TeeJay Publisher's Advanced Higher PUPIL Revision Notes A resume of what you should know for the examAdvanced Higher ©TeeJay Publishers Mathematics 1 Mathematics 1 Unit 1 Binomial Theorem / Partial Fractions A Know how to find the numbers in Pascals Triangle. 8. Know how to expand (x+ y)" using Pascal's Triangle. ¢. Know the meaning of factorial n (n factorial) = n! = n(n- A(n-2)..3.2.1 D. Know the Binomial coefficient ( "Cp = —"_ eg (0) 1 eg. q ri(n-r)! 7 3x2xt a Sn) o- E. Know the Binomial Theorem => (x+y)"= >! ye ry. =) F. Know also (")-(-2,)-(29 and 3{")-2. G. Understand how to expand (x +y+2)" = (x+(y+2))"= S{}-o +2). r H. Know the General Term in (x+y)" is Thy (they (useful to find single terms). r I. Partial Fractions (2) —%*! __4 - + ete. (+ 3)x-2) (#3) (x-2) xed A Bese te, (4 3)(x? 2 +3) (X43) (x? = 2x + 3) xt A Be (x +3) 2)? (+3) (x= 2) (x -2)% ete, “Note - Remember to divide if the degree of numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator. page 1Advanced Higher ©TeeJay Publishers Revision Points OEE Mathematics 1 Unit 2 Differentiation 1 A Know how to differentiate simple functions from First Principles. F(x) = Lim EX +A) = Fd 40 h Know that £’(a) is simply the gradient of the tangent to curve f(x) at x= a. 8. New Trig Functions :- (@ seexs + (ii) coseex= (iii) cotx = . cosx sinx tanx C. Standard Derivatives sin(ax+ 6) acos(ax + b) cos(ax+ 6) ~asin(ax + b) tan(ax + b) asec?(ax + b) secx secx tanx cosecx ~cosecx cotanx cotx ~cosec?x elox+b) aelox+b) In(ax + b) s (ax +b) D. Three Main Rules for differentiation: Chain Rule Zetoon= gro xP) ic Product Rule (Fongts)= Fong +a00r'ta Quotient Rule {9 BOF (x) ~ Fog'(x) axl glx) ay? page 2Advanced Higher ©TeeTay Publi Points E. Know how to find 2nd and Higher derivatives ay dy Syd diddy y dx® dx\ dx dx? dx\ dx\ dx\ dx \"" or F(x), Fx), F(x) ete. F. Know how to apply Second Derivative test to decide on nature of turning points. if x= ais a stationary value, then:- if F°@>0 => (aminimum TP.) and if F’(a) (maximum TP.) G. Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration and derivatives. If x(#) if a (distance) function of time, then X(t) gives the speed (velocity) and x'(t) gives the acceleration of the object. H. — Optimisation :- Tf you are asked to find the largest, smallest, greatest, least, best, cheapest etc, => find the derivative, set it equal to zero and solve for the variable, This should enable you to optimise the solution. page 3Advanced Higher @TeeJay Publishers Revision Points ——— Mathematics 1 Unit 3 Integration 1 A. Standard Integrals Ax) Jflxydx et (ax+b)" Leax+by a (n+t) sin(ax + b) ~ cos(ax +b) +c a cos(ax + b) 1 sinfax +b) +¢ a sec?(ax + b) 1 gan(ax +b) + ¢ a cosec?(ax + b) - 1 cotlax +b)te a tanx In(leosxl) + al lina +6) +6 ax+b a 8. Integration by Substitution:- Type 1 Joos xsin? xdx let u=sinx => du=cosxdx etc Type 2 Xa let x= 3sin@ => dx=3cos6d0 ete. oo Special Type Tae = Inlfl+e x C— Areaunder curve f° F(x)dx = area under f(x) from a to b. Area between curves [” (F(x)— g(x))dx = area between f(x) and g(x) from ato 6. Area between curve and y-axis [”” F(y)dy = [”~* xdy = area between f(x) and y-axis, yaa 1) yma mn Volume of Solid of Revolution about a-axis V= x{*(F(x)) dx. page 4Advanced Higher Mathematics 1 ©TeeJay Publishers Revision Points Functions and Related Graphs A