BANK-ENGLISH TUTORIALS, NEW COLONY, CHHATRASAL CHOURAHA,

CHHATARPUR,9893900664(Day-1)
Grammar

A sentence is a group of words arranged in a manner which makes complete sense.

PARTS OF SPEECH – words are divided into different kinds or classes called parts of speech
according to their use or according to the work they do in a sentence.

Generally there are 8 parts of speech but some grammar sources categorize English into 9 parts of
speech.

PART OF SPEECH BASIC FUNCTION EXAMPLES

noun names a person, place, or thing Ram, class, ship
pronoun takes the place of a noun I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who
verb identifies action or state of being sing, dance, believe, be
adjective describes a noun hot, lazy, funny

adverb describes a verb, adjective or adverb softly, lazily, often

preposition shows a relationship between a noun (or up, over, against, by, for
pronoun) and other words in a sentence
conjunction joins words, phrases, and clauses and, but, or, yet
interjection expresses emotion ah, whoops, ouch
article identifies and specifies a noun a,an, the
NOUN
A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing. The word thing includes (1) all
objects that we can see, touch, hear, smell or taste and (2) something we can think of but
cannot perceive by senses. िकसी वयिकत, सथान, वसतु, गुण, दशा और कायरकलाप के नाम को noun कहते है.
There are 5 different kinds of nouns. They are: (1) Proper Noun (2) Common noun (3) Collective
noun (4) Material Noun and (5) abstract noun.
Noun
Countable Noun (गढनीय संजा) Uncountable Noun (अगढनीय
संजा)

Proper Noun वयिकतवाचक संजा Material Noun दवयवाचक संजा

Common Noun जाितवाचक संजा Abstract Noun भाववाचक संजा
Collective Noun समूहवाचक संजा
Proper Noun – It denotes one particular person, place or thing. Ex. Chander, Calcutta, India etc.
Common Noun: -It denotes a common persons, places or things. Ex. Table, Glass, Town etc.
“Common Person – Man, Woman” “Common Place – Town School” “Common Things – Book,
Table”
Collective Noun:- It denotes a group of similar individuals considered as one complete whole.
Ex. Army (group of soldiers), Class (collection of students), Jury (collection of judges) etc.
Material Noun – It denotes material. Ex. Gold, Coffee, Tea etc.
Abstract Noun – It denotes quality condition or action. Ex. Wisdom, Humanity, Bravery etc.
Countable Noun – The Nouns which can be counted. Ex. Veena, Girl, Class etc.
Uncountable Noun – The nouns which can not be counted. Ex. Water, Oil, Coffee, Honesty etc.

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Some Important Collective Nouns:-

A CROWD OF PEOPLE लोगो की भीड, A HERD OF CATTLE पशुओं का झुणड, A CLUSTER OF STARS तारो का झुणड,
A NEST/SWARM OF ANTS िचिटओं का झुणड, A FLOCK OF BIRDS िचिडओं का झुणड, A QUIVER OF ARROWS तीरो का समूह
A CHAIN OF MOUNTAINS पवरतो की शंखला, A VOLLEY OF ARROWS/STONES बाढो/ पतथो की वषा, A SHEAF OF GRAINS अनाज का ढेर
A HEAP OF SAND बालू का ढेर,A HERD OF SWINE सुवरो का झुणड,A TUFT OF GRASS घास का गुचछा, A BAND OF NOMADS घुमकडो का जतथा,
A LOCK OF HAIR बालो की लट, A HEAP OF RUBBISH/DUST/STONES कूडा कचडा /धुल कड/ पतथरो का ढेर, A PAIR OF SOCKS एक जोढी मोजा,
A GUST OF WIND हवा का एक तेज झोका, A PINCH OF SALT एक चुटकी नमक, A WARDROBE OF CLOTHES वसतो का संगह, A CARAVAN/
CONGREGATION OF PILGRIMS तीथरयाितयो का कािफला, A SHOAL OF FISH मछिलयो का झुणड, A BUNCH OF KEYS चािबयो का गुचछा, A
FLEET OF SHIPS जहाजो का बेडा, A TROOP OF LIONS/MONKEYS शेरो/बंदरो का दल,A TRAIN OF DONKEYS/ A PACK OF ASSES गधो का
ताता या समूह, A SWARM OF FLIES/ BEES/ LOCUSTS मिकखयो/मदुमिकखयो/िटडडो का झुणड, A HIVE OF BEES मदुमिकखयो का छता, A LITTER OF
PUPPIES/KITTENS/PIGLINGS कुता/िबलली/सुवर के बचचो का समूह, A HERD OF DEER/SWINE/CATTLE िहरनो/सुवरो/ पशुओं का झुणड, A FLOCK
OF SHEEP/GEESE/CHICKENS भेडो/कलंसो/मुगी के बचचो का झुणड, AN ALBUM OF PHOTOS, AN ANTHOLOGY OF POEMS किवताओ का संगह,
AN ARCHIVE OF PUBLIC RECORDS सावरजिनक िरकॉडर का गनथ,A BARRAGE/VOLLEY OF QUESTIONS पशो की बोछार, A BEAM OF RAYS
पकाश के िकरणो की कडी, A BOUQUET/BUNCH OF FLOWERS फूलो का गुलदसता, A BUNCH OF GRAPES/KEYS अंगूरो/चािबयो का गुचछा, A
CACHE OF ARMS हिथयारो के िछपाने का सथान, A CHAIN OF EVENTS/MOUNTAINS घटनाओं/पवरतो की शंखला, A CLUSTER OF ISLANDS टापुओं
का समूह,
A CONSTELLATION OF STARS तारो का समूह, A GARLAND OF FLOWERS फूलो की माला, A STACK OF HAY/WOOD भूसे/लकडी का ढेर!

