1 <<

F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU
H
DB
TK

TKDBHF UJHBE[BYF

VFCOFDKT,KBC
VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB

ufvjvwtvtkb - mfksf fhfcfvsfdhj,j

jhufybpfwbf - reknehek /evfybnfhekb ajylb @cj[evb#

lfb,tzlf idtltsbc mfksf ajylbc Kvinna till Kvinna-c v[fhlfzthbs

mesfbcb
2010
>> 2
 @DFMWBYF UEKUHBKJ,BC OBYFFQVLTU#

@bc ths-thsbf bv flfvbfysfufy= hjv-

kt,bw sfdufvjlt,bs bwfdty pytj,hbd rhb-
nthbevt,c= ufvjveifdt,ekc hecb thbc bc-
njhbbsf lf reknehbs#= - tc cbn'dt,b hfv-
ltybvt okbc obyfs lfbothf mfk,fnjy tk-
dbhfpt+ vfhskfw= 'dtkfc fh .fke.c= fvfq-
kltc c[dt,pt cbn'dt,bs - @fct vujybf= vt
bv jvib vjvrktc#= lf cfresfhb cekbc kec-
nhfwbbc rbltd eahj ufvfjuyt,tk ihtt,c
udfvpbhjc| @hfv ufyufwdbahfs 'dtkfpt eahj jvbc vhfdfk[vbf-
yj,fib~ cfcjofhrdtsfv= cb.ekdbkvf= iehbc.bt,bc o'ehdbkvf~!#
- lf gfce[b ;ehyfkbcnbc rbs[dfpt| - @flfvbfyehj,fv#+ fvbc itvltu
rb 'dtkfc= dbcfw ufjuyt,ekb ;ehyfkbcnbdbs fqvj[lt,f - @ye-
se~!# - fe[cyfc| @jvib 'dtkfpt ufycfwdbaht,tkb flfvbfyehj,ff+
w[tk othnbkt,ib w[jdht,bc fqmvf bwdkt,f+ bm b,flt,f ufywlf
cbwjw[kbcf= hjujhw cfxemhbcf+ hfnjvqfw= cfibytkt,fsf obfqib
xylt,f o'ehdbkb 'jdkbcvbntdt,bcf= sfyfkvj,bcf#+
itb.kt,f cfereyt devpbhjs thscf lf bvfdtc lf lfdbyf[js
f,cjkenehfl c[dflfc[df ce,cnfywbf+ xdtekt,hbdb vjrdlfdyb
jvib lf jvbc lhjc cbrdlbkc vpthty= vfnthbfkeh lf cekbth
yuhtdfc= cb.ekdbkc - hfw chekbfl ufcfut,bf+ vfcofdkt,tkb yjdj-
cb,bhcrblfy (fct eylf dbwyj,lts tkdbhf ujhbe[byfc= fctsbf vbcb
yt,f) rb jvbc cfcnbrb ,bkbrt,bs vblbc sbsjteksfy= f'ehflt,c cb-
wjw[ktc= vbc[fk-vbc[fk rhtac cbrtsbc vfhwdkt,c= hjujhw sdb-
sjy fv,j,c - fcofdkbc lf sdbsjyfw cofdkj,c+
fv fhfxdtekt,hbd flfvbfyc= thsb it[tldbs= xdtekt,hbdb ,bju-
hfabf fmdc+
lfb,flf 1932 otkc+ 1954 okblfy 2000 okfvlt b'j vfcofdkt,tkb
yjdjcb,bhcrib+ 1954 okblfy 2000 okfvlt - yjdjcb,bhcrbc cf[tk-

3 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

vobaj gtlfujubehb eybdthcbntnbc sfyfvihjvtkb (acbmjkjubbcf

H
DB

lf gtlfujubrbc rfstlhbc ghjatcjhb)+ 1997 okblfy sfyfvihjv-

TK

kj,c @yjdfbf ufptnfcsfy#+++

80-bfy okt,ib yjdjcb,bhcrib lfffhcf rbyjvj'dfheksf rke,b
@lbfkjut,b#= cflfw sfdbcb abkvt,bs xflbjlyty f,ekf.t= x[tb-
.t= pfyecb= yjhintbyb+++ tc vbcb vtnfl vybidytkjdfyb qdfokb b'j
reknehfsf lbfkjubc crjkbc itmvyfib+
vbqt,ekb fmdc efvhfdb ghtvbf+ vfs ijhbc cfvb= hjujhw ;ehyf-
kbcn-vidblj,bcv'jatkc+
rfdrfcbf= cfmfhsdtkj vbcsdbc vfhflbekb vbpblekj,bc wty-
nhbf+ ths-thsb sfdbcb dbpbnbc lhjc 1992-ib cj[evib= cfjvfhb lf-
gbhbcgbht,t,bc tgbwtynhib fqvjxylf= gbhdtkb it[t,f jvbc cbcfc-
nbrtcsfy fthjgjhnib yfyf[b tklbs ueklfaktsbkb mfhsdtkb
vfvf b'j= gfofof idbkbc w[tlfhsfy+ bv lqtv cfvelfvjl itwdfkf
vbcb w[jdht,bc hbnvb= ,b.ub vbcwf itvlujv vjupfehj,t,c+ e,tle-
ht,fsf vto'thvf rfdrfcbfib vjupfehj,t,b vbcb w[jdht,bc ufye'j-
atkb yfobkb uf[flf+
fa[fptsb= 'fhf,fqb= rjljhb= cevufbsb= w[bydfkb= xtxytsb= by-
ueitsb+++
- vfcofdkt,tkb yjdjcb,bhcrblfy (fct udtwyfeht,f xdtyb lhj-
bc elbltcb /evfybcnb= ghjatcjhb= acbmjkjub= abkjcjajcb= ts-
yjrjyakbmnjkjub= ;ehyfkbcnb) fsb ecfidtkjl uh.tkb otkb bd-
kbc jvt,bc trkbfyb ,bkbrt,bs= hfsf flfvbfyt,ib cbrtsbc vfhwdf-
kb uflffhxbyjc+ sfy lf/'dt,f rjktut,bc vjobot,f= cfv[tlhjt,bc
ufjuyt,f lf hblb= ,jtdbrt,bc vlevfht gfnbdbcwtvf= fcj,bs flfvbf-
ybc cfcjt,bs vbg'hj,bkb bvtlbc vpthf+
@tkdbhf ybrjkjpbc fcekb .fkbfy c[dfyfbhb ;ehyfkbcnbf+ bc
fh vbtieht,f bmtsrty= cflfw vbcb rjktut,b+++ bc vblbc ,fdidt,sfy
lf vfcofdkt,kt,sfy lf enfht,c sfdbc ufrdtsbkt,c+ bc 'jdtksdbc
e,heylt,f thscf lf bvfdt flfvbfyt,c#= - cb'dfhekbs othty vfcpt
rjktut,b+ sdbsjyfw fqbfht,c| @otcfl vfmdc| dwlbkj,= lfde,hey-
lt thscf lf bvfdt flfvbfyt,c= hflfw fh eylf lfvb]ltc tc#+

>> 4
 @vfc fhfathb vjfmdc sfy+ v[jkjl [tkc ubodlbs lf ute,yt,fs=
vt smdtysfyf dfh+ fy cfthsjl fh fv,j,c fhfathc= vfuhfv 'dtkfc
tcvbc#+
@flfvbfyc eylf ufexyltc uh.yj,f= hjv fh lfdbo't,bfs+ vbcsdbc
.fkbfy vybidytkjdfybf bwjltc= hjv dbqfw uekuhbkb fh fhbc bvbc
vbvfhs= wjw[fkbf bc se fhf!# tc vbcb fqcfht,ff= vbcb w[jdht,bct-
ekb abkjcjabf= it.tybkb fsfct,bc nrbdbkbc= nfy]dbc sfyfpbf-
hj,bs+
tc 'dtkfathb eylf ufybwflj= hjv itvltu vjdbltc fpth,fb]fytkb
n'dt zf,erbc lf cjvt[b vtllbc= yfhbytc cbvfhskbc ufywlf+
'dtkf ecfvfhskj,bc ufvj cfthsj gfce[bcvut,kj,bc ufw-
yj,btht,f w[jdht,bc cbvfhskbc obyfit= - fct eojltc vcufdc ce-
kbth vlujvfhtj,fc= hjltcfw bcvbc vfqfkb cekbc qfqflbcb|
@vfgfnbt= xtxytsj= se itub.kbf - vt vfgfnbt!# lf 'jdtk xdtyufysfy
.fkbfy vfhnbdfl vjlbc ufut,f bvbcf - hfnjv fh itb.kt,f jvb!
@bc fhf v[jkjl fqothc vjdktyt,c sfdbc bhudkbd= fhfvtl
wlbkj,c= fqflubyjc cbrtsbc ,fkfycb#- bctd vbcb rjktut,b @fuh-
.tkt,ty ufywdbaht,fc#+ sevwf vbcb fh erdbhs vfs= dbcb afhqf-
kfkf mj[bc rfht,bw jltcqfw erbs[fdfl itfqj lf cfvelfvjl bm
lfhxf+ hflufy tc @vfsb# tkdbhff= vfsb cekbc yfobkfl mwtekb+ tk-
dbhf= hjvtkbw vstkb otkb v[jkjl bv oflbkbs cekluvekj,c=
hjv tqbhct,f yfyfnhb idt,ekt,f lf bv mj[bc rfht,c [tkvtjhtl
itfqt,c= f[kj,kt,fl mwtek vjyfnht,ek flfvbfyt,c xft[dtdf=
vfs f[fk zbh-dfhfvc se cb[fhekc ufbpbfht,c+++ lf tc vstk rfdrf-
cbfib= bm= cflfw 'dtkfpt vtnfl zbhc ceysmdf+++
eyt,kbts vblb[fh lfcrdyfvlt| cbrtst ths]thflb rfntujhbf
fh fhbc+ hjwf vpth vcufdc cehfst,c= cbhw[dbkb ubg'hj,c 'dt-
kf bv vjvtynbc ufvj= hjwf dbqfwbcsdbc ubsfyfuh.ybf= dbidbibs
oe[bkb ufvjub[fnfdc= @ths]thflb# cbrtsbs vbc cekib bvtlb xfub-
cf[fdc lf vtjht oesfc cfvelfvjl lfudbo'ybf+++
@dfmwbyf uekuhbkj,bc cfobyffqvltujl#+ tc ahfpf mfk,fnjy
tkdbhfc cfufptsj othbkbc cfsfehblfyff+ sfdbcb w[jdht,bc vfuf-

5 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

kbsbs vfy tc dfmwbyf fhf vfhnj lfudbnjdf= afmbpfl fudwhf rb-

H
DB

ltw= cekbc it,thdbs nrbdbkt,b lfudbfvf lf cekbthb rfsfhpbcbc

TK

upfc itudf'tyf+
@vfcofdkt,kbc vjupfehj,f rfdrfcbfib# lfvcf[eht,ekfl brf-
dt,c flubkc njkcnjbcf lf cjk;tybwbybc erdlfdb mvybkt,t,bc
udthlbs#= - fctsb itafct,f /mjylf lblb [tkjdyt,bc ztivfhbn itv-
afct,tksfufy yfofhvjt,c+
fdnjhb f[th[t,c= 'dtkf thjdyt,bc vrbs[dtkc tcfe,hjc tyfpt=
hjvtkcfw rfwsfijhbc cbrtst= cb'dfhekb /mdbf+ fv @cfufyib# rb
mfhsdtk vrbs[dtkc lblt,ekb vj.qdfhb tkjlt,f - tkdbhf uj-
hbe[byf - vfcofdkt,tkb yjdjcb,bhcrblfy= hjvtkbw udfcofdkbc=
hjv @vfhnjj,fib e,tleht,f jhvfult,f# lf fvbnjv xdtekb cb]be-
nbs fdkt,c xdtyc cekt,ib [yekc cbrtsbc vfhwdkbc ufcfqdbdt,kfl=
vjyfybt,bc= vbntdt,bc lf vj'dfcbc cb'dfhekbc 'jdkbcvjvwdtkb
uh.yj,t,bc ufcfqdb.t,kfl+

>> 6
 YFHRDTDB GBHDTKB

rjljhbc [tj,bc idbkt,b

@tc 14 fudbcnjc vj[lf+ xdty cf[kib= cj[evib db'fdbs+ lfbo'j cf-

ibytkb chjkf+ cj[evib utvb itvjdblf= hjvtkvfw cj[evbc lf vbcb
itvjufhtybc lf,jv,df lfbo'j+ xdty udtibyjlf lf sfditcfafhib db-
vfkt,jlbs+ vjdblf ,b.fxtvb= xfudc[f vfymfyfib+ xdtyc ufhlf ,tdhb
[fk[b b'j= 'dtkfyb cj[evib ofdtlbs+ thsb okbc ,h.jkt,bc itvltu
cj[evb lftwf+ tc 'dtkfathb 1993 otkc vj[lf#+
yfyekb uek,fyb= 14 okbc

@fv cfibytk jvib xtvsdbc 'dtkfpt .dbhafcb lfdrfhut - lt-

lf+ lfdrfhut= hjltcfw 'dtkfpt eahj vzbhlt,jlf+ xtvb eahjcb
.vfw lfbrfhuf+ bc b,h.jlf lf lfbqegf+ bct f[fkufphlf b'j= hjv
odth-ekdfibw rb fh /mjybf+ chekbfl f[fkufphlf ofdblf cfresf-
hb vbobc lfcfwfdfl+ tc xdtyb j]f[bc cfibytkb nhfutlbf b'j+ xtvc
uekib fvfy pqdfhb uffdkj+ [jv itb.kt,jlf= tc cfibytkb jvb fh
lfo't,ekb'j+ xdtyb cekt,b ufstkbkbf!#
vfbf ue]t]bfyb= 13 okbc

@cj[evbc lfwtvf+ 1993 okbc 16 ctmntv,thc jvb ufyf[klf+ 27

ctmntv,hbc 15 cffspt cj[evb lftwf+ xdty lfdrfhuts fa[fptsb+
vcjakbjc 'dtkfpt s,bkb mfkfmb wtw[kbc fkib b'j uf[dtekb lf
cfdct - sdfkqbf vrdlht,bs+ fv cfibytkb oest,bc lfdbo't,f ite.-
kt,tkbf+ vt fvfc xtvc cbwjw[ktib dth lfdbdbo't,#+
yfyf j'htib.t= 15 okbc

@cj[evib jvb vblbjlf+ vt cfibykfl vnrbjlf r,bkb+ ltlfv

lbkbs r,bkbc tmbvsfy ofvb'dfyf+ tmbvvf itvbwjlf+ uvbhb vbojlf=
hflufy mfkfmib dfh bv lhjc= hjltcfw lf,jv,dt,b vblbc+ rbltw
hjv vjdvrdlfhb'fdb= cj[evib lfdhxt,jlb+ r,bkb fvjvbqtc+ ltlfv
cfxmfhjl ofvb'dfyf+ fv lhjc lf,jv,df lfbo'j+ 'ev,fht,b cf[kt,c
[dlt,jlf+ ltlfc .fkbfy ittibylf+ wlbkj,lf= fvafht,jlf= abm-

7 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

hj,lf= fvbs uflfvfhxtylf+ jhbdtyb ibibcufy drfyrfkt,lbs+ vt

H
DB

fvfc duh.yj,lb+ mext,ib vrdlht,b t'fhf+ cf[kt,b bodjlf+ vt lf

TK

ltlf itvs[dtdbs uflfdhxbs+ tc 'dtkfpt cfibytkb lqtf xtvc w[jd-

ht,fib#+
ktdfy gbhdtkb= 15 okbc

@vtjht rkfcib dcofdkj,lb= hjltcfw lfbo'j .vfsfvrdktkb

jvb fa[fpt,cf lf mfhsdtkt,c ijhbc+ tc b'j vnrbdytekfl vjabm-
ht,ekb jvb+ lqtvlt ,jkj fh exfyc flfvbfysf nfy]dfc+ vibth-
vo'ehdfkb [fk[b cfvij,kjc cfpqdht,c ufhts fhbc ufafynekb+
vt= ltdybkc= xtvb cf[kb lf xtvb crjkf vtyfnht,f+ xtvfl dth fqdbm-
dfv crjkfc= hjvtkibw f[kf dcofdkj,#+
cjabrj xjakbfyb= 11 okbc

@1994 okbc vfhnib ,jv,fdlyty rjljhbc [tj,bc cjakt,c+ vfvf

gjpbwbt,pt b'j+ ltlfv fh bwjlf= cfl lfdvfkekb'fdbs+ ufdbmtwbs
n'tib+ lblb ibib uflfdbnfyt= vtujyf= w[jdht,f bm lfvsfdhlf+
vbd[dlb= hjv vnhbcsdbc cekthsb b'j= cfl ,jv,fdlf= dbc ,jv,fd-
lf#+
cjabrj ]fzdkbfyb= 13 okbc

>> 8
 YFHRDTDB VTJHT

@lfhxyty bcbyb=
dbcfw fhfahbc tibybf+++#

fdnj,ecb thtdfyb-cntafyfrthnb sfdbcb w[jdht,bs w[jdhj,c+

14-16 cffsbc upf vstkb tgjgtf [lt,f+ sfyfvupfdht,c bct txdtdb= lf-
ijht,f uekc lfybs ubcthfdc+
kecbf tmsfybf kfxbyblfy+ mvfhb 1992 okbc 29 bdkbcc lftqegf+
27 bdkbcc kecbfw lfbzhf+ vfsb ujujyf kfyf vfvbc ufhtit lfhxf+
f[kf vfc kfyufhb ezbhfdc+ kfyufhpt yfvw[dfhbf+ cf[kib vbfmdc+
gbhdtkb ekeaf vt vthuj= hjujhw cnevfhc hectsblfy+ kfyf vst-
kb upf cfvdtkc fh ijhlt,f= xdtyb v.qjkbc itvwdktkc+ cfvdtkc
idbkb lftqegf+ @idbkbidbkt,b fh vt'jkt,f#+ fv cbn'dt,ib ebvt-
lj,f lf nrbdbkbf+ vbylf thsb itrbs[df lfdcdf= hjvtkbw lblb
[fybf= ndbyc vb,ehqfdc+ tc itrbs[df= cbvfhskt bsmdfc= vskfl xtvb
fh fhbc+ bc xtvvf cntafyfrthntkvf vtuj,fhvf dbmnjhbf djcrfyb-
fyvf lfcdf| @qbhlf rb 'fhf,fqbc lfvjerblt,kj,f fvlty vc[dth-
gkfl~# ths[tk dbmnjhbfv vrbs[f= se= e,hfkjl= abmht,b [vfvfq-
kf uff;qthf| @hjujh abmhj,= vfs= dbyw TC lfbo'j= tcvjlfs= hf
vc[dthgkb bmyt,jlf ufcfqt,b~ obyfcofh hjv cwjlyjlfs 'dtkfat-
hb= vfbyw fct bvjmvtlt,lyty~#
vc[dthgkb 'fhf,fqib bvltyfl lblbf= hjv tc itrbs[df velfv
sfy vf[kfdc+ cfvdtkb vb[dlf= hbcb rbs[dfw vcehlf+ tn'j,f= tc vb-
cb rbs[dfw fhbc+ @bwb= 'jdtksdbc dtrbs[t,b xtvc sfdc| hfnjv ey-
lf db'j vt rfhufl~ lft= db'j welfl+ jqjyl idbkbidbkt,b b'dyty
rfhufl= seylfw c[dbcb+++ it[tlt= hf cbkfvfptf! aey]c dbyfnht,lb
f[kf! tc 'dtkfathb yf[fnib fcf[dfc bs[jdc+++ fhf~#
rb= tc 'dtkfathb yf[fnib fcf[dfc bs[jdc= cfvdtk+ jqjyl= bc rb
fh dbwb= hjujh eylf lf[fnj+++
thtdfyb-cntafyfrthnbc nhfcfpt thscffsbfyb vjyfrdtsbf= hj-
ltcfw ity velvbdfl [tlfd lbl vfcbcc+ fhw thsb ofvbc uftkdt,f fh
/ufdc vtjhtc+ bctsb isf,tzlbkt,ff= hjv vfcbcsfy thsfl vjlbc
dthnbrfkbc ituh.yt,f= hjwf vbobthb 'jabtht,f yfhyfhfl uflflbc
9 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

fhfvbobthib+ bvbc ituh.yt,f= hfw xdtyb w[jdht,bc cfpqdfhc vbqvf

H

.tdc= cf[bth ajhvt,ib v[jkjl fm ut.ktdf= fm= cflfw cekb b.tyc

DB
TK

ewyfeh= velvbdfl wdfkt,fl vj[fpekj,fc+ utxdtyt,f= hjv ity ce-

kbc vj.hfj,fc [tlfd+ tc vsf rb fh fhbc ityc oby= fhfvtl hjvtkbqfw
cekbthb ce,cnfywbf= ,j.t,ekb bvbcsdbc= hjv ity ityc 'jdtklqbe-
hj,fib fh vbufdbo'ltc= hjv fhct,j,c bc= evfqktcb fphb ityc [fyvjr-
kt lf lhjt,bs fvmdt'ybtht,fib+ vt rfhufl vtcvbc cjv[t,bc cb'df-
hekb vfcbcbcflvb+ c[tekb yfnhekj,c cekc= .fkbs ufyltdybkc+
fct bmyt,f 'jdtksdbc+ itvs[dtdfc dth db[ctyt, - fdnj,ecib cbxevtv
fh lfbcfluehjc= hjltcfw qhe,kt,blfy fy ybckblfy ufvjyfst,fc
bo't,c lbflb cekbc rjyneht,b= hjvkt,cfw fv itvs[dtdfib vst,bc
ajhvf fmdc vbqt,ekb+ vfcbcb cekib cfvelfvjl itvjlbc lf bm lb-
lt,bc ituh.yt,fcsfy thsfl hfqfw ewyfeh ufyufic ubcf[kt,c= hjv-
kbc fhccfw vt dth ufdbut,+ vfuhfv tc ufyufibc uh.yj,f fhct,j,c+
'dtkfib= dbyw rb vfcbcbc ufdktybc mdti tmwtdf+
@se vjcrjdb vfcbcbc fqt,bc yt,fc lfudhsfdc= [dfk bc xdtyb
bmyt,f#= - udfa[bpkt,c sfyfvupfdhbc cbn'dt,b lf xdty lhjt,bs
dsfdbceaklt,bs vfcbcbc .fkfeakt,bcufy= hjv vthvt cfresfhb
[tldbsf lf cekbs rdkfd xfd'dbysjs lbflbc vjyfnht,bc fyrfhf
uh.yj,fib+
xtvb [ybcf lf jlyfd evwhjcb fcfrbc flfvbfyt,b ]th rbltd
itbuh.yj,ty thsvfytsc .vt,fl+ fhfdbc .fke.c ituet,f lfyfrfh-
ut,sfy= bvfcsfy= hjv sfdbceakfl dth uflfflubklt,b lf w[jdhj,
ityb 'jabkb cfvij,kjc cbdhwtib+ xtvb vtpj,tkb behb= sfdbc vt-
uj,fhsfy thsfl= vfhlfrthnib vblbc= cffdflv'jajib - vtuj,fh-
vf itn'j,byt,f vbbqj= hjv vbcb ]fhbcrfwb idbkb v.bvtl lffdfllf+
vblbfy lf fh bwbfy= wjw[fkbf= se fhf+ @vt hectsb vtcbpvht,f+ bm
lbl[fyc dw[jdhj,lb lf dveifj,lb+ cfl fhbc [t= cfl~ hf lfbxtvt
- vst,b= vst,b+++ [t vfyf[t!# [tt,b fh fhbc+ vt fh itvb.kbf= behbc [t
dfyf[j+ @vst,b~ qvthsvf lfvbafhjc! mdt'yfl 'dtkfpt eahj fm lf-
vfh[dbc vtibybf+ ofhvjblubyt= fm vbwdfkt,ekc vbofc rb fhf= mdt,c
f'hbfy+ se fqdcltmb= dth ufvjdfqotd+ ity tc itub.kbf ufbuj~ dthf-
cjltc ufvjdfqotd#+
behb uhjpyjib w[jdhj,lf+ jvbc lfo't,bc itvltu cjv[tsib
uflvj,fhulf+ uhjpyjib cjv[t,b ,tdhyb b'dyty - [tkjcyt,b= vfcofd-
kt,kt,b= tmbvt,b+++
+++behb ;bhbyjdcrbpt| @'jdtkb ofhvjsmvekb cbn'dbc itvltu bc
cffdflv'jajib eylf odt,jltc+ sdbsjy vb[dlt,bs= hjvtkib#+

>> 10
 fb= kfxbybw - fdnj,ecblfy ,tdhb xfvjlbc= vfs ijhbc kecbf -
mfkbidbksfy thsfl+ thsb okbc oby kfxbyb lfwfhbtkt,ekb vtxdt-
yf+ f[kfw bubdt yfyuhtdt,b xfyc= vfuhfv ,tdh flubkfc tktmnhjybc
iemb fgj,c o'dlbflc+ dbc ite.kbf fm w[jdht,f~ fv,j,ty= hjv erdt
[esfcb j]f[b xfcf[klf+ gbhj,t,b fenfytkbf= vfuhfv flfvbfyt,b vf-
byw w[jdhj,ty+
'dtkfpt vtnfl bvfy ufyvfwdbahf= hjltcfw dyf[t bcbyb= dbyw
fdnj,ecc lf[dlf+ f[fkufphlf vfvfrfwt,b= ofhvjcfltut,b= kfvf-
pt,b= ifdb odthb lf lblhjyb sdfkt,b fmds= vfsb itv[tldfht dthw
brbs[fd| hjujh itb.kt,f fm w[jdht,f~ fv sdfkt,ib fhbc hfqfw
bvfpt vtnb= dblht bv w[jdht,bc fcf[df= hjvtkbw bhudkbdff+ hj-
ujh vj[dlyty tc flfvbfyt,b kfxbyib~ hbcb bvtlb fmds~ kecbfc uj-
ujyf cfvdtkcff xf[ent,ekb lf lbl[fyc fh eidt,c+ vthvt kecbf
cb,ytktib brfhut,f lf vbcb [vf vtcvbc| @se xfvj[dfk= tkdbhf= tmsf-
yb brbs[t lf 'dtkf vjufcofdkbc#+ vt d[tlfd kecbfc ;tcnc= vbvfh-
sekc cf[kbcrty= hjvkbc yf[tdfhb yfyuhtdt,ibf= vtjht yf[tdfhib
rb afy]ht,pt vbyt,bc yfwdkfl zhtkb yfzht,bf fafht,ekb+
qvthsvf vjuwtc .fkf= kecbf+ se ity= lfzhbkvf= mvhbc lfqeg-
df uflfbnfyt= lfyfhxtycfw ufe.kt,+

