Ju ..

LURIE

Handbook of Analytical Chemistry

Translated from the Russian by

Nicholas Bobrov

";'"'-NI '

~~ .- ~~

MIR PUBLISHERS

MOSCOW

I

Table 40

'·1

;;~

,':,

>

300

Standard Oxidizing Potentials (EO) Relative to

the Potential of a Standard Hydrogen Electrode" at 25°C

H ::.:::; saturated solution in the presence of a solid or liquid substance; t = solution saturated with gas under a pressure of t atm)

Symb011 Hifhest degree I Lowest degree of
of ele- -me EO, V
ment o oxidation oxidation
Ag2+ +e Ag+ +2.00
Ag+ +e Ag +0.7994
AgBrli +e Ag + Br : +0.071
AgBr at +e Ag + BrOi +0.55
AgCaH102t +e Ag + C~aOi +0.64
AgCN +e Ag + C - -0.04
Ag(CN)- +e Ag + 2CN- -0.29
Ag(CN)j- +e Ag + 3CN- -0.51
AgCNOt +e 1 + CNO- +0.41
Ag2COS +2e 2 gt + COI- +0.46
Ag2Ca04t +2e 2Ag + C2Ol- +0.472
AgCI+ +e Ag ] + CI- +0.224
Ag1Cr04+ +2e '2Ag t + CrOI- +0.447
Ag,Fe(CN)& + +4e 4Ai + Fe(CN):- +0.194
AgI~ +e Ag + 1- -0.152
Ag AgJ 3b +e Ag + 108" +0.35
Ag.Mo 4t +2e 2Ag.J. + MoOJ- +0.49
Ag(NHalt +e Agt + 2NH. +0.373
AgNO. +e Ag + NO, +0.59
AI:8+ +e Ag + Ni" +0.293
2 0++ H2O +2e Ag,O.J. + 20H- +0.60
AgO++ 2H+ +e ~ ++HO --+2.1
Ag.0.J.+ ~O +2e 2 gt+ 2bH- +0.344
Ag:aOs.J. + :a0 +26 2Ag .J. + 20H- +0.74
AgaS .J. +2e 2Ag+ + 81- -0.71
AgSCN t +e Agt + SCN- +0.09
Ag(SOs)l- +e Ag + 2801- +0.43
Ag(ShOslf- +e Ag + 28201- +0.01
Ag28 -4 +2e 2Agt + 801- +0.653
AgaW04+ +2e 2Ag + WO:- +0.53
AIs+ +3e Ali -1.66
Al AIOi + 2H2O +3e Al + 40H- -2.35
AI(OH)st +3e Al + 30H- -2.31
AIFI- +3e Al + 6F- -2.07 .For the use at the table, see p. 476.

Table 40 (continued)

Symbol Hifhest degree I I Lowest degree of
ot ele- +ne EO, V
ment o oxidation oxidation
Ast+ 3H+ +3e ASH3t -0.60
As + 3H~O +3e AsBa + 30H- -1.37
HAsOs+ H+ +3e As ], + 2H:10 +0.247
As H3~S04 + 2H+ +2e HAsOs + 2H2O +0.56
As0i' + 2HsO . +3e As ]. + 40H- -0.68
AsO~+ 2H2O +2e AsOi + 40H- -0.71
Au3+ +2e Au+ t~.41
Au3+ +3e Aut +1.50
Au+ +e Au +1.68
. ~uBr2 +e. Au + 2Br- +0.96
AuBr. +2e AuErS" + 2Br- +0.82
AuBr. +3e Aut + 4Br- +0.87
Au(CN)i +e Au + 2CN- -0.61
Au AuCli +e Au . + 2CI- +1.11
AuCl. +2e AuCla + 2CI- +0.93
AuCli" ' +3e Aut + 4Cl- +0.99
HsAuOi + H2O +3e Au + 40H- +0.7
Au(SGN)i +e Au + 2SCN- +0.69
Au(SCN)4" +2e Au(SCN)i + 2SCN- +0.64
Au(SCN)i" +3e Aut + 4SCN- +0.66
H3BOs + 3H+ +3e Bi + 3H.O -0.87
B HaBOi + H2O +3e B + 40H- -1.79
BF4" +3e ;S + 4F- -1.04
Ba I Ba2+ I +2e I Bat I -2.90
Be Be2+ 1+2e I Be~ I -1.85
Be20;- + 3H2O +4e . 2Be t + 60H- -2.62
BiO+ + 2H+ +3e Bit + HaO +0.32
Bit + 3H+ +3e BiHst <-0.8
NaBiO.t + 4H+ +2e BiO+ + Na+ + 2H2O >+1.8
BiCli +3e Bit + 4Cl- +0.16
Bi Bi,O,! + 4H+ +2e 2BiO+ + 2HaO +1.59
BiaO. + H2O +2e Bi20s t + 20H- +0.56
BiaOs + 3H2O +6e 2Bit + 60H- -0.46
srocr, + 2H+ +3e Bit + HaO + Cl- +0.16
Bra +2e 2Br- +1.087
Br Bri +2e 3Br- +1.05
2HBrO + 2H+ +2e Brs + 2HaO +1.6
2BrO- + 2H2O +2e Bra + 40H- +0.45 302

