DIGITAL MODULATION

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 Why digital modulation???

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 Introduction
The RF spectrum must be shared, yet every day there
are more users for that spectrum as demand for
communications services increases.
Digital modulation schemes have greater capacity to
convey large amounts of information than analog
modulation schemes

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 Digital Modulation
 Advantages :
 Immunity to noise (due to its finite process)
 Easy storage and processing:
 Regeneration
 Easy to measure MP, DSP, RAM, ROM, Computer

 Enables encryption
 Data from several sources can be integrated and transmitted using
the same digital communication system
 Error correction detection can be utilized

 Disadvantages :
 Requires a bigger bandwidth
 Analog signal need to be changed to digital first
 Not compatible to analog system
 Need synchronization

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December 7, 2021
 TRANSMISSION METHOD FOR ANALOG &
DIGITAL SIGNALS
Analog Analog channel Analog
input Baseband output
Analog Analog De Analog
input Modulator
channel modulator output

Digital Digital decoder Digital

encoder
input channel output

Digital Analog Digital

Modem Modem
input channel output

Analog ADC & Digital Decoder Analog

input encoder channel & DAC output

Analog ADC & ADC & Analog

Modem Analog Modem
input encoder channel decoder output
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 Block diagram for digital transmission
system
ASK,
Sampling RZ,
FSK,
Quantization NRZ,
PSK
Coding AMI

Analog ADC Line coding Digital

transmission

Block diagram for digital transmission system

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 Outline
Sampling

Analog Pulse Modulation:

• PAM
• PDM/PWM
• PPM

Digital Pulse Modulation:

• PCM
• Delta Modulation
• DPCM

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021
 m(t) ms(t)

m(t) X ms(t)
t t

s(t)
Digital signal
s(t) t
Ts

A process of periodically sampling the continually

changing analog input voltage and convert it to a series of
constant amplitude pulses

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 Sampling Theorem
Sampling Theorem states that an analogue signal is
completely described by its samples, taken at equal time
Intervals, the sampling frequency/sampling rate is greater
than, or equal to, twice the maximum frequency
component of the analogue signal
Nyquist theorem
states that:

fs  2 fm

fs= 2 x (bandwidth of analogue signal)

= 2B Hz
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 The choice of sampling frequency, fs must follow the sampling theorem
to overcome the problem of aliasing and loss of information

(a) Sampling frequency=> fs1 < 2fm (max)

ms(f)
Aliasing
Shannon sampling
theorem=> fs  2fm
f
fm fs1 2fs1 3fs1
Nyquist frequency
 fs = 2fm= fN
(b) Sampling frequency=> fs2 > 2fm (max)
ms(f)

f
fm fs2 2fs2 3fs2

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 Two types of sampling

1. Ideal Sampling
It is the instantaneous sampling and is not possible practically.

2. Natural Sampling
The tops of the sample pulses retain their natural shape, making it
difficult for ADC to convert to PCM codes.

3. Flat-top Sampling
The input voltage is sampled with narrow pulses and then held
relatively constant until next sampling.

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12 December 7, 2021
Sr. Parameter of Ideal or Natural sampling Flat-Top
No. comparison Instantaneous sampling
sampling
1. Sampling It uses It uses chopping It uses sample and
principle multiplication. principle. hold circuit.

2. Generation
circuit

3. Waveform
involved

4. Feasibility This is not a This method is used This method is also

practically possible practically. used practically.
method.
5. Sampling rate Sampling rate tends Sampling rate Sampling rate
to infinity. satisfies Nyquist satisfies Nyquist
criteria. criteria.
6. Noise Noise interference is Noise interference is Noise interference
interference maximum. minimum. is maximum.

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  Pulse Modulation

Modulation of a carrier wave may be accomplished by short pulses.

Conventional telegraphy is the simplest example of this mode of
modulation.
Pulse systems are based on sampling of the information signal at periodic
intervals, usually twice the maximum frequency present (2B). They
transmit a very short pulse of radio-frequency carrier for each sample, with
pulse characteristics varied in some manner proportional to the amplitude
at the sampling instant. A general name given to these modes of
modulation is the pulse modulation.

The common pulse systems employed in pulse modulation of analog

signals are:
(i) Pulse – amplitude modulation (PAM)
(ii) Pulse – position modulation (PPM)
(iii) Pulse – duration/width modulation (PDM/PWM)
(iv) Pulse – code modulation (PCM

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 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

 PAM: Sample and hold

 Sample the message signal every Ts seconds.
 Vary the amplitude of regularly spaced pulses
in proportion to the corresponding sample values.
 discrete in time, continuous in amplitude, still analog.
 The pulses can be rectangular or other appropriate shapes.
 The shape and duration of the pulse determine the
bandwidth.

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 Pulse Duration/Width Modulation
PDM/PWM
It is modulation tech. in which the time duration or the
width of the pulse is varied according to the
instantaneous value of the modulating wave.

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 PPM
The position of the pulses are varied according to the
instantaneous value of the modulating wave.
To generate PPM ,PDM is first differentiated and then
clipped.