SFHUVFYB CJV[EHBLFY

yfhbyt vjdctcbfyb (lfdfhmdfs vfc fct) vtllff+ ghjatcbbs -

ahfyuekbc vfcofdkt,tkb+ thtdyblfyff+ hjltcfw 'fhf,fqib jvb
lfbo'j= ahjynpt ofdblf+ yfobkb= cflfw yfhbyt vcf[ehj,c= vfhlf-
rthnibf ufykfut,ekb+
cfe,fhb fh ufvjudlbc+ kfgfhfrb fh eyljlfj= dth bn'db= xtvsfy
itcf[dtlhfl sdbsjy vjdblf+ vbcsdbc vbeqt,tkb xtvb itrbs[dt,b
b'j+ v[jkjl lqbc ,jkjc .kbdc vbd[dlb= hjv yfhbytc mwtdfib fhbc
cfresfhb cbvfhskt= hjvtkbw cekfw fh fhbc dfklt,ekb= fyufhbib
ufeobjc fhw pjufl ztivfhbnt,fc= fhw xtvc it[tlekt,t,c bvfpt= hf
fhbc rfhub lf hf - welb+ cfv[tlhj w[jdht,bc ufvjwlbkt,f cfre-
sfh cbvfhsktc ij,c= vofhtc lf fvf'c thslhjekfl+ vfc "DTKF fh
fv,j,c [vfvfqkf= ,fyfkeh itrbs[dfpt vjcfkjlytkb gfce[bc ufwt-
vfc fhxtdc+ vjdctcbfyc sfdbcb itrbs[dt,b fmdc lf sfdbcb gfce[t,b+
+++'dtkfathb rb welfl lfbo'j+ cfe,fhib 'dtkfpt welb vt db-
'fdb+

11 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

ths[tk yfhbytv vbfv,j= hf uflf[lf sfdc kfxbyib| lfbzhf

H

fpth,fb]fytkb mfkb= at[blfy cbc[kb vjxmtalf+ tmsfyvf yfhbytv

DB
TK

vfc zhbkj,f fh ite[dbf+ hfpvbc eahjcvf fv cfmwbtkbc ufvj vofht

cbn'dt,b es[hf+
vt rb dthfathb ufdbut lf vbdf'fht cektkehb itrbs[dt,b /bgjr-
hfntc abwpt lf 'dtkfath bvfpt= hfw vbcufy vjvlbyfhtj,c+
vjdctcbfyvf ufy'tyt,ekb vpthbs itvjv[tlf lf smdf| @fhct,j,c
bvfpt lblb hfv= dblht /bgjrhfntc abwbf+ seylfw bc abwb= hjvt-
kbw vt lfdltdb#+ lf lflevlf+ hfqfw b'j vbc levbkib bctsb= hf-
vfw vfb.ekf= lfdvjhxbkt,jlb+ fct lfdijht,jlb yfhbytc - .fkf
fh v'jayblf+ itvltu xdty yfobkib vbdtlbs+ yfhbytv oytdf ufvbpj-
vf= mdt'ybc f,t,b vjvwf+ vfxemf epfhvfpfhb /bkpb= hjvkbcufyfw
kfhyfrbc fy ifylkbc ufrtst,f itb.kt,f+ vfxdtyf vtuj,ht,bc aj-
njcehfst,b+ lbl[fyc frdbhlt,jlf vfs cf[tt,c lf vfspt= hjujhw
wjw[kt,pt= bct ufyfuh.j,lf cfe,fhc+ hjltcfw lfqegekt,bc vj-
cfujyfhb fdobts= sfdbcb rjybfrbc cbhxf xtvcfc vbezf[eyf+ @vbwdf-
kt,eksf cflqtuh.tkjpt vbzf[eyt,f hjv fh itb.kt,f~# @bcbyb
fh vjvrdlfhfy#= - fv,j,c yfhbyt lf fvfc bct fv,j,c= kfvbc dbhove-
yj= hjv vfvekbcsdbc lfqegekt,b fh rdlt,bfy+
gbhdtkb lfqegekb= hjvtkbw yfhbytv yf[f= sdhfvtnb okbc 'vfo-
dbkb b'j+ yfhbyt nbhbc+ @uekb ufvbmdfdlf#+ 'dtkf lfqegekpt lfo-
dhbkt,bs 'dt,f+ ufycfresht,bs rb lfqegek vtsfehpt+ @vfvfwb
b'j= hjvfynbrekb+ ,tdhb hfv dbcofdkt vbcufy+ hfw vsfdfhbf= vjs-
vbyt,f+ hjwf vfhlfrthnb fbqtc= bc yfqvpt fatsmlf#+ lfbqegf yfhb-
ytc vtuj,fhb rfhbyf utdjhmbfyb= zehdbc yfvc[dhtdt,vf bvc[dthgkf+
yfhbyt ktmct,c othc sfdbc vtuj,ht,pt= wlbkj,c= tc ktmct,b he-
cekfl vbsfhuvyjc+ .bhbsfl cbhsektc pjuflb ahfpt,bc lf.ktdf
ofhvjflutyc+ vfufkbsfl= yfhbyt cjv[ehfl rbs[ekj,c= hecekb
tybc vfcofdkt,tkb rb sfhuvybc| @vt lfdrfhut bcbyb+ bcbyb erfy dth
lf,heylt,bfy+ bcbyb xtvc vjujyt,t,ib lfhxyty#+ - fhf= - fv,j,c
yfhbyt= - fh dfhuf= fct fh itb.kt,f+ @vjujyt,t,ib lfhxyty#= - tc bc
fh fhbc+ yf,b]-yf,b] vbdlbdfhs bmfvlt= hjujhw eylf ;qthltc|
@bcbyb VTAJ<TY xtvc vjujyt,t,ib+++ bcbyb xtvb vjujyt,t,bc NF{NPT
VTAJ<TY+++ fmfvlt VTAJ<TY abmhbc 'jdtk uftkdt,fib+++#
hfnjv ofdblyty lf hfnjv lfvnjdtc~
yese qvthsvf .kbthfl v[jkjl vt itvhfw[f=
hjv itdb.kj tc dft,f
lfechekt,kfl dfnfhj+++
vt 'dtkfathc eylf xfdt,qfezj= hjv dbwjw[kj

>> 12
 lf bcbyb cbwjw[ktl dfmwbj+
hjltcfw vt vfspt d'dt,b=
vujybf= hjv bcbyb wjw[kt,b fhbfy+

fb= fct| vjujyt,fsf nf[npt+ vtaj,ty+ eakj,ty+

v[jkjl fctsb eylf b'jc cbn'df= hjltcfw lfqegekt,pt
cfe,hj,+ fct abmhj,c yfhbyt+
fhbc cntafyfrthnib cf.vj cfcfakfj+ bc vfqkj,pt vlt,fhtj,c+
hjltcfw ptdbs flb[fh= cfakfdt,bc nthfct,b bikt,f+ vfhvfhbkjc
abkt,pt f[fkufphlt,bc cf[tt,bf ufvjcf[ekb+ fct sdfkyfskbd
uh.yj, cfcnbr ecfvfhskj,fc+ vjrkekyb fhbfy ekfvfptcb f[fk-
ufphlt,b+ vfs idbkt,b fhfcjltc t'jkt,fs+ vt d'dt,b fv epfhvfpfh
vsf-cfcfakfjc xtvtek fqmvfpt lf vtcvbc gfce[b f[fkufphlf
mfkbcufy= hjvtkvfw mvfhb lfrfhuf| @fhf= vt c[df uh.yj,f vfmdc+
hjltcfw vsfpt flb[fh= bctsb uh.yj,f ubg'hj,c= sbsmjc bcbyb
njrfdty+ sbsmjc f[fkufphlekb ]fhb vjtvfhst,f+ sbsmjc 'dt-
kfyb wjw[kt,b fhbfy#+ fct abmhj,c yfhbytw+ sfdbceakt,bcsdbc
,h.jkf vfc utyt,ib fmdc+ @vt fh itvb.kbf= fpth,fb]fyekc decvbyj+
dth dbnfy sehmek ofhotht,c+ fh vf[fht,c bhfyekb /fthb thtdfy-
ib+ fvfpt dcfe,hj,lb xtvc vjcofdktt,sfy+++# - tc hjujh~ - bctd
ufdwtw[klb vt= - xdty [jv vfcofdkt,kt,b dfhs= dby vjudwf ea-
kt,f! @vt fhfclhjc vbsmdfvc= hjv vjcofdktt,b pecnfl bct eylf
bmwtjlyty= hjujhw vt+ v[jkjl bvfpt dcfe,hj,= hfcfw sdbsjy
duh.yj,+ vt vfs 'jdtksdbc dfahs[bkt,lb| smdty eylf vjbmwts
bct= hjujhw smdty sdkbs cfzbhjl lf fhf bct= hjujhw vt vb-
vfxybf#+ vjdctcbfyvf bwbc lf e'dfhc hecekb+ vfuhfv bc lfhove-
yt,ekbf= hjv cjvt[sfy v[jkjl cjv[ehfl eylf bkfgfhfrj+ @xdtyb
fy,fybc sbsjtek fcjc sfdbcb [vjdfyb ufvj[fnekt,f fmdc+ xdtyb
fcjt,b xdtyb cfresht,ff#+ e'dfhc gjk tkefhb= dthktyb= vjgfcfyb=
lbevf= ,fkpfrb+ cjv[ehfl ,fkpfrbc ofrbs[df fh ite.kbf+ flfvbfy-
sfy vbc tyfpt eylf bcfe,hj+
ibuflfibu bc kfxbybc bcnjhbfc e,heylt,jlf+ @vt dth uflf-
df,b]t cjv[eh cbrtstc+++# fm= hjujhw bmyf= lflbc xtvfvlt= hjv=
itb.kt,f= w[jdht,fib gbhdtkfl= d[dlt,b bvfc= hfcfw .bhbc.bhte-
kb cbvfhskt /mdbf+ nrbdbkbfyb cbvfhskt= hjvtkcfw flfvbfyb sdb-
sjy fnfht,c lf hjvtkptw gfce[c GBHFLFL fut,c+ yfhbyt bvbnjv
vjvb'df kfxbyib vjv[lfh fv,fdc= hjv bc nfy]fdlf vfc= w[jdhj,lf
vfcib+ vfc f[cjdc sbsjtekb cbn'df= hjvtkbw vtsfehvf es[hf+ tc-

13 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

vbc vbcb cbvfhskbc+ vfuhfv w[jdhj,c lf bmwtdf cfresfhb cbvfh-

H

skbs= hjvtkbw vtuj,ht,bc cbc[kbsff ufyfst,ekb+ yfhbytc fh

DB
TK

czbhlt,f dbcbvt cfcfvfhskj fy ufvfhskt,f lf fh tibybf eakbc

cfcfvfhskjc obyfit ofhlujvbc+ [jkj se cfe,fhib itu'df= fhxtdc=
lfhxtc bctsb= hjujhbw fhbc= vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf= se hjujhb vjtx-
dtyt,f vjcfe,htc+ cbvfhskt [fk[bcf lf qdsbc obyfit - fcts hfvtc
bidbfsfl it[dlt,b+
yfobkib hfvltybvt cffsb ufdfnfhts+ bct vjvbylf= tmsybc
jsf[ib qfvbc ufcfstdfl lfhxtyf= hfsf ufuh.tkt,ekb'j xdtyb
it[dtlhf= hjvtkbw vidtybthb ufvjdblf= hjujhw rb vbd[dlb= cfmvt
vfmdc bidbfs ybzsfy - b'j eibihfl thsuekb cfresfhb sfdbcf+ cfre-
sfhb cfvij,kjcb+ cfresfhb fy,fybcf+
@bcnjhbbc vfy.bkpt gbhdtkfl - fh lfd[fhts sfdb#= - xfvtc-
vbc v.qjkbc= cfvdtkbc [vf= hjltcfw vjdctcbfyc dt[dtdb+ f[kf dbwb=
hfc uekbc[vj,lf bub+

z
tmdcb okbc kbkbf djcrfybfyb= vtnhjib xfcdkbcfc vfvfvbcc
trbs[t,f| @vfvf= tc fvfsb cfhlfabf~ bcbyb fm tvfkt,bfy ,jv,t,c~#

z
'fhf,fqib mdt'ybc vtuj,fhb lf yfwyj,b v'fdc+ fcfrjdfyb cehtyb
vb'dt,f| @vfho'dc dfuhjdt,lb+ itdfuhjdt+++ ewt, - cathekb ,jv,b+
vjdb[tlt - cflff vfho'db+ sdbsvahbyfdb lfrblekfl ufxthlf+ vahb-
yfdvf lfvbvbpyf= vfuhfv fh bcdhbc= xtvc sfdpt bhfjc frtst,c+ vjsvb-
yt,f lfdrfhut+ d'dbhb| @vtchjkt= yf.bhfkfd! xtvsdbc cekthsbf!#
it,heylf lf ufahbylf+ tc hectsbc sdbsvahbyfdb b'j+ ofdtlb ea-
hjcsfy+ cfajyjdbf vbcb udfhb+ wjksfy thsfl vbdlbdfh= [tk-at[b
vbrfyrfkt,c+ bc rb vte,yt,f| @wjw[fkb uflfhxtybk[fh= hfc xbdb~#
@vt fh dxbdb#+ vfy dthfathb ufbuj+ fct ofvjdtlbs+ tc hf fhbc~ se
vjvrkfdlyty= vfiby eylf vtxbdkf~ fct dby vblbc cfxbdktkfl~#

z
cfqfvjc xtvb vtuj,fhb dbmnjhbf ,jcnfyc vfxdtyt,c+ fm 'ev,fhf
xfvjdfhlf+ @flht otkboflib vodfybkbc hfvltybvt vjcfdfkc db-
qt,lbs+ yf[t= jhb otkbf= fhfathb fvjcekf+ vbofv dth fvjbcey-
smf#+ ,jcnybc udthlbs mdbc lblb qevtkb lufc+ bc cf[kbc vw[jd-

>> 14
ht,kt,vf lflutc= hflufy iemb fh b'j+ hbuhbuj,bs fw[j,ty gehc=
rdthc+ qevtkib= ibuybs= ajskt,bf - frehfnekfl xfo'j,bkb+ qe-
vtksfy vbcfcdktkb qbff+ @dbqf ofbqt,c= - udte,yt,f dbmnjhbf= -
c[df tpjt,ib sfdbcb qevtkt,bc ufo'j,f lfbo'tc#+ tc .fkbfy t[vf-
ht,jlfs= hflufy iembc vjcdkf rbltdfw e[fhjlfs lf rbltdfw fhf+
@bwb= ufyfst,ekb cntafyfrthnb - lblt,ekb cfvbpytf#+ qvthsj vf-
qfkj= dthfclhjc dbabmht,lb!

z
ufhbrb sdhfvtnb okbcff+ 14 okblfy jvj,lf+ kfvfpb ,bzbf= uf-
yfskt,bc ufhtit+ eveitdfhb+ [j]fkfpt dtrbs[t,b+ nhfubrekb bc-
njhbff= vfiby fpth,fb]fytkb vj[ewt,b lf ,fdidt,b lfbqegyty+
-/j= uflfdodbs= hjv itvltu fh lf,heyt,ekb'dyty+
-vfuhfv bm [jv [fk[b b'j+ - tc vt dfh+
-vfs cevufbsb eylf ufb[ctyjy lf c[dfw vhfdfkb+
-vfuhfv hf iefibf fm rjyrhtnekb ,fdidb= vj[ewb~
-,fdidb ufbphlt,f lf lfyfc fbqt,c xdtyc fcfxt[fl+
-fv kjubrbs ufvjlbc| fbqj lf vstkb [fk[b eylf ufo'dbnj+
-fvbc ufrtst,fc xdty dth itd.kt,lbs++++
vjvtxdtyf= hjv fvbc ofhvjlutyf ufhbrc vfbywlfvfbyw lbl
e[th[ekj,fc fh emvybc+ hjv itu.kt,jlf= ufcfrtst,tkb b'j+
fv cfe,hbcfc xtvib acbmjkjub vjrdlf+ vt 'dtkfathb ovblf
o'kbc cbvfhsktl vbdbqt= vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf= hjv ufhbrbc cf[tpt
nfy]dbc rdfkcfw d[tlfdlb+

z
vbylf bv hfbjyt,ib vjd[dlt= cflfw uffasht,ekb ,h.jkt,b
vbvlbyfhtj,lf+ @fctsb ,h.jkt,b 'dtkufy b'j#= - vjvbzhf cbn'df
hj,thn rjxfhbfyvf= vsbfyb 'fhf,fqbc htcge,kbrbc ghtpblty-
nj,bc rfylblfnvf+
- dbcsfy vj[dtlbs~
- 'dtkfcsfy= dbyw 'fhf,fqib w[jdhj,c+
- smdtyc rehbht,fc dby f[ltyc~
- fhfdby+
- dby bqt,c gfce[bcvut,kj,fc smdtyc ecfahs[jt,fpt~
- fhfdby+
fctsb lbfkjub vmjylf 'fhf,fqbc uvbhsfy+
vfi fct= vfhlfrthnib vbdlbdfh+ dbyw cbyfvldbktib pheyfdlf
xtvc ecfahs[jt,fpt= tc dkflbr vjdctcbfyb b'j+ vtjht ]aeabc by-
15 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

dfkblb+ jvib vtvbpyt b'j= vhfdfk]th lfbzhf+ hjwf wjkb vij,bf-

H

hj,lf= lf,jv,df lfbo'j+ wjkc afhf]f uflffafhf+ 'dtkfyb cfh-

DB
TK

lfabcrty ufdfhlyty= vij,bfht vfublfpt lfhxf+ uflfhxf+ ,fdidb

lfb,flf+ dkflc abkndb fhf fmdc+ @hfnjv totdb= dkfl~# @.fkpt
ufydbwlb= hjwf 'dtkfath fvfpt dabmhj,+ lfhoveyt,ekb dfh= fhw
fpth,fb]fytkt,c cehs jvb+ bwb= thsb itdbg'fhb lf dtrbs[t,b|
@hfnjv [fh fm~ ity fm lfb,flt~# @fhf= - vte,yt,f= - fh lfd,flt,ek-
dfh#+ @f,f= hfnjv vjlb[fh bfhfqbs~#
+++ ufvjvb'dtc wfkrt jsf[b= cflfw 'dtkf v[hblfy mfhb itvjlbc+
fhflf= tc cfertstcj jsf[bf 'jabkb cfcnevhjc yfyuhtdt,ib+ vfd-
sekpt yfsehf /rblbf+ rtltkpt bvbc yfhxtyt,bf= hfw ths lhjc
gbhcf,fyb b'j+ cfgbhafhtij fh fhbc= fhw o'fkb+ lthtafyib cb,yt-
ktf+ dkflbrc vjfmdc mehf= hjvtkcfw ewyfehb cgbhfkb fmdc| vb-
cb yfobkt,b kbsjybc kehcvyt,bsff itthst,ekb+ mehfc cbs,jcb
fhfathb tn'j,f+ dkflb lfybs hfqfwfc skbc lf fthst,c rtlkbc
qheib= cflfw= otcbs= tktmnhjvfdsekb eylf uflbjltc+ hfqfw
crlt,f= ,jkfdc= vfuhfv mehf sfylfsfyj,bs s,t,f+ vt ds[jd=
tktmnhjtmcgthbvtynt,c vjtidfc+ @hfc fv,j,= [essdbfyb [jv fh
lf,flt,ek[fh~ cfthsjl fhfathb utcvbc~ vstkb qfvt cfe,fhb
vjudbotdc+ fm cnevfhb bidbfsfl vjlbc#+
se dkflb 92 okbc vjdktyt,c b[ctyt,c= fewbkt,kfl nbhbkb
fedfhlt,f [jkvt+ vb'dt,f= hjujh fatsmlf yfqvpt fpth,fb]fyt-
kb= hjvtkcfw rfhufl bwyj,lf+ @vt bc fh vjvbrkfdc+ bwb= bc dby
vjrkf~ dabmhj,= jvvf vjrkf+ .fkbfy us[jd= cflfw bmyt,b= 'dtkufy
smdb= jvb ye bmyt,f+ smdb#+
dkflbrbc [tkafcb cfvb fsfcb lhfvbf+ tc gehcfw fh 'jaybc+ @vt-
xdtyt,f= hjv jvb 'jdtksdbc bmyt,f+ fm lfvsfdhlt,f= bm lfbo't,f+
bwb= fhbc fctsb cjv[ehb ufvjyfsmdfvb| @'jdtk cjatkc sfdbcb .fq-
kb /'fdc#+ utcvbc= fhw ths [fk[c fh ufco'dtnbf .fqkt,b#+
lfvidblj,t,bcfc bc itcfybiyfd ahfpfc fv,j,c cjv[ehfl= hjvt-
kbw sfhuvfyib fct ;qthc| @cjvt[b vfibyqf a[bpklt,f= hjltcfw
zhbkj,f .dkfvlt fqotdc#+ tc cjv[t,bc lbl vjsvbyt,fptf yfsmdf-
vb+ fvfcsfy= dkflbrbc vjsvbyt,f pqdhfvltf vbcekb+

z
bcbyb sjhvtnyb b'dyty= f[fkufphlf= kfvfpb ,bzt,b= hjvkt,bw
vfhlfrthnbc hfbjyib vfcofdkt,kt,fl vbfdkbytc+ tc vfsb fknth-
yfnbekb cfv[tlhj cfvcf[ehbf+ xfvjdsdkb vfs cf[tkt,c| rfhtyb=
lfdbsb= cfvdtkb= ktdjyb= rfhfgtnb= dfputyb= fyeifdfyb= fhnehb=

>> 16
df/fuyb= ufbrb= ujhb= hj,thnb+ abpbrjct,b= vfstvfnbrjct,b= kby-
udbcnt,b= ghjuhfvbcnt,b+
yjtv,hbc wbdb qfvtt,b bluf+ ufs,j,f fh b'j= xfbw rb fh udmjy-
lf+ ufthsbfyt,ekb yjvht,b jvbc gthbjlbc 'fpfhvt,c vjudfuj-
yt,lyty+ bcbyb sjhvtnyb itvs[dtdbs fh fhbfy+ bcbyb vjwbmekt,b
uf[kfdfy+ vfsptf lfvjrblt,ekb cjv[tsbc vjvfdfkb lf tc vidtybd-
hfl bwbfy+ @dby= se fhf xdty~+++# sbsmvbc vstkb qfvt dvc]tkj,lbs
,fdidt,sfy vfs gbhdtk it[dtlhfpt+ vfs tcvbs= hjv vsfdfhb cb.yt-
kt wjlybcf lf cofdkt,bc cathjib rb fh vlujvfhtj,c+ ghj,ktvf
,fdidt,bc acbmjkjubfibf cf.t,ytkb+ 'jdtkb vfsufyb ,fdidt,bcrty
vbvfdfk cfresfh upfpt abmhj,c+ jvbc itvlujvb ghjdbywbekb
'jabc cb.ytktt,b yfrkt,fl flfhlt,s+
vfs ijhbc fhbc thsb= hjvtkbw vfhlfrthnib b,h.jlf+ vfy
smdf= hjv sdbsjyfw czbhlt,f acbmjkjubehb v[fhlfzthf lf bvt-
lb fmdc= hjv fvfc ,fdidt,ib bgjdbc+ fv f[fkufphlt,vf ufyvfwdba-
htc fphsf o'j,bs= ghj,ktvbc xfvj'fkb,t,bc ybzbs lf ufvfhse-
kb hecekbs+ vbcbjythekb fvjwfyt,b vfsb w[jdht,bc fhcb uf[lf+
fctsb vfcofdkt,kt,b yt,bcvbth thc itc.tylyty qbhct,fc+ bcbyb
fh /ufdlyty xtvc yfwyj, ufhbrc= hjvtkpt abmhbw vjcdtyt,fc fh
vf.ktdlf+ qfvbc cfvb cffsb b'j lf ufd,tlt= vfssdbc 'dtkfathb lf-
eafhfdfl vjvt'jkf+ hjwf vj'jkfc vjdhxb= [fyuh.kbdvf cbxevtv
lfbcfluehf+ fhfdby xmfhj,lf tsmdf fy @rb#= fy @fhf#+ cbxevt lffh-
qdbf ufbrvf= hjvtkcfw djkujuhflbc abpreknehbc frfltvbf fmdc
lfvsfdht,ekb+
-hfvltyb okbc b'j= hjwf vt,h.jkb uf[lf~
-vtsjs[vtntib b'j= - dgfce[j,+
-fb f[cyfw+ tc erdt lfvc[dhtekb acbmbrff+ fcts fcfrib ,h.jkf
fh itb.kt,f+ bc= hf smvf eylf= vfhsfkb fh fhbc+ vfuhfv fhw bc itb-
.kt,f - ,hfkb lfclj bvbnjv= hjv fct abmhj,c+ xdty [jv vfcpt ,td-
hb hfv fh dbwbs+
dfxdtyt, aehwtkc= hjvtkptw ufvjcf[ekbf cmtvf ths-thsb uf-
lfvo'dtnb ,h.jkbcf| cntafyfrthnb - ieif - kfxbyb+ itvltu rbhcbc
vsf= hjvtkptw cjvt[b vt,h.jkt,b vhfdfkb cffsbc ufyvfdkj,fib
flbjlyty+ fv vsfpt sjs[vtnb okbc ufhbrbw fbzhf+ hf dbwb vt vbc
itcf[t,~ fhfathb! xdty 'ehflqt,bs dfsdfkbtht,s 'vfodbkbc
[tkbs ufvjcf[ek cmtvfc+ bcht,b [fy [j]fkbcrtyff vbvfhsekb= [fy
- vfkb,tbkbcrty lf duh.yj,= hjujh sfylfsfy dut,ekj,= hf itb-