Table 40 (continued)

Symbol Hl,hest degree Lowest dwee of
or ele- +ne EO, V
ment o oxidation oxidation
HBrO + H+ +28 Br-+ ~O +1.34
Br BrO- + H2O +28 Br+-} 2 H- +0.76
BrO. + SH+ +4e HBrO + 2HIO +1:45
BrO, + 2H.O +48 BrO-+ 40H- +0.54
2BrO. + 12H+ +10e Brl + 6HdO +1.S2
2Br0i" + 6HIO +10e Brll + 12 H- +0.50
BrOi + 6H+ +68 Br- + 3HIO +1.45
BrOi + 3HII0 +68 Br- + 60H- +0.61
CHIfOH + 2H+ +28 CH, t+ H.O +0.S9
ell "OH + 2H+ +2e C2He t+ H.O +0.46
C,H,OIl + 2H+ +28 C8H,(OH)a +0.6994
(quinone) (hydroquinone)
(CN)16+ 2H+ +28 2HCN +0.37
2HCN +2H+ +2e 2HsO + (CN)s t +0.33
HCNO + 2H+ +2e HCN + HIIO +0.35
CNO-+ H 0 +2e CN- + 20H- -0.97
C HCHO + 2ti+ +2e CH,OH +0.19
CHaCHO + 2H+ +2e CIH"OH +0.19
HCOOH + 2H+ +2e HCBO -0.01
CHaCOOH + 2H+ +2e CHaCHO -0.12
HCOO- + 2HIO +2e HCHO + 30H- -1.07
CO'l+ 2H+ +2e CO ~+ H2O -0.12
CO, + N1+ +6e CO( HI). + H2O +0.1
+ 6H+ (urea)
CO t+ 2H+ +2e HCOOH -0.20
2c311 t+ 2H+' +28 H2C.O, -0.49
Ca Call+ +2e cat -2.87
Ca(OH)1 t +2e Ca + 20H- -3.03
Cd2+ +2e Cd -0.402
caco.] +28 Cd + C01- -0.74
Cd Cd(CN)f- +28 Cd + 4CN- -1.09
Cd(NHs)f+ +28 Cd +4NHs -0.61
Cd(OH)at +28 Cd +20H- -0.81
cas , +2e Cd + st- -1.17
Ces+ +38 Ce ] -2.33
Ce Ce(CIO,)i- +8 CeS+ + 6CIO, +1,.70
- Ce(NOs):- +e CaS. + 6NO, +1.60
Ce(SO,)I- +e Ces+ + 3S01- +1.44
Cl I CIIIJ I +2e 12C1- I +1.359
2H Cl + 2H+ +28 CII t + H2O +1.63 303

Table 40 (continued)

