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REPORT
ON
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
(12th May 2010 – 18th June 2010)
AT
Submitted to:
Mr. Rishabh Sharma Submitted by:
E.C.E Department Sumit Kumar Kaushik
B.Tech 7th Sem
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................1
COMPANY PROFILE.......................................................................2
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................5
EVOLUTION OF GSM......................................................................8
DESCRIPTION.................................................................................10
CONCLUSION.................................................................................34
BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................36
ANNEXURE………………………………………………………38
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity with much pleasure to express my sincere thanks and
gratitude to Mr.Vishal Tiwari (Manager, VAS), Airtel, Jaipur. It gives me
immense pleasure to extend my gratitude towards Mr. Keshav Sharma
(Quality Engineer), Airtel, Jaipur and the entire Network and Quality team of
AIRTEL, Jaipur for providing their cooperation, constructive criticism,
valuable guidance and constant encouragement.
3
COMPANY PROFILE
4
Bharti Airtel is known for being the first mobile phone company in the world
to outsource everything except marketing and sales and finance. Its network
(base stations, microwave links, etc.) is maintained by Ericsson and Nokia
Siemens Network, business support by IBM and transmission towers by
another company. Ericsson agreed for the first time, to be paid by the minute
for installation and maintenance of their equipment rather than being paid up
front. This enables the company to provide pan-India phone call rates of
less than Rs. 1/minute. During the last financial year (2009-10), Bharti has
roped in a strategic partner Alcatel-Lucent to manage the network
infrastructure for the Telemedia Business.
5
• Mobile,
• Telemedia,
• Enterprise, and
• Digital TV
6
INTRODUCTION
GSM stands for ‘Global Services for Mobile communication' and is an open,
digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data
services. GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s,
together with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).
This technology is globally accepted and most popular among all countries. It
is started in Europe to integrate all countries with wireless communication.
Earlier each country in Europe has its own standard for wireless
communication ,so due to this a person cannot use the same mobile in two
different country and cannot even communicate with the same mobile in
different countries, so due to this fragmentation problem occurred. So to
overcome this problem European Union (EU) came with GSM technology that
is accepted by whole continent and standardized by ITU-T. It is a 2 G
technology and world’s first cellular technology and it is most popular 2G
technology. Today GSM operator has largest customer base. In India total
cellular operator have more than 550 million customers and GSM has more
than 400 million customer bases alone. It is a second generation cellular
standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital
modulation.
7
Objectives of GSM
• International roaming
• High-quality speech
• Company services.
8
• Modulation – Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing
the characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via
Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK).
• Speech coder – GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose
of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter
that mimics the vocal tract.
9
EVOLUTION OF GSM
10
GSM statistics in India
11
DESCRIPTION
The abbreviations used in the figure above are described herein under:
12
MS-Mobile station:
13
AUC- Authentication Center:
AUC is small unit which handles the security end of the system. Its major task
is to authenticate and encrypt those parameters which verify user’s
identification and hence enables the confidentiality of each call made by
subscriber. Authentication center – AUC makes sure mobile operators are safe
from different frauds most likely to happen when hackers are looking for even
smallest loop wholes in systems.
14
VLR- Visitor Location Register:
VLR performs very dynamic tasks; it is database which stores temporary data
regarding subscribers which is needed by Mobile Services Switching Center-
MSC VLR is directly connected to MSC, when subscribe moves to different
MSC location, Visitor location register – VLR integrates to MSC of current
location and requests the data about subscriber or Mobile station (MS) from
the Home Location Register –HLR. When subscriber makes a call the Visitor
location register-VLR will have required information for making call already
and it will not required to connect to Home Register Location - HRL again.
The base station system have very important role in mobile communication.
BSS are basically outdoor units which consist of iron rods and are usually of
high length. BSS are responsible for connecting subscribers (MS) to mobile
networks. All the communication is made in Radio transmission. The Base
station System is further divided in two systems. These two systems, they are
BSC, and BTS.
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BTS – The Base Transceiver Station:
16
BSC – The Base Station Controller:
17
SIM-Subscriber Identity Module:
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly
known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's
subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or
her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also
change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM.
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OSS -The Operation and Support System:
19
Encryption:- In GSM, encryption refers to the process of creating
authentication and ciphering crypto variables using a special key and an
encryption algorithm.
RAND:- The RAND is a random 128-bit number that is generated by the Auc
when the network requests to authenticate a subscriber. The RAND is used to
generate the Signed Response (SRES) and Kc crypto variables.
20
Kc:- The Kc is the 64-bit ciphering key that is used in the A5 encryption
algorithm to encipher and decipher the data that is being transmitted on the
Um interface.