17 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

.kt,f vlufhb'j sdhfvtnb okbc ,bzbc rfntujhbekb ahfpt,bc

H
DB

erfy+ ,bzbcf= hjvtkvfw ,h.jkf js[b okbc oby lfbo'j+ @cjvt[b

TK

eylf b'j= vbcb hjv utcvjltc#= - smdf ths-thsvf bv sjhvtnblfy+

fk,fs= bc vfhsfkb b'j+

IEIF

@jhvjwb fsfcb vrdlfhb afy]fhf xfyc bm 'jdtkb v[hblfy#= -

vfyltkinfvb fv,j,c fvfc ieifpt+ rbltd - tivfrbc vjwbmekpt+ vt
ieifc cbpvfhibw d[tlfdlb+ w[flib gbhdtkfl 1995 okbc ctmntv,th-
ib dyf[t+ fb= bcbw= wfib fpblekb= cbc[kbs vjho'ekb vbof+ hf xfyc
'jdtkb v[hblfy~ [fxrfhb+ crjkbc udthlbs [fxrfhbf+ ]dfhwvbc
mdt,c next,bs lfofat,bf ujujyf+ 23 ctmntv,thc vfc tmdcb otkb
echeklt,f+ udthlbs .vf elufc+ cfvb okbc+ dbc tresdybc [fxrfhb~
vfvfc~ .vfc~ ,f,efc~ fqvjxylf - 'dtkfc= dbyw lfbqegf+ ,fdidt,c ea-
hjct,b fh f[kfds sfy+ hjujh vj[dlyty fm~ sdbsjy fvjdblyty!
bcbyb lfhxyty [fxrfhsfy= hjvtkbw ,fdidt,sfy thsfl vskbf-
yj,fc mvyblf+ @cekbc vjyfstcfdt ibib#= - vt erdt dbwb= tc hf fhbc+

z
1996 okbc yjtv,thb+ ieifib vtcfvtl vjd[dlb= xtvc vtuj,fh fkbr
djcrfybfysfy thsfl+ @vt rb fh vb'dfhc ieif#= - vbs[hf= hjltcfw
vfqkj,pt fcekt,b= mfkfmib itdtlbs+ hjwf erfy d,heylt,jlbs=
fqybiyf| @smdty hjv bwjlts= hfvltyb cbc[kb lfbqdfhf= hfvltyb
lfbqegf!# fkbrbc ltlf= xtvb vtuj,fhb dbmnjhbf= vb'dt,f= se hj-
ujh vjdblf fkbrb 9 vfbcc ieiblfy= cfvb wfkb nbnf tzbhf [tkib|
@bc vskbfyfl ufcbc[kbfyt,ekb b'j+ xdty cfhlfaib dbc[tlbs lf
fhfathb dbwjlbs+ 'dtkfyb ufhts ufvjdwdbdlbs+ lf tc nbnt,b+
sbsmjc tctybw ufcbc[kekt,b b'dyty+ fkbrb fqvjxylf gbhdtkb= hj-
vtkvfw ufvfh]dt,f udfeo'f+++ b'dyty bctst,b= hjvtksfsdbcfw jvb
- cfijdfhbf+ mfkfmib lfafct,ekb flfvbfyt,bw rb fh thblt,jlyty
cf[kt,bc .fhwdfc+ xtvb idbkb rb nbnt,bs [tkib ufvjudtw[flf+++
rfhubf= [jv= hfqfwyfbhfl+++ sfdbceafkb rfwbf= fhf~#
+++@sfdbceafkvf rfwvf# ieibc wyj,bk cfg'hj,bktib vbvb'df-
yf+ stshb rtlkt,b dtt,thstkf ohtc [fpfdty+ iefib v'fhb mdbc it-
yj,t,bf= tpjib - vjtlfyb+ vjtlyblfy hfvltybvt lblb abkff fvju-
kt]bkb+ cgtwbfkbcnt,bc fphbs= tc e.dtktcb [fxrfht,bf= hjvtk-
sfw fhfvbpyj,hbdfl b'tyt,lyty+ fkbrb [tkbs t[t,f mdbc fcjt,c+
hjujhw 'dtkf cjvt[b= abpbrehfl uh.yj,c obyfght,bc .f[bkc+

>> 18
 cfg'hj,bkbc eahjcb f[fkufphlf rfwbf= jhvjwpt vtnbc fh
bmyt,f+ yt,fc vhsfdty= jh fpth,fb]fytkc itd[dlt+ afbr uflbvjdb+
75-ibf lf,flt,ekb+ n'dtj,fibf 94-bc fghbkblfy+
tkxby ;fabfhjdb w[hfvtnbcff+
afbrb xdtysfy thjdyekb nfycfwvkbc yfhxtyt,ib ufvjdblf+
'jabkb vjrhbdtf= itrht,t,ptf yfv'jab xtvc vij,kbeh yjdjcb,bh-
crib+ n'dtl xfdfhlf+ [fyuh.kbdb lhjbc vfy.bkpt vo'tvcfdlf cfmj-
ytkc vfhlfrthnbc hfbjyib+ bcofdkf cjv[ehb+ ieibc cfg'hj,bkbc
cfrfyib itvltub cbn'dbs itdblf| @,fhtdptc# (ufvfh]j,fs)! sfyf-
cfrytkb fpth,fb]fytkt,b ufjuylyty+ afbrc rjynfmnib itcdkf fh
ezbhc+ @fhf= itub.kbf ofhvjblubyj~ - fv,j,c fkbrb= - wb[bc tmbvvf
'jdtkudfhb cfveifjcufy uffsfdbceakf+ fvbc vbcfqotdfl fhfdbc
vjhblt,bf!#
afbrc sfdbc mfkbc zhbkj,f fmdc vbqt,ekb+ sdfks e,ytklt,f+
jhbdtyb eqfhb,tcb j]f[t,blfy fhbfy+ vfs fhfdby ufvjbc'blbc+ hj-
ujhw xfyc= fhw fhfdby ufwdkbc+ ths-thsvf vfsufyvf vbs[hf= hjv hjwf
'fhf,fqek cf[kib fqvjxylf= vfibyqf vb[dlf - hf eylf b'jc cf[kib+
afbrc drbs[t= hjujhb cbpvht,b tcbpvht,f+ @vstkb otkb thscf
lf bvfdt cbpvfhc d[tlfd| vfvf lf ltlf nbhbfy#+ vfy ufbvtjhf| @bcb-
yb 'jdtksdbc nbhbfy+ cbpvfhb ubyl ito'ltc= ubyl fhf - thscf lf
bubdtc d[tlfd#+
afbrb cevufbstkbf= vtsthsvtnt vbrhjhfbjyblfy+ tkxbyc ltlf
hecb /'fdc= vfuhfv sdbsjy hecekfl dth cfe,hj,c+ tkxbyb cekt-
kehfl xfdfhlf+ cflfpdthdj-lbdthcbekb ]ueabc otdhb b'j+ o'fk-
pt ofdblf+ cfpqdfhb dth itybiyf+ o'kbc zehztkb /mjylf+ vbwtvf
fh eyljlf lf [vfvfqkf lfbo'j fpth,fb]fyekfl ervf'jabkt,bc
ufvj[fndf+ cojhtl vfiby xffdktc [tkb+ tkxbyc vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb
j]f[b /'fdc - cfvb evwhjcb lf-.vf+ cbpvfhib v[jkjl cf[kc [tlfdc=
vtnc fhfathc+ vbcb cekbthb vlujvfhtj,f bvltyfl v.bvtf= hjv afb-
rbc ajrect,b vfcib qbvbkcfw fh bodtdc+ lqtvlt dth ufeubf= hjujh
xfdfhlf lf hbcsdbc+
xdty hecekpt uflfdtlbs+ tkxbyb lflevlf+ afbrb ufesfdt,kfl
kfgfhfrj,c= thsb tyblfy vtjhtpt uflflbc= vtjhtlfy - vtcfvtpt+
ewt,= wb[bc sfyfvihjvkt,b= hjvkt,bw xdtyc it[dtlhfc tcoht,jl-
yty= afbrbcf lf tkxbybc vij,kbeh fpth,fb]fyekpt fkfgfhfrlyty+
vfs vjtxdtyfs= hjv vt cojhfl dth dbut, ,bzt,bc yffv,j,c+ qvthsj
lblt,ekj= hf cfyf[fj,f b'j! dtt,thstkf= eafy]ht,j mdt,bc nj-
vfhf+ ufvfhsekb fpth,fb]fyekbs vjkfgfhfrt cjv[t,b sfdbfys

19 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

n'dtt,c uekvjlubytl t[vfht,bfy= pecnfl uflvjcwty bc nrbdbkb=

H

hjvtkbw vfsib lfuhjdlf lf cekc ecthfdc+ cjv[t,c cf[tpt lblb

DB
TK

dyt,f lf lf.f,ekj,f f[fnbfs+ bcbyb ufvofht,ekb wlbkj,ty= rfh-

ufl ufbujy c[dbc tyfpt yfsmdfvb= hjv xtvsdbc= hecbcsdbc= w[flb
uf[ltc= hbsb w[jdhj,c n'dt! lfluf ofvb bctsb cbw[flbcf lf th-
svfytsbc ufut,bcf= hjv ieibc cfg'hj,bkbc cmtkb rtlkt,b cfcfwb-
kj ltrjhfwbfl vjvtxdtyf+ hfvltybvt ofvbc uftkdt,fib xdty= e,hf-
kjl= flfvbfyt,b db'fdbs= vfuhfv fv ofvt,vf vfbyw dthfathb itwdf-
kf+ lfvidblj,t,bc lhj lfluf+ lfdbyf[t= hjujh ufbfhtc ,bzt,vf
tpj lf cfresfhb cfryt,bcrty uftvfhsyty+ wb[t xdtekt,hbdb w[jd-
ht,bs fuh.tkt,lf w[jdht,fc+ [tkib v[jkjl ,bzt,bc vij,kt,bc
vbcfvfhst,b itvhxf+ lf vtnb fhfathb! f-hf-at-hb!

BFDYFYF
(fk,thn djcrfybfybc vjyfs[hj,blfy)

@,tdhb hfv vbyf[fdc= vfuhfv fv itvs[dtdfc hjv db[ctyt,= tuht-

dt nbhbkc dbo't,+ thsb mfkb v.tdkfl fb'dfytc+ vfc jhb ,fdidb
f[klf= ,bzb cfvb okbc b'j= ujuj - okbcf lf jhb sdbc+ ltlfc sfdib
xffhn'tc lf lfhtnbfyt,ekb= ,bzsfy thsfl vfymfybc cf,fhuekib
xfntytc+ hjwf fphpt vjdblf= [tlfdc - ujujyf fh fhbc+ cfl eylf
dt.t,j~ 'dtkfathb dwflt| dhtrfd= dbsfy[vt,= dbut,+ fhfathb ufvj-
lbc+ xdty n'dtt,bc ufwdkfc= pju]th= @ptdblfy# (rfyjybthfl) rb
fhf= gbhlfgbh eiefkjl df[jhwbtkt,s+ fct ghj,ktvf yfrkt,bf lf
cfhut,tkb - vtnb+ hfw eahj mdtlf cfat[ehsfy ufmdc cfmvt= vbs ea-
hj fldbkbf itsfy[vt,f+ fm flfvbfyb cbwjw[ktc bvyfbhfldt itbuh.-
yj,c= hjujhw ity+ ufwdkf= pju]th= gbhlfgbh cflf[kjpt [jhwb-
tklt,f+ cek vf[cjdlf lfrfhuekb gfnfhf rfhbyf+ sevwf vt xtvb
otcb vmjylf lf bc xtvsdbc ovblfsfovbylf b'j| ,fdidt,pt fhfdby
eylf ufbwdfkjc+ fvfc se lfeidt,= ,fdidt,bc ufnfwt,fc lfbo't,ty+
bctlfw lfo't,ekb fmds+
vtjht v[fhtcsfy it[dtlhbcfc vfbyw dbrbs[fdlb| hfvt [jv fh
bwbs xtvb rfhbyfcb~ ltlfvbcb ve[kt,ib vbdfhlt,f - @vbidtkt!# dt-
hblt,b it[ctyt,fc= hjv erdt jhb otkb ufdblf= ,fdidb js[bc uf[lf+
ltlbcsdbc [jv tc fv,fdb vfbyw @ueiby# vj[lf+ vt erdt [tkb xfm-
ytekb vfmdc= hjvw bgjdjy ujujyf= hjujh lfdfvnrbwjs= hjv xdt-
ybf~ ths lqtc yfwyj,b= hjvtkbw vtjht v[hblfy ufwdkt,ib b'j

>> 20
xfhsekb= vte,yt,f| @bwb= fkbr= 'dtkfathb tvs[dtdf+ jhb okbc oby
ujujyf yf[tc+ vij,kt,b fh /'fdc+ jqjyl gbhj,f udfmdc| ltlfv lf-
fvnrbwjc= hjv bc yfvldbkfl vbcb idbkbf+ udbs[hfc ybiyt,b+ bct
e,hfkjl dth vjuwtvs#+ cfo'fkvf ltlfv [fkt,bc xfvjsdkf lf-
bo'j+ dbabmht= ofv[lfhb cfmvtf-vtsmb= vfuhfv vfbyw ofdtlb+ uflfd-
o'dbnt= gbhdtkb itdcekb'fdb+ sevwf fqvjxylf= [fkt,bc sdkf fhw
b'j cfzbhj+ rfhbyf ptlufvjzhbkb ltlfvbcbf+ dt.f[b+ vbdfhlf ltlf
idbkc= bc rb fpth,fb]fyekfl te,yt,f| @bj[!# (fhf!) lf ufvphltkbc-
rty botdc= hjvtkbw vfc= hjujhw idbkc= bct tmwtjlf+ ltlf [vfvfq-
kf vjsmdfvc= ,fdidbw+ ufvphltkbw nbhbc= bc [jv sdbsjyfw ltlff
lf vtjht ltlbcf tcvbc+ fmts ,fdidc dth rhfdc [tkc+ fb= fct dluf-
dfhs lf gfnfhfc yfobkt,fl d[ktxs+ vstkb gfkfnf vjsmdfvc+ bmb-
sf v[hblfy| @dbc czbhlt,f tc 'dtkfathb~ xdty= fpth,fb]fytkt,c~
ity= cjvt[c~++ tc vjcrjdc czbhlt,f!# @lfflubytc= hjv vjcrjdc
czbhlt,f#= - bhjybekfl bqbvt,f djcrfybfyb+
vfhskfw= dbc czbhlt,f~ fb= hf vbylf ufdbuj fkbrsfy lf bv
fpth,fb]fytksfy thsfl= hjvtkcfw vstkb tc okt,b velfv f[cjd-
lf gfnfhf ujujyf= cf[tkfl rfhbyf+
@ofdb'dfyts ,fdidb vfymfybcrty+ bc sfdbc fpth,fb]fyekpt uf/rb-
dbc lf ltlfc [tkt,bs bijht,c+ vfymfyfib ltlfv ,fdidb lblb ufzbh-
dt,bs xfbcdf rfksfib lf [tkt,pt uflfbodbyf+ ,fdidb ewt, ufxevlf
lf tuhtdt xft.byf+ 'dtkfv fvjdbj[hts+ bwb= fv,j,ty= hjv vewtkib
v'ja ,fdidcf lf ltlfvbcc uekbc thsyfbhb hbnvb fmds+ ufvjlbc=
,fdidb sfdbc ,eyt,hbd hbnvib xf]lf+ bct hf uffxevt,lf~#

z
fk,thn djcrfybfybc rbltd thsb vjyfs[hj,b+
@n'dt vbud'fdc ufcfwdktkfl+ xdtysfy bvbc ltlfw fhbc= dbcptw
dwdkbs+ cfibytkb fvbylbf+ wbdf+ mfkb fpth,fb]fytkc sdfkbcxbyb-
dbs eahs[bklt,f+ vfymfyfc hfqfw ufeaezlf+ vt d'dbhb| @vfvfrf-
wb fh [fh= vjlb lf lfvt[vfht!# mfkvf [tkt,b xffdkj lf nbhbkbs
vte,yt,f| @fh vjuwtv! ufvbwbdt, lf vtht dby ufvbwdkbc~# vt vfbyw
lfdb]byt= hjv vfymfyfc ,bzb vjcojkjlf lf fhf mfkb+ vfiby mfkvf
sfdcfafhb vjb[cyf= sfdpt itvjf[dbf lf v[jkjl vtht ufvjeidf+
upfib qfvbc ufstyt,fv vjudbobf+ mfkvf bctd| @vbc udthlbs lf-
db.byt,+ hf bwb= hf itb.kt,f vj[ltc#+ jhb lqt fct pheyfdlf vfcpt
lf bct ittxdbf= hjwf vtjht v[fhtc uflfcwtc= sdfkt,b whtvkbs
/mjylf cfdct+

21 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

+++ t/= smdty n'dtsf ufwdkf eylf yf[js+ vt itdfvxybt= cf[tc hjv
H

dth [tlfdlt lf [vf fh utcvjltc= dth uffhxtd= hjvtkbf fpth,fb]fyt-

DB
TK

kb lf hjvtkb cjvt[b= pecnfl thsyfbhfl bmwtdbfy+ ,fdidt,bc ufvj

vflkj,fc hjv ute,yt,bfy= thsyfbhfl ubrhfdty sfdc lf thsb ibyf-
fhcbc cbn'dt,c ute,yt,bfy+ thsyfbhfl wlbkj,ty vflkbtht,bc ybi-
yfl [tkpt ufrjwjy+ ;tcnt,b thsyfbhb fmds+ itvj[tldfw+ utcvbc=
thsyfbhb itvj[tldf+ fvbc fnfyf ite.kt,tkbf!#

z
+++mfhsekb @v[tlhbjybc# ths-thsvf vt,h.jkvf vbs[hf| @jvbc
lfo't,f fh itb.kt,f+ vfc lblb rezb fmdc#+ fvfc bydfkblbc cfdfh.tk-
pt vb]fzdekb vte,yt,jlf+ v[fndfhvf-veknbgkbrfnjhvf= hjvtk-
vfw aey]b @rfkfiybrjdpt# ufwdfkf= bwjlf= hfcfw fv,j,lf+ vfuhfv
jvbctekb lhfvf= hjvtkcfw vt,h.jkb dth [tlfdc= bvfpt eahj cf-
pfhtkb fqvjxylf= dblht eat[j v[fndfhb vte,yt,jlf+++
fkbr djcrfybfybc rf,bytnib (vsbfyb 'fhf,fqbc eibihjt,bc cfv-
cf[ehb) cjvt[b thjdyt,bc v.tdkt,bc cbt,b ofdbrbs[t+ tc bc [fk[bf=
hjvtksfw cfv[tlhj rjyakbmnib vjyfobktj,f fh vbeqbfs+ vfs
ijhbc .fkbfy ,tdhbf mfkb+ dyf[t 1910 otkc lf,flt,ekyb+ ufvjlbc=
bcbyb 90 okbcfyb fhbfy+ vfsb ,tlb ufehrdtdtkbf+ uflfo'dtnbkb
fh fhbc= vfs ufwdkbfy= se bct uffsfdbceakt,ty+ fkbrbc vfublf-
pt lflt,ek ajnjcehfspt ,bzb lf vfvfvbcb fhbfy ufvjcf[ekb+ tc
fv,fdb cek f[kf[fy vj[lf= dfhltybcib+ ,fdidb= hj,thn eyfybfyb=
1985 otkc fhbc lf,flt,ekb+ vfc vfvfvbcsfy= hjvtkbw vbyljhib
veifj,lf= cflbkb vb/mjylf+ jhbdt fb'dfytc+ jvbc rezb fh xthlt,f=
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf= hjv ajhvfkehfl jvb lfvsfdht,ekbf+
+++ fk,thn djcrfybfyb= hfw ite.kbf= 'dtkfathc uffrtst,c+ bvf-
cfw rb= hfw fh ite.kbf+ vt daehwkfd obuyt,c= hjvtksfw fkbrb
uekvjlubytl bpes[fdc+ qvthsj xtvj! vt fhw rb dbwjlb= hjv fh-
ct,j,c ufyfskt,bc epfhvfpfhb lfhub= hjujhbwff jvbc otct,b+
fvbc wjlyf cfbynthtcjf= hjwf 'jdtk yf,b]pt erfyjyj,fc [dlt,b+
fb= vfufkbsfl= fk,thnbc cf'dfhtkb obuyb= @cfthsfijhbcj cf-
vfhskbc ufydbsfht,f lf ghbywbgt,b#+ ;fy gbrnt= 1993 otkb+
@rjydtywbf ofvt,bcf lf c[df cfcnbrb= fhfflfvbfyehb fy qbh-
ct,bc itvkf[dtkb mwtdbcf lf lfc]bc obyffqvltu#= 1984 otkb+
hjujh bwfdty fv rjydtywbfc jvib= xdty= vrbs[dtkj= vfkt uf-
dbut,s ,fdidt,bc yfotht,blfy= hjvkt,bw bv mfkfmib lfbothf= vfy-
ltkinfvvf hjv vnfwt,tkb eojlf+

>> 22
 @nthjhbcnek fmnt,c= hjvkt,bw jvbc lhjc [jhwbtklt,f= c[df
behblbekb rjyjnfwbf fmds+# qvthsj xtvj= tc hfpt othty bcbyb~
cjvt[b ,bzbc= hj,thnbc= ufexbyfht,fc hf @behblbekb rjyjnfwbf#
fmdc~
@;tytdbc rjydtywbf#= 1942 okbc 12 fudbcnj+
@nthjhbcnekb fmnt,bc frh.fkdf cfthsfijhbcj /evfybnf-
hek cfvfhsfkib#+
fk,thn djcrfybfyb xtvc crtgnbwbpvc fh bpbfht,c+ @vt 'dtkf-
athc drbs[ekj,= hfw cfmvtib ufvjvflut,f#+

z
ieibc cfg'hj,bkbc ths-thsb sfyfvihjvtkb .bh.dtkb ,fmjt-
kbf+ jwb otkb bveifdf fpth,fb]fybc cfvfhsfklfvwfd jhufyjt,ib+
dtrbs[t,b| @,fmjib 'dtkfahbc lfnjdt,fv vjubobfs~# @fhfdbsfh
itvs[dtdfib! - ofvjb.f[f cjvt[vf - xtvvf fpth,fb]fytkvf vtuj,ht,vf
lhjekfl ufvfahs[bktc| @lhjf= vjtvpflj lf of[dblt! cfcfrkfj
bmyt,f!# bijdtc vfymfyf= sfdbfysb [tkbs rj[nfl xffkfutc 'dtkf
ybdsb+ vfymfyf lfb.hf+ 'dbhbkb bcvbc| @ufxthlb!# ufdxthlbs+ .dtk-
vf ,fmjtkvf cf[kib lfnjdt,ekb wjw[b yf[f+ f[kfw sdfkoby vbl-
ufc| hjujh fult,c vfymfyfpt wjw[c lf [vfvfqkf= erfyfcrytkfl
ofhvjsmdfvc| @bfrib bjk!# (rtsbkb vupfdhj,f!) rfhub vtuj,ht,b
lfvhxf bm#+

z
fhktnf if/yfpfhjdf f[eyljdbc cf[tkj,bc ,fmjc htcge,kb-
reh cffdflv'jajib veifj,lf+ vbcb bcnjhbf c[df fsfcb bcnjhb-
bc vcufdcbf+ hjwf fhtekj,f f[fkb lfo't,ekb b'j= fpth,fb]fyt-
kt,vf uffahs[bktc - cfvcf[ehib fh tdkj+ w[jdhj,lf= bsdkblf
'jdtk ofvc= hjvtkcfw itb.kt,jlf= cbrdlbkb vj/'jkjlf+ gehb
vtpj,tkc vj/mjylf+ fhktnf vfy uflffhxbyf+ afhcvf+
@fb= rfdrfcbehb cbylhjvb - bzht,f cfe,fhib thsb byntkbutynb
mfkb+ - utcvbs= vfy cjvt[b uflffhxbyf= hflufy bc vbcb vtpj,tkb
b'j+ kervfgehc e'jalf+ vfuhfv tc vfc chekbfl fh iteikbc [tkc=
mfkfmbc vtjht ,jkjib cjv[t,b [jwjc#+
fhktnf levc= vtht rb fhf,eyt,hbdb .fkbs ofhvjsmdfvc|
@fhf= vfc rdkf fhcfl fh ite.kbf= bc xtvb vtpj,tkbf+ fh-cfl! f-hfc-
lhjc! lf f-hf-dbc!#
fhktnf vfcofdkt,tkbf ieifib+

