coxpauanmcroca .11:0 nacronmaro npexena 122). Ho OKO.lO 1443 rO;J;a Creeam, 1I3MtHOlO CXBaTlJ,;l'b IIJIblO II Be.lt.n .UllIIlITb ero apnHiJI, CHOBa OO'be;(HHlfB'b }IoJJl,anilO 123)-

Bcsopf rrOc.1t 06'be,J.HHeHiJI MO.1J)I,aBiH H(lIJaJHCb IIOIIbITKII K'b 06'bC~Kueuuo 060UX'b pplbIHCKHX1) KHJImeCTB'b E'b OiJ,HO nO.UlTlIlIeCKOC QtJoe. I10- IIhlTKII aTII BbI3BClHbI 6bI.nI, r.IaBHbIM'b 06pa30lf'b, naJl,BUraBlIIelOCJI ua RHJImeCTB<l rp03010 co CTOPOHbI TYPOK'b, B'b OJl,UHaItOBOfi lItpt lICXOjJ,IIJIU 1I3'I> Mo.1JjI,aBill II Baraxin H BbIpama.nlCb KaR'L B'b pacmapeain rrpe,'l,t.WB'b O.1l:HOrO . lJ3'b 9TlJX'b rOCIIO.IJ:apCTB'b nacuers Jl,pyraro, TaK'b U B'b,lJ,tficTBlfTe.ilbHOMb 06'bC~lIHCuilI HX'b rrOI\'b BJaCTiIO oaaoro rOCIIo~apH. Oc06eHHO CTpeMlIJCJI