Rational Function is one of the form f(x) = Unit 4 A 8. Asymptotes c. To sketch f(x) = (@) vertical ©) horizontal (© oblique xe-1 (x+1(x-2) ei a where P(x) & Q(x) are polynomials if Q(x) = 0 has a solution x = a, then x= aisaV.A. Check what happens as x—> a* and x—> a~ if degree of P(x) < degree of G(x), then the y-axis is horizontal asymptote. (H.A) Check what happens as x—» te and x —> -20, if degree of P(x) = degree of Q(x), then there is a horizontal asymptote (y= k) Divide each term by the highest power of x and check what happens as x—> +00 and x —> -20, if degree of A(x) is exactly 1 more than the degree Q(x), then there is an oblique (sloping) asymptote and it is found by dividing P(x) by Q(x). Then check what happens as x—> +0 and x —» =o find where it cuts y-axis (set x= 0) => (0,4) find where it cuts x-axis (set y= 0 & solve) => (1,0) find the stationary points (set f’(x)=0 and solve) => (?,..) and (2...) find the vertical asymptotes (x= -1 and x= 2) (check x—> -1* and 2*) find any horizontal asymptote (as deg (P(x) > deg Gx) —> no H.A) find any sloping asymptote y= x+ 1 and study what happens as x —> #0 then sketch f(x) using all the above information page 5Advanced Higher ©TeeJay Publishers Revision Points —<—<—$$< rrr D. Be able to sketch graphs “related” to f(x) if you know what f(x) looks like. (d= kAX) multiplies height of f(x) by kat each point. (i) gd = fk) reduces distance from y-axis to graph by 1/4 for each point on f(x). <> (ili) x)= fx+k) moves graph horizontally by k units (left if k> 0). (iv) x)= f(x)+k moves graph up (if k> 0) or down (if k« 0). W) AX) = -f(x) reflects f(x) over x-axis. (i) x)= F(x) reflects f(x) over the line y= x. (vii) x)= 1A) reflects the bits of f(x) lying below the x-axis over the x-axis, (viii) 9) = F(X) __ see 5th year method. Stationary points of f(x) become zeros of F(x)and slope of f(x) determines positive or negative nature of FX). Even and Odd Functions @ _ A function f(x) is EVEN if f(a) = f(-a) for every value a where f(x) is defined (symmetric when reflected over the y axis) (©) A function f(x) is ODD if f(a) = -F(-a) for every value a where f(x) is defined, (symmetric when rotated 180° around the origin) Mathematics 1 Unit 5 Matrices 1 A. Know the terms “order” (eg. 3 by 4) of a matrix and “element” of a matrix, ae 135 B. Know what the transpose of matrix Ais ATor A’. if A=|3 4| = A’= ( } Bl 6 246 C. — Solve 3 x 3 systems of equations by Gaussian elimination. D. Know what is meant by a system of equations being ill-conditioned. i.e, a small change in one of the coefficients => a large change in the solutions, page 6Advanced Higher @TeeJay Publishers: Mathematics 2 Mathematics 2 Unit 1 Further Differentiation A More Standard Derivatives Be able to use Implicit Differentiation. derivative of x2 - 3xy+y2= is dy dy 2x-3x% ay +2y¥9 * axe Gy > (2y-3x) Maayan 2» WY. 3¥- 2x gg dx dx @y-3x) 2, Be able to find second derivative, st from * or ** above. x’ By change of variable, be able to solve differential equation problems. €9. Volume of a balloon is increasing by 160 cm? per second. (2 = 160) 9. ing by = Find rate of change of radius when r= 5 cm, > Find 2 2/2) but since Ve Sard 2» Yo anet a lav" at 3 dr > Hence, 21 x 160 2 40 2 40 - O51 em/see dt 4nr* me ex5x5 cont'd page 7Advanced Higher ©TeeJay Pul E. Be able