Symbol Highest degree +n·1 Lowest degree or I
or ete- EO. V
ment of oxidation oxidation
2CIO- + 2H20 +2e CII t + 40H- +0.40
HCIO + H+ +2e CI- + H 0 +1.;>0
CIO-+ HzO +2e CI- + 26H- +0.88
HCIO + 2H+ +2e HCIO+ H2O +1.64
2HC13,. + 6H+ +6e ell t + 4HIO +1.63
HCIOz + 3H+ +4e CI- + 2H2O +1.56
CIOi' + HIO +2e CIO-+ 20H- +0.66
CIOi' + 2H2O +4e CI- + 40H:- +0.77
CI CIOi+ 3H+ +2e HCIOa + HaO +1.21
,CIOi'+ HIO +~e CIOi+ 20H- +0.33
CIOi+ 2H+ +e CIO. t+ H2O +1.15
CIOI t+ H+ +e HCIOI +1.27
CIO. + 6H+ +6e CI- + 3HI0 +1.45
2CIOi + 12H+ +10e CIs t+ 6H,0 +1.47
CIOi+ 3H2O +6e CI- + 60H- +0.63
it+4H+ +5e (;1- + 2H10 +1.50
t:r'O +5e Cl:- + 40H- rt-~
+2e. ~+~ -~.L19j
+ 10 +2e +~}: . mg-
• + 16H+ +14e + 0 9
CIO. + 8H+ +8e Cl~ + 4H2t, +1.38
CIO. + 4HzO +8e CI- + 80H- +0.56
C03+ +e C02+ +1.84
C03+ +3e 0,1 +0.33
C02+ +2e ~ + COi- -0.28
ceco. ; +2e -0.64
Co Co(NH3)1+ +e Co(NHa>:+ +0.1
Co(NHa>:+ +28 Cot + exa, -0.42
CO(OH)2t +2e Co + 20H- -0.73
Co (OHl' +e Co(OH)z i + OH- +0.17
CoS ex. +2e Co t -t- s - -0.88
CoS tl +2e Co + S2- -1.01
Cr3+ +e Cr2+ -0.41
Cr3+ +3e crt -0.74
Cr2+ +2e Cr -0.91 -
Cr Cr(OH)sl +3e Cr + 30H- -1.3
Cr(OH)2 +2e Cr + 20H- -1.4
CrOi + 2H2O +3e Cr + 40H- -1.2
Cr20~- + 14H+ +6e 2Cr8+ + 7HsO +Aj~l .»
GrO:- + 4H2O +36 Cr(OH). ~ + 50H- 004

Table 40 (continued)

symboll Highest degree I Lowest degree ot I
of ele- +ne EO, V
ment ot oxidation oxidation
Cs I Cs+ I +e I Cs 4- I -2.914
Cu2+ .+2e cut ±.(L337
Cu+ +e Cu -±-0.521
Cu2+ +e Cu+ +0.153
Cus+ + Br- +e CuBrt +0.64
Cus+ + Cl- +e CuCIt +0.54
Cus+ + 1- +e Cult +0.86
CuBrt +e CUl+ Br- +0.033
Cu . Cu(CN)2" +e Cu + 2CN-_ -0.43
CuCIt +e Cu + Cl- +0.137
Cult +e Cu + 1- -0.185
Cu(NHs)l+ +e Cu(NHa.)t + 2NHs -0.01
Cu(NHs)t +e cut + 2NHs -0.12
Cu{NHs)l+ +2e Cu + 4NHa -0.07
2Cu(OH)2 -t +2e CU20 -t + 20H- + -0.08
CUaO" + HsO + HaO
+2e ~+20H- -0.36
Cu(OH)st +2e . t+ 20H-. -0.22
cos , +2e Cu + S2- -0.70
Cu Sk +2e 2Cut + s=- -0.88
CuSC t +e CUt + SCN- -0.27
F I Fat I +2e I 2F- I' +2.87
Fes+ +e Fe2+ c +0.771-'"
Fes+ +3e Fet - '-0.036 '
Fe2+ +2e Fe -". 0.440-"
Fe(CN)f- . +e Fe(CN)t- +0.356
Fe FeCOst +2e Fet + C02- -0.756
Fe~C1r..HsN ,1-1+ +e 9 2 .tf:_!·O~
Fe(CuHsNs). +
(1,1 -p enan rotme)
Fe(OH)st +e Fe(OH)~t + OH- -0.56
Fe(OH)a +2e Fet +H- -0.877
FeOl- + 8H+ +3e Fe3+ + 4H 0 >+1.9
FesO .. + + 8H+ +8e 3Fet + 4ilao -0.085
FeSt +2e Fe .. + 82- -0.95
Ga I Ga3+ I +3e I Gat I -0.56
HaGaOi + HsO +3e Ga + 40H- -1.22
Get + 4H+ I +4e I GeH .. t <-0;3
Ge2+ +2e Get . 0.0
Ge GeOt + 2H+ +2e Ge +HsO -0.29 305

Table 40 (continued)