23 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

z
H
DB

vfstvfnbrbc vfcofdkt,tkb uehty yfk,fylbfyb 35 okbcff+

TK

jvj,lf+ js[b idbkb /'fdc+ [tk]j[bs lflbc+ vt vfcsfy itrbs[df

vfmdc+ bubdt= hjvtkcfw db.ktjlb w[bydfkib= cj[evib= uhjpyjib|
.ytkbf= bvbc itvltu= hfw ,fdidt,vf cfresfhb sdfkbs yf[tc= sbs-
mjc fhfathb vjv[lfhb'jc= bct tkfgfhfrj nfyutyct,pt lf rjnfy-
utyct,pt~ @bcbyb erdt c[dfyfbht,b fhbfy= - vte,yt,jlyty vfcofd-
kt,kt,b ,fdidt,pt @w[tk othnbkt,ib# - vfsb ufvjwlbkt,f cbr-
dlbkblfy lf yuhtdblfy lfbo'j#+
@vt vfs upf-rdfkc de,ytd= - vgfce[j,c uehtyb+ - c[df upf fh
fhbc#+ vbylf ufdbuj= itwljvfib it'dfybcrty cohfadf hfjlty
tcf,fvt,f vbcb gbhflb w[jdht,bc cfibytk cehfst,c+ @fhfyfbhfl!
e,hfkjl ,fdidt,b fhfathib fhbfy lfvyfifdtyb#+ uehtybc ltlf lfo-
dtc+ vfvfvbcc eyljlf= hfw uflfhxf= cf[kib ittnfyf+ js[ sfyfcja-
ktksfy thsfl v.tdkfl fb'dfytc+ vthfvltyt otkbf= vfcpt fhfathb
bcvbc+ vt vbc vjyfwtvt,c dboth - tivfrc fh c.byfdc+ uehtyb hdtekc
vfhsvtdc lf sfdbcb [tkbs vbothc vfvbc= ltlbc udfht,c= nhfutlbbc
flubkc= hbw[dc+ fct xfbothf uehtybc [tkbs xtvc hdtekib| @tc b'j
1992 okbc 13 bdybcc#+ 'dtkf @w[tk othnbkib#= cflfw fhfdbc fhf-
athb tcfmvt,f vidblj,bfy vjcf[ktj,fcsfy= fhct,j,c lfejrt,tkb
vbcohfat,f - fewbkt,kfl sdbsjy lfnjdjy xfyfothb vfvfpt= lt-
lfpt= idbkpt= .vfpt+ [esb okbc [tnbfkib rfhufl ufdbsfdbct= hjv
fvfjf tc 'dtkfathb= vfuhfv ]benfl dfuh.tkt, othfc lf c[dfcfw
dfodlb hdtekc+ hjujhw xtvvf vtuj,fhvf ytkb kjubyjdfv smdf|
@hjwf xdty vjktrekfvlt lfd'fdfhs= vfbyw udhxt,f thsb aeymwbf|
c[dfc uflfdwts cbuyfkb cfresfh sfdpt#+ @vt afynjvfccfw vbdvfh-
st+ vfcfw fhfathb ite.kbf#+ sehvt fhct,j,c jvbc fctsb lfhub
- flfvbfyt,bs dfzhj,f+ vhfdfkb c[dflfc[df [tkj,f xylt,f jvib+
afynjvfcb ieifib cf'jdtksfjl wyj,bkb rfwbf+ vfc lf vbc cfmvbf-
yj,fc bctdt vidblfl trblt,bfy= hjujhw uhfxjdbc cfmvtt,c+
+++vsbfy 'fhf,fqib ev]j,tcbf= utythfk uhfxjdbc cf[tkb fh
f[ctyj+
+++cthutb if[hfbc cf[tkb 'dtkufy thsyfbhfl welfl ;qthc+
+++us[jdty= efv,j hec gjkrjdybr bdfyjdpt= hjvtkvfw ,tdhb cb-
wjw[kt uflffhxbyf+

>> 24
 IEIFC IDBKT,B

@vt cntafyfrthnib lfdb,flt lf [esb otkb bm dw[jdhj,lb+ hj-

wf tc vj.hfj,f lfbo'j= ltlfv thtdfyib= ,b.fcsfy ofvb'dfyf+ ltlf
lf xtvb evwhjcb .vf cntafyfrthnib= @uhflbc# zehdt,bc mdti lfh-
xyty+
mfkfmc ,jv,fdlyty+ ltlf lf .vf n'tc fafht,lyty sfdc+ vbyljh-
ib t.byfs+ thtdfyib dibvibkj,lbs+ fhw iemb+ fhw ufpb+ nfkjybs
- yf[tdfhb gehb lf rfhnjabkb+
vfvf lfzhtc+ hjwf bc 'fdfh]ybfyb dyf[t= vfiby vbd[dlb= hfnjv
bmwtjlf ewyfehfl ltlf| fvfc vbvfkfdlf+ ths rdbhflqtc cfkjwf-
dfl vbdlbjlb+ tpjib 'dtkfyb vjo'tybkt,b b'dyty+ vt vbd[dlb= hf-
njv+ ofvb'dfytc cntafyfrthnib+ mfkfmbc lf,jv,df lfbo'tc+ 'jdtkb
,jv,bc fatsmt,fpt dkeh]lt,jlb lf tyf vthsvtjlf+ vfvf gjpbwb-
fpt ofdblf#+
rhbcnbyf jdfytcbfyb= 15 okbc

@26+01+92o+ hjltcfw fpth,fb]fytkb jvjytkt,b rfhby-nfuc

lftc[yty sfdc - tc 'dtkfpt v.bvt lqtf xtvc w[jdht,fib+ ths[tk
vfqkj,pt fdtlbs lf bmblfy de'eht,lbs= hjujh ,jv,fdlyty
fpth,fb]fytkt,b cntafyfrthnc+ @uhflbc# lfyflufhvf bvc[dthgkf
vfvfxtvb 19 st,thdfkc+ thsb okbc itvltu= 6 fudbcnjc= xtvb evwhj-
cb .vf sdfkib lfbzhf+ bv qfvbs fulfvblfy lf,jv,tc cntafyfrthnb+
hjwf ieif uffsfdbceaktc= xdty ,f,efc cf[kib lfd,heylbs+ f[kf
cf[kbc fqlutyfpt dveifj,s#+
ufubr ,futhbfyb= 15 okbc

@1992 okbc bdybcib xdty knjkdbkt,b ufd[lbs+ xdtysfy thsfl

,t,bfw b'j+ bc 'jdtksdbc nbhjlf+ hjwf cf[kblfy vjdlbjlbs=
vfy vbnjdt,ek rthbfc it[tlf lf smdf| @j= qvthsj! ittobt xtvc idb-
kt,c#+
fqvjxylf= hjv vsfdfhb ufcfzbhb oby udtkjlt,jlf+
vt dyf[t= hjujh [nt,jlf vlbyfhtib [fk[b= hjvtkbw
ufv[twt,ek fpth,fb]fytkt,c lfec[knf [tkblfy+ dbyw wehdf
bwjlf= vbwehfdlf= dbyw fhf= qvthsc cs[jdlf idtkfc+ thsb ,fd-
idb o'fkib xfdfhlf+ ltlfv lfb'dbhf lf bhudkbd ufyobhekb vpt-
hbs b'eht,jlf+ vjudtxdtyf= hjv itbifkf+ tc hfvltybvt ofvc ufuh-

25 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

.tklf+ bc itikbkbdbs ofvjbzhf lf ,fdidbcrty ufbmwf+ ,fdidc vlb-

H

yfht mdblfy mdfc fyfhw[t,lf+ fv lhjc hecb ]fhbcrfwb ufvjxylf=

DB
TK

o'fkib uflf[nf lf vlbyfhbc mfac lfeo'j ,h.jkf+ xdty ptvjlfy

ibibs lfd'eht,lbs 'jdtkbdt fvfc+
,fdidb ]fhbcrfwbc [tkt,ibf+ bcbyb yfgbhpt fhbfy+ ,fdidb vrdlf-
hbf+ vt cojhtl tc lfvfvf[cjdhlf#+
yeyt vbhpf,trbfyb (vt-7 rkfcb)

@vt ,fmjib lfdb,flt+ v[jkjl gbhdtk rkfcib dbcofdkt+ itvltu

sfdc didtkjlbs+ vjdtlbs rbhjdfrfyib+ vbobc.dhfib vjd'tdbs+ uf-
lfdtlbs 'fhf,fqib+ jhb okbc itvltu vfhlfrthnib vfvfxtvb lfbqe-
gf+ tc b'j 1994 okbc 6 bfydfhc+
vfy tmdcb mfkbidbkb lfnjdf+ xdty tpjib dsfvfij,lbs+ vt 'dbhb-
kbc [vf ufdbujyt+ hjwf cf[kib itdtlb= ,t,bf fv,j,lf| @xtvb mfkbi-
dbkbc w[jdht,f lfbyuhf#+ hf vj[lf~ ,b.fxtvbc wjkvf smdf| @fhfat-
hbw fh vjv[lfhf#+ vfuhfv vt thsb itvs[dtdf ufvf[ctylf| hjltcfw
vfvfxtvbc .vf lfbqegf= vfibyfw fv,j,lyty - fhfathb vjv[lfhfj+ vt
vbd[dlb= hjv vfvfxtvb vjrdlf+ vt uh.yj,f lfdrfhut+ fvbc lf]tht,f
fh vbyljlf+ ths otkpt vtnbf= fh ofhvjdsmdfv cbn'dfc @vfvf#+ db-
cfw fctsb hfv fh eyf[fdc= decehdt,= fhw fhfclhjc tyf[jc+
,b.fxtvc= cbrdlbkbc itvltu= mfkbidbkb itt.byf+ cbrdlbkfvlt
vfy wjkc ,tztlb lfenjdf+ tc thsflthsb cbovbyltf j]f[ib+ ,fd-
idt,b ,tztlc rjwybfy+ ,t,bfxtvvf jhb df;bidbkb lfrfhuf#+
cecfyf fdfytcbfyb (vt-9 rkfcb)

z
vfcofdkt,tkb| f[kf dbcfe,hjs cbwjw[kbc cfphbcpt+
vjcofdkt| f[kf vjahbylt,f sdbsvahbyfdb lf fh bmyt,f fhw
fphb lf fhw cbwjw[kt+
(ufrdtsbkpt cfe,ht,blfy)

z
bcbyb ujyt,fc rfhufdlyty= hjltcfw vfvbc lfqegdfc
ut,ekj,lyty+
bcbyb ibibcufy keh]lt,jlyty lf vtn'dtkt,bc eyfhc rfhufdlyty+
vfs vjsvbyt,f bcofdktc lf cbrdlbkbc kjlbyb+
vfs f[cjds= hf uflf[lfs ,f,et,c lf ,t,bt,c= .vt,cf lf lt,c=
,b.t,c lf ltblt,c= vtpj,kt,c lf vtuj,ht,c+
vfs bwbfy= hjv e,hfkjl vfvf rb fh vjrdljvbfs= fhfvtl ,t,bfc
idbkb lf vfvblbc .vf+

>> 26
 vfs bcofdktc eahjct,bc lf,ytekb cfe,hbcf lf levbkbc of-
rbs[df= ybiyt,bcf lf ;tcnt,bc blevfkb fpht,b= hjvtkcfw eahj-
ct,b thsvfytsib wdkbfy+
vfs bwbfy= hbsb ufyc[dfdlt,f zehdb ,jv,bcfufy+
bcbyb 'fhf,fqbc idbkt,b fhbfy+ idbkt,b= hjvtksf cekib= se
jvib idbklfrfhuek vfcofdkt,kt,c dthoveyt,bs= o'dlbflvf lfb-
cfluehf+
se o'dlbflbf= vfiby cfblfy tc vpthbc cbvnrbwt= cofdkbcf lf
lfvf[cjdht,bc o'ehdbkb~
cfblfy kjwdbc bctsb .fkf= hjvkbcufyfw vt= fcfrjdfyc= ;hefy-
ntkb vbdkbc~

z
qfvbs dthjybrf djcrfybfyb sfdbc idbkbidbkc abhabnfc eh-
sfdc lf cjv[eh cekbcitv.dhtk vtkjlbfc fcvtybyt,c othjpt+ tc
vtkjlbf vbcb idbkbc= fkbrbc bfdyfyf b'j+ tc vecbrf fkbrbc ujuj-
yfc kbkbfcfw ufewyj,btht,kfl .fkbfy ite'dfhlf+ @hjujh ufbuj
vfy tc~# - vtrbs[t,f dthjybrf ,ytkib+ ,ytkib bvbnjv= hjv iemb fh
fhbc+ hjujhw fh eylf oejlyty zehdt,b= w[jdht,bc .fab ibuflf-
ibu o'lt,f= vfuhfv vfbyw uh.tklt,f+ lfyfrfhut,ib .fkfc b.tyc= uf-
cfzbhib - cb,h.ytc lf cbvnrbwtc+

z
vtpj,kbc ,fdidb nbhbc+ ufdh,bdfhs vbc lfcfo'yfht,kfl+ ,fd-
idbc ltlf fh xmfhj,c| @bnbhjc+ cjvt[bcsdbc ,fdidbc nbhbkb -
cb[fhekbf+ nbhbc= tct bub= wjw[fkbf!#

z
@bwbs= 'dtkfpt cfibytkb hf b'j= hjwf cfhlfat,blfy fvjdt-
lbs~ thsvfytsc v[jkjl [vbs dwyj,lbs| @rfhbyf= ity [fh~# @f/=
cjybf= yese tc ity [fh~# 'dtkfyb ewt, itdbwdfkts+ fvfpt cfibyt-
kb hf eylf vj[ltc~# (gtycbjyth r+u+-c vjyf'jkblfy)
bv cf[kbc vtjs[t cfhsekpt= cflfw vt dw[jdhj,= o'yfhb mjh-
obkbf+ t+b+ v[bfhekt,bcf lf vecbrbc ufhtit+ thsb okbc oby cb.tc
ltblfidbkb lftqegf+ ke,jd ythctcbc fcekb= lfqegekbc ltlf=
vskbfyfl ifdt,ibf+ bc vfcofdkt,tkbf= crjkbc cfcofdkj yfobkbc
ufvut+ idbkb gbhdtk ctmntv,thc b'j lf,flt,ekb+ dbcsdbc wjlybc
lqtf= dbcsdbc - cfcfakfjcb+ fct bmyt,f 'jdtk 1 ctmntv,thc= cfyfv
bwjw[kt,c+

27 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

cfcb.jc ltlf lbcidbkbc gjhnhtnsfy ufxthlf+ @bvfssfyfw [jv

H

fctf#+ - vtpj,kbc v[fhtc vbfybiyt,c+ vtpj,tkb fpth,fb]fytkbf+

DB
TK

z
cntafyfrthnib lfdlbdfhs+ vfqkf= vtw[ht cfhsekbc cbvfq-
ktpt= sjrt,bf ufzbvekb - cf[kblfy cf[kfvlt= vstkb mexbc uf'j-
kt,fpt+ sjrt,pt vbvfuht,ek mcjdbkpt dtt,thstkf fcjt,bsff
lfothbkb hfqfw cbn'dt,b+ sfdblfy vtujyf= hjv tc htrkfvf b'j+
vthvt= .fkf vjdbrhb,t lf ofdbrbs[t| @ufubrb= 19 okbc#+ @[fxbrb= 20
okbc#+ @uehutyb= 23 okbc#+ @ckfdbrb= 29 okbc#+ wf vfdsekt,bsff
lfoyekb= cfblfyfw cbrdlbkb b[tlt,f+ b[tlt,bfy lfqegekt,bw+
vt fh itvb.kbf wbcrty 'eht,f+ 'fhf,fqtkt,b lfqegekt,cfw [tlf-
dty lf dfhcrdkfdt,cfw+ bcbyb lfbyf[fdty [fxbrc ckfdbrsfy thsfl
lf dfhcrdkfdc vfibyfw rb= hjltcfw sdbsjy wjw[kt,b fqfh bm-
yt,bfy+

z
itqfvt,ekpt d,heylt,b+ cf[kc dth dfuyt,= vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf=
hjv lbfcf[kbcvf vidtybthb jhbtynbhb vjvwf| @fasbfmbc cf[kb
brbs[t#= t+b+ cf[kb= hjvtkibw fasbfmbf ufysfdct,ekb+ mexbc
res[blfy vfvfrfwb ufvjxylf+ v[fhpt pehuxfysf /rblbf+
-cfl b'fdb~
-,jcnfyib+
-ijhcff~
-s[esvtnb rbkjvtnhb bmyt,f+
-pehuxfysf hfnjv ufmdc wfhbtkb~
-bwb= rbnhb vmjylf lfhuekb= gjvbljhb+ 'dtkfathb ufyflueh-
lf= - 'eht,fvlt bqbvbc+ itb.kt,f= vt dth ufdbut hfqfw+
-cfthsjl fhfathb lfhxf~
-hjujh fh lfhxf= lfhxf+ bct= cbvfhskt hjv ubs[hf= fhfathbw
fh lfhxf+
fb fct= dlufdfhs jhyb lf dbwbybs+ fm= vsbfy 'fhf,fqib= tc ce-
ktkehb cbwbkb lbl hfvtc ybiyfdc| @xdty wjw[kt,b dfhs! vfhskf
wjw[kt,b dfhs!#

z
-dbmnjhbf= yf[t= cf[kb bodbc+ [fy.fhbf! - tc vt d'dbhb vstkb
[vbs+ vtjs[t cfhsekblfy cmtkb rdfvkb ufvjlbc+ vt[estpt rb ,bzb
lf ujuj lufyfy lf vidblfl cfe,hj,ty+

>> 28
 -tc [fy.fhb fh fhbc= tkdbhf+ e,hfkjl= vtjs[t cfhsekpt cf-
lbkc fvpflt,ty+ mehf ,jkfdc+ dbyw vt[estpt w[jdhj,c= itxdte-
kbf+ rdfvkb= lblb fv,fdb! bcbyb [jv wjw[kt,b bmyt,bfy+++ hf fmds
cfythdbekj~
bcbyb wjw[kt,b bmyt,bfy+++ qvthsvf myfc!

z
xtvb lbfcf[kbcb dbmnjhbf vte,yt,f= hjv b'dyty bctsb cjv[t,bw=
hjvkt,vfw cfhlfabc cfresfhb res[bc igfkthbs vjo'j,f uflfo-
'dbntc| [jv itb.kt,f cfhlfaib w[jdht,fv okj,bs vjeobjs~ fvfc
'fhf,fqtkt,b fv,j,ty| @vfvfwt,b ofdblyty+ lfhxyty bcbyb= hjvtk-
sfw fhfahbc tibybfs#+
vfs vfhskfw fhfahbc tibybfs+

z
cfvfvekj jvbc vjyfobkt [fxfneh uhbujhbfyc /'fdc idbkbidb-
kb cjybf= hjvtkbw sjhvtnb okbcf b'j= hjwf jvb lfbo'j+ w[jd-
hj,c vfhneyib+ xdty thsvfytsc cntafyfrthnib itd[dlbs= ,f,efvb-
cbc cf[kib+
-sfdblfy kfvfpb b'j= - fv,j,c bc= - ity [jv [dlt,b= cbrdlbkb
hjv fhbc vjcekb itysfy+
-hf b'j kfvfpb= cjybf~
-hjvtkb ufbynthtct,s= zehdb se ,jv,b~
j= qvthsj! vt fvfpt fh dkfgfhfrj,+ bc rb cojhtl FVFPT+
-cjybf= umjylf ofcdkbc cehdbkb~
-fhf= vt vbd[dlb= hjv svtyf lf wlf b'j cfzbhj+
-hbcb wlf= cjybf~
-cbrdlbkbc+ f,f= vtnb hbc+ hjwf vtpj,kt,b vjrktc= vt ufdbabm-
ht| xdty hbsb dfhs ertstct,b~ bcbybw bctsbdt cjv[t,b b'dyty= hj-
ujhbw xdty+ lf xdtyw itb.kt,f lfdbqegjs+
-hjv ufmwtekb'fdbs~
-dthcfl ufdbmwtjlbs+ xdty c[df vbof fh udfmdc= v[jkjl tc+
c[df lhjc cjybfv vbs[hf|
-hjwf sehmt,vf lf,jv,df lfbo'tc+++
-hjvtkb sehmt,b= cjybf~ tc hjlbc= s[esvtnib~
-lbf[= s[esvtnibw lf f[kfw+
bct fv,j,c= sbsmjc w[hffcs[esvtnibw bct tw[jdhjc= hjujhw
js[vjwlfsjhvtnib+

29 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

@'jdtkb ufchjkbs vnthb udf[ctyt,lf= hjv xdty cjv[t,b

H
DB

dfhs#= - tc vfy lfvidblj,t,bcfc vbs[hf+ atsmlt,f thjdyekb utye-

TK

hb vt[cbtht,f+ fv jvt,c hfnjvqfw kjrfkehc eojlt,ty+ acbmjkj-

ubehb itltut,b rb NJNFKEHBF+

z
-hf fhbc tc~ - trbs[t,f fkbrb sfdbc ujujyfc lf thtdyekb nhj-
ktb,ecbcrty f[tlt,c+
-tc lf,vekb nfyrbf+

z
f[kf erdt pecnfl dbwb= cbrdlbkbc oby hfc dyf[fd= vt[cbtht,fv
se fh vbqfkfnf+ fb= hfc dyf[fd| [tdb vst,c ijhbc+ dbhb= hjvtkbw
vjh'tek [blpt uflflbc+ whtvkbs lfyfvekb ,jkjrbc rjyf cjvt[b
rfwbc [tkib+
fv [tdsfy fkbr djcrfybfyvf vbvb'dfyf+ @fb= smdty cbehghbpb ufv-
upfdht,bc oby# lf vbxdtyt,c o'fhjc= cfblfyfw o'fkb uflvjtlbyt,f+
tc b'j yfnehfkehb yfhpfyb+ fkbrbc vfvf ofhcekib v,ehqfdb jc-
nfnb b'j+ vstkb w[jdht,f lf vstkb .fk-qjyt rfcgbbc yfdsj,c
itfkbf+ kjdbkehb jcnfnb - tc bcff= hjvtkcfw itleqf,t,f lf
c[df cfveifjt,bc itchekt,f lbl cbqhvtpt ite.kbf+ pecnb ufs-
dkbc ufhlf ufycfresht,ekb bynebwbfw fhbc cfzbhj= vtmfybpvvf
o'kbc mdti ufvfhsekfl hjv bveifjc+ pfdtyb= fkbrbc vfvf= o'kbc
cf.t,ytkfl ,fmjlfy vsbfy 'fhf,fqib xfvjdblf+ 'fhf,fqib ufs[hb-
kb fsj,bs fhntpbekb zf vbcb yf[tkfdbf+ lfdlbjlb pfdtysfy th-
sfl cntafyfrthnib lf vfrdbhdt,lf= hjv bcbw tcvjlf= hfw vbobc
cbqhvtibf lfafhekb+ yfhpfybc o'fhj pfdtybc fqvjxtybkbf+
+++lqt xmfhf itwdfkf o'dlbflvf+ vsblfy ytkf vj,j,qfdlf njv-
ht,bs lfndbhsekb dbhb+ udthlbs vfvfrfwb vj/'dt,jlf= orytkbs
[tkib+ thsvfytsc ufdecojhlbs+ hjwf ufbuj= hjv hecb dfh= xf-
vjcekb= vfvfrfwvf cfxmfhjl njvhbc uf[cyf lfbo'j+ fvjbqj ,jkj-
rbc rjyf lf ufvjvbojlf+ vfc vjtxdtyf= hjv tc wjnf b'j lf rdkfd
njvfhfib xf/'j [tkb= hfw itb.kt,f ,tdhb ,jkjrbc fvjcfqt,fl+ vt
erdt dbwjlb= fv flubkt,ib rjyf ,jkjrb hfc ybiyfdc lf it[dtlhbc
ufcf[fyuh.kbdt,kfl lfdeo't kfgfhfrb w[jdht,fpt+ hecek lf
cjv[eh cbn'dt,c ehtdlf thsvfytsib= vbfv,j= hjv idbkb vjerdlf+
,h.jkfib vjrktc+ f[kf bc lf vbcb wjkb vfhnjlvfhnjyb lfhxyty
vstkc leybfpt+ vfc rbltd hfqfw cehlf tsmdf= vfuhfv cbn'dt,b

>> 30
fh tvjhxbkt,jlf lf ewt,= cbn'dfufvo'lfhvf= nbhbkb lfbo'j+
whtvkt,c bv [tkbs bovtyllf= hjvtkibw otqfy vbobs lfcdhbkb
,jkjrb tzbhf+ vbof kj't,pt /mjylf vbrhekb= qdfhfl xfvjclb-
jlf whtvkt,b+ xtvc sdfkoby bc sfylfsfy e.keh vj[ewc tvcufd-
ct,jlf+ itvltu= tn'j,f= vb[dlf= hjv dth it.kt,lf= tsmdf xtvsdbc
bc= hbcb smvfw cehlf= [tkb evotjl xfbmybf= dbhb oby ufbhtrf lf
dbohj ,bkbrc uf/'df+ lbl[fyc dfltdyt,lb vpthfc+ vfy ,bkbrblfy
uflfe[dbf lf vsfc vbtafhf+ vt rb sfdib bctd bc itrbs[df vbnhbf-
kt,lf| qbhlf rb lfvjerblt,kj,f FV ZF<ERBC= FV ukt[bc idbkbc
cbwjw[ktl~
+++tc velfv fctf= hjltcfw 'fhf,fqblfy vbtvupfdht,b+ vst,bcf
lf dfhcrdkfdt,bc itv[tldfht= abkjcjabeh-ufy'tyt,ek nfkqfpt
thsdt,b+ fy upfib hjvtkbqfw itvs[dtdbsb it[dtlhf bcts yfvldbk=
ztivfhbn= fenfytk nrbdbkc vjuudhbc= bct vjuboehfdc uekc= hjv
vstkb itvltub otkb 'fhf,fqsfy f[fkb it[dtlhbc bvtlbs w[jd-
hj,= hfsf cfresfhb lfhlb ufybmfhdj= lfhlb= hjvtkbw fhfclhjc
sfdlt,f+ yese tcff 'fhf,fqbc [dtlhb~ yese~

UPF IBYBCFRTY

tivfrvf vb,b.uf= fk,fs= vsbfyb 'fhf,fqblfy s,bkbcbcrty ufvt-

obf= rbhjdfrfybc ufdkbs+ pecnfl iefqfvbs fdnj,ecb ufxthlf it-
yj,fcsfy= hjvtkcfw afy]ht,b xfvndhtekb /mjylf= rfht,b rb fh
brtnt,jlf+ tc cfluehb b'j+ ityj,fib= cflfw mfhb 'dtkf v[hblfy
e,thfdlf= tekfl lf'bfkj,lf jhb-cfvb abuehf - fy xhlbkb= fy flf-
vbfyb+ gbhdtkfl= xtvb uh.tkb ifhfupbc vfy.bkpt= ibib se .hojkf
dbuh.tyb+ ueyt,f ufvbaezf abmhvf= yese xtvc fcfrib= xtvb cfo'fkb
uhjit,bs= 'jdtkb idt,ekt,f thsb w[tkb othnbkblfy vtjhtib oj-
obfkib eylf ufdfnfhj~ dby lf hfv eylf ufvfxthjc~
itvjlujvbcsdbc iteatht,tkb cbwbdt .dfkcf lf h,bkib vf-
nfyc+ hjujhw bmyf= dyf[t ofhothf| @[fyuh.kbdb lfcdtyt,bc jsf[b+#
rfhb vjhbutv ufvbqj+ vfc ujfhb /mdbf+ vt @dhbsvfd#| ufcgfhbfyb
(cfbynthtcjf= cflff f[kf tc vjvqthfkb= wjw[fkb sef~) @'fdf uby-
lf~# - afhsjl bqbvt,f ujfhb+ fhflf= ]th fhw bwbc= dby dfh= cfb-
lfy dfh+ gfnfhf cfvjhbutj jsf[ib [esbjlt okbc fhvtyc c.byfdc+
xdty thsj,kbdfl @dhbsvfds#| ]bufh[fybfyb+ vfublfcsfy f[fkufp-
hlf mfkb pbc= kfvfpb= ctdlbfyb sdfkt,bs+ pjbf ujfhbc idbkbf+