to apply Logarithmic Differentiation. Very useful, particularly when x or a function of x appears as a power, eg. Differentiate y= (sinx)* = Iny = In(sinx)* = xn(sinx) AM = eS°8% sinfsinx) x >» &, Ge MXCOtN + Im(sinx)) = (sinx)" (x cot x +In(sinx)). ix F. Be able to apply Parametric Differentiation. Used when x and y are defined independently in terms of a 3rd variable (eg. 1) eg. Ifx=212+3 and y= 83, find Y. ax » Hig Yiae, a WY HS =: St. dt "dt dx dt dt 4 G. Be able to find the second derivative of a set of parametric equations, dy 2 Note that 2% = 9) but since Y is a function of t (not x), we proceed :- dx? dx\ ax dx 2, a FY. d(W) (at) d(3,) de 2 3.4, 3 dx* — dt\ dx} (dx dt4 dt 4 tor H. Know that the speed of a function, given in terms of a parameter tis := 2 2 = ax! fey dt => If x= x(t) and y= y(t), => speed = |v|= { page 8Advanced Higher Revision Points Mathematics 2 Unit 2 A More Standard Integrals. fx) Jflddx i x2 ~x42 (x- 1x? +1) Further Integration sinlx+¢ tanlx+ ¢ sint|*} 4 ¢ @ x = fide - fotidw = Ing t)-tantxee xo1 xed Be able to use Integration by Parts @) ) (©) For example use it to find f2xe*dx Tt sometimes has to be applied more than once. e.g, I(? ~tle"dx Tt sometimes has to be used with a “dummy" variable eg. [inxdx = Jtinxdx (let u= Inx and let “ Sometimes Integration by Parts "loops" back to the eg. fe*sinxdx loops round after two cycles to give :- Jetsinxax = e*sinx ~e* cosx - fetsin xdx > 2fe*sinxdx = e*sinx-e*cosx => fe*sinxdx = Fle sine ~e*c0sx) page 9Advanced Higher OTeeTay Pul DB. Revi Points Be able to solve First Order Differential Equations which are Variable Separable, If & can be expressed as a product of a function of xand a function of y, ‘= rm dy » Le Koay) ax > 5 mat = [ fxd and simply integrate both sides, 9) Also you should be able to find a Particular Solution given a set of values for x and y. Be able to solve more complicated Problems by introducing Differential Equations which are Variable Separable. eg, The rate at which the number of people in a town (population N) catch a virus is proportional to the number who presently have the virus and the number who have not yet caught it. This is modelled by :- dx & _ kx(N- dt xN-*) pgp 3 [oe =kdt dx = | ktdt se partial fractions) x(N-x) X(N x) ! (ose partial fr > page 10Advanced Higher @TeeJay Publishers Revision Points ee Mathematics 2 Unit 3 Complex Numbers A. Know that V1 > i, it =, etc, 8. A Complex Number is of the form z= x+ iy (and its conjugate Z = x —iy). C. Given m1 =a+ib and z=c+id beable tofind (i) 2+z2 and (ii) 2-2 D. Beable to find 2x ze = (a+ ib)(c+ id) = (ac - bd) + (ad + be). E. Be able to divide using the “complex conjugate” =» 21 = (a+ib) 2 (c+id) F. Be able to represent z = a+ ib inan Argand Diagram. Ima 6. Be able to change z = x+ iy to Polar F I => z= x+iy = r(cos+ising) where H. Know the terms Modz=|z| =r, and = argument z = arg z= 6, I. Be able to use De Moivre's Theoremas in z= r(cos@+isiné) => z"=r"(cosn@+isinné) for all n (whole numbers) (know that De Moivre's Theorem also works for negative and fractional values of n), J. Fundamental Theorem of Algebra :- Every Polynomial equation of degree n has exactly nroots, some of them may be real, some repeated or some complex. (know also if z is a root of a Polynomial equation, then Z is also a root). K. Be able to