S}'lIlbOli Hlfhest degree Lowest degree
ot ete- o oxidation +ne ot oxidation EO, V
ment
Geolt + 4H+ +4e GOl + 2H.O -0.15
Ge HIGe a + 4H+ +4e Ge + 3HI0 -0.13
GeOI~ + 2H+ +2e Ge ~ (brown>+ HIO -0.12
HGeO. + 2H.0 +4e Ge++ 50H- -1.0
2H+ +2e Hlf ±O.OOOO
2H+(10-1M) +2e H. -0.414
H rAto +2e 2H- -2.25
- +2e Hlt+ 20H- -0.828
Hbb. + 2H+ +2e 2HhO +1.77
H i + HIO +2e 30 - +0.88
nro» + 2H+ +4e Hft + H 0 -1.70
Hf HfOIl& + 4H+ +4e Hf + 2ilho -1.57
HfO( H).~ + +4e Hf + 40 - -2.50
+H.O
2H,2+ +2e Hg'+ I +0.907
Hg + +2e Hgt +0.850
Hgi+ +2e Hg +0.792
HgsBrll1 +2e 2Hg+ + 2Br- +0.1392
Hg(CN).- +2e Hgt + 4CN- -0.37
Hgl~CH8COO)1I t +2e 2Hgi + 2CHtOO- +0.510
Hgi 10'. +2e 2Hg + C 0 - +0.415
Hg Hg1CI ~ +2e 2Hg + 2~1- +0.2680
HgII1& +2e 2Hg + 21- -0.040
Hgl(l 8)1. +2e 2Hg +.2IOi +0.394
HgO t (red) + HIO +2e Hgt + 20H- +0.098
HgS t (black) +2e Hg + st- -0.67
HgS (red) +2e Hg + st- -0.70
HgISO,t +2e Hg + 80:- +0.614
II t +2e 21- r= +0.536
I. +2e 2i- .~ +0.621
1- +2e 31- +0.545
2iBr +.2e lit + 2Br- +1.02
2IBri +2e II + 4Br- +0.87
I ICN +2e 1- +CN- +0.30
2ICN + 2H+ +2e I. +2HCN +0.63
21Cl +2e II + 2Cl- +1.19
2ICli +2e I. + 4Cl +1.06
2I~1 +6e I. + 6CI- +1.28
2HI6 + 2H-I: +2e I, + 2H.0 +1.45
210- + HIO +2e II +40H- +0.45 20-1845

306

Table 40 (continuec1)

Symbol Highest degree Lowest degree of
of ele- +ne EO, V
ment of oxidation oxidation
HIO + H+ +2e 1-+ H ° +0.99
10- + HIO +2e 1- + 2~H- +0.49
10i + 5H+ +4e HIO + 2HaO +1.14
10i + 2H,0 +4e 10- + 40H- +0.14
2103 + 12H+ +10e lat + 6H2O +1.19
I 210i" + 6HzO + fOe Is + 120H- +0.21
lOa + 6H+ +6e 1- + 3HI0 +1.08
10i + 3HI0 +6e 1- + 60H- +0.26
HIIIO, + H+ +2e 108"+ 3RIIO -+1.6
HalOe - +2.e lOa + 30 - -+0.7
HIIIO, + 7H+ +8e 1- + 6HzO -+1.24
HsIOe- + 3HIO +8e 1- + 90H- --+0.37
,
Ins+ +3e Int -0.33
In In3+ +Ze In+ -0.40
In(OH)s t +3e In ] + 30H- -1.0
Irs+ +3e Irt -+1.15
r-cu- +3e Ir + 6Cl- +0.77
IrCll- +e IrClf- +1.02
Ir IrCll- +4e Irt+6Cl- +0.83
Ir02t + 4H+ +4e Ir -I'- 2HhO +0.93
IrOI + 2H1O +4e Ir + 40 - '+0.1
Ir20a t + 3HIO +6e 21rt + 60H- +0.1'
K I K+ I +e I Kt " -2.925
La Las+ +3e La! -2.52
La(OH)at +3e La + 30H- -2.90
Li I r.r- I +e I Lit I -3.03
Mg I Mg'· +2e Mgt -2.37
Mg(OH)lt +2e Mg + 20H- -2.69
-tV Mn3+ +e Mn2+ +1.51
1t1 Mn2.+ +2e Mnt -1.19
Mn(CN)t- ' +e MHlN)I- . -0.244
Mn II MnCOat +2e Mn +C~ -1.48
Mn(OH)·t +2e MIj +~ -1.18
~ Mn(OH)a +e Mn~OH .TOR- . +0.1
/ Mn02 + 4H+ +2e Mn + + 2 .0 +1.23 307

Table 40 (continued)