NOUN AND THE NUMBER

NUMBER (वचन):- If a noun tells about one or more than one is called number.
Kinds of Number:- 1. Singular Number (एकवचन) 2. Plural Number(बहुवचन)
1. Singular Number (एकवचन):- If a noun tells about only one, it is called Singular Number. Ex. A Student, A Woman.
2. Plural Number(बहुवचन):- If a noun tells about more than one, it is called plural Number. Ex. Students, Women.

Rules for changing a Singular into Plural Number:-

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Rule(1):- Generally िकसी भी noun के last मे "S" जोडकर plural बनाया जाता है! Ex.. Fan – Fans, Pen – Pens, Chair – Chairs, Friend –
Friends.
Rule(2):- यिद िकसी singular common noun का last letter 's', 'ss' , 'sh' , ch , x , or z हो तो 'es' जोडकर plural बनाया जाता है !
Singu Singu Singu Singu Singu
lar Plural lar Plural lar Plural lar Plural lar Plural
Topaz Batche
Bus Buses Topaz es Quiz Quizes Batch s Bush Bushes
Classe Watch Bench
Kiss Kisses Class s Watch es Bench es Dish Dishes
Glasse Match Branc Branch
Glass s Gas Gases Tax Taxes Match es h es
Rule(3) ):-यिद िकसी singular common noun का last letter ‘y’ हो और 'y ' के पहले consonant हो,तो y को हटाकर'ies' जोडकर plural बनाया
जाता है!
Singu Singul Singu Singu Singul
lar Plural ar Plural lar Plural lar Plural ar Plural
Secreta Secretar Storie Salarie
Lady Ladies ry ies Story s Salary s Pony Ponies
Nurser Nurserie Securi Securiti Obitua Obituari
City Cities y s Fly Flies ty es ry es
Armie
Army s Baby Babies Duty Duties Lily Lilies
Rule(4) ):- लेिकन यिद िकसी singular common noun का last letter ‘y’ हो और 'y ' के पहले Vowel हो, तो िसफर “ S” जोडकर plural बनाया जाता
है!
Singu Singu Singu Singu Singu
lar Plural lar Plural lar Plural lar Plural lar Plural
Donke Donke
Play Plays Pay Pays Ray Rays y ys Valley Valleys
Monke Monkey Journe Journey
Toy Toys y s Day Days Key Keys y s
Rule(5):- यिद िकसी singular common noun का last letter ‘CH’ हो, तथा ‘CH’ का उचचारण “ क” हो, तो िसफर “S” जोडकर Plural बनाया जाता है
!
Singul Singul
ar Plural ar Plural
Monarc Monarc Stoma Stomac
h hs ch hs
समाट पेट
Rule(6) ):- यिद िकसी singular common noun का last letter ‘O’ हो और 'O' के पहले Consonant हो, तो “ ES” जोडकर plural बनाया जाता
है!
Singu Singul Singu Singu Singula
lar Plural ar Plural lar Plural lar Plural r Plural
Potato Tomat Tomato Despera Desperad
Potato es Mango Mangoes o es Echo Echoes do oes
Buffal Buffalo Mosqui Mosquito Volca Volcano
o es to es Hero Heroes no es Tornado Tornadoes
Rule(7) ):-यिद िकसी singular common noun का last letter ‘O’ हो और 'O ' के पहले Vowel हो, तो िसफर “ S” जोडकर plural बनाया जाता है!
Singu Singul Singu Singu Singul
lar Plural ar Plural lar Plural lar Plural ar Plural
Bamb Bambo Cucko Scenari Scenario
oo os o Cuckoos Ratio Ratios Video Videos o s
Came Cameo Portfoli Portfolio Stereo
o s o s Stereo s Radio Radios Curio Curios