check if z= 2 + 3/is a root of a polynomial equation by checking the factors (z- (2 + 3/))(z- (2-39) = ((z-2)- 3N((z-2)+3) = 22-47+13 and dividing the polynomial by z2 - 4z+ 13 to see if you get a zero remainder, L. Be able to find (simple) roots of complex numbers eg. given z= 412 +4y2 i. 2 B(cosE+isin®) =» 2% = 8% (cost x-£) + isin( x %) = &cosE+isinZ) ete. M, Recognise the Geometrical Interpretation of equations and inequalities. eg. |zl=4 is represented by the circum of a circle as shown. page ItAdvanced Higher ©TeeJay Publishers Revision Points ——$F Mathematics 2 Unit 4 Sequences and Series A. Recognise Arithmetic Sequences a, (ad), (a+ 2d), (a+ 3d), .... (a+ (n= 1d), General term (nth term) => un=(a+(n- 1)d). 8, Be able to find the sum of n terms of an Arithmetic Series :- > Sn=a, (at d)+ (a+ 2d)+(a+3d)+ ..... #(at(n- 1d) = F(a +(n-De). C. Recognise Geometric Sequence a, ar, ar®, ar’, ..... art“), > General term (nth term) => up,= ar("-!), D. Be able to find the sum of n terms of an Geometric Series :- => Sy=atar+ ar + ar +, E. F. Be able to use Simultaneous Equation Solving techniques to solve problems like :- For an Arithmetic Sequence, the 3rd term is 8 and the 7th term is 32. > 3rd term = a+2d =8 > 7th term = a+ 6d=32 etc. G. Be able to expand :- x = lertreers.... —r = ler a x-y ken H. Beable touse the 5’ (sigma)notation => J" k(k +1)=(1x2)+(2x3)+...+(n(n +1). kt ken oy I. Know (i) k= ninet) i) $2 =A n(n seen et) ii) Sia = ent? kat 2 kt 6 m4 page 12Advanced her ©TeeJay Publishers Mathematics 2 Unit 5 Mathematical Proof A. Know the implication signs * =>" and 8. Know about the Converse “If p=>qisastatement, => pis the converse", C, Know that the Statement and / or the Converse may or may not be true. D. If p=q and g=>p then p> q, (they are equivalent.) E. know how to prove some statements directly. e.g, Proof of Pythagoras' Theorem, F. Know how to use Proof by Contradiction, by step1 assume the opposite to the statement (the negative) is true, step 2 show that using this assumption, something goes *wrong". step 3 hence this means the original statement must have been true, &. Know the principle of Mathematical Induction as a means of proof. eg. Prove that Sr =faln +1) V ne Natural Numbers ral step 1 Prove it's true for n= 1 (show L.H.S. = R.H.S.) step2 Assume it's true for a particular value n= k and use this to prove it's also true for the next number, n= k+1, rake gk +k +2) (somehow !) this shows it is true Vn by Induction, page 13Advanced Higher ©TeeJay Publishers Revision Points ee _—. Mathematics 3 Mathematics 3 Unit 1 Vectors A. Know all $5 Vector work, including :~ a (x (@) Position Vector = |y | where Plxy.2). z (©) Basic Laws of Vectors add, subi" know to add (subtract) components mult by scalar ky = same dir" as u (but x k) commutative p+g=qep associative p+Qgtn=(ptger 0 zero vector 0 0 x magnitude u=ly] => luls yxt+y? +2? Zz unit vector one whose magnitude |u| = 1 j,k vectors unit vectors parallel to axes. (©). Section Formula Given that point P divides AB in the . . ratio min, then A position vector p is @_ Scalar Product 's it = yb, + dpb, +4363 = [all blcose @ use it to calculate angles between vectors. 