A5:- The A5 encryption algorithm is used to encipher and decipher the data
that is being transmitted on the Um interface. The Kc and the plaintext data are
inputted into the A5 algorithm and the output is enciphered data. The A5
algorithm is a function of the Mobile Equipment (ME) and not a function of
the SIM card. The BTS also makes use of the A5 algorithm.
A5/1:- The current standard for U.S. and European networks. A5/1 is a stream
cipher.
A5/2:- The deliberately weakened version of A5/1 that is intended for export
to non-western countries. A5/2 is a stream cipher.
A5/3:- A newly developed algorithm not yet in full use. A5/3 is a block
cipher.
Triplets: - The RAND, SRES, and Kc together are known as the Triplets. The
AuC will send these three crypto variables to the requesting MSC/VLR so it
can authenticate and encipher.
21
GSM Control Channels:
• It operates on the forward link of specific ARFCN within each cell, and
transmits data only in the first time slot (TS0) of certain GSM frames.
• It serves as a TDMA bacon channel for any nearby mobile to identify &
lock on to.
22
• Operating characteristics of cell such as current control channel structure,
channel availability and congestion.
• It is also repeated every 10 frames within the control channel multi frame.
23
o Access Grant Channel [AGCH]
• Paging Signals from the BTS to all mobiles in the cell, & notify a specific
mobile of an incoming call which originates from PSTN.
• To originate call.
24
• These channels are bi directional & have the same format & function on
both forward & reverse link.
• They may exist in any time slot & on any ARFCN except TS 0.
• It is always associated with a TCH or a SDCCH & maps onto the same
physical channel.
25
Value added services
Call waiting:
With Call Waiting on a Hutch phone, you can receive and hold an incoming
call when you are already talking to another person. When this service is
activated, the network notifies you of a new incoming call while you have a
call in progress, which means that if another person tries calling you midway
through a conversation, he/she will hear a message informing him/her that
your line is busy, while you will hear beeps at intervals.
Call Divert:
In case you are busy in a meeting, or if your cell phone is switched off, you
can forward incoming calls to a landline or another mobile phone - where
someone can receive messages on your behalf. You can also forward an
incoming call while speaking to someone.
By using these services one can access information, download ringtones and
logos, and more. For this one has to just dial and speak on a no. for the desired
service. With Hutch World, one can enjoy a host of GPRS-based services
exclusively on Hutch GPRS phone. From astrology to photo messaging,
gaming, chat, news and even internet access.
Mail:
One can now send an SMS - without even using a mobile phone, from
wherever they are. All they need to do is type in their message and send it as e-
mail.
26
Roaming:
If the visited network is in the same country as the home network, this is
known as National Roaming. If the visited network is outside the home
country, this is known as International Roaming (the term Global Roaming has
also been used).
If the visited network operates on a different technical standard than the home
network, this is known as Inter-standard roaming.
GSM Roaming, which involves roaming between GSM networks, offers the
convenience of a single number, a single bill and a single phone with
worldwide access to over 205 countries. The convenience of GSM Roaming
has been a key driver behind the global success of the GSM Platform.
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Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
The MSRN is allocated on temporary basis when the MS roams into another
numbering area. The MSRN number is used by the HLR for rerouting calls to
the MS. It is assigned upon demand by the HLR on a per-call basis. The
MSRN for PSTN/ISDN routing shall have the same structure as international
ISDN numbers in the area in which the MSRN is allocated. The HLR knows in
what MSC/VLR service area the subscriber is located. At the reception of the
MSRN, HLR sends it to the GMSC, which can now route the call to the
MSC/VLR exchange where the called subscriber is currently registered.
28
International Mobile Equipment Identity:
The IMEI is the unique identity of the equipment used by a subscriber by each
PLMN and is used to determine authorized (white), unauthorized (black), and
malfunctioning (gray) GSM hardware. In conjunction with the IMSI, it is used
to ensure that only authorized users are granted access to the system.
In case of PIN, the PUK is needed for unlocking the SIM again. PUK is
numeric only, with eight digits. If a correct PUK is entered, an indication is
given to the user. After 10 consecutive incorrect entries the SIM is blocked.
Either the IMSI or the MSISDN Number may access the subscriber data. Some
of the parameters like IAI will be continuously updated to reflect the current
location of the subscriber. The SIM is capable of storing additional
information such as accumulated call charges. This information will be
accessible to the customer via handset key entry.
It is used to unlock the MS. If one enters the wrong PIN three times it will lock
the SIM. The SIM can be protected by use of PIN password.