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 Pulse Amplitude Pulse Width/Duration Pulse Position
Modulation(PAM) Modulation(PDM/PWM) Modulation(PPM)
Waveform Waveform Waveform

Amplitude of the pulse is Width of the pulse is The relative position of the
proportional to the proportional to the pulse is proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating amplitude of the modulating amplitude of the modulating
signal. signal. signal.

The bandwidth of the The bandwidth of the The bandwidth of the

transmission channel transmission channel transmission channel
depends on the width of the depends on the rising time depends on the rising time
pulse. of the pulse. of the pulse.

The instantaneous power of The instantaneous power of The instantaneous power of

the transmitter varies. the transmitter varies. the transmitter remains
constant.

Noise interference is high. Noise interference is Noise interference is

minimum. minimum.
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 PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
DEFINITION: Pulse code modulation (PCM) is essentially
analog-to-digital conversion of a special type where the
information contained in the instantaneous samples of an
analog signal is represented by digital words in a serial bit
stream.
The advantages of PCM are:
•Relatively inexpensive digital circuitry may be used extensively.
•PCM signals derived from all types of analog sources may be
merged with data signals and transmitted over a common high-speed
digital communication system.
•In long-distance digital telephone systems requiring repeaters, a
clean PCM waveform can be regenerated at the output of each
repeater, where the input consists of a noisy PCM waveform.
•The noise performance of a digital system can be superior to that of
an analog system.
•The probability of error for the system output can be reduced even
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further by the use of appropriate coding techniques.
 Components of PCM encoder

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 Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding
 The PCM signal is generated by carrying out three basic operations:
1. Sampling
2. Quantizing
3. Encoding
1. Sampling operation generates a flat-top PAM signal.
2. Quantizing operation approximates the analog values by using a
finite number of levels. This operation is considered in 3 steps
a) Uniform Quantizer
b) Quantization Error
c) Quantized PAM signal output
3. PCM signal is obtained from the quantized PAM signal by
encoding each quantized sample value into a digital word.

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Quantization
 The output of a sampler is still continuous in amplitude.
Each sample can take on any value e.g. 3.752, 0.001, etc.
The number of possible values is infinite.

 To transmit as a digital signal we must restrict the number

of possible values.

 Quantization is the process of “rounding off” a sample

according to some rule.
E.g. suppose we must round to the nearest tenth, then:
 3.752 --> 3.8 0.001 --> 0
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Illustration of the Quantization Error

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 Encoding
 The output of the quantizer is one of M possible signal levels.
If we want to use a binary transmission system, then we need
to map each quantized sample into an n bit binary word.
M  2n , n  log 2 ( M )

 Encoding is the process of representing each quantized sample

by an  bit code word.
The mapping is one-to-one so there is no distortion
introduced by encoding.
Some mappings are better than others.
A Gray code gives the best end-to-end performance.
The weakness of Gray codes is poor performance when the
sign bit (MSB) is received in error.
Quantization and encoding of a
sampled signal

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 Applications
Used in many applications:
Telephone systems
Digital audio recording
CD laser disks
voice mail
digital video etc.

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Components of a PCM decoder

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DELTA MODULATION
Delta modulation transmits only one bit per sample.
The present sample value is compared with the previous
sample value and this result whether the amplitude is
increased or decreased is transmitted.
The step size is kept fixed.
The difference between the input signal x(t) and the
staircase approximate signal is confined to two levels,i.e.
+∆ and -∆.
Now if the difference is positive, then approximated signal
is increased by one step,i.e., +∆.
If the difference is nagetive ,then approximated signal is
reduced by -∆.
When the step is reduced,”o” is transmitted and if the step
29 is increased,”1” is transmitted. December 7, 2021
 The process of delta modulation

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 Delta modulation components

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 Delta demodulation components

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DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE
MODULATION (DPCM)
Some time the information carrying signal does not change
much.
The codes for the information are the same,i.e. redundant
information.
In the DPCM these redundant information is not send,instead
only one sample is send.
By reducing the redundancy the overall bit rate will decrease
and the number of bits required to transmit one sample will
also be reduced.
DPCM works on the principle of prediction.The value of the
present sample is predicted from the past samples.
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PULSE MODULATION
METHODS
Sr. Parameter s of PCM DM DPCM
No comparison
1. Numbers of It can use 4,8 or 16 bits It uses only one bit for Bits can be more
bits. per samples. one sample. than one but are
less than PCM.
2. Levels and step The number of levels Step size is kept fixed Here,fixed number
size. depend on number of and cannot be varied. of levels are used.
bits.
Level size is kept fixed.
3. Quantization Quantization error Slope overload Slope overload
error and depends on number of distortion and granular distortion and
distortion. levels used. noise are present. quantization noise
is present.
4. Transmission Highest bandwidth is Lowest bandwidth is Bandwidth
bandwidth. required since number of required. required is lower
bits are high. than PCM.
5. Feedback. There is no feedback in Feedback exists in Here,feedback
transmitter or receiver. transmitter. exist.