2% > = 2B, ayby +agb, ash; lallol lallel >" know that @.6=0 <> ais perpendicular to b page 14Advanced Higher ©TeeJay Publishers Revision Points ———— 8. Be able to calculate the vector product (or cross product) a b Given a = | a, | and 6 = | by |, then:- ay bs ils a), fa ae iP Sax t bl be C. Know that a x b produces a vector perpendicular to the plane containing a and b, Know also that |ax b| = |alx{b| x sing, which is the area of the parallelogram formed from aandb. / qa D. Know that if = ais parallel to b = b= ka. Know also that ax b= (bx a) axb| 6 Know also that (a, b, (ax )) forms a “right handed system" e Know that Know also that E. ti ine :- (i) Vector Form :- cra+td. (ii) Parametric Form y = b+tm Zzct+tn (iii) Symmetric Form (Cartesian) 7 yob_z-e mon (iv) Know that to find a line you need to know 2 things :- a point on the line and the line's direction ratios. (the /, mand n) Gf page 15Advanced Higher @TeeJay Publishers Revision Points $$$ $$? $$ — T, Be able to find the angles between a line and a plane. Step 1 Find the angle ¢ between the line and the normal, Step 2 The angle we want, 6, is simply G -9). J. Beable to find the point of intersection of 2 lines. (i) Lines will not meet if parallel x#2_y 2-3 g. Xa¥t2. =223 are parallel. °9 3 -2 4 3 -2 4 : Tf not parallel they might (or might not) meet :- eg. tocheckit Xt ¥#2 2-5 guy X42 _Y+5 _ 2-3 ag, 3 2 4 2 1 2 x -1 x look at parametric form | y |= ate y 3 +s] z 2 solve the 1st two simultaneous equations 3f-1=2s-2 and ~2t-2=1s-5 and check if the solution satisfies the 3rd 4+ 5 = -25+3 Tf it does the lines meet (sub the value for t (or s) in). If not, they don't meet. K. Be able to find the equation of the line of intersection of two planes If the two planes are parallel (1: = a2) they won't meet. If they are not parallel, find the line as follows :~ < te eg. 2x+3y-2=6 and 3x-y+z=2 LM Step1 1m X nz = @ gives the direction of the line. Step2 set x(or yor z)= 0 (or any number) and line / solve the equations 3y- z= 6 and -y+z=2. = y=4,z=6, x=0 => P(0, 4,6) isa point on the line of intersection, Step3 use the direction aand the point P to find the line. L. To find where three planes meet :- They either meet ataline (see K, above) They do NOT meet at all, They meet at a single point (use Gaussian elimination techniques) page 17Advanced Higher @TeeJay Publishers Revision Points ee Mathematics 3 Unit 2 Matrices A. Be able to apply earlier work on Matrices, (see Maths 1, unit 5) 10 100 B. Know the Identity matrix (for multiplication) I = or JO 1 0 a oot C. Givena2x2 matrix, A=|7 ©] be able to find its inverse 4? = q ed ad-be\-c a D. Know that if deta = | A | = 0, no inverse exists. A is said to be singular. E. Be able to add, subtract and multiply matrices when appropriate. abe F. Find the determinant of a3 x3 matrix A=|d e f ghi web te G Know that (AB)1=B"44 and (AB)" =8TA™ (or (ABY =8'A’) H. Use matrix inverses to solve 2 x 2 systems of equations in 2 variables. T. Given a square matrix A, be able to find values pand q such that A? = pA+gI etc. J. Be able to find the inverse of a 3 x 3 matrix (if invertible) using Gaussian elimination and elementary row operations, K. Know that certain 2 x 2 matrices represent geometric transformations such as reflections, rotations and dilatations (dilations). e.g 1 0 | | reflection over x-axis “1 0) vetlection over y-axis oO -1 o1 (2 °) - reflection through origin ( 3] = reflection over line y= x. (° 3] = 90° rotation