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Rule(8) ):-यिद िकसी singular common noun का last letter ‘F’ or ‘FE” हो, तो F OR FE को हटाकर' “ VES” जोडकर plural बनाया जाता है!
Singu Singu Singu Singu Singul
lar Plural lar Plural lar Plural lar Plural ar Plural
Calf Calves Wife Wives Half Halves Life Lives Leaf Leaves
Elf Elves Thief thieves Loaf Loaves Knife Kinves Wolf Wolves

Rule (9):-कुछ ऐसे singular nouns है,िजनके last मे “F”. “FF” or “FE” रहते है, लेिकन िसफर “S” जोडकर बनाया जाता है!” जोडकर plural बनाया जाता
है!
Singu Singu Singu Singul
lar Plural lar Plural Singular Plural lar Plural ar Plural
Chief Chiefs Belief Beliefs Cliff Cliffs Dwarf Dwarfs Grief Giefs
Scarfs/v Handkerch Handkerchi
Scarf es Gulf Gulfs ief efs Roof Roofs Proof proofs
Rule (10):- Some nouns form their plurals by changing the vowel sound of the singular.
Singula Singu Singu Singu
r Plural lar Plural lar Plural lar Plural
Dormou Dormi
se ce Man Men Foot Feet Mouse Mice
Woma
goose Geese n Women Louse Lice Tooth teeth
Rule (10):-Some Nouns which are a combination of two more words are known as compound nouns. Such nouns get their plural by
adding “S” to the main word.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Commander in Commanders in
chief chief Son in law Sons in law Step Son Step sons
Step Step
Passer by Passers by Sister in law Sisters in law daughter daughters
Daughter in Daughters n
law law Step mother Step mothers Looker on Lookers on
Brothers in
Brother in law law Step father Step fathers Hanger on Hangers on
Mojor
Father in law fathers in law Step brother Step brothers Major general generals
Spend
Mother in law Mothers in law Step sister Step sisters Spend thrift thrifts
SOME COMMON NOUNS AND THEIR PLURALS
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
FOOT SPOONFU MAN MEN
FOOT MAN MEN WOMAN SERVANT WOMEN SERVANTS SPOONFUL LS SERVANT SERVANTS
MEN OF MOUTHFU WOMAN WOMAN
MAN OF WAR WAR LORD JUSTICE LORD JUSTICES MOUTHFUL LS HATER HATERS
WASHE GLASSFUL WOMAN WOMAN
WASHER MAN R MEN MAN DOCTOR MEN DOCTORS GLASSFUL S LOVER LOVERS
BEGGA Man
BEGGAR MAN R MEN BEGGAR WOMAN BEGGAR WOMEN CUPFUL CUPFULS Man hater haters

SOME OTHER COMMON NOUNS AND THEIR PLURALS

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Aggendum aggenda Erratum Errata Alumnus alumni Axis Axes

Bacteriu
Analysis Analyses Bacillus Bacilli Bandit Bandits/itti m Bacteria

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Basis Bases Criterion Criteria Dictum dicta Formula Formulae

Memorandu Memorand Phenomeno
m a n Phenomena Thesis Theses Medium Media

Radius Radii Oasis Oases Series Series Species Species

Hypothes
Appartus Appartus Terminus termini Index Indices is Hypotheses
Genii/nius Bureaux/eau
Genius es narcosis Narcoses Appendix Appendices Bureau s
Corrigendu Corrigend Crematoriu Maximu
m a m Crematoria m Maxima Minimum Minima
Aquariums/ Curriculu Curriculums/cu
Museum Museums Aquarium ria m la Asylum Asylums

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