Symbol Highest degree Lowest degree of I
of ele- +ne EO, V
ment or oxIdation oxidation
.\. Mn02- + 4H+ +2e MnO,! + 2H2O +2.26
MnOi- + 2H,O- +2e MnO. + 40H- +0.6
Mn1 MnOi +e MnO,- +0.56
MnOii+ 4H+ +3e MnO:a+ 2H6° +1.69
) MnOi+ 2H:aO • +3e Mn02~ + 4 H- +0.60
MnOi+ BH+ +5e Mn2+ + 4HjlO +1.51
i.I
M03+ +3e Mo~ -,-0.2
, Mo(CN)I- +e Mo~CN)~- +0.73
Mo ~,~gl+±~~~,~···· +2e MD: + :t- 2HjlO --0.0
-+e ~MoOtl +0.48
H2MoU,+oH+ +6e M~1+ 4HaO 0.0
MoOJ- + 4HIO +6e Mo + BOH- -1.05
HN'a + 11H+ +Be 3NHt +0.69
Ni + 7HaO +6e N:aH, + NHs + 70H:- -0.62
3N't+ 2H+ +2e' 2HNs -3.1
3NI +2e 2Ni -3.4
N.t+ 2HaO + +2e (2NH.OH)H+ -1.87
+ 4H+
Na +4H1O +2e 2NHsOH + 20H- -3.04
Ns + 5H+ +4e (N1H,)H'" -0.23
NlI + 4H,O +4e N:aH,+ 40H- F_t.l6-
Ns + BH+ +6e 2NHt +0.26
N, + 8H:aO +6e 2NH,OH + 60H- -0.74
(N tr,)H+ ,_ 3H+ +2e 2NHt +1.27
Nr: ,+ 4H2O +2e 2NH,QH + 20H- +0.1
( HJOH)H+ + +2e NHt + HIO +1.35
N + 2H+
NH20H + 2HlIO +2e NH,OH + 20H- +0.42
HINsOs.+ 2H+ +2e N'tJi + 2HsO +2.65
HsN20s+ 6H+ +4e (2 H OH)H+ +0.50
2HNOa+ 4H+ +4e HJN l)a + 2H1O +0.83
HN02+ H+ +e NOt+ H 0 +0.99
NOi + H.O +e NO + 2~H- -0.46
2HNO.+ 4H+ +4e NsO t + 3HaO +1.29
2HNOa + 6H+ +6e N·r+4H2O +1.44
2NO;+ 4HaO +6e N:a + 80H- +0.41
HNOs + 7H+ +6e NHt+ 2HIO +0.86
NOi+ BHIO +6e NH,OH+ 70H- -0.15
NsOt+2H+ +2e N'f+ H,O +1.77
NaO +H:aO +2e Ns + 20H- +0.94
2NO~+4H+ +4e Ns + 2HsO +1.68
2NO + 2HlIO +4e N2 + 40H- +0.85 20·

308

Table 4() (continued)

Symbol Highest degree Lowest de~ret' of
or ele- +ne EO, V
ment of oxidation oxidat on
N'01+ 2H+ +2eI2HNOs +1.07
N.O, +2e 2NOi +0.88
NsO, + 8H+ +8e I Nfl t + 4Hf? +1.35
N20, + 4H.0 +8e NI + 80 - +0.53
NO. 3H+ +2e HNOa + H2O +0.94
NO. + HIO ~~ +2e NO. + 20H- +0.01
NOi+ 2H+ +e NOB f + HdO +0.80
N NO. + HIO +e NO. + 2 H- -0.86
NO. + 4H+ +3e N0f+2H20 +0.96
NO-+ 2H ° +3e NO + 40H- -0.14
2N~i+ dH+ +10e N2~ + 6HI0 +1.24
NO'-+ 8H+ +68 (N 20H)H+ + 2HsO +0.73
2N3i + 17H+ +14e (NIIH,)H+ + 6HI0 +0.84
NO. + 10H+ +8e N t+ 3H ° +0.87
NOi + 7H.0 +8e NH,OH + ~OH- -0.12
.
Na I Na+ I +e I Nat I ~2.713
Nb3+ +3e Nbt -1.1
NbbOd + 10H+ +10e Nb + 5H2O -0.65
Nb s++ 2H+ +2e Nb8+ + HIO -0.34
Nb NbO(80,);- + +28 NbS",: + HIIO + -0.1
+ 2-H+ + 2801- .
NbO~80')2" + +5e Nb t + H.O + 2801- -0.63
+ H+
Ni2+ +2e Nq -0.23
Ni(CN)I- +e Ni(CN)~- + CN- <-0.4
NiCOat +2e Nit + CO:- -0.45
Ni(OH») t +2e Ni + 20H- -0.72
Ni Ni(NHa 1+ +2e Ni + 6NH -0.49
NiOI! + 4H+ +2e Ni2+ + 2H2& +1.68
NiOI + 2HI0 +2e Ni~OH)lh+ 20H- +0.49
NiO,- + 8H+ +48 Ni ++4 .0 >+1.8
NiS at +28 Ni + 82- +0.76
NiS Yt +2e Nit + SI- -0.99
02t+ 4H+ +4e 2H10 +1.229
O2 t + 4H+(1O-7M) +4e 2H2O +0.815
0'1+ 2H,O .+4e 40H- +0.401
0 O2 + 2H+ +2e HsOI +0.682
01 + HIO +2e H02" + OH- -0.076
HI 1+ 2H+ +2e 2H2O +1.77 _
HOi + H2O ·-i +2e 30H- +0.88
08++ 2H+ +2e 01 t+ H2O +2.07
o, + H.O +2e 01 + 20H- +1.24 309

Table 40 (continued)

Symbol Hl,hest defree Lowest de~ree ot
ot ere- o oxidat on +ne oxidat on EO, V
ment
OS2+ +2e OSt 0 +0.85
,
OsC1I- +e oscu- +0.85
OsC11- +3e OSt + 6Cl- +0.71
Os OsClt- . +e 082+ + 6Cl- +0.4
080"t + 6C1- + +4e oscu- + 4HI0 +1.0
+ 8H+
080,,+ + 8H+ +8e ost + 4HI0 +0.85
HOsOi + 4HI0 +8e Os + 90H- +0.02
Pt + 3H+ +3e PRat +0.06
P + 3H.0 +3e PHa + 30H- -0.89
RaPOI + H+ +e Pi + 2HfIO -0.51
H,POi +e P + 20 - -2.05
H3PO, + 3H+ +3e P + 3R.0 -0.50
H POa+ 2H+ +2e HaPO• + Hl>0 -0.50
P H~OI- + 2H10 +2e H POi + 3 H- -1.57
H"PbO. + 2H+ +2e 2ilaPo +0.38
HaP .. + 5H+ +5e Pt + !H.O -0.41
HaPO + 4H+ +4e HaPOd + 2H10 -0.39
2H8P~, + 2H+ +2e H,P li I + 2H2O -0.94
H&O, + 2H+ +2e HaP 3+ HbO -0.276
P 1- + 2H2O +2e HPOJ- + 3 H- -1.12
Pbl+ +2e Pb. -0.126
Pb'+ +2e Pb2+ +1.8
Pb++ +4e Pb +0.84
PbBrl t. +2e Ph + 2Br- -0.274
PbCOat +2e Pb + CO:- -0.506
PbC11 t +2e Pb + 2Cl- -0.266
PbF1t +2e Ph +2F- -0.350
PbI t +2e Pb + 21- -0.364
PbcfiS+ H 0 +2e· Pb + 20H- -0.58
Pb HPb i + litO +2e Pb + 30H- -0.54
PbO.t+ H.O +2e PbOt+ 20R- +0.28
PhO + 4H+ +2e Pb2++ 2R 0 +1.455
PbO: + 4H++ ·+2e. PhSO,+ + !lH10 +1.68
+ SOI- PhOI- + 20H-
PbOr+ H.O +2e +0.2
PbS +2e Pht+ 81- -0,91
PhS ,,+ +2e Ph + SOI- -0.356
Pd2+ +2e PdJ +0.987
Pd r-acu- +2e Pd +4C1- +0.623
PdCl!- +2e Pd 11- + 2C1- +1.29
r-acn- +4e Pdt + 6Cl- +0.96
Pd(OH)2 t +2e Pd + 20H- +0.07 310

Table 40 (continued)

Symbol Highest degree Lowest degree of
of ele- +ne EO, V
ment of oxidation oxidation
Pd I Pd(OH)4t I +2e I Pd(OH)2 t + 20H- I --+0.73
Pt2+ +2e Ptt .--+1.2
PtC12- +2e 'Pt + 4Cl- +0.73
Pt PtCl!- +2e PtCll- + 2Cl- +0.720
Pt(OH)2t +2e Ptt + 20H- +0.15
Pt(OH)2 + 2H+ +2e Pt + 2H2O +0.98
Pu3+ +3e PUt -2.03
Pu4+ +e Pu3+ +0.970
Pu PuOi+ +e PuOt +0.916 .
PuO;+ + 4H+ +2e Pu4+ + 2H2O +1.04
Pu(OH·)a t +3e PUt+ aOH- -2.42
Pu(OR), +e PU{OH)3t + OH- -0.95
Ra I Ra2+ I +2.e I Rat I -2.92
Rb I as- I +e I Rbt I -2.93
Ret +e Re- -0.4,
Re+ +2e Re- -0.23
Res+ +3e Ret . -:--+0.3
ReOli + 4H+ +4e Re + 2H2O +0.26
Re ReOa +.2H+ +2e ReO:.at + H:lO +0.4,
ReO, + 8H+ +7e Re~ + 4H2O +0.37
ReO, + 4H+ +3e Re :.at + 2H2O +0.51
ReO, + 2H+ +e n-o, + 2HiO +0.77
ReO, + 4H2O +7e ReiS + BOH- -0.584
ReO, + 2H2O +3e Re '2t + 40H- .....,.0.595
Rh3+ +3e Rhi .-.+0.8
RhClt- +3e Rh + 6Cl- +0.44
Rh Rh20st + 6H+ +6e 2Rht + 3H2O +0.87
RhOa + 4H+ + +e nucu- + 2H2O >+1.4
+ 6Cl-
Rh02+ +2H+ +e Rhs+ + H2O +t.40
Rh01- + 6H+ +2e Rh02+ + 3H2O +1.46
Rull;' +2e Rut +0.45
acci, +3e Ru + 3Cl- +0.68
Ru RllClr; +2e Hu2+ + 5Cl- ,-0.3
RuC150H2--l- I1+ +e RuC12-+H2O +1.3
RuO, . +e Ruof- +0.59
Hu04t +e RuO, +1.00 311

Table 40 (continued)

Symbol Highest degree I Lowest degree ot
of ele- +~ EO, V
ment or oxidation oxidation
~t + 2R+ +2e 82- -0.48
+2e HI-8 t +()..14
5St +2e 8i~ -0.34
S (SeN), t +2e_ 2SCN- +0.77
84°1- +2e 28aOl\ -~~g~09-"\
8aOl ... +6H+ +4e 28 t+ 3RaO .5--- It"
2HO~Oa + 2H+ +4e S201- + 3HI0 +0.40
2S 1- + 3H2O +4e 8 01- + 60H- -0.58
. 2H280a + '-II + +2e Ils,oi + 2HaO -0.08
t2S0i~4-+ 2HaO +2e SaOI- + 40H- -1.12
SO;~-- .4H+ +2e ~Oa+ H2O +0.17
80,:- + Ht.0 +2e I J~+ 20H- -0.93
2801- + 1 H+ +8e 's os::" + 5H ° +0:29
2S0,- + 5H2O +8e 8'01- + 10~H- -0.76
SOI- + 8H+ +6e 8't -+ 4H 0 +0.36
SO _- + 4HaO +6e 8 + 80fi- -0.75
so -+ 10H+ +8e HIS + 4HsO +0.31
sol- + 4H.0 +8e 8 -+ 80H- -0.68
S 02- +2e 2801- +2.0
2 II
8bt + 3H+ +3e ssn, -0.51
Sb - + + 2H+ --=-t3e ss, + HIO +0.212
SbaOat + 6H+ +6e 28bt + 3HaO +0.152
Sb SbO. + 2H~ +3e ss ; + 40H- -0.675
Sb,O,t + 4 + +2e 28bO+ + 2H.0 +0.68
Sba06 + 4H+ +4e Sb~Oa t + 2HaO +0.69
Sb206 + 611+ +4e 28 O++3~0 +0.58
SbOi + HIO +2e 8bO, + 20 - -0.43
Se [ Ses+ I +3e I 8e t I -2.08
set + 2H+ +2e HaSe t -0.40
8e Ha eOa + 4H+ +4e set + 3HIO +0.74
8eOI- + 3HIO +4e Se + 60H- -0.366
SeOi- + 4H+- -j-2e H2Se03 + H2O +1.15
. 8eO,- + H2O +2e SeOI- + 20H- +0.05
Sit +- 4H+ +4e SiH't - +0.10
Si + 4H2O +4e SiH, -+ 40H- -0.73
8i 8iFt- +4e Sit + 6F- -1.2
SiOab + 4H+ +4e- Si + 2HliO -0.86
HaSi s(bydroU8)+ +4e st + 3HIO -0.79
+4H+
SiOJ- + 3HIO +4e Sit + 60H- -1.7 312

Table 40 (continued)

sYmbol1 Highest degree Lowest degree 0 t
ot ere- ot oxidation +m oxidation EO, V
ment
Snll+ +2e Sn ] -0.140
Sn4+ +2e Sn'+ +0.15
Sn Sn4+ +4e snt +0.01
HSnOi" + HIlO +2e Sn + 30H- -0.91
Sn(OH),- +2e HSnOi + 30H- + -0.93
+H,O
Sr I Sr2+ I +2e I Sr. I -2.89
Ta I TaaO," + 10H+ I + 10el 2Ta. + 5HaO I -0.81
Tel + 2H+ +2e HaTet -0.72
Te +2e Te2- -1.14
Te :I. + 4H+ +4e Te! + 2H.O , +0.53
Te TeOIH+ + 3H+ +4e Te + 2Hl? +0.56
TeO - + 3H 0 +4e Te + 60 - -0.57
HeTeOe. + ~H+ +2e i:ol:! t igAC: +1.02
TeO:- + HaO +2e >+0.4
Th Th4- I Hel Th! -1.90
Th(OH),. +4e Th + 40H- -2.48
Til+ +2e Tit -1.63
TiO,. + 4H+ +4e Ti + 2HsO -0.86
Ti TiO + + 2H+ +4e Ti + HaO ,...,,-0.88
Ti02+ + 2H+ +e Ti8+ + HIO ...... +0.1
Ti3+ +e Til+ -0.37
TiFI-· +4e Tit + 6F- -1.19
c
Tl+ +e Til -0.336
T1Brt +e TI + Br- -0.656
Tl TICIJ +e TI + CI- -0.557
TIO +e TI + OH- -0.344
T18+ +2e Tl+ +1.28
TI,Oa• + 3HaO +4e 2Tl+ + 60H- +0.02
U3+ +3e U+ -1.8
U4+ +e U3+ -0.64
VbOH)at +3e Vi+ 30H- -2.17
U U r+ 2H.O +4e V + 40H- -2.39
VO + 4H+ +e U4+ + 2H.O +0.55
VO t +2e UO •• +0.45
VO :f- + 4H+ +2e U4++ 2HaO .+0.33 313

Table 40 (continued)

Symbol Highest degree Lowes t de~ree ot
ot ele- ot oxidation , +1Ie oxidat on EO, V
ment
V2+ +2, Vt -1.18
V3+ '+e V2+ -0.255
V02+ + 2lJt +e Vs~+ + H2O J:8:.g~~~
V vot+' .... , .. +e vo-
vat + 2H+ +e vo» + H2O +0.9994
vor + 4H+ +2e v» + 2H2O +0.668
VOt + 4H+ +3e V2++ 2H2O +0.360
VOt + 4H+ +5e V <5 + 2H2O -0.25
. VOf- + 6H+ +2e V ++ BHIO +1.26
HIVO, + 4H+ +e V02+ + 3H1O +1.31
WOI~ + 4H+ +4e W++ 2H2O -0.12
W(CN11- +e W(CN)I- +0.457
Wb06 + 2H+ +2e 2W0-f-++ H2O -0.04
,W w t+ 6H+ +6e W+ 3H 0 -0.09
2W&a+ + 2H+ +2e WtOat + \IIO -0.03
WOI- + 8H+ +6e Wi + 4H2O +0.05
wat- + 4HaO +6e W + 80H- -1.05
y I ys+ 1 +3e l Y t I -2.37
Zn2+ +2e znl -0.7628
Z~(CN)I- , +2e Zn + 4CN- -1.26
Zn Zn(NHs)l+ +2e Zn + 4NHs -1.04
ZDbOR) + +2e znt + 20H- -1.245 •
Zn 1- +- 2H2O +2e Zn +40H- -1.216
ZnS t (wurtzite) +2e Zri + 82-:- -1.40
Zr02+ + 2H+ +4e zrt + H.O -1.57
Zr ZrOtb + 4H+ +4e Zr + 2H2O -1.43
HiZr at + HaO +4e Zr + 40H- -2.36