clockwise around O (3 :) dilatation, centre O, scale factor 4 page 18Points Advanced Higher OTeeJay Publi Mathematics 3 Unit 3 Further Sequences and Series. A. Know how to find the Maclaurin Power Series Expansion for a given function f(x). #0) = FO) +O. FO) 2 AO. tne (Know that it might converge V x, diverge or converge for a limited range of x.) B. Know, (to save time), €. Iteration - be able to “home in" on the solution of an equation between two values x= aand x= a+ 1, using technique learned in fifth year. D. Be able to solve y= f(x) = 0, by using a rearrangement x = 9(x) and the recurrence relation x,,1 = 9(x,) to "home in” on the solution. (Know that the starting value, a, will converge to the solution iff |g’(a)|< 1) CF |9’(@)| 21, there will be a divergence and the solution at a will not be found). E. Recognise "staircase" and "cobweb" diagrams. page 19Advanced Higher ©TeeJay Publishers Points Mathematics 3 Unit 4 A Further Differential Equations, Be able to solve First Order Linear Differential Equations (F.O.L.D.E.) like dy Y . emy = Q(x) 1 x (x)y = Q(x) by using the integrating factor | p(x) = el The solution of 1 becomes = Ly noagoax u(x) Be able to solve Second Order Differential Equations @) 0) () 2, Homogeneous a 2% + bY «cy =0 by using the “big b* method, ae dx The “Auxiliary Equation" is aD? + 5D += 0 and depends on the type of solutions @) Tf 2 real answers, D = aand B, the solution is y = Ae®™ + Bel (ii) Tf only 1 real answer, D= a, the solutionis y= (Ax +8)e™ (iii) If 2 complex solutions D = a+ iB, solution is y =e™(Acos Bx + Bsin Bx) This is called the "Complementary Function" (the CF.) a Non = Homogeneous a2. 46% « cy = f(x) where f(x) is a polynomial, dx* dx trigonometric or exponential function. Step1 solve the corresponding homogeneous case to obtain the Complementary Function (CF.) Step2 Try to find the Particular Integral (the P.I.) by attempting a solution of the "same type” as f(x). Step3 The General solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation is General Solutio Complementary Function + Particular Integral Know that if the complementary function contains terms which appear in the right side, lx), (eg. y= Ae™ +Be™ and f(x) = 3e*), then try as a possible particular integral y= axe™, instead of y= ae**, page 20Advanced Higher ‘©TeeJay Publishers Mathematics 3 Unit 5 Elementary Number Theory. A. Be able to prove or disprove statements using earlier work. (See Maths 2. unit 5). 8. Be able to apply Proof by Induction using the > notation. C. Know the Division Algorithm :- Given 2 whole numbers, a and b, there exists unique integers q and r, such that ifa> b> a= qb+r qis called the “quotient” and ris called the “remainder”. D. Be able to apply the Euclidian Algorithm to find the g.c.d. of any two integers. eg. to find the g.c.d. of 136 and 221, proceed as follows 221 = 1x 136 + 85 136 = 1x85 + BL 85 = 1x51 + 34 51 = 1x34 + 17 “34 = 2x17 +0 => g.cd(136,221)=17. E. Be able to express the g.c.d. of (a, b) = dasa linear multiple of aand b i.e, be able to find integers xand y, such that xa+ yb = d. by working backwards from *. F. Be able to express any base 10 number in another base and vice-versa, eg. 218,., expressed in base 6 becomes :- 6 218 6| 36 re ete ro] > 1002, e| 1 ro é¢] 0 rt eg, 1002, = 1x6? +0x6% +0x6! +2 = 218, page 21