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4
2 α alpha – atomic mass decreases by 4; atomic number decreases by 2
212
84 Po 4
2 + 208
82 Pb
0
1 β beta – atomic number increases by 1, no change in mass number
137
55 Cs 0
1 + 137
56 Pb
0
1 β positron – atomic number decreases by 1, no change in mass number
78
33 Cs 0
1 + 78
32 Ge
Detecting Radiation
1. photographic detection
2. detection by fluorescence
3. cloud chambers
4. gas ionization counters
Natural Radioactivity
obey first order kinetics
half-life – time it takes for the concentration to be reduced to half the initial value
Radioactive Dating
1. carbon dating – based on 14C to 12C ratio
2. U-238 - based on 206Pb to 238U ratio
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_____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE
Medicinal Uses
1. cobalt radiation for treatment of cancer
2. radioactive tracers
3. positron emission tomography
Other Uses
1. agricultural
2. industrial
3. research
Nuclear Fission
heavy nucleus divides to form smaller nuclei and free neutrons
accompanied by release of large amounts of energy
1. atomic bomb
2. nuclear reactors
a. light water reactors – used U3O8
b. heavy water reactors
c. breeder reactors
3. hazards
a. nuclear fuel and wastes are radioactive
b. waste disposal
c. leakage/ explosion : meltdown/accident risk
d. thermal pollution
e. potential for theft
Nuclear Fusion
combining small nuclei into larger ones
1. sun
2. fusion reactor
3. H-bomb
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