29
GSM Frequency Bands
30
Uplink Downlink
Band Comments
(MHz) (MHz)
E-GSM, i.e.
900 880.0 - 915.0 925.0 - 960.0 Extended GSM
allocation
1710.0 - 1805.0 -
1800
1785.0 1880.0
31
Uplink Downlink
Band Comments
(MHz) (MHz)
1850.0 - 1930.0 -
1900
1910.0 1990.0
There are three different frequency bands on which mobile phones are usually
operates and these are Dual Band, Tri-Band and Quad Band.
Dual Band : Dual frequency band operates on 900MHz and 1800 MHz,
that means mobile phone that supports dual band can be operated
anywhere in the world where 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequencies are
used. Dual Band GSM networks usually found in all continents Europe,
Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.
Quad-Band: Quad Band supports four frequencies which are 850 MHz,
900 MHz, 1800 MHz , 1900 MHz Quad band also enables GSM phones
to road almost anywhere in the world. All countries support GSM
networks hence make communication possible.
32
Handover:
• Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same Base
Station Controller (BSC),
• Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same
Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), and
The first two types of handover, called internal handovers, involve only one
Base Station Controller (BSC). To save signaling bandwidth, they are
managed by the BSC without involving the Mobile service Switching Center
(MSC), except to notify it at the completion of the handover. The last two
types of handover, called external handovers, are handled by the MSCs
involved. Note that call control, such as provision of supplementary services
and requests for further handoffs, is handled by the original MSC.
Handovers can be initiated by either the mobile or the MSC (as a means of
traffic load balancing). During its idle time slots, the mobile scans the
Broadcast Control Channel of up to 16 neighboring cells, and forms a list of
the six best candidates for possible handover, based on the received signal
strength. This information is passed to the BSC and MSC, and is used by the
handover algorithm.
33
The algorithm for when a handover decision should be taken is not specified in
the GSM recommendations. There are two basic algorithms used, both closely
tied in with power control. This is because the BSC usually does not know
whether the poor signal quality is due to multipath fading or to the mobile
having moved to another cell. This is especially true in small urban cells.
34
Key Features
Increased Capacity
It provides better channel capacity than analog system. It provides 25KHZ per
user, that means eight conversation per 200KHZ channel pair(a channel pair
consists of a forward channel and a reverse channel). Channel coding and
modulation provided to enhance the channel capacity and from this 12 DB is
achieved as a channel to interference ratio(C/I ration), as compare to 18db of
analog system.
Frequency Hopping
GSM uses Mobile assisted handover technique. The mobile itself carries out
the signal strength and quality measurement of its server and signal strength
measurement of its neighbors. This data is passed on the Network which then
uses sophisticated algorithms to determine the need of handover.
35
Discontinuous Transmission
In this GSM has a advantage of preventing system from interference and noise
by offsetting the silent time between the conversation and by blocking the
undesired signals.
Frequency Reuse
GSM has a advantage of frequency reuse pattern from which same frequency
can be used in different cells. Normally 124 carriers are provided by the GSM
system and if we multiply it with the 7 time slots used for traffic than we get
868 numbers of calls can be made and that is very less in number. so to
overcome this problem same RF carrier is used for several conversation in
different cells and for this there is regular pattern is defined. The pattern to be
used depends on the traffic requirement and spectrum availability. Some
typical patter are 4/12 , 7/21 etc.
36
Future Opportunities for GSM:
• 2nd Generation
• 3 Generation
37
CONCLUSION
GSM technology facilitates with high speed integrated data, voice data, fax,
mail, voice mail and mostly used SMS feature. GSM also make sure that all
the communication made between networks are secured and protected from
intruders and frauds.
.SM actually brought the concept of being Mobile way beyond the limits. It
enabled us to communicate across the continents.
38
GSM supports multiple frequency levels like 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz
1900MHz frequency is used in North America where as 1800MHz is used in
other parts of the world. Different frequency bands are used by different
mobile phone operators.
Moreover, there are over 700 GSM networks available in the world operating
in their respective countries and providing international roaming services
courtesy GSM technology. There are over 2 billion GSM subscribers in the
world. Countries which are using GSM networks on larger scales are Russia,
china Pakistan, United States, India.
Giver the above facts and very good voice quality, support useful services and
standards, delivered by GSM, it is expected that GSM shall remain the
prominent technology for offering the mobile telephony.
39
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.gsmworld.com
2. www.gsacom.com
3. www. whytelecom.com
4. www.wikipedia.com
5. www.google.com
6. www.ask.com
7. www.search.com
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Annexure
41
BTS : The Base Transceiver Station
42