31 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

ltlf sfvfic fuh.tkt,c+ @pjbf+++ rjcvjltvbfycrfbf~# vt dbwb jvbc

H

upt,pt fv sfvfit,bc vfkekb fphb= tc sfvfib cekfw fh fhbc+ tc

DB
TK

thsvfytsbcsdbc WYJ<T<BC uflfwtvbc ths-thsb vsfdfhb ajhvff|

@xdty thsvfytsb dbwbs= xdty udb'dfhc thsvfytsb+ xdty ths lhjc
thsb vskbfyb mdt'fyf db'fdbs+++ ufvjhbw[ekbf= hjv xdty thsvfyt-
sb fh udf[cjdltc#+
pjbf cfcfpqdhj hfbjyib w[jdhj,c+ bm lqtvlt bcdhbfy+ fm
tmbvsfy xfvjdblf+ @bwb= 'dtkfathb vnrbdf#+ tc 'dtkufy vtcvbc+ vj-
cf,heyt,tkb flubkb fhff+ vt erdt dbwb= HF QBHC cjv[ehb lbl-
vjsvbyt,f+ @oflb= lfotmb+ ,jlbic ub[lb= iemb fh fhbc+ fhw o'fkb+
fhw cfgbhafhtij#+ @vfvfrfwt,bc [jv veifj,c~ xtvb sdfkbs dyf[t!#
- fdatsmlb vt+ @bc fh veifj,c= hjwf bm vfvfrfwbf+ lf veifj,c= hj-
wf bm vfvfrfwb fh fhbc+ ufbut~#
vt 'dtkfathb ufdbut+
jsf[ib afy]fhf afhsjl fhbc ufqt,ekb+ cb,ytktib nfypt
db[ehfd zez'bfy .jy.t,c+ fctsbdt .jy.t,bc uhjdf udthlbsfw fq-
vjdfxbyt+ qfvbc jh cffspt uhjdf itby.hf| @tkwbyc hjvtk sdtib
bhxtdty~# j= qvthsj! @vujyb= ltrtv,thib#= - dfv,j, lf d[dlt,b=
hjv c[df fhxtdyt,ib fvthbf+ yf[tdfhb cffsbc itvltu rdkfd ufbcvbc|
@xdtyc gtnhjcbfyc hjvtk sdtib bhxtdty~# qvthsj= fh dbwb! hf
xdtyb cfmvtf= .dbhafcj fcbf fkfdthlbc hfbjyblfy= hf udtcfmvt,f
xdty vfssfy~ yt,bcvbthb [tkbceakt,bc ;fvc= ity= ,b,kbjstrfhb=
rbhjdfrfyib bdkb vfodybc ufcf'blfl= ptlvtnb [esfcb vfytsbc cf-
ijdytkfl+ vt rb db[tnbfkt, @[fyuh.kbdb lfcdtyt,bc jsf[t,ib#=
cflfw fhw o'fkbf= fhw iemb= fhw nefktnb+
cbc[fvb lbkff+ ]th rbltd ,ytkf+ @ityb cfveifj vjuojyc~# - vt-
rbs[t,f fcbf+ @hfnjv fh eylf vjvojyltc~# @lqtc cjv[tsb= [dfk
- cfmfhsdtkj+++ fct itb.kt,f~# @vt vjdrdlt,b= fcbf= se cfpqdht,b
xfrtntc+ vt vjdrdlt,b= se tc ite.kt,tkb uf[lf!# @ity jhvjwbcf
[fh~# cfyfv fh ufstyt,ekf= fv v[bfhek itrbs[dfpt lfuijhlt,b=
fcbf+ vfgfnbt= afy]fhf bct vbd[eht= ityb vfodybc mbkt,b fhw itvb-
ybiyfdc+ xtvibf ujfhb lf pjbf sfdbcb fhvtybs+ xtvibf fcbf+ xtvibf
rbhjdfrfyb= lfmctkbkb vfdsekt,bs= hjvkt,ibw @vfhw[tyf# ltyb
uflbc+ xtvibf 'dtkf= dbcfw upfib itd[dlb+
oby xtvb jwyt,bc mfkfmbf= s,bkbcb+ cf'dfhtkb lf vij,kbehb=
hjujhw ths cbvqthfibf+

>> 32
 YFHRDTDB VTCFVT

xtxytsb+ 1995 otkb

hjltcfw 1995 okbc 7 fghbkc cfvfirbc ,jv,fdlyty= dbwjlb= hj-

ujhw rb idt,ekt,fc fdbqt,lb= gbhdtk hbuib= bmbs ufdtvfhst,jlb+
itvjlujvfvlt bvbc ufhlf hf lfvhxtyjlf - @/f]b-vehfnb# uflvjvt-
qj lf rbs[df lfvto'j+ vt vfibyfw vtxdtyt,jlf= hjv xtvvf cf'dfhtk-
vf njkcnjbv vjbujyf /f]b-vehfnb+
vjs[hj,fib fhbc ufvuvbhfdb .fkbc tgbpjlb= sdbsjy /f]b-ve-
hfnbc vbth vj'jkbkb+ vfy cfcbrdlbkjl lfzhf thsb vbehblb+ bc
te,yt,f| @ity vt vjvrfkb+ vt rfhufl dfh+ ity vf/vflbfyb [fh= f[fkufp-
hlf= .kbthb+ vbbqt /fpfdfnb+ eafkb ,h.fyt,c+#
-lf hf= ityw vbbqt~ - /rbs[f kjhbc-vtkbmjdvf+
-fh vbvbqbf= abmhb lfdbo't+ - smdf /f]b-vehfnvf+#
cfl fhbfy bcbyb= vjabmhfkb vsbtkt,b~ fct d,zj,lb cf[kib= nt-
ktdbpjhbc trhfyc vbxtht,ekb= cflfw cbrdlbkbc hjrdfc ]j[fh le-
lftdbc gjhnhtnt,bs fqzehdbkb ,h,jc qhbfywtkb wdkblf+
b'j rbltd thsb ufhtvjt,f= hjvtkbw vfb.ekt,lf= xtxytsib ufv-
upfdht,f lfvt'jdyt,byf+ tc b'j 1992-1994 okt,bc mfhsek-fa[fpe-
hb isf,tzlbkt,t,b+ 1992 okbc jmnjv,thib= ,kjrbht,ek cj[evib
'jaybcfc chekfl itdbuh.tyb bc= hfcfw xtvsdbc xtxyeh vemfhfc de-
ojlt,lb+
ntktdbpbbs fhfths[tk ufvjdblf vtfv,j[t utythfkb= hjvtkbw
s,bkbcbc fatsmt,fc udgbhlt,jlf+ vfuhfv xtvb 'dtkfpt vsfdfhb
@rjpbhb# xtxytsbc obyffqvltu uf[lf thsb mfhsdtkb vfvbc= cf[tkfl
cekbrjc= dfhfvb+ vfy idbkb lfrfhuf= trfnthby,ehubc cfn'tj-cf-
vtehytj bycnbnenbc cneltynb+ df[nfyub cjzib hecekb lfmdtv-
lt,fht,bc utvbs vbtvupfdht,jlf+
vfvf-idbkb thoveyyty 1992 okbc 21 ctmntv,thc vjcrjdib lf-
lt,ek cfvidblj,j [tkitrhekt,fc+ itdfhlyf.bc lf fh.by,fc fh-
wse vtuj,hekb [tkbc xfvjhsvtdf ufyvnrbwt,ek bmyf hectsbc ght-
pbltynbc [tkbs+ tc cbwjw[kbc ufhfynbfc b.ktjlf+ fct abmhj,lf
vfvf-idbkb+ cfo'kt,b= vfs ]th rbltd fh bwjlyty= hjv fhfyfbhb jab-
33 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

wbfkehb ljrevtynb ]fvib fhfathc ybiyfdc= hjwf cfmvt wfkrt= rjy-

H

rhtnek= rth.j gbhfvlt lflbc+

DB
TK

,bzdbysfib utvpt fvjdblyty @xtxtyb flfvbfyt,b#= hjujhw vj[ct-

yt,bs ,fhfsib fqybiyfdlf rfgbnfyb lf vupfdht,b thjdyekb ybiybc
vb[tldbs ufvj[ibhtc+ gbhdtkfl vfiby ufdbujyt cbn'df @ovtylf#+
kfgfhfrb b'j tsybreh ovtylfpt+ fv @ovtylt,c# gbhlfgbh itdtat-
st cfv[hts lf xhlbkjts jctsib= fa[fptsib= byueitsib= vsbfy
'fhf,fqib+ fvfpt vidblfl= gbhlfgbh lf qbfl cfe,hj,ty+
hjujhw xfyc= @xtxtyvf flfvbfyt,vf# lf[dhbntc trfnthby,ehut-
kb ,bzb= mfhsdtkb rfwbcf lf hecb mfkbc idbkb+ js[b okbc ufyvfd-
kj,fib (erdt vt[est otkb vblbc) wlfc fh dfrkt,= hjv vjd.t,yj th-
sflthsb flfvbfyb= lfdt[vfhj v[jkjl ths vfvfc+ vfuhfv hectsbc
utvbc rfgbnybc ahfpf @xtxty flfvbfyt,pt# cbc[kib xfvb]lf lf jvsfy
hsekb ehsbthsj,f xfvjvb'fkb,f+ vf[cjdc= cf[fk[jl fhfths[tk
vbsmdfvc= bvbs= hjv uekuhbkt,b lfdhxbs mfhsdtkb vfvbc dft,bc
vbvfhs= xdty= hect,b xdtyc dft,fc vjdbvrbs-vtsmb+ tc v[jkjl udtx-
dtyt,f= hjv jvt,c kjrfkehb [fcbfsb fmds+
1992 okbc ltrtv,thib= ufvjxtybkb mfhsdtkb ht;bcjhbc styubp
f,ekf.bc cf[kib= ofvjvwlf itvf.hoeyt,tkb ahfpf| @lfbwflt= he-
ctsj+ vfkt ityb lhjw vjdf#+ bv gthbjlib kfvbc zreblfy itvifkf
cfcfpqdhj cfvcf[ehbc htfmwbfv hecekb utvblfy vupfdht,bc lfrfh-
udbc itcf[t,+ utvbc rfgbnfyb fh vfkfdlf= hf ,fh,fhjcekfl tmwtjl-
yty vfs= trbgf;bc otdht,cf lf vupfdht,c+
hf vjbvjmvtlf cfcfpqdhj vvfhsdtkj,fv~
fhfathb! gfce[b| @uffuh.tkts upf#+
yese vfiby erdt fhct,j,lf itsfy[vt,f ,jtdbrt,cf lf atlthf-
kt,c ijhbc~ jvb= hjujhw vt vtxdtyt,f= 1994 okbc ltrtv,thib fh
lfo't,ekf+ bc= xdtyb vjyfobktj,bs= 'dtkfpt yfrkt,b= 1992 otkc lf-
bo'j lf ufydbsfhlf+
lbf[= dfqbfht,! vt fh itvt.kj= lfvtdbo't,byf fhw cekbrj= fhw
vbcb df;bidbkb= fhw fctekj,bs mfkb cdfytsblfy= hjvkt,bw sfdb-
fys mvht,c lf idbkt,c t.t,lyty+
'dtkfpt [ibhfl vf[ctylt,f ifkdf= hjvtkbw thsb okbcfw fh
b'j= mfhsdtkb vfvfrfwbcf lf hecb mfkbc idbkb= cj[evblfy ze,thbc
eqtknt[bkbs ofvj'dfybkb+
htpj kjvb.t= cj[evtkb v.qjkb= sfdbc j]f[sfy thsfl (vwbhto-
kjdfyb ,fdidt,b= vj[ewt,b) vij,kbehb cf[kblfy 1993 okbc 27 ctm-
ntv,thc uflvjdblf+ 'byfdlf+ jhb sdbc ifkdf ufb'byf+ lfyfw rb fh
/mjylfs= cfakfdb hjv ufts[fhfs+ ,fdidb lbl xfysfib xffcdtytc lf
vsfc fe'dyty+

>> 34
 byuf= htpjc vteqkt= vbfv,j,lf| @vtjht ,fdidb xtvc rfksfptf
xf,qfezt,ekb= [tkib vfmdc xfysf= hjvtkibw ifkdff+ fct vbdtlbs cf-
rtyfvlt+ upfib thsb cdfyb itvjud[dlf+ rjwjyb lfudbysj+ dpbdfhs=
ds,t,bs+ xfysf ve[kt,pt vbltdc+ thsb cffsbc itvltu xfysf itby.-
hf+ ltlf= hf fhbc tc~ ufd[ctybs xfysf - ,fdidb bqbvt,f+ wjw[fkbf!
lf hfc abmhj,= ufvb[fhlf~ fhf! itdibylb+ [jv fh vtxdtyt,f~ qfvt+
rjwjyb+ xtvc [tkt,sfy c[tekb by.htdf+#
ht;bcjhb vbif zbfehtkb= lblb dthbrj fy]fafhb.bc idbkbidb-
kb= bqt,lf htpjc bv vjvtynib= hjltcfw bc vbc cf[kib ufphlbk lbc-
idbkc lfcnbhjlf+ vfy upfc dth ufe.kj+ ufhlfbwdfkf+ @bwb= upfib
'dtkfpt cfibytkb hf fhbc~ f[kj,kbc lfvfh[df hjv fh itub.kbf+
,fdidt,c fh tcvbs= hfnjv dnjdt,s vbwdfkt,ekc lf vbdlbdfhs+ hj-
ujh ubylf fe[cyf~# - vtrbs[t,f htpj+
vt fh dbwb= fvbc f[cyf hjujh itb.kt,f+
byufcf lf htpjc j]f[c ujhib itd[dlb= ecf[eh [escfhsekbfy
cf[kib= hjvtkbw ltdybkt,bsff uflfztlbkb+ f[kjdlt,jlf thsb
okbc sfdb= hfw mfhsdtkt,b cj[evblfy ofvjdblyty+ afy]hbc hfaf-
pt lfqegekbc cehfsb ltdc+ hjwf ,fdidt,c rfyatnc f.ktdty= bv ce-
hfssfy vbfmds+
ifkdf erdt thsb okbcff+ vt [tkbs dt[t,b vbc c[tekc lf lfyfif-
ekbc ituh.yt,f vbg'hj,c+ hfc dfrtst,lb vt vfiby= hjltcfw ifkdf
b'byt,jlf lf vtht wjw[klt,jlf~ hfc~
vt dbwjlb= hjv xtxytsib vfbyw ofdbljlb= vfuhfv ufvupfdht,fc
rdkfd df'jdyt,lb+
+++1995 okbc ctmntv,hbc lfcfo'bcib abkvbc uflfqt,fpt vjd[dlb+
abkvc @fsfc thsb htwtgnb it'dfht,ekb rekbyfhbcsdbc#= cflfw
vsfdfh hjkc gbth hbifhb fchekt,lf= xtvb yfwyj,b yfyf ]jh]f-
.t= vteqkbc= bhfrkb rdbhbrf.bc cwtyfhbs bqt,lf+ mfhsdtk sfdfl
mfkc= hjvtkbw abw[ rekbyfhc ite'dfhlt,f= ybyj rbhsf.t sfvf-
ij,lf= ths-thsb vc[dbkb cfpqdfhufhtsekb cffutynjc sfyfvihj-
vtkb+ obsehb kfvfpvfyb s,bk n'fdbc xtmvt,ib lfkbdkbdt,lf+ sts-
hb rf,f twdf+ tc vbcb gbhdtkb hjkb b'j rbyjib+
itcdtyt,bcfc ybyjc ufdtcfe,ht+ ewt, fcts hfvtc vte,yt,f|
@pju]th tc 'dtkfathb bct bhtfkeh hfvtl vtxdtyt,f= hjv cehdbkb
vfmdc= 'dtkfathc sfdb lfdfyt,j lf vbdfnjdj+ yfvldbkb htfkj,f=
cflfw fv;fvfl eylf dbv'jat,jlt - xtxytsbf#+ fb fct!
ybyj xtxytsib jvfvltw b'j lf vfibyfw= hjwf bhudkbd 'dtkfat-
hb leqlf+ ybyj= hjujh itub.kbfs xtxyt,c esfyfuh.yjs~ yese fh
uf[cjds ifvbk ,fcftdbc hfpvb fa[fptsib~ yese~

35 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

gfce[fl fctsb cbn'dt,b ufdbujyt| @hfc fv,j,= tkdbhf~ bcbyb= db-

H

cfw bm d[tlfdlb= pecnfl bctdt b,h.jlyty cfresfhb sfdbceakt,bc-

DB
TK

sdbc= hjujhw xdty+ hf lfvfdbo't,c= hjujh kjwekj,lyty ,h.jkbc

oby+ ntktdbpjhbc trhfyblfy vfsb wtrdf hfqfwyfbhfl cf.ekdtkfl
,hfpbfybf+ vfuhfv= hjltcfw rjyrhtnek xtxtyc [tlfd= hjvtkbw
abwc lt,c= hjv sfdbceakt,bcsdbc sfdc ufobhfdc= ity fhf vfhnj sf-
yfeuh.yj, vfc= ity bwb= hjv bc vfhsfkbf+ fvfibf cfmvt+ fa[fpt,bc vb-
th lfmbhfdt,ek xtxyt,pt vtrbs[t,jlb+ lfmbhfdt,ekt,c cfvij,kj
fhf fmds+ uujybf mfhsdtkt,bc obyffqvltu vt,h.jkt,ib thsb mfh-
sdtkbw fh thbf~ t[kfw sdfkoby vblufc| hjrdf - abwb xfvfdfkb
vpbc ajypt - vjmybkb [tkt,b wbcrty botdty+++ vt bmfehj,f vbpblfdc+
xtvc vtuj,fh ;ehyfkbcnc xtxyt,b [ibhfl trbs[t,bfy| @cfl lfbrfhuf
smdtyb obsehb~ hfnjv fh vjlbc~# pju]th dyfyj,= hjv abkvib uf-
lfqt,fpt lfdsfy[vlb+++#
vtjht lqtc fh vbdtlb uflfqt,fpt lf gbth hbifhsfy itgbht,ekb
cfe,fhbw fh itluf+ uhjpyjcrty ufdobt+ vfahs[bkt,lyty= hjv ufv-
upfdht,f xtxytsbc lfvjerblt,kj,bc lqbc itvltu c]j,lf+ vfuhfv
bct vhw[dtyjlf xtvb fvltyb [ybc it'jdyt,bc= hjv pecnfl bv lqbc-
sdbc ufdtieht uhjpyjcrty+
upfib thsb fv,fdb uflfv[lf= hfvfw rfhuf [ybs fvjvfulj
rfkfgjnblfy+

DTLHT,F

tc gkbtdjib vj[lf - jwblfy ths-ths rfhdt,bc mfkfmib= hjvt-

kbw knjkdbkt,bcsdbc fhbc vjo'j,bkb+ byueitsib 60 fsfcpt vtnb
knjkdbkbf+
mfkfmib xtvb vtupehb= fhw vtnb= fhw yfrkt,b= utythfkb ,fibh
feitdbf+ bc mfkfmbc utuveh lfsdfkbtht,fptf xfcekb+ yfphfyib
xfvjcdkbc gbhdtk lqtc itvs[dtdbs ofdfo'lb dfujyc= hjvtkbw vb-
ybcnhsf cf,zjc flvbybcnhfwbek-cfvtehytj ,kjrsfy b'j vbluve-
kb+ vfublfcsfy utythfkb b]lf= lfwdbc ufhtit+ vbcb cfveifj lqt
vsfdhlt,jlf+ ufmfsmfst,ekb gthfyub+ lf[dtobkb vfytht,b+ ,ho'by-
dfkt hecekb vtn'dtkt,f+ yfstkb fphb lf yfstkb yt,f - fct xfvj-
df'fkb,t,lb f[fkufphlf utythkbc fhcc+ lhj= hjltcfw utythfkc
itd[dlb= vbcsdbc hsekb b'j+ bc ibyfufy cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhjlfy uff-
sfdbceaktc lf jcts-byueitsbc rjyakbmnbc itltut,bc kbrdblfwb-
bc lhjt,bs rjvbntnib uflfb'dfytc+ utythfkb sfdbct,ehfl [tlfd-

>> 36
lf dbsfht,fc= vfuhfv cfe,fhc sfdc fhblt,lf+ lhjt,bsb rjvbntnb
- vfi= b'jc lhjt,bsb rjvbntnb+
vfc fh cehlf= sfy ofdt'dfyt+ fk,fs vj,tpht,ekb /mjylf sfdb
c[dflfc[df v[hblfy xfvjcekt,bcufy+ fhfdbsfhb itltub= v[jkjl uf-
esfdt,ekb kf',j,f+
xdtyb cfe,hbc lfcfchekc bc rtsbkfl ufyto'j+ ufcdkf [dfk lb-
kbc w[hf cffspt lfbutuvf+ 08+ 55-pt utythfkb vfymfyfib b]lf+
xdtyc mfkfmib cfvfcpt vtnb rfwbf+ c[dfj,f htfkeh lf lfhtubc-
nhbht,ek knjkdbkt,c ijhbc bctsbf= hjv hdfrfwbfyvf j]f[vf
itb.kt,f cfrdt,b [es fy cekfw js[ rfwpt vbbqjc+ fm 222 ,fdidbf+
nfy lf at[ibidkt,b= yf[tdhflvibdht,b+
mfkfmib vjupfehj,f 'jabkb vtahbydtktj,bc af,hbrbc flvb-
ybcnhfwbekb ityj,blfy lfdbo't= vtcfvt cfhsekpt ufykfut,ekb
jsf[blfy+ e'eht,lt flfvbfyt,c= hjvkt,bw jwlffsuhflecbfy
cbw[tib uf[eht,ek jsf[ib bv'jat,bfy= fenfytkbf+ ,tlc cehlf=
ntvt,th,btdt,bc j]f[ib vjd[dtlhbkb'fdb+ c[df isf,tzlbkt,t,b dt-
hfclhjc uflfafhfdc bvfc= hfw bm dyf[t+ fvfc vstkb w[jdht,f dth
lfdbdbo't,+
vrbs[dtkj= se utibybf= itub.kbf hfvltybvt f,pfwb ufvjnjdj+
vfhskfw= hfnjv eylf ufbodfkj sfdb+++
nf,ehtnc= hjvtkptw staibs ufwbdt,ekb afaf ltdc= vbc[lj-
vbfy - eat[j bydfkblb= jhb okbc ,fdidb= vbcb repbfyb ltlf= tmdcsb-
sf lfeyb lf nfhfybdbs [vtkb vj[ewb mfkb= lblb cfvfvekj jvbc
vjyfobkbc mdhbdb+ ufvjfmds jhltyt,b= vtlkt,b+ gbhdtkfl [tkib
dbqt, obstkb dfhcrdkfdbc jhltyc+ daehwkfd f[vtn ntvt,th,bt-
dbc cfv[tlhj ,bktsc+ xdht,blfy rdkfd wdbdf vtlkt,b+ afabc yfh-
xtyt,ib bhtdf+
bcbyb gbhdtkfl @,tntthbs# dkflbrfdrfpblfy uhjpyjib ufvjbm-
wyty+ hfw rb /mjylfs= vupfdhj,bc cfafcehfl uflfb[fltc+ itvltu
uhjpyjlfy yfphfyib ufbmwyty+ vfyfvlt= eat[j bydfkblc v.tdkfl
'jayfv vjeobf+ @vt dth dvj.hfj,+ vjhuib xfvfultc+ fct= vrdlht,c
ijhbc db]tmb#+ cf[cfhb cfthsjl fh uffxybfs+ fmds v[jkjl lfqe-
gekb vfvbc jhltyt,b lf vtlkt,b+ cfbynthtcjf= hjujh vj/mhjlyty
@,tntthbs# eat[j lf lfeyb~ @thsvfytsc xfdtzblts lf fct ths
ujhukfl itrhekt,b xfvjdtlbs uhjpyjib#= - fvfc mdhbdb fv,j,c+
itvlujvib vt rbltd ,tdh hfvtc dyf[fd= vfuhfv dthw thsb it[dtl-
hf dth fvjfult,c xtvb vt[cbtht,blfy fv cfwjlfd j]f[c= hjvkbc
otdht,bw= lf[vfht,bc bvtlbs= dtlht,bs itvjvwmthjlyty+ vfs sdf-
kt,ib velfhbc ufhlf fhfathb b'j+ bcbyb dthw rb vb[dlyty= tc erdt

