Document, nntp://netlibrary conv nlreader/nlreader dll ookid- ‘Start of Citation{PUIState Univsrsity of New York Presf PUIDP] 15 DDPHEnd of Citation lof! “4/10/2007 11:30 PMDocument ‘http. /nethbrary com nireader nlreader dl "bookid=522s Page ii A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy Sanskrit Terms Defined in English John Grimes STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS. Sart of Citation[PU}State University of New York Press/PUIDP]1996| DPJEnd of Citation loft 4/10/2007 11:32 PMDocut loft iment http://nethbrary.com/nlreader’nlreader. dll "bookid=5229& filename=Page. Page iv Published by State University of New York Press, Albany 1996 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this, book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic. electrostatic, magnetic tape. mechanical, photocopying. recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, NY 12246 Production by Bernadine Dawes * Marketing by Fran Keneston Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grimes, John, 1948- A concise dictionary of Indian philosophy : Sanskrit terms defined in English / John Grimes. - New and rev. ed p.cm, ISBN 0-7914-3067-7 (h: alk. paper). - ISBN 0-7914-3068-5 (pb: alk. paper) 1. Philosophy, Indic-Dictionaries-Sanskrit. 2, Sanskrit language-Dictionaries-English, I. Title. BI131.G67 1996 181 '.4'03-de20 96-12383 cr 10987654321 ‘Start of Citaion{PU]State University of New York Press PUIIDP]19961 DPIE nd of Citation 4/10/2007 11:33 PMDocument ‘http://nethbrary.com/nlreader’nlreader. dll"bookid=52298 filenan Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments ‘Scheme of Transliteration ‘Scheme of Pronunciation A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy Authors and Their Philosophical Works Charts The Vedas Sourcebooks of the Nastika* Systems Sourcebooks of the Astika Systems Sourcebooks of the Saiva* Schools Padarthas® (Categories) Vaisesika®* Padarthas® (Categories) Jainism Categories Saiva Siddhanta® Tattva(s) Kashmir Saivism * Tattva(s) Scheme of Visistadvaita* Jaina Epistemology lof? xii si 7" k "age. Page v 4/10/2007 11:34 PMDocument 52298 filename=Page. Evolution of Prakrti® According to Sankhya* 388 Cakras 389 Angasthala® 390 ‘Start of Citaion{PU]State University of Now York Presf PUIDP]1996)/DPIEnd of Citation dof? 4/10/2007 11:34 PM_ A Pantheon of Words A Foreword to the Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy Itis an undeserved honor for me to say a few words to introduce you to this latest edition of Professor Grimes” superb and essential reference glossary of the tech- nical vocabulary ofthe primary language of Indian philosophy and religion, San- skrit, No beginning student entering that exotic and bewildering world can afford to do so without A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy as a guide to the richest (and most precise) philosophical vocabulary ever devised or accumulated. ‘A language properly expresses the concems of those who depend upon it Linguistic legend describes the enormous choice of synonyms expressing the minutely different species of snow in the language of the snowbound Eskimo. Sanskrit, a language which has survived asthe living language of Indian philoso- phy, likewise expresses the exacting concems of those who read and write in Sanskrit withthe details ofa spiritual approach to life—ic., philosophical and religious concems. Although Sanskrit has largely died as a language of everyday life in India it has survived not only in India, but in the disaspora of its philoso- phies, everywhere in the world where Indian philosophy is studied. It has sur- vived as “The Language of the Gods.” magic words which can, by themselves, create states of altered consciousness, Keys 10 open secrets. ‘As the language of avast collection of complex systems of cosmology, epis- temology, metaphysics, theology, and ethics, Sanskrit presents a minute diserim- ination and precision of unbelievable complexity. Whereas, for instance, the culture of the United States has evolved terminology for but two states of con- sciousness generally acknowledged as possible for living beings—that is, waking and sleeping—the Sanskrit vocabulary of Indian philosophy provides a vast and subtly differentiated set of definitions of consciousness's myriad states. Such avill Foreword rich vocabulary is required for a culture as preoccupied with consciousness as the Eskimo is with frozen water. Sanskrit records the Indian minds’ minute investi- gations into consciousness, providing a vocabulary uniquely subtle and precise and finely divided in its sensitivity to the meaning and feeling of states of con- sciousness, concepts, and processes of the mind and soul and universe. The myr= iad words of Indian thought and spirituality are as richly diverse as the populous pantheon of the Hindu gods. The student of Indian philosophy, perhaps more than any other student, _greatly benefits from a gazeteer to the bewilderingly diverse and complex map to the many joumeys whose destinations are an understanding of reality and ‘enlightenment, Professor Grimes’ fine and wonderfully useful dictionary is truly ‘avade mecum for such a journey. Neal White, Professor San Francisco State University_# Preface to the New Edition (1996) A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy (Sanskrit Terms Defined in English) is. the outcome of a personal, experienced need in the field of Indian philosophy. The original work was compiled as an introduction to the basic terms found in the major schools of classical Indian philosophy. The terms fundamental to epistemology, ‘metaphysics, and practical teachings were found therein. The schools dealt with here include: Buddhism, Jainism, Cirvaka, Nyaya, Vaisesika, Saikhya, Yoga, ‘Mimarsd, Vedanta (mainly but not exclusively Advaita, Visistidvaita, Dvaita), Saiva Siddhanta, Vira Saivism, Kashmir Saivism, and Sivadvaita. ‘This new and revised edition has come about due to a continued correspon- dence with many readers of the first edition. Not only have I rearranged the place- ‘ment of the devandgarT script (to avoid the impression that it is nt alphabetically correct) but I have added to “old” definitions as well as adding some five hundred new terms. In the original work I strove to provide mainly philosophical terms since ‘other dictionaries, encyclopedias, and word books exist in regard to Indian reli- ‘gious or, as I would prefer to call them, popular Hinduism, terms. My correspon- dence has led me to include at least some of these terms in this new edition Like its predecessor, this dictionary, Ihope, will serve as an introductory source- ‘book with cross references wherever relevant. Ihave attempted to give the common ‘or nontechnical definition of a word first, and then, if this word has a special mean- ing or meanings within a particular philosophical system, I have listed such. For ‘example, a word like iva (individual soul) has fourteen different technical defini- tions listed since each school conceives of this concept differently Thave endeavored to cover, atthe least, the basic concepts fundamental to each individual system. Further, if there is a technical definition given by one school which coincides with that given by another school (e.g. Nyya and Safkhyax Preface ‘or Bhatta Mimamsa and Advaita Vedanta), I have only listed the most common reference. I have also endeavored to give cross references wherever appropriate. For instance, consider the close interaction of the term avidya terms: mdyd, anirvacaniya, sadasadvilaksana, anddi, bhavariipa, varana, and viksepa. This book aims at being both basic and, in some areas, comprehensive. It is basic in that it (1) philosophical systems, and (2) defines these terms in their dictionary or common and literal meanings. The book is comprehensive in that it defines many of its terms with the specific meanings that a word has for a specific school. ‘The purpose of this book is to provide not only the academic community but also the interested lay individual with a dictionary of most Indian philosophical terms. The terms are listed both in roman transliteration and devandgari script. along with definitions in English. ‘At the end of the book are given fourteen charts which provide, at a glance, information regarding relationships, categories, and sourcebooks relevant to the individual schools. These charts are referred to in the main body of the text and the reader can consult them wherever appropriate. Also, there has been added a fifteenth chart providing a list of the most frequently quoted Indian philosophy authors and their major philosophical works. ‘Since this book is intended primarily for individuals who are not specialists in Sanskrit, I have compiled the Sanskrit terms in the order of the English alpha- bet. Wherever relevant, I have illustrated the definitions with the traditional ‘examples used in Indian philosophical texts; for example, for savyabhicdra—fire and smoke—or, for aéraya-asiddha—a sky-lotus. One will also find a “scheme of transliteration” and a “scheme of pronunciation” to assist the reader.