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C H A P T E R

Flow in Open
15 Channels

SIGIFICAT LEARIG OUTCOMES

Conceptual Knowledge
· Describe differences between uniform flow, gradually varied flow, and rapidly varied
flow.
· Describe critical depth, specific energy, supercritical flow, and subcritical flow.
· Describe what causes head loss in open-channel flow.
· Describe the factors used to classify surface profiles in gradually varied flow.
· Explain the conditions leading to a hydraulic jump.

Procedural Knowledge
· Apply Darcy-Weisbach and Manning's equations to uniform flow.
· Find the best hydraulic section.
· Calculate the depth, velocity, and head loss in a hydraulic jump.
· Apply the Froude number to classify flow as critical, subcritical, or supercritical.

Typical Applications
· For a pipe that is half full, calculate the water depth and head loss.
· For a concrete channel, calculate the dimensions necessary to carry a desired flow rate.
· To dissipate energy in water exiting a hydroelectric dam, design a stilling basin with
hydraulic jump.

An open channel is one in which a liquid flows with a free surface. A free surface means that the
liquid surface is exposed to the atmosphere. Examples of open channels are natural creeks and rivers,
artificial channels such as irrigation ditches and canals, and pipelines or sewers flowing less than full.
In most cases, water or waste-water is the flowing liquid.

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