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Contents
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………….3
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………4
Squeezing types…………………………………………………………………………………….5
Support Design…………………………………………………………………………………….11
Precautions in tunneling……………………………………………………………………..13
Appendix I
References……………………………………………………………………………………………16
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List of Figures:
Stress distribution in squeezing condition………………………………………………………………7
Forepole Umbrella.…………………………………………………………………………………………………14
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Introduction
The experience is that a weak stratum in the beginning gave the impression of
non-squeezing ground but the same weak stratum under high overburden showed
significant squeezing later on, upsetting the engineers. At another location in little
stronger rock mass, squeezing did not occur at even 1400 m overburden, happily
surprising every one.
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Unconfined compressive strength, it is the load per unit area at which rock will fail in compression.
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Where:
Ua= radial tunnel closure
a = tunnel radius
Ua/a = normalized tunnel closure in percentage
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where
σ θmax = tangential stress at the periphery of a tunnel,
= 2γH in nearly circular tunnels,
q cmass = compressive strength of rock mass, = 7 γ Q1/3MPa,
= 5.5 γ N1/3/B0.1MPa,
γ = unit weight of rock mass in gm/cc,
B = width of tunnel in meters,
Q = post-construction rock mass quality,
N = rock mass number (= Q assuming SRF = 1.0),
Po = in situ stress along the tunnel axis,
= γH
A2 =
2
average constants for various orientation of principal stress (value of A varies from 0.6 to 6.0),
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It may be noted that the parameter “A” reduces the support pressure drastically,
where “A” is significant such as in jointed hard rock with rough joints.
Note: These calculations show that the support pressure decreases rapidly with
increasing size of the broken zone. Thus development of broken zone should be
permitted up to three times the radius of the opening for reducing support
pressures. The vertical and horizontal support pressures may be considered of the
same order.
Obviously the support pressures given by these equations are the short term
pressures.
The long-term support pressures will be much higher, two or three times the
short-term support pressures.
3
The zone of the failed rock mass
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The volume of failed rock mass increases at a constant rate (called coefficient of
volumetric expansion K).
Note: higher degree of squeezing is associated with rock masses of higher “K”
values.
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rc= 0.37b
Explanation:
The formation of the compaction zone may be explained as follows:
A fragile rock mass around the tunnel opening fails and expands under the
influence of the induced stresses. The expanded rock mass then gets compacted
due to the passive pressure exerted by the support system in order to satisfy the
ultimate boundary condition that is zero rate of support deformation with time.
The development of the support pressure with time would reduce the deviator
stresses (σ) within the compaction zone which in turn will undergo creep
relaxation manifested by the negative K values.
Compaction Zone
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Support Design
Fortunately, the steel fiber reinforced shotcrete with embedded ribs has proved to
be successful in supporting tunnels in the mild to severe squeezing ground
conditions.
The horizontal drill holes of 3 m length are drilled ahead of the tunnel face
and the forepoles of mild steel rods are inserted and welded to the nearest
steel ribs. Then smooth blasting is adopted with short length of blast holes
(1 m) to cope up with the low stand-up time5.
Steel ribs with struts at the bottom are erected and designed to support the
forepole umbrella6 and rock support pressure. The struts should be strong
enough to resist high wall support pressures in the squeezing grounds.
The additional layers of SFRS are sprayed after some delay to embed the
steel ribs. It will provide lateral stability of ribs and also create a structurally
robust lining.
The SFRS should also be sprayed on the floor to cover steel struts and
counter heaving tendency of the squeezing ground by withstanding high
4
Explained in Appendix I
5
Is how long the ground will safely stand by itself at the point of excavation
6
Explained in Appendix I
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The convergence of the tunnel roof and walls should be monitored and
plotted with time. In case rate of convergence/closure is not dropping with
time, additional SFRS layers need to be sprayed. It is a good tunnelling
practice if multiple borehole extensometers are installed to know what is
happening within the broken zone particularly in severe or very severe
squeezing ground conditions.
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Precautions in Tunnelling
It may be mentioned that TBM is obviously a failure in squeezing grounds,
as it is struck inside the ground and may have to be abandoned.
For a very severe squeezing condition, rock anchors (dowels) may be added
on the tunnel face where the face is also squeezing, particularly in the big
tunnels. This is in addition to the forepole umbrella. A frequent mistake is
made in using the large forepoles for protecting the tunnel face. The steel
ribs which support the forepoles are loaded adversely, specially in big
tunnels. Full face tunnelling method may be a failure due to slow progress
of tunnelling. It is good practice to install forepoles first and then make drill
holes for blasting.
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Notice that the diagram shows tunneling taking place from both sides. Tunnels
through mountains or underwater are usually worked from the two opposite ends,
or faces, of the passage. In long tunnels, vertical shafts may be dug at intervals to
excavate from more than two points.
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Forepole Umbrella
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References:
Bhawani Singh, Tunneling in Weak Rocks, Volume 5 (Geo-Engineering
Book Series), Ch. 8, 13, 19, and Appendix I.
An article for: Evert Hoek, Numerical Modeling for Shallow Tunnels in
Weak Rock
Britannica Encyclopedia [www.britannica.com]
Wikipedia [www.wikipedia.com]
http://science.howstuffworks.com/tunnel3.htm
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