37 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

vtjs[t otkb= hf czbhs= hf tvfhst,fs+ vfs hfbvtc itvtwyt,bc sfdb

H

fhwf fmds+ vfssdbc vsfdfhbf= wjw[kt,b uflfhxyty= fv cbn'dt,bc

DB
TK

gbhdtk'jabkb vybidytkj,bs+ vfs cek txdtyt,fs= hjv ths lqtc db-

qfw vjdf lf bn'dbc| @vjhxf! cfrvfhbcbf! fkf/vf ufvjuwflfs+ 'dtkf-
athb rfhufl bmyt,f#+ vfuhfv fhfdby vjlbc lf fhw fhfathc fv,j,c+
+++jh @jsf[c# ijhbc zez'bfyb xdht,bf ufatybkb+ fctf ufywfkrt-
dt,ekb j]f[bcufy ne,threkjpbc ,jkj cnflbfib v'jab fdflv'j-
ab+ itdlbdfh lf d[tlfd= hjujh b[hxj,f cfcbrdlbkj [dtkt,fib vfvf-
rfwb+ @drdlt,b+ se uekb vbubdfs= lfv[tlts#+ itvb.kbf+ lfd[tlt+

z
cfw[jdhbcb fh vfmdc+ itvs[dtdbs d[dlt,b ghtpbltynbc cfcnev-
hj cf[kib+ cfeyf+ [fkbxt,b+ ntktdbpjht,b+ nefktnt,b+ fhfdbsf-
hb ufyrfhuekt,f fm w[jdht,fpt fh ufvfxybf+ dtkjlt,b= cf[kb hj-
lbc lfo'yfhlt,f= hjv bfnfrpt lfcf.byt,kfl vjdrfkfslt+ udbfyff=
vfuhfv cf[kib vfbyw xjxmjkbf+ cfgfnbj cnevhbc xfvjcdkfc tkj-
lt,bfy+ lqtc tc cnevfhb vb[tbk kfgibybf= fuhfhekb gfhnbblfy+
cf[fk[j ,tlybtht,bcsdbc vjfvfutyb vstk pfa[ekc vjupfehj,fib
fnfht,ty+ cfvpfhtekjlfy [jhwbc ceyb ufvjlbc+ zfvf vbylf+
tpjib ufdlbdfh+ cnflbjybc v[hblfy vjvqthfk fpbpfc [vf bcvbc+
sfdbc cbvqtht,c knjkdbkt,c e.qdybc+ ufvjlbc= ntvt,th,btdt,bc
j]f[cfw= ufvbtkdf sfdib+ cnflbjyb ,j,jmhj,c+ vtxdtyt,f= hjv xdty
'dtkfyb hfqfw vtjht htfkj,fib dw[jdhj,s= hjvtkbw ybiyt,bc= vb-
st,bc= cbv,jkjt,bc= rkbitt,bcufy fhbc itvlufhb+ [jkj yfvldbkb
w[jdht,f= sfdbcb pqdf ufywlt,bs= ohatkb nrbdbkt,bsf lf dfhf-
vbs gfhfktkehfl uflbc= xdtyc wyj,btht,fcsfy it[t,bc ufhtit+
xdty d[dlt,bs fy fh d[dlt,bs vb[tbk kfgibyc= dvqthbs cbvqt-
ht,c= hjvkt,bw knjkdbkt,c t.qdyt,fs lf hjvkt,cfw bcbyb dt-
hfclhjc vjbcvtyty= hflufy tc e,tlehb flfvbfyt,b sfdbfys dfujyt-
nt,ib xevfl rdlt,bfy+ lufyfy fhnbkthbbc vbth lfyuhtekb cf[kt,b+
[jkj cflqfw lfyuhtekbc fqcflutyfl ufvj'jabkb sfy[blfy ae-
kt,bc odbvf vjlbc+ ituh.yt,f eahj ufvbv.fahlf= hjltcfw gkbtdj-
lfy lf,heyt,ekvf= ntktdbpjhib ,jhbc tkwbybc ufvjcdkfc de'e-
ht+ qfvbc @dtcnbib# ghtpbltynb fqiajst,fc ufvj[fnfdlf ,jcybfib
flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfhqdtdbc ufvj+ ufbwf lfgbht,f lblb /evfyb-
nfhekb lf[vfht,bc itcf[t,+ tc hjvtkbf~ gkbtdjib hjvtkbf~
cektkehfl ufitit,ekb= jktxrfc [vfc ufvjd'fdfh ufhby-
lt,blfy+ jktxrf cf[tkvobaj levbc ths-thsb ltgenfnbc sfyfitv-
otf+ fv;fvfl byueitsc cnevhj,c+ hjujhw rb cfeyblfy ufvjdblf=

>> 38
wyj,bcvj'dfhtj,f ufvjbxbyf| @smdty= .dbhafcj= uhjpyjib ]th fh
'jabk[fhs~# gfce[c fh lfkjlt,bf= bctd fzbrzbrlf| @bwbs= vt bm
fh db'fdb= vfuhfv fv,j,ty= hjv ceasf nfhrjdcrbf+ ofhvjblubyts=
cf[kb fh fhbc lf fhbc= dsmdfs= thsb afy]fhf+ lf bc rblbf cbdhwtib+
sbsmvbc bct= hjujhw cfojkb+ smdty uf[cjds tc rflhb abkvblfy
@cfhrt~#
dbqfwfv itybiyf= hjv vhelt cfhrtt,c sfdbfysb tcstnbrf uffxyb-
fs+ vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf= e[fvcj,f 'dtkufy e[fvcj,ff+ jvibw+
jktxrfc zbrzbrc flvbybcnhfnjhbc [vf afhfdc| @sfy[bc uflf[lfc
ye f'jdyt,s+ [jv uf[cjds= lqt-qfvt xdtysfy jhvjwlffsb fsfcb
qbhc+# vt fyufhbic dbo't,+ cbc[fv lbkbs= cfyfv 'dtkfc .byfdc= xtvc
ybdst,c dbqt, lf vtjht rfhblfy ufdlbdfh+ vstkb qfvt ufztyt,ek
@,tntthpt# itvjv]lfhb eat[j bydfkblb lf lfeyb vtcbpvht,jlf+

CFVFIRB

xtxytsb cbyfvldbktib chekbfl c[dfyfbhb fqvjxylf= chekbfl

fhf bctsb= hjujhw xtvc lfvf[by]t,ek ofhvjcf[dfib b'j+ vjvbntdt=
xtxytsj= vjvbntdt! vfuhfv xtxytspt vj'jkf cfvfirblfy vbylf lfdbo-
'j+ xtvb nrbdbkblfy lf cbhw[dbkblfy+ hectsbc cbhw[dbkb - fb hf
fhbc cfvfirb+
cfvfirbvlt vbcdkf .ytkbf+ lblb ufzbhdt,bs vjd[dlb fx[jb-vfh-
nfyib+ vt crjkfc dt.t,lb+ w[tkb ctmntv,thb bluf+ `3 crjkfib vit-
yt,kt,b veifj,lyty= vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf= hjv rdbhflqt b'j+ w[tk oth-
nbkt,ib veifj,fcsfy lfvjrblt,ekt,f 'dtkufy ufycfresht,ekbf+
cojhtl veifj,f= hfw fh eylf v.bvt b'jc bc= e,heyt,c flfvbfyc
yjhvfkeh vlujvfhtj,fc+ flfvbfybcsdbc cfveifj sfdbceakt,bc
'kegbf= jvbc ufhtit w[jdht,bc bvtlb+ `3 crjkfib ufw[fht,ekb ve-
ifj,f vbvlbyfhtj,c+ crjkbc lbhtmnjhb= bcnjhbrjcb /fcvfujvtn
/fcfybc .t jcvftdb= vityt,kt,bcsdbc xfbc fleqt,c+ vbcb it[tlekt,f
jvpt ufycfresht,ekbf= vfuhfv pecnfl fm= /fcvfujvtnbc rf,bytn-
ib= ufdbujyt cbn'dt,b| @jvvf sfdbcb cfmvt uffrtsf#+ fvfc fv,j,lf=
hjujhw vfcofdkt,tkb lf hjujhw bcnjhbrjcb+ vfy ufvfahs[bkf|
cfvfirbcrty upf fh fhbc+ cekfw fh uf/rdbhdt,bf= hflfw fh eylf
lfv]ljvjlf= cfvfirbcrty ofcdkf hjv vmjylf uflfo'dtnbkb+
,fpfhib ofdtlbs= hfsf ofudt[tvcf+ ufjuyt,ekb lfdhxb xtxyt,bc
lfvjrblt,ekt,bs xtvlfvb= hecbcflvb+ sfylf'jkbkb cbfvf't ea-
kt,fc fh f.ktdc vfs - lfhlc vbtwyty+ erfyfcrytkb .fkt,bc vjrht,bs

39 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

f[th[t,ty uf.kt,fc+ rb= ity hecb [fh= vfuhfv gbhdtk hbuib= cnevfhb
H

[fh= lf vt vjdfkt dfh= lfdbdbo'j fyufhbib= hjvtkbw itvb.kbf ofh-

DB
TK

ublubyj+ vsbtkb cb'fk,tc ewt, uh.yj,c+ hjwf sfdc eakt,f vbdt-

wb= vtsmdf - itcf.kt,tkbf= vtw fvtqj [tkib bfhfqb= hjujhw smdty=
xtxyt,vf fbqts-vtsmb= cfcfepvbc vtpj,tk vfublfcsfy vc[ljvvf
,bzt,vf itvfo'dtnbytc| - smdty uekohatkb fhf [fhs= mfk,fnjyj+
dbc obyffqvltu lfbo't,s ,h.jkfc~ cfresfhb cfvij,kjc ]fhbc ob-
yffqvltu~ se hjujh ofhvjublutybfs cbnefwbf= bfhfqbs [tkib~
- lf vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf= hjv bv vjvtynib f,cjkenehfl uekohatkb
db'fdb= cfthsj cb'fk,t xtxtyvf pecnfl lffabmcbhf+ vt uh.yj,t,bc
fojydf dbcofdkt+ rbltd - cbn'dt,bc+
itvltu /fcvfujvtnsfy thsfl [blbcrty ofdtlbs lf jhb odtht,bf-
yb f[fkufphlf lfdbyf[t fdnjvfnt,bs [tkib+
- dby fhbfy~ - dbrbs[t+
- ,jtdbrt,b+ - vbgfce[f lbhtmnjhvf+
-vfssfy lfkfgfhfrt,f itb.kt,f~
-hfnjvfw fhf~
vt ,jtdbrt,c ufd.f[t+ vjdblyty jwlf[esb-jwlffsb okbc ,bzt,b+
vidtybthb cf[tt,b= lblt,ekfl vtn'dtkt,ty hecekfl+ thsb 'jab-
kb vtn'tdtf= vtjht - v.qjkb+ fb fm= fx[jb-vfhnfybc [blpt lfbo'j
itwyj,f ewyfehb jvbcf= hjvtkcfw fhfathb fmdc cfthsj jabwbf-
keh dthcbfcsfy+ tc bfhfqbc xf,fht,bc gthbjlb b'j+ 'jabkvf vtn't-
dtv= sbsmvbc sdfkwhtvkbfyvf= vbs[hf|
-vt xfdf,fht xtvb @ve[f#= smdty itub.kbfs fvbc ufut,f~ vfuhfv
xdtyc fx[jb-vfhnfyib fsj,bs yf.bhfkf itvb.kbf lfubcf[tkjs=
hjvkt,vfw atlthfkehb [tkbceakt,bc yt,fhsdbs sfdbfysb bfhf-
qb vbofib lfvfktc+ ths ,jsk fhf'fl itub.kbf= dbcfw ubylf= hfptw
ubylf - vjtkfgfhfrj+ vt vfdfklt,ekt,ty= xtvb erfyfcrytkb bfhfqb
xfdf,fhj+ ebfhfqjl cf[kb hjujh lfdbwdf~ smdty bwbs= hfc ybi-
yfdc vsbtkb vfvfrfwbcsdbc= cfresfh cf[kc dth bwfdltc~ cfthsjl
ufeut,fhbf| dby dbc esfy[vlt,f lf hfpt+++
fhf= fv vtn'tdtc= hjvtkbw ,jtdbrb uf[lf= xtvc vbvfhs cb.ekdb-
kb fh /mjylf+ bc ]th rbltd fc[dfdt,lf thsvfytsbcfufy wfkrtek
hec flfvbfyc lf hectsbc gjkbnbreh vfymfyfc= vfuhfv ylj,bc vfhf-
ub toeht,jlf+ tc firfhfl xfylf+ hjujhc itu[dlt,b= vfujvtn= 96-bc
itvjlujvfpt= hjltcfw rdkfd xfvjdfk fx[jb-vfhnfyib~ hjujhc~
wjw[fkb se [fh= vfujvtn~
cfvfirbib cfblevkj ,bkbrt,bs vbdlbdfh+ fdnj,ect,b fh lflb-
fy+

>> 40
 fb= hjujhb 'jabkf tc cfvfirb+++
fv cjatkc [fnbyc t.f[bfy= hjujhw lf,f @lfxyjtc# xhlbkjts
jctsib+
hf tvfhst,f xdtyc wyj,btht,fc= se xdty [fnbyc deojlt,lbs
hecek cjatkc= hjvtkbw hectsbc fdbfwbfv ffatsmf~ fhwse lblb
[ybc obyfs= ntktdbpbbs decvtylb sfdlfwdbc cf,zjc vlbdybc behb
,fnehbybc ufvjcdkfc+ ufyfskt,ekb byntkbutynbf+ sdfkt,c vemb
cfsdfkbc cfhrtt,b eafhfdc+ itvgfhfdb= ahs[bkb [vbs 'dt,f bcnjhb-
ek fyfkjubt,pt| bhkfylbf+++ gty]f,bc infnb+++ yese fh bwbc= yese
cfvfirbcsdbc thsb cbn'df dth ufvjbyf[f~ yese tc cbn'df yfgjdyb
fh bmyt,f~
gbhdtk lbl nrbdbkc= hjvtkcfw cfvfirbib itdt]f[t= fcvf vf[ve-
ljdf /mdbf+ 7 fghbkc= hjwf atlthfkehvf .fkt,vf vjcf[ktj,f vj-
cfkjlytkb lf,jv,dfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs uffahs[bktc= fcvfv sfdb-
cb s[esvtnb okbc heckfyb [,jht,bc vjcfhtrfl ufupfdyf+ cfhfrt-
nj lf lf,jv,dbsb lfhn'vt,b flubkj,hbdb lhjbs lfbo'j= vfiby=
hjwf cfvfirbc vw[jdht,kt,b vjcrjdbc lhjbs bsdkbfy+ heckfyb
sfdbc [,jht,sfy thsfl lfbqegf+ fcvfc mvfhb ibhdfyb (1949 otkc
lf,flt,ekb) 8 fghbkc cfhlfaib b]lf+ vthvt cfabknhfwbj ,fyfr-
ib vj[dlf+ sbhrvkt,b lfepbfytc+ ufbfhf fcbyjdrbc= vjpljrbc ,fyf-
rt,b+ ,fyfrt,b ufvjbfhf vfvfrfwsf lblvf evhfdktcj,fv= hjujhw
xtxyt,vf= bct byueit,vf+ tc bc [fk[bf= hjvkt,cfw bfhfqb fh feqbfs=
vfuhfv hjvkt,ptw tzdb vbbnfytc+ ,fyfrt,bc ufvjwlbkt,f v[jkjl
efh'jabsbf+ tc ]th rbltd dfhkfv ifkfvjdvf fqybiyf ,fyfrt,pt+
xdtyc cfrjywtynhfwbj ,fyfrt,pt+
cfyfv fcvfcsfy dcfe,hj,= ,fphbc vjtlfypt [fk[vf ituhjdt,f bo-
'j+ tn'j,f= f[fkb e,tleht,ff+
+++ ltlf vbyljhib cbvbylbc fcfqt,fl ofdblf+ idbkb cf[kib lfnj-
df= tibyjlf= vbyljhib yfqvpt fh fatsmt,ekb'j+ bc vfbyw fatsmlf
yfqvpt= cfresfh ,jcnfyib= cfyfv ltlf vbyljhib b'j+
fm gbhdtkfl ufdbut cbn'dfsf xtvsdbc f[fkb o'j,f+ hecekfl
yfqvb @vbyff#+ @ufdbfhts# - @vbyjdfkb# (миновали поле)+ vbyljhb
ufdbfhts~ fhf! @vbyljhb lfyfqvtc+# sfylfsfy dut,ekj, yuhtdbc
afhek= vhbc[fyt fphc+ xtxtyb e'eht,c sfdbcb cf[kbc vjh'tek
,eh]t,c lf abmhj,c| rbltd cfblfy itb.kt,f vjdbltc cbrdlbkb~

41 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

LT,B EVFHJDT,B
H
DB
TK

hdf lff+ lf thsb .vf+ vt cfvb vfsufyb ufdbwfyb| kebpf= kbpf lf

ctlf+ gbhdtkb jhb - vfcofdkt,tkbf+ vtcfvt fsb okbcff+ ctlf xtxye-
hfl dfhcrdkfdc ybiyfdc+ fm= evfhjdt,bc cf[kib= vbd[dlb= hjv njk-
cnjb vfhsfkb b'j+ xtxtyb abmhj,c+ abmhj,c cfresfh= gbhfl ,tlpt+
abmhj,c vhfdfkzbhuflfyf[fl xtxytspt+ sfdbc bcnjhbfpt+ hects-
ptw abmhj,c+
hjujhw 'dtkufy xtxytsib= cfvfirbibw [fk[c fh c]thjlf= hjv
jvb vfs cf[kibw itdbljlf+ tc ewyfehb vjdktyff+ ,tdh]th vbyf[fdc
,kjrbht,ek flubkt,ib= hjv cek ,jkj oesfvlt flfvbfyb abmhj,c
- e,tleht,f vfc udthlc fedkbc+ hf lufc fvbc erfy~ elfhltkj,f~
sdbsityf[dbc bycnbymnb~ cfjwht,bc ,bjkjubehb hovtyf~
lblt,ek hecekpt vtn'dtkb fhyf[ekb cbkfvfpbc ujujt,b
vb'dt,bfy= hjv dth vjfcohtc= tcfhut,kfs cjakblfy ufcfcdktkb
lthtaybs+ bcbyb ,b.bc rfgbnfkeh cf[kib uflfdblyty+ fc rfwfvlt
ituhjdlyty= xdbkb ,fdidt,blfy lfo't,ekb= qhvf vj[ewt,bs lfv-
sfdht,ekb+
-bwbs~ - fv,j,c kebpf= - cfhlfaib hf cfibytkb abmht,b vjulbc
sfdib~ dsmdfs fctsb| jqjyl lfzhbkt,b ye bmyt,bfy+ b'jy lfqe-
gekt,b= jqjyl lfzhbkt,b fhf!+++ vfs [jv dthfahbs lft[vfht,b+
ubylfs= bwjlts= hjujh veifj,c acbmbrf= hjvtkbw lfikbc pqdfh-
ptf~ ths ofvib hjujh byuhtdf .dtkb ofhvjlutyt,b+++ yese= cek
f[kf[fy= tc vt de'dt,jlb xtvc vjcofdktt,c hec ]fhbcrfwpt= hece-
kb qbhct,bc cbv,jkjpt~
- xdty dbwjlbs= - vgfce[j,c bc xtvc itrbs[dfpt - hjv cjatkb
ufhitvjhn'vekbf= vfuhfv dthfclhjc dbabmht,lbs= se fdbfwbf
lfud,jv,fdlf+ sfdblfy chjkt,bc fh itudibyt,bf+ vfuhfv hjwf sdbs-
vahbyfdt,b ufvjxylyty+++ bwbs= hfc ybiyfdc vfyfsj,tkb hfrtnf~
'dtkfpt odhbk ihbanc ofbrbs[fd+ vtht sdbsvahbyfdb ufvjxylt,f
lf,fk cbvfqktpt lf ofdblf+++ xdtyb cjatkb jhb cffsbcf lf s[es-
vtnb oesbc ufyvfdkj,fib b,jv,t,jlf+ hrbybc odbvf+ vt erdt dbwb=
tc hf fhbc+
kbpf| - xdtyb vij,kt,b 44-ib 'fpf[tsib uflffcf[ktc+ udb'-
dt,jlyty= hjujh bqegt,jlyty flfvbfyt,b upfib cbwbdbcf lf ibv-
ibkbcfufy+ ewyfehbf= xdty sbsmjc c[df bcnjhbf udmjylf+ vfuhfv=
idbl fghbkc= hjltcfw cfhlfaib xfdlbjlb= yfskfl ofhvjdblubyt=
hjujh bnfy]t,jlf ltlfxtvb 'fpf[tsib+ vtnbw= vt sdbsjy ufd[lb

>> 42
bc+ fb= sehvt hf tvfhst,jlfs vfiby+ vfsb bcnjhbf xtvb bcnjhbf
uf[lf+
atsmlt,f thjdyekb utyehb vt[cbtht,f+ atsmlt,f fhf vfhnj
eahjct,ib= fhfvtl ,fdidt,ibw+ lt,b cfbl-/fcfy f[vfljdc b[ctyt,ty+
js[b ,fdidbc vfvfc= vfcofdkt,tkc+ bc lfbqegf+ itvltu b[ctyt,ty
sfdbfys sfyfrkfctkc= hjvtkbw nthaib lfbzhf+ vt[est lqtc ufy-
uhtyf lfto'j+ nhfmnjhbc kfatnbs ufb'dfytc cfvfirblfy+ upfib ff-
atsmtc+ fx[jb-vfhnfysfy= se dfkthbrsfy+ hf flubkt,bf+++ dfkthb-
rb+ dth dfcoht, kthvjynjdbc uf[ctyt,fc= sevwf= dfkthbrb yfwyj,b
cnhbmjyt,bs vodfdc+
kbpf ewt, voe[fhtl lf vjekjlytkfl bo't,c kfgfhfrc| @he-
ct,bc cb.ekdbkb fh udfmdc+++ hjujhb [fk[b dfhs= fhf~ 'dtkf xdtyb
e,tleht,f hovtybc nfkqfpt uflbjlf+ jltcqfw xdty dthoveyts fdf-
htk ifvbkc lf hectssfy cfereytyf[tdhbfyb jvbs vjudbobf dfkbc
uflf[lfv+ f[kf lelftdc lfde]thts+++#
lf vfbyw hf jvbf tc jvb~ se vfhskf ,fylajhvbht,t,bc obyffq-
vltu vblbc ,h.jkf= vfiby - lt,b vtrbs[t,bfy - hjujh ptbvj,c ,jt-
dbrb sfdbc mjhobkc= hjujh uflbc sfdbceakfl ,kjrgjcnt,c hecb
]fhbcrfwt,bc sfy[kt,bs+
- 'dtkfpt ufcfrdbhb bc bmyt,f= se cf'jdtksfj fvybcnbf uf-
vjw[fllf+ hf jvbf tc jvb~ cfvfhw[dbyj sfvfit,b cfnbhfkb itlt-
ut,bs hecb lf xtxtyb [fk[t,bcsdbc~+++
chek cbvfhsktc fv,j,lyty lt,b evfhjdt,b+ hecekb tybcf lf
kbnthfnehbc vfcofdkt,kt,b= ptgbhfl hjv f[ltyty njkcnjbc lf
kthvjynjdbc wbnbht,fc (hf ,tlybtht,ff= hjv bv rfdrfcbeh jvib
hecb [fk[bc qbhct,f lblvf cf[tkt,vf b[cytc+++)
ytnfd f[kf cfl fhbfy lt,b~ vjfcohtc fv vtcfvt upj,fpt lthta-
ybs ufvjcdkf~ it.ktc lt,bc= .vbc= ltlbc= vfvbc= crjkbc lbhtmnj-
hbc ufvj'dfyf~
vt zbirhblfy ufvjdlbdfh lf= lfyuhtekb ityj,bc itv'e-
ht= [tkt,c dfcfdcfdt,+ @ytnfdb= dby myf tc 'dtkfathb!+++# fhf= fh
drbs[ekj,+ bctlfw dbwb+ e,hfkjl= e.keht,bcufy /fthc demytd
[tkc+ fsb okbc @dfhcrkfdb# vgfce[j,c| @hect,vf#+++
kebpf vb'dt,f sfdbc vjcofdktt,pt|
- vtnfl cf[bafsjf= hjwf w[jdht,bctekb ufvjwlbkt,f cfsfdtc
'dtkfpt cfibytkblfy bqt,c+ cfibytkt,bc fqcfmvtkfl flfvbfyb eylf
vjtvpfljc+ bvbs= hbsbw bcbyb w[jdhj,ty= w[jdht,f fh itb.kt,f+
utcvbs= fh itb.kt,f+

43 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

cfvfirb cfv]th uffyfluehtc+ @cjatkib fh lfhxtybkfy vidb-

H

lj,bfyb vjmfkfmtt,b# - ufdbujyt hflbjib+++ cfl fhbfy bcbyb~ cf-

DB
TK

thsjl vidblj,bfyb vjmfkfmtt,b rb fhf= rjyrhtnekb flfvbfyt,b+

cflff fcvf= kebpf= kbpf+ cfl fhbc yehf= lfo't,bsb rkfcbc vfcofd-
kt,tkb= hjvtkbw cfvfirbib thsuekfl lfv'dt,jlf~ fhbc rb vstkb
ityb cf[kb= yehf= cflfw= hbsfw itut.kj= vvfcgby.kj,lb~ vt dthfat-
hb ufdfrtst smdtysdbc+ dt-hf-at-hb!
bctsb ofhvjlutyf vtmvyt,jlf= hjv smdty afhekb bvtlb umjy-
lfs xtvb+ hjujhw 'dtkfcb= dbyw vjcrjdsfy f[kjcff+ fhct,j,c fct-
sb hovtyf - @bm= e,hfkjl= fh bwbfy vstkb cbvfhskt#+ vt erdt rfh-
ufl dbwb= hjv bm= e,hfkjl= fh eylfs= bwjlyty cbvfhskt+
@ye fv'jat, fm= qvthsj= yehw vf/vflbfyc lf yehw mhbcnbfyc#=
- fv xtxyehb fylfpbs ufvjvfwbktc lt,vf evfhjdt,vf cfvfirblfy+
fx[jb-vfhnfyib rth.j @efpbrbs# ufdfqobt+ yfqvpt fatsmt,ekb
,bzbc lfrh.fkdblfy ,heylt,bfy vbcb yfstcfdt,b+ ye fv'jat,= qvth-
sj= fcts lhjc hecc vbwdfkt,ekbc yfstcfdt,sfy+ itrhekb vei-
nt,b= v.bvt cbxevt - htgkbrt,b hecek tyfpt (cnevhbc o'tybyt,bc
ibib) lf xtvb= sbsmjc nfafpt fibi[byt,ekbc= cb,hfkekbc vcufdcb+
vt ufde.tkb+ gbhdtkb abmhb= hjvtkbw tkdbc cbcohfabs vjdblf|
@fcts [fk[sfy hjujh dth itd.tkbs vjkfgfhfrt,f~#

z
-ltlf= ltlf= bctd uhfxjdb vjahbyfdc+
-o'yfhfl= idbkj= tc ]j[fh lelftdbf+
,fdidb b.byt,c+

VFCOFDKT,TKB

/fcvfujvtn /fcfybc .t jcvftdb+ fx[jb-vfhnfybc `3 crjkbc lb-

htmnjhb+ bcnjhbrjcb+ lffvsfdhf uhjpyjc eybdthcbntnb+
1995 okbc ctmntv,thib tc vfy smdf sfdbc cjatkpt| @gbhlfgbh
fhnbkthbek vj[dtlhfc flubkb fh /mjybf= vfuhfv jvvf sfdbcb cfm-
vt uffrtsf#+ hjujhw bcnjhbrjcb= /fcvfujvtnb thsvybidytkjdyfl
fvnrbwt,c| @jvb eylf lfvsfdhltc+ fcts jvib ufvfh]dt,fpt kfgf-
hfrbw ptlvtnbf+ hfc ofhvjflutyc ufvfh]dt,f fy lfvfhw[t,f thbc
lfqegdfcsfy itlfht,bs~#
vfcofdkt,tkb vfs ijhbc b'j= dbyw xtxytsbc cedthtybntnc vbt-
cfkvt,jlf+

>> 44
 -hjwf xdtyb lhjif fqbvfhsf lf xdtyb /bvyb f;qthlf= hjujhw
kthvjynjdb bn'jlf= vt obyfght,bc .f[bkbc vcufdcb dbuh.tyb+ lbf[=
vt dnbhjlb+ vfuhfv fv ofhvjvflutykj,bs sfd'hbkj,fpt lfvje-
rblt,kj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb xtvb tbajhbf lfvsfdhlf+ lf fb hf-
njv| vtjht se vtcfvt cbn'df xdtyvf dbwt-ghtvbthvf fbqj lf ,by-
.ehb fyjybvehb othbkb ofbrbs[f hectspt+
-hfnjv fyjybvehb~
-vbs[fhbs= fcts ntmcnc itb.kt,f cf[tkb /mjyltc~ lf vfiby
vbd[dlb= hjv cedthtybpfwbfc sfy hfqfw ghjwtcbw f[kfdc+ afhekb=
xdtysdbc ewyj,b+++ bv lhjbc utythfkb lelftdb vf[cjdc+ vtfv,j[t
utythfkb xfabmht,ekb lf ufxevt,ekb uf[klfs+ bc vfiby v[jkjl
cnevfhb b'j+ vujyb vtwfvtnt hbuib b]lf+++
-hf eylf myf~
-hfw ubylf= jqjyl jvb eylf lfvsfdhltc+ hjujh abmhj,s= it-
vb.kbf= xtxyeh tyfpt bvbc ufvj[fndf= hfptw xdty dcfe,hj,s~ fhf!
lf bwbs hfnjv~ xdtyc tyfpt ,tdhb hfv fh ufvjbsmvt,f+ tyf fh dbsfh-
lt,f+ fy welfl dbsfhlt,f+ tc nhfutlbf fh fhbc~
+++ ,jkjc lf ,jkjc= vt.ktdf itcf.kt,kj,f= ibuyblfy itd[tlj
fhf vfhnj xtxyeh stvfc= fhfvtl bvfcfw= se hf vnrbdytekfl fqbm-
vt,f bc xtxtybc cekib= uflfvn'lfhb hectsbc cfpjufljt,hbdb fphbc
vhelt cfhrtib+ dby babmht,lf= hjv ;bhbyjdcrbc lf cjk;tybwbybc
gjpbwbt,b xtxtyb byntkbutynbcsdbc thsvfytssfy vbf[kjt,ekb bm-
yt,jlf+
-pju]th vtxdtyt,f= hjv ;bhbyjdcrb lf cjk;tybwbyb thsb lt-
lbc yfij,yb fhbfy+ vjecvbyts= hjujh bwfdc cjk;tybwbyb xdtyc ea-
kt,fc lfvjerblt,kj,fpt| @xtxyt,vf sfdbfysb cfmjytkb vo'tvcjy
vst,ib#+ fb= ufyfskt,ekb hecbc gjpbwbf+
fmtlfy= fx[jb-vfhnfyblfy= sdfkyfskbd xfyc= hf wjldt,b vbudb.-
qdbc xtxtyb [fk[bc obyfit+ xfyc xdtyb e.keht,f (se cehdbkbc fhmj-
yf~)= tcfe,hj bcts xtxyt,c= hjujht,bwff /fcvfujvtnb fy lt,b evf-
hjdt,b+ tctw bsmdfc| uhjpyjib xfvjcdkfvlt hfvt dbwjlb xtxytsbc
byntkbutywbfpt~
jvbc gbhdtk lqtt,ib vfcofdkt,tkvf cfresfhb sfdb lfbzbhf bvf-
pt= hjv fh ite.kbf fhw hecekb cbn'dbcf lf fhw hecekb cbvqthbc
vjcvtyf|
-vt vbd[dlb= hf cf[bafsjf tc lf cfresfh sfdsfy ,h.jkf lfdbo-
't+ dbyw fvfc dth vb[dlf~ dbyw vfvf= ltlf= lf= idbkb lfrfhuf~ se jvc
,fdidt,bc gjpbwbblfy it[tlfd= bc v[jkjl f[kf bo't,f+

45 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

fx[jb-vfhnfyib lfo't,bsb rkfct,bc thsb vfcofdkt,tkb ewyf-

H

eh bcnjhbfc vjvb'df|
DB
TK

-utcvbc= hjwf xtvb vjcofdktt,b itdfuhjdt= ufddjwlb - ,tdhc

jvbc fhfathb f[cjdlf+ ity utcvbc| vfs fhw lf,jv,dt,b f[cjds=
fhw chjkt,b= fhw gfybrf= fhw thsb flubkblfy vtjhtpt uflf,fh-
ut,t,b+ fhflf= tc [jv b'j+ ,fdidt,bc ths yfobkc 'dtkfathb ,ey-
ljdyfl f[cjdc= sbsmjc tc vjdktyt,b hfvltybvt okbc oby vjv[lf-
hb'jc+ c[dt,c chekt,bs fh f[cjds fhfathb+ ofbifkf byajhvfwbfw
lf tvjwbt,bw+ vt sfdblfy ufvb[fhlf rbltw| hf lfvwfdb vtmfybp-
vt,b /mjybf acbmbrfc! vthvt sfdib dbnfwt [tkb| bvfs= dbcfw fhf-
athb f[cjdc= f[fkb byajhvfwbbc ufsfdbct,f cfthsjl fh ite.-
kbf+ dabmhj,lb - bmyt, itcdtyt,f cofdkfib+++ fqvjxylf= hjv - fhf!
,fdidbc jhufybpvib hfqfw bctsb vj[lf= hjv f[fkc fhfahbs fh
bqt,c+ lbl[fyc ufuh.tklt,f fct~ bctsb isf,tzlbkt,f bmvyt,f= hjv
bcbyb cjvyf,ekeh .bkib fhbfy+
vfcofdkt,tkb /fcvfujvtnb lfhoveyt,ekbf= hjv fm 'dtkf ,fdidb
fdflff+
cfyfv vt yfwyj,b ОКСМ-bc= БТР-bc= БМ-bc= ДМП-c= Град-40-bc cmt-
vt,c dcofdkj,= lbhtmnjhb xfbc fc[fvc lf xtvc uflfflubkt,fcsfy
lfrfdibht,ek itrbs[dt,pt vgfce[j,c| @cjatkb vskbfyfl ,kjrb-
ht,ekbf#+ @,fvenbcrty upf fh fhbc#+ @cfvfirbib fdnj,ect,b fh lf-
lbc#+ @fm rjynfmnehb cfjvfhb vjmvtlt,t,b vbvlbyfhtj,c+++# lthta-
yblfy= cflfw hecb vqt,fdb mfkt,b veifj,ty= hecekb cbvqtht,bc
[vf bcvbc+ lbhtmnjhb= /fcvfujvtn /fcfybc .t bqbvt,f+

LF FB= BC= UHJPYJ!

uhjpyjc thsb cf'ehflcfqt,j vf[fcbfst,tkb| mfkfmb fats-

mt,ekbf+ mext,b fh ceasfdlt,f+ pju]th= vhfdfkcfhsekbfyb
cf[kbc yfyuhtdt,ib jh fy cfv rfwc se itybiyfds+ hjvtkbqfw vt[est
lf vttmdct cfhsekt,bc hfqfw vjyfrdtspt mfkb lf vfvfrfwb lufyfy=
ewyfehfl ufitit,ekt,b mfkfmib= hjvtkcfw fh cehc cbrdlbkb lf
chjkt,c ijhbc itcdtyt,t,ib uffasht,ekb bo't,c w[jdht,fc+
ths[tk dyf[t= hjujh brdfkfdlf f[fkufphlf wjk-mvfhb yfy-
uhtdt,ib upfc bv flubkbcrty= hjvtkcfw jltcqfw vfsb ,byf= vfsb
cf[kb thmdf+ bcbyb lfe]tht,tk cbvfqktpt lftrblyty+ lf ufitilyty+
vfs fhfathb fh eylf ittrbs[j+ fv yf[tdhflufub;t,fib bvltyb sfd-
pt[tkfqt,ekj,f lf hbc[dff= hjv qvthsvf lfudbafhjc! jvbc yfufd-

>> 46
cf lf zez'pt uflf,b]t,bs vjlbfy mfkt,b= hjvkt,cfw sfdb yfstkb=
zhtkb sfdikt,bs fmds ufrhekb (sfdcfahbs sfdbc it,ehdbc fsfcb
[th[b fhct,j,c)+ vjlbfy= cfertstcj rf,t,b fwdbfs bvfs ijhbc= hfw
ithxfs+ mfhsdtkb mfkt,bcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs= hjvkt,bw fcts cbne-
fwbfib fewbkt,kfl ifdt,ib bdkblyty= vsbtkt,c ltvjycnhfwbe-
kfl athflb rf,t,b fwdbfs+ fvfib ufent[tkb [fk[bc cbfvf't xfyc lf=
hjujhw vbd[dlb= xevb ufvjodtdf+
xtxty mfkc [tkib thsb sdbc ,fdidb ezbhfdc lf xtvc itrbs[dfpt=
,bzbf se ujuj= lfeafhfdb mdtntmcnbs vgfce[j,c|
-hf smvf eylf= ,bzb+ xdtyc cfvij,bfhjib v[jkjl ,bzt,b
b,flt,bfy+
vt erdt dbcofdkt fv @fqvjcfdkehb# cfe,hbc uf,vf= hjwf 'dtkf-
pt vsfdfhb lf nrbdbkbfyb gbhlfgbhb ntmcnbs fh bsmvbc= vfuhfv
'jdtksdbc fm fhbc= hjujhw vstkb cfe,hbc rjyntmcnb+ tc rjyntm-
cnb vskbfyfl wdkbc yt,bcvbthb cbn'dbc= vstkb ahfpbc ibyffhcc+
cfwjlfdb [fh= se cvtyf uqfkfnj,c= se fh utcvbc= hfc utkfgfhfrt,f
ityb sfyfvjcfe,ht= hjvtkbw sbsmjc ytbnhfkeh lbfkjuc ubvfh-
sfdc+ vjudbfyt,bs ity byfyt, fvfc+ xtxytsb .fkbfy ,tdhc ufcofdkbc+
vfs ijhbc bvfc= c[dbcb nrbdbkb hjujh ufbuj+ xfodlt thbc lfej-
rt,tk o'ehdbkc - vbc yt,f-cehdbkpt bw[jdhjc lf fhf c[dfudfhfl+
fvfcsfy thsfl= fhct,j,c thsb sfdbct,eht,f dfbyf[t,bc vjmwt-
dfib (bmyt, tc sfdlfgbhdtkb acbmjkjubbc sfdbct,eht,ff fy bcnj-
hbekb ufydbsfht,bc lfvqf)= hjvtkbw ewt, [dlt,f sdfkc+ xtxtyb fy
byueib c[dfc velfv sfdbcb 'ehflqt,bc mdti fmwtdc= vbe[tlfdfl bvb-
cf= smdtyb upt,b flht uflfbrdtsf se fhf+ bc lfhoveyt,ekbf= hjv
flht se udbfy tc upt,b itb.kt,f= uflfbrdtsjc+ cfrvfhbcbf= fdnj,ec-
ib lfuwltc= @dkflbrfdrfpib vbylf ofdblt# lf= lfhoveyt,ekb b'fdb=
dbyw tc ufbuj= fv ityc cehdbkc fewbkt,kfl 'ehflqt,fc vbfmwtdc+
vfc ityb cehdbkb f[cjdc= fvfibf cfmvt+ vfvfrfwb fdnj,ecblfy xflbc=
vthvt ,heylt,f lf vofhtl j[hfdc| @dkflbrfdrfpb= dkflbrfdrfpb+++
hf [evhj,ff+++ nfmcbcnb fhfyfbh dkflbrfdrfpib fh vblbc#+ fqvjx-
ylf= fdnj,ecblfy bvbnjv xfcekf= nfmcb eyf[fdc lf xtvsdbc clj-
vt,bf vbcb f'dfyf+ @smdty xtvc ufvj xf[dtlbs~# - ]th rbltd ufe,tlf-
dfl dtrbs[t,b+ @smdty [jv dkflbrfdrfpib ubylfs ofcdkf= se fhf~#
rb= hf smvf eylf= vbylf!
ths[tk= yfphfybc fdnjcfluehib= [fk[bc vstkb ]uhj lfvt-
.t,lf+ vt uhjpyjcrty vbvfdfkb fdnj,ecb vfbynthtct,lf+ xfvjluf
@efpbrb#= hjvtkbw ufyhbubc ufhtit vblbjlf uhjpyjcrty+ [fk[vf
bv hecb mfkbc .t,yf lfbo'j= hjvtkbw cfxmfhjl eylf ofcekb'j

47 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

uhjpyjib+ cfluehbc cfcfepvtib vjvfuytc= cflfw vjvfdfk bvfvsfy

H

cektkeh lbcrecbfib db'fdb xf,vekb 'ehfybc cfrbs[t,pt+ bc f[fk-

DB
TK

ufphlf cktgwjdcrbc cfcekbthj ctvbyfhbtkb b'j lf upff,ytekb

w[dhbc vbvfhs itcfieh vjsvbyt,fc bxtylf+
v[jkjl ths[tk= v[jkjl lf v[jkjl ths[tk= hjltcfw nfmcc
ufdtrblt 'dbhbkbs -@cfbs~#= vt ufdbujyt f[fkufphlt,bc gfce[b|
@,elbjyjdcrib!# cbxevtv lfbcfluehf+ vt itdbrevit+ f[fkufphlt,b
cb,ytktib ufexbyfhlyty+ lf vjvtxdtyf= hjv [vfvfqkf yfsmdfvbc sdb-
sjy ittibylfs+
+++rbltd b'j itvs[dtdf vbyenrfib+ cojhtl bv vbyenrfib= cflfw
fatsmlf utythfkb hjvfyjdb= hjvtkbw ofhvfnt,bs fofhvjt,lf vj-
kfgfhfrt,t,c vfc[fljdsfy+ vt gbhdtkfl vbdlbjlb fdnjcfluehbc
hfbjyib= bfdfhmvybkb wtynhbc ufdkbs+ ntktdbpbf vevbdfl fxdtyt,c
lelftdbc lfyuhtek cfcf[ktc+ vfuhfv vidblj,bfyb rdfhnkt,b hjv
fhbc lfyuhtekb+++ tctybw @cnhfntubekfl vybidytkjdfyb j,btm-
nt,bf~# it[tlts fv cf[kt,c xtxtyb ,fdidbc sdfkt,bs= hjvtkbw
fhbsvtnbrfc bvbc vbvfnt,bs cofdkj,c= se dby lfrfhuf ,byf vbc
w[hfcfhsekbfy cf[kib+ svt,b 'fk'pt vblut,f= hjwf vtjhtrkfct-
kb ,fdidb sbst,c rtwfdc| @js[b ,byf ths cfhsekpt - tc jwb rfwb
+++ gkec .fqkt,b lf rfnt,b+++ gkec vtpj,tkb cflfh,fpj+++ gkec vt-
pj,tkb cf[kb+++ gkec ,f,efxtvbc cf[kb ifkbib+++#
xdty erdt ufdefhts cfcnevhj @rfdrfpbc# ityj,fc+ vrdlfhb cbd-
hwbc ituh.yt,f fhfse itytklf= fhfvtl rbltd eahj [fpufcvekb
uf[lf+ hjwf vbyenrfc ef[kjdlt,b= uhfxjdbc e.ktdtkb ]fht,bc
hbw[db gbhlfgbh ufyecfpqdhtkb [lt,f+ cojhtl fv lhjc= vstkb fd-
nj,ecbc sdfkoby= hjvtkibw v[jkjl xtxyt,b c[tlfy= thsb f[fkufp-
hlf hfqfw stfnhfkehb jvf[bs vte,yt,f| @hf fhbc= vflfv= lhje-
kfl hfnjv fh ec[fvs smdtyc ghtpbltync= hjv yf,f[ectdblfy ewt,
ufvjdbltc~# fdnj,ecb lfb.f,f+ xtvc sdfkt,ib bvltyb b'j cbhw[db-
kbc= nrbdbkbc lf lfyfifekbc uh.yj,f= hfqfwyfbhfl eqjyjl degf-
ce[t| @xtvpt hjv b'jc lfvjrblt,ekb= rb lfdec[fvlb+++# xtxtyb ewt,
vjtidf lf lfvyfifdtcfdbs uflfdblf vjcrjdbc stvfpt+ bvbc fqybidyf
lfbo'j= hjv vjcrjdb itcfybiyfdb flfvbfyt,bs fhbc cfdct lf cfjwf-
hbf= vfs jvbc itxtht,f hjv dth it.ktc+
+++xtxytsbc upt,pt fhcfl itv[dtlhbf cb.ekdbkb lf utckb+ vfc-
ofdkt,tkc hectsblfy= hjvtkbw sfdbc idt,ekt,fc w[tk othnb-
kt,ib fnfht,c+

>> 48
 VFSPT= DBCFW FHFATHB LFDBO"T,BF

6 ctmntv,thc= lfvjerblt,kj,bc lqtc= bcbyb vjdblyty crjkfib lf

xehxekbs es[htc thsvfytsc lf vfcofdkt,kt,c| @ubkjwfds!# bvfdt
lqtc stvfc othlyty lf cfresfh lf cfvij,kjc ,tlpt abmhj,lyty+
vfsb cfvij,kj rb - xtxytsbf! bcbyb xtxytsbc idbkt,b fhbfy+
hjltcfw ds[jdt xtxty vjpfhlt,c= sfdbfys yfotht,ib xtvb vjc-
ofdktt,bcfsdbc jvbc itcf[t, vjts[hjs= bcbyb fvfy .fkbfy uffrdbh-
df| @yese= c[dfcfw itb.kt,f= foe[t,ltc xdtyb dfhfvb lf nfy]df~
xdty [jv chekbfl vfhnjyb fqvjdxylbs#+ cfthsj j,kj,bc ituh.-
yt,f xtxty ,fdidc vtnfl ufvf[dbkt,ekb fmdc+
eahjct,c chekbfl cfgbhbcgbhj htfmwbf fmds| cfthsj mdt'ybc
cbylhjvb vjmvtlt,fc fuh.tkt,c+ vfs /ujybfs= hjv sfyfvj.vtt,vf
vjcrjdcf se wbv,bhib= e,hfkjl= fh bwbfy= hfw fm [lt,f+ @fct fh
fhbc~# - xfvtcvbc xtvb f[fkb vtuj,hbc= byueib sfvfhf uehxbtdfc [vf=
hjvtkvfw mfkfmbc ,jkjc= sfdbc mj[ib itvbrtlkf+ uhjpyjib 'ja-
ybc 'dtkf lqt sfvfhfcsfy ufdfnfht= hjvtksfyfw ,tlvf ]th rbltd
yfphfyib itv'fhf+ sfvfhfpt hjujhvt wfkrt dbn'db= f[kf rdkfd vsf-
dfh ituh.yt,fc lfde,heylt,b _ phlfchek xtxtyc lf byueic ]thfw
fh ufytkt,bf 'dtkfahbc smvbc cehdbkb+ bvbc bkepbf= hjv xdty ]th
rbltd itrfdibht,ekyb dfhs thsvfytssfy= ufmhj,bc gbhfcff= vfuhfv
]thfw fhct,j,c+ fb= ,fdidt,bc yfotht,ib rb tc bkepbf fh xfyc+
@26 yjtv,thc uhjpyjib ]fht,b itvjdblyty+ tc cfibytkt,f b'j+
xdty ujbnbib ofdtlbs+ bm ,t,bfcsfy dw[jdhj,lbs+ hjltcfw he-
ctsib zbmt,c ezf[eyt,lyty lf cdfvlyty= fv lhjc xdty cfhlfat,ib
dbc[tlbs lf qvthsc jvbc vfkt lfvsfdht,fc dtdtlht,jlbs+ ]fht,b
cjatk ujbnbibw itvjdblyty+ xdty [fcfd-behnib ofdtlbs+ bhudkbd
nfyrt,b bluyty= cfueifujt,pt fh udfnfht,lyty= cf,est,c bs[jd-
lyty+ xdty vstkb lqt lf qfvt vbdlbjlbs= nfkf[cf lf 'bydfib+ upfib
vfymfyfw ufudbaezlf+ xfdtlbs [fcfd-behnib+ n'dbt,bc oebkb bmfw
bcvjlf+ ,tdhb flfvbfyb lfbqegf+ cbc[kb lfbqdfhf+ ltlfxtvc evwhj-
cb lf /'fdc= vfc tkbyf /mdbf+ jhb ,fdidb /'fdc+ vbcb mvfhb vfvbc vj-
cf.t,yfl ofdblf+ vfvf vrdlfhb bgjdtc= ltblf tkbyfc mvfhc rb vthdt
lqtf t.t,ty+ vfc pflkfyb /mdbf+ (v+ t+)
,fdidt,b s[pekt,t,c bvyfbhfl othty= sbsmjc dbyvtc eupfdybl-
yty+ bvbc bvtlbs= hjv dbyvt ofbrbs[fdc+ obstkb akjvfcnthbs ufvjb-
'jaf cnhbmjyt,b= hjvkt,ptw cohfab htfmwbff cfzbhj+
@31 ltrtv,thc cf[kib lfdhxbs+ xdty vfymfyf fh ud'fdlf+ qfvbc
gbhdtk cffspt mfkfmbc lf,jv,df lfbo'tc+ xdtyc mexfc jhb cfhfrt-

49 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

nj ,jv,b vj[dlf+ lfbyuhf hfvltybvt cf[kb+ ltlfxtvb lfbzhf+ ufv-

H

ofht,ekb dt.t,lbs vfymfyfc= hjv ltlf cffdflv'jajib ofudt'dfyf+

DB
TK

fvbc itvltu dth dbnfy hec ]fhbcrfwt,c lf vfs ufktibk cbafst,c+

uhfxjdc cehlf= sfdbcb lf,flt,bc lqt fqtybiyf= vfuhfv fhfathb uf-
vjedblf+ vfy cfresfhb ]fhbcrfwt,bc udfvt,b ofbqj# (fkb /f]bvehf-
njdb= lf,+ 1983 o+)+
@jvvf e,tleht,f vjvbnfyf+ jvbc ufvj cfvb .dbhafcb flfvbfyb
lfdrfhut+ jvb czbhlt,jlfs lelftdc lf tkwbyc+++ tkwbyb lbl obyf-
fqvltuj,fc offo'lt,f# (ptkbv[fy b,hfubvjdb)+
@jvvf bvltyb e,tleht,f vjvbnfyf= hjv cbrdlbkfvlt dth lfdb-
dbo't,+ fv jvib rbyfqfv lfdj,klb# (kelvbkf cfufbgjdf)+
@vstkb jvb mfkfmib ufdfnfht+ cfhlfaib dbc[tlbs+ bm lf.byt,f
ite.kt,tkb b'j+ n'dbt,b cfhlfabc sfdpt lfpepeyt,lyty+ jvbc
,jkjc ,t,bfcsfy uflfvb'dfytc= vfuhfv zehdb bmfw vj[dlf# (dbmnj-
hbf vfdhbbcrfbf)+
@fhfclhjc lfvfdbo'lt,f ifkbc lf,jv,dbc thsb vc[dthgkb+ jhb
okbc ujujyf sfdbcb cf[kbc oby upfpt sfvfij,lf+ vjahbylf sdbs-
vahbyfdb lf ,fdidb ufexbyfhlf= ufmhf+ fv cbn'dbc gbhlfgbhb vybidyt-
kj,bs+ ,fdidbc yfwdkfl vbcb rf,f lfrh.fktc# (lelftdf)+
@xdty knjkdbkt,b db'fdbs vbcrth-behnib+ ,t,bfcsfy lf ,f,efc-
sfy thsfl dw[jdhj,lbs+ ,f,efv uhjpyjib ofcdkf uflfo'dbnf+ dt-
wflts= uflftsmdf= vfuhfv upfc at[bs ufe'df+ bc vtht fh udbyf[fdc+
thsb sdbc itvltu uhjpyjib lfd,heylbs+ ,f,ef bm fh lfud[dtlhbf+
[esb sdt ufdblf+ vbcb yf[dbc bvtlb uflfudtoehf+ 1995 okbc st,th-
dfkb xtvsdbc 'dtkfpt vofht lhjf+ lfbrfhuf xtvb cf'dfhtkb ,f,ef=
ltlfxtvbc vfvf# (tkbpf vbpftdf)+
@'dtkfathb 1994 okbc 26 yjtv,thc lfbo'j+ v[jkjl 16 lt-
rtv,thc vjdf[th[ts mfkfmblfy ufvjqotdf+ vfuhfv sdbsvahbyfdt,b
cjatkibw vjahbylyty+ jh mfkc uekb ufecrlf+ xdty f[fk fnfubib
ofudb'dfytc+ bm efhtcj,f b'j+ ofdtlbs ifnjbib+ thsb sdt cbvidblt
b'j= sevwf fatsmt,t,b fh o'lt,jlf+ uhjpyjib lfd,heylbs+ mfkf-
mb cfibytkb itcf[tlfdb b'j+ vtht itdtxdbts# (cfkfv,tr lelftdb)+
.fhqdt,ib cbc[kb ut'byt,f= hjltcfw fv cnhbmjyt,c rbs[ekj,+
s[pekt,t,b hecek tyfptf lfothbkb+ kfvfpb rfkbuhfabbs+ sbs-
mvbc eitwljvjl+
gbhdtkb= hfvfw ufvfjuyf= bc b'j= hjv utythfk lelftdbc cf[tkb
fh b[ctybt,jlf+ se xylt,f= v[jkjl tkwbysfy= uhfxjdsfy rfdibh-
ib+ pju]th fctsb bynjyfwbbs| @hf lfdfifdts tkwbybc= lelftdbc=
uhfxjdbc obyfit~# 'dtkfpt [ibhfl kthvjynjdbc wbnbht,f [lt,f+

>> 50
cf'dfhtkb cnhbmjyt,bf| @dbs xtvb vfvekbc enr,tcb cbvqthf - vb'-
dfhc rfdrfcbf#+
'dtkpt uekcfnrtyb= hfw jvvf lffyuhbf flfvbfyt,ib= hovtyff+ vt
tc xtvb sdfkbs vbyf[fdc cfv[hts jctsib= fa[fptsib= byueitsib= ie-
ifib+
@fv jvvf w[jdht,fpt sdfkb fvb[bkf+ ufdbut= hjujhb 'jabkfy
flfvbfyt,b+ w[jdht,f ufvbzbhlf# (tkbyf ]fyntvbhjdf)+
,fdidt,bc s[pekt,t,bc dtmnjhb vrdtshfl b'jaf+ thsib - rjivf-
hbcufy ufsfdbceakt,bc cehdbkbf+ vtjhtib - iehbc.bt,bcf+ ofv'dfyb
vjnbdb thsbf| fvbc lfdbo't,f fh itb.kt,f+
bc v[jkjl fsb okbcff+ ujujyf= hjvtkvfw phlfchekbc cnhbmj-
yt,b lfothf| @'dtkfathb= hfw vfyfvlt odhbkvfyfl xfylf= f[kf afh-
sj hfrehcbs ofhvjxbylf+ xtvb w[jdht,bc ohtib itvjdblf bc= hfw=
otcbs= fh eylf vwjlyjlf#+ gbhlfgbh cfjwfhbf _ hfw eahj vtnc
rbs[ekj, ,fdidt,bc uekf[lbk ntmcnt,c= hfw eahj cfpfhtkbf
vfs oby uflf[cybkb w[jdht,bctekb cbvfhskbc cehfsb= hfw eahj
uhw[dtybf ity= hecc= tc cbvfhskt= vbs eahj .kbthbf cbwjw[kbc
.fkf jvbs lffdflt,ek ,fdidt,ib+ obyffqvltuj,bc .fkf bv cfibyt-
kt,bc vbvfhs= hjvtkbw @eahjcvf .vfv# vjfo'j+ s[pekt,t,ib vt'-
ctekfl xylt,f cnhbmjyt,b ijhtek jvt,pt= hjvkt,bw vfsvf obyfg-
ht,vf uflfbnfytc+ cnhbmjyt,b| @j/= jvj= it cf.futkj= tc hf /mtyb#
- tzblt,f hectsbc nfyrbc= hectsbc ]fhbcrfwbc ufvj[fnekt,fc+ tc
v.bvt xfzblt,f fatsmt,c gbhdfyltk ntmcnc= cfblfyfw bidf cnhbmj-
yt,b lf fhyf[ekb .fkbs bcflueht,c abpbrehb ituh.yt,f jvbs vj-
nfybkb efphj,bcf= cbcfcnbrbcf= cb.ekdbkbcf+
vfujvtn nfgftdb= vthdt rkfcbc vjcofdkt= cfhlfaib b]lf= hj-
ltcfw cfhfrtnj lf,jv,df lfbo'j+ fdbf,jv,vf cfhlfab ufbnfyf+
,bzb rtlkbc mdti vjtmwf+ vfvf vb[dlf= hjv ,fdidb yfyuhtdt,ib b'j
vj'jkbkb+ @vfvfv bycnhevtynt,b fbqj lf fueht,bc lfikfc vb/'j
[tkb+ ufvjvb'dfytc+ fvbc vthvt hecbc ]fhbcrfwt,c dth dbnfy+ fkf/
fr,fh!#
smdty itub.kbfs= fv ,bzc hfvt es[hfs~ vt - fh itvb.kbf!
vthdt rkfcib b'j thsb vjcofdkt= hjvtkvfw s[pekt,f vfcofd-
kt,tkc rb fhf= vt xfvf,fhf+ bc ,jkj vth[blfy fluf lf yfothb ufvj-
vbojlf+ vstkc aehwtkpt ,jtdbrbf ufvjcf[ekb+ mdti bc ofhothff=
hjvtkcfw cf[kt,bc rtlkt,pt d[dlt,jlb| @fkf/b xdtyc ptdbsff! uf-
vfh]dt,f xdtybf! hectsb xdtyc mdtdbsff! fkf/ fr,fh!# f[kf= fv aeh-
wtkpt= fvoesfc= kjpeyuvf sfdbcb fyjybvehj,f lfrfhuf lf ibyfuf-
yb [vbc .fkf vbbqj= fvfibf vstkb cfibytkt,f+ tc rjyrhtnekb ,bze-

51 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

yfc [vf b'j+ f[kf bc fphjdyt,lf fct+ vbcb vth[bc vtpj,tkb xtvc hdt-
H

ekib vbothc| @fkf/ fr,fh!# itvltu evfnt,c| @vstkc mdt'fyfc fkf/

DB
TK

fr,fh!# vb'eht,c lf cbn'df @vstkc# obstkb afymhbs ufvj'jac+

vbe[tlfdfl iehbc.bt,bc gbhlfgbhb cbn'dt,bcf= sfdib sfd[tlehb
fphb vjvlbc| cojhtl tc ,fdidt,b fh bjvt,ty fhfclhjc+
evfhjdt,bc ths-thsvf lfv= hjvtkbw cfvbpytc vbvfh]dt,ek
tmdcb okbc ,fdidc frdbhlt,jlf= vbs[hf| @tctyb lfvjerblt,kj,fc
vbfqotdty#!
-ltlf= ufs[jdlb= ltlf!
-dbc ufd'dt~
-ifvbkc+
-hjvtk ifvbkc~
-,fcftdc+
-hfnjv~
-'ev,fhvn'jhwyb vzbhlt,f+
-hbcsdbc~
-hect,c eylf dehn'f+++
,fdidb 6 okbcff+

BYNTHYFWBJYFKB FHBC!

c+ evfkfnjdb= mfkfm uhjpyjc vw[jdht,b+ 1995 okbc ctmntv,t-

hb|
- vt dabmhj,lb= hjv bynthyfwbjyfkb vfhmcbc vjujybkbf+
dfw[flt, - bynthyfwbjyfkb fhct,j,c+ xtvb sdfkbs vbyf[fdc+ xdtyc
cfhlfaib 65 rfwb db'fdbs+ xtvb vteqkt cfhlfabc eahjcbc hjkc
fchekt,lf+ hf /mdbf vteqktc~ vt vfc ,thbyfyfc dt.f[b+ tc xtxyehfl
@,fdidt,bc ltlfc# ybiyfdc+ bc= vfhskfw= xtvb ,fdidt,bc ltlff+ fm
fhbc ybefyct,b= fvxytds~ xtvb ,fdidt,bc ltlf rb fhf= cfthsjl ,fd-
idt,bc+ c[dfsf ijhbc= bc lelftdc ufyfskt,bc vbybcnhfl /'fdlf+
utythfkc vt,h.jkt,bc ufphlf lf ufycofdkf /mjylf xfabmht,ekb+
ujujyt,c ufyfskt,f bvltyfl eylf vbtqjs= hjv j]f[ehb rthbbc-
sdbc tgfnhjyfs+ tc lelftdbc geymnb uf[klfs| vt,h.jkb ,bzt,b+
sdbsjy= mfkt,sfy vbvfhst,fib= ]tynkvtyb b'j+ vbcb hbc[df yt,bcvb-
thc itb.kt,jlf lfcn'ljvjlf= mfkc _ fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib!
/j= cfhlfaek w[jdht,fpt+ sfdblfy ufeut,fhb b'j= tmsfyb fct
hfnjv kjwekj,lf| @qvthsj! ye udt'jkt,f lfzhbkt,b! se cfidt-
kb fhff= c]j,bf vrdlht,b ud'fdltc#+ vfy bwjlf= hfcfw kjwekj,lf+

>> 52
fhw ofvkt,b udmjylf= fhw o'fkb= 'dtkf ue,t fvjdfihts= xdty= cfh-
lfabc [fk[vf+ ufcfrdbhbf= hjujh dfhs fmfvlt wjw[kt,b~ /j= by-
nthyfwbjyfkb+++ nfyrt,c rbltd itb.kt,f ittuej= vfuhfv fdbfwbf+++
dth ittxdtdb+ fdbfwbbc obyffqvltu flfvbfyb evotjf+ vahbyfdt,vf tc
vidtybdhfl eo'bfy+ fdbfwbf ibidtkb ,jv,bs ushueyfdc+ vbd[dlb|
tc lfcfchekbf= hjwf cfhfrtnj lf,jv,df lfbo'j+++ ehn'fvlyty mf-
kfmc= hjvtkbw vidblj,bfyb [fk[bsff cfdct+++ cfhlfab vjdfsdfkb-
tht+ qvthsj lblt,ekj! cjv[t,b= xtxyt,b= byueit,b= hect,b= ,th.-
yt,b+ eahj vtnyb hect,b fhbfy+++ hf= tkwbyvf fh bwjlf tc~ rfhub=
xtxyt,b fhfdbc fqtkdt,c= uhfxjdvf fh bwjlf= hjv mfkfmb hect,bs
b'j cfdct~ se uhjpyjtkb hecb vtjht[fhbc[jdfyb hecbf~ 'dtkf uf-
itilf= hjwf fdbfwbf ufvjxylf+ ibibs ufmdfdlyty+ vt rb tc ufvjwlbkb
vmjylf+ db'dbht| @bkjwts= 'dtkfyb smdtyc qvthsc ittdtlhts! [vf-
vfqkf!# lf lfbo'j! bcbyb kjwekj,lyty+ 'dtkf sfdbc tyfpt+ vt erdt
dbwb= hf fhbc bynthyfwbjyfkb lf hfc ybiyfdc @xdtyb erfyfcrytkb#+
dthf uhbujkbc fcekb evfkfnjdf= bubdt ,thbyfyf= uhjpyjc
cf[fk[j ufyfskt,fc [tkv.qdfytkj,c+ sdfkwhtvkbfyb 'dt,f= hj-
ujh lfb,yty yjhxb nfyrbcnt,b+ pjubthsc herf cfthsjl fh /mjylf+
dbcfw /mjylf - 1975-ib ufvjidt,ekb+ rfdrfcbbcsdbc ew[j= dtkehb
cbwbdt bluf+ ]fhbcrfwt,c [tksfsvfyt,b fh /mjylfs= cfpfa[ekj
eybajhvf twdfs+ hjwf cfhlfaib itvjdblyty= fvjbj[htc| @flfvbf-
yt,b fm cfblfy ufxylyty~#
_ bcbyb itvjcdkbc oby lfvj.qdhtc= hjv mfkfmb wfhbtkbf lf
yt,bcvbth vj.hfd cfufyc eylf tchjkjy+ xdty fhfathb udmjylf= hjv
vfssdbc udtzvbf+ hjujhw ufdbuts= cfdtkt cfvpfhtekj fhw rb /mjy-
lfs+ o'fkb fdeleqts+ bfhfqb rtltkpt vbfo'dtc+ hjwf fv ,fdidt,vf
lfb.bytc= vstkb cfhlfab nbhjlf+ cf,hfkj ,bzeyt,b+ vfs vfbyw hfc
thxjlyty~
cfhlfaekb w[jdht,bc 'dtkfpt lblb e,tleht,f bcff= hjv fh
itub.kbf - ufvj[dblt lf w[tlfhc egfnhjyj+ mvhbc= vfvbc= idbkbc=
e,hfkjl= yfstcfdbc w[tlfhc+++
xmfhb yf,b]bs xfudbfhf cf[tufwbcrhjdyt,ekvf vfvfrfwvf
@dby fhbc~# - dtrbs[t,b dthfc+ tc - dflbv dflbvbc .t ybrekbybf+ 50-t
crjkbc (vityt,kt,bc lfcf[kt,f) abpbrbc vfcofdkt,tkb+ crjkfib
rjcvjyfdnbrbc cfertstcj veptevb /mjylf+ se eo'bc dbyvtv= hjv
rjcvjcpt it'dfht,ek abpbrjcc cf[kb fhf fmdc= 'dtkfathb lftodf+
ufyfskt,bc ufy'jabkt,f bv lqtc vfcofdkt,kbcfsdbc f[fkb at[cfw-
vkbc it.tyfc fgbht,lf+ fh dbwb= e'bltc= se fhf+ vfhskfw= hfv[tkf
,tlybtht,ff - fcofdkblt lf cofdkj,lt!

53 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

jvblfy 'dtkfc hfqfw cfresfhb ufvjfmdc+ dthf uhbujkbc fce-

H

kb ,tlc lf itvs[dtdfc thoveyf+ vt xfdbotht vbcb ufycfwdbaht,tkb

DB
TK

yffv,j,b bvfpt= se hjujh w[jdhj,c cf[kb lf j]f[b= hjltcfw

bhudkbd 'dtkfathb b,jv,t,f+ xtvvf vtuj,fhvf sfvfhfv ths lqtc
sthubc rfpfr jkufcsfy vbvb'dfyf+ rfpfrb mfkb gtycbfptf+ idbkt,b=
idbkbidbkt,sfy thsfl= erhfbyfib w[jdhj,ty+ jkuf fhcfl ofdf sf-
dbcb cf[kblfy+ fhcfl! 'jafib fnfvfybc vfytht,bc vmjyt rfpfrb mfkb
vbpbfht,c epecntc lfrdbhdt,t,c cfresfh mwtdfpt= w[jdtkt,bc
cfmwbtkpt= cfv[tlhj ntmybrbc uhbvfct,pt+
-,kbyt,bc lfw[j,f uflfdo'dbnt+ fhw iembf= fhw ufpb+ thsf-
lthsb upf hxt,f - tpjib rjwjyb lfdfysj+ wtw[kpt nfafc dlufv+
ofvcdt - @,f[!# ufdfhlf n'dbf lf xtvb nfaf tivfrt,ib vjbchjkf+
cf,tlybthjl= wtw[kb fh xfvmhfkf+ ufyeo'dtnkbd bcdhbc dbqfw=
vfuhfv cfmvtc fh dtidt,b+ lfdlub= lfdbvfkt+ cf.futkj= ,kbyb uflf-
vf,heyt,byt+ ufxthlf+ ufvjddfhlb= uflfdf,heyt+++ 'jxfq= f[kf fqt,f
vfwfkt+ ufxthlb= vfwfkt+++ fct dtsfvfit,jlbs thsvfytsc rfnf-sfu-
dj,fyfc+ fct ufvjw[df ,kbyt,b+++
jktxrf gtycbfptf+ ufvjfmdc .dtkb rf,t,b= ifhat,b= melt,b+ vt 'dt-
kfathc thsvfytsbc vb'jkt,bs dbpjvt,+ hjujhw rfpfr mfk,fnjyc
vbfxybf= yenhbbc .dtkt,ehvf melvf= gbhlfgbh= lfv[fnf+ vjhxf= fob
fvbc vj[lfc dby lfufyt,t,c+ 'jdtkb v[hblfy rjvtynfht,b vtcvbc+ 'dt-
kf yfcdhtnblfy= w[flblfy se lfe]tht,kblfy= cbwjw[kt xmtac+
bc pju]th bcts ajhvt,c qt,ekj,c= hjv b,ytdb+
thsb hfv elfjf+ bvfssfy itlfht,bs= dbyw jvvf athakfl
fmwbf= vt db'fdb ,hvf-'he-vey]b+ cbwjw[kbcf lf cbrdlbkbc vb'ehf-
lt,f= se itb.kt,f fct bsmdfc= fv flfvbfyt,c cek c[dfyfbhb fmds+
vuh.yj,tkj,bc vb]yf vtnfl vwbhlt,f+
fdnj,ecb= cthyjdjlcrbc ufdkbs= yfphfyblfy uhjpyjib vblbc+
ewt, bhudkbd v]ljvs cf[tpt xhlbkvf uflfeh,byf+ 'dtkfc cf[t uf-
evrfwhlf+ thsvf vf/vflbfyvf [tkt,b fqvfhsf= kjwdf lfbo'j+ fd-
nj,ecb lfzbvek [bvc lftvcufdcf+ xtvb vtpj,tkb sfvfhf (hjvtkbw
hfnjvqfw qhvf vj[ewt,ekb vtujyf lf xtvpt evwhjcb fqvjxylf)=
xtvc elfhltkj,fc ibibs it/'eht,c| @fct fh itb.kt,f= vjrdlt,b#+
sfvfhf lf.f,ekb lf nfy]ekb vpthbs frdlt,f upfc= vt rb ]b,hbs
fhfathc dbvxytd (cektkehfl vf[ctylt,f xtvb ,fdidj,bc @keh]b
odthblfy#| @fyf= ity dthfathc [tlfd~#)+ hfvltybvt oesib lfdbyf[t cf-
ibytkb cbcohfabs vmhjkfdb @,tntthb#+ .hfdf qvejlf+ mfhb otolf
hectsbc cfvathfc yfhxtyt,c+ ptdbs= lhjibc nfhpt= ]fzdbs vb,ve-
kb epfhvfpfhb rfdrfcbehb yfufpb bluf lf vstkb .fkbs /'talf+

>> 54
itpfh[jit,ekvf ,bzt,vf uekbfyfl itudbrehs[tc lf cfv[tlhj vfy-
mfyfv upblfy vfhw[ybd vrdtshfl uflfe[dbf+ fdnj,ecvf fvjbceysmf+
lfbo'j kjwdf - vflkj,bcf lf idt,bc whtvkt,bs uf]tht,ekb+ cbne-
fwbf @fhw vidblj,f= fhw jvb# (1995-bc pfa[ek-itvjlujvf) h'dybc
]fhbcrfwc lf ,jkj othnbkfvlt mfywfdc vidblj,bfy vjcf[ktc+
vujyb gkfnjyjdbc @rjnkjdfyib# fhbc fphb bv isf,tzlb-
kt,t,pt= hjvkbcufyfw b,flt,f lf vqtkdfht,c cbwjw[kt+ hjujhb
cbwjw[kt b,flt,f fvyfbhb isf,tzlbkt,t,blfy~ - fvfibf rbs[dbc lt-
lffphb+
1995 okbc 9 ctmntv,thc uhjpyjc ufhte,fyib= @ibhjrbc# mexf-
pt= pecnfl bm= cflfw vt sfvfhfcsfy thsfl dw[jdhj,lb= cfv[tlhj
@ehfkvf# js[b okbc xtxtyb ujujyf ufbnfyf+ xdtyb cf[kblfy ibhj-
rbpt ufvfdfk upfpt lfecf[kt,tkb flubkb b'j= yfufdcf'htkfl
mwtekb+ lqbcbs lf qfvbs bm rfnt,b lf .fqkt,b lf,jhbfkj,lyty+
vfs ijhbc bct= hjv fhfahbc tibyjlfs= lf,j,qfdlyty dtt,thstkf
dbhs[t,b+ nhfcfpt= [es-tmdcrfwbfy ]ueat,fl lf'jabkt,b= flfvbf-
yt,b bluyty+ bcbyb [vflf,kf tcfe,ht,jlyty thsvfytsc lf [tkt,b=
eyt,kbts= veinfl trdhjlfs+ cfthsjl= xtxyt,b= 'jabs w[jdht,fib=
cfrvfjl vidbl flfvbfyt,fl vjvtxdtyf= vfsb pjubthsb rfdrfcbtkb
.vt,bcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs+
vbdtlb vfvfrfwt,bc ths ]ueasfy+ eybdthcbntntk bcnjhbrjcc
[vbc fvjqt,bc bkf]b fhf fmdc= cf[tpt reyst,b esfvfit,c+ @lfsdhyty
]fhbcrfwt,b bctd#+ upbc gbhfc @ehfkb# bluf+ dbqfw flfvbfyt,b= fmt-
lfy itvs[dtdbc flubkfvlt= vfy.bkc pjvfdlyty+ ujujyf cffdflv'j-
ajib ofb'dfytc+ 'dtkfyb itltuc tkjlt,bfy+
vfkt lfqfvlf+ hjwf xdty bmfehj,fc dnjdt,lbs= flfvbfyt,b ]th
rbltd upfpt b'dyty+ bluyty cb,ytktib abueht,b ufey.htdkfl= ewyf-
ehfl fodfhsekt,b+ ifdb cfyskt,b upbc uf'jkt,fpt+
vt fh utvidblj,t,b= xtxytsj! fh utvidblj,t,b! vt lfd,heylt,b
ityc upt,pt= ityc flfvbfyt,sfy! lf - vflkj,f vjsvbyt,bcf lf uf-
ut,bcsdbc+ vfgfnbt= xtxytsj! se it.kt,= vfgfnbt!

XTXYTSB+ 1996 OTKB

fx[jb-vfhnfybc `3 cfiefkj crjkfib= hjujhw cfresfh cf[kib=

bct itdf,b]t= vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf= hjv gbhflfl v[jkjl /fcvfujvtnc
dbwyj,lb= crjkbc lbhtmnjhc+ vfy cohfafl ufvfwyj vfcofdkt,kt,b=
hjvtksf ijhbc ,tdhb hecb fqvjxylf+ ths-thsb vfsufyb= ybyf ybrj-

55 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

kjpbc fcekb vfrfhtyrj= fsb lqbc vfy.bkpt xtvb vafhdtkb fyutkj-

H

pb uf[lf+
DB
TK

ybyf [heixjdrfib w[jdhj,c+ dbohj jsf[t,b= gfnfhf cfvpfhte-

kj+ xdty js[yb db'fdbs+ ltybcb - ybyfc idbkb= uhjpyjc gtlfujube-
hb bycnbnenbc cneltynb+ mvfhb - bfif+ vbkbwbtkb+ rbyjkjub+ vjyf-
lbht+ vt lf ybyf+
vfcgby.tkc 'dtkf bfirfc t.f[bc+ ,ho'bydfktl ;qthc+ lblb ceh-
dbkb vfmdc= vtw fct vbdvfhsj+ bidbfsb j]f[bf= cflfw e[th[ekj,f
cohfafl bmwtdf ghbdbktubfl+ ity lfubvnrbwt,ty= hjv bfnfrb pec-
nfl bc flubkbf= hbcsdbcfw vfvfrfwt,c thsvfytsib velfv lfdf vjc-
lbs+ gbhlfgbh thsb cekb fmds - lfcf.byt,kfl bfnfrpt vjbrfkf-
sjy+ fvbnjvfw ity kjubyib vjubotdc ojkf+
ybyf hecek tyfcf lf kbnthfnehfc fcofdkbc+ dthfahbs [dlt,f=
hectsvf jvb hjv lfbo'j= hfnjv fh babmhf bcts flfvbfyt,pt= hj-
ujht,bwff sdbsjy= vbcb vteqkt lf thsflthsb idbkb= sdfkbcxbyb=
hflufy hjltcfw ibyff= cf[kib cbv'elhjdt lf sfy[vj,f bcflueht,c+
bfif dth bnfyc= hjwf cf[kblfy dbyvt vblbc+ vjbqeif= hjwf uhjpyj-
ib ofdtlb+ [ibhfl vblbjlf afy]fhfcsfy+ cfvfirbib jh]th lfvjerb-
lt,kfl hjv ufdtvupfdht= .fkbfy itoe[lf+
- utcvbc= hf vlujvfhtj,fib db'fdb= hjwf hectsbc ]fhbcrfwt,b
xdtyc cjatkib itvjdblyty~ d[tlfd vij,kbeh cf[tt,c+ hect,c+ vby-
lf cb[fhekbs [tkb lfdemybj+ vf[cjdc= cf[tpt qbvbkb uflfvtabyf
lf fv lhjc ltybdbs lfvbfhf nfyib - cfl dlufdfh f[kf~ bv [fk[sfy=
hjvtksfyfw vstkb cbwjw[kt ufdfnfht+ hjujh itvb.kbf vfsb it-
ehfw['jaf+ ]fhbcrfwt,b lbl[fyc vblbjlyty+ bcbyb ,tdhyb b'dyty -
ifvfyjdtkt,b= vfs ytdpjhjdb bqt,lf+ bcbyb= ofhvjblubyt= ,fvenbc
fcfqt,fl vblbjlyty+ 'vfodbkb ]fhbcrfwt,b wlbkj,lyty= ,fdidt,b
uftwbyt,byfs= cf[tc evfyzfdlyty+ cfmvt cfcfwbkjl fh b'j+ ,fdidt,c
lblt,bdbs gbhmeib cf[tt,b /mjylfs+ cjatkib itvjcdkbcfc thsvf
]fhbcrfwvf cjakbc vw[jdht,kt,c itfubyf+ lfv[dlehvf fvbc ufvj
x[e,b lfeo'j+ bc cfcohfajl lffijivbytc= hjv fvbs cjatkb fh lft-
qfkfnt,byf+ .fkbfy lblb rjkjyf b'j+ 'dtkfpt .ytkb bwb= hf fhbc~
- w[jdhj,lt c[df [fk[ib lf bwjlt= hjv ityb thb vfssfy jvj,c+
ybyfc= hjujhw ,tdh hecc= c]thjlf= hjv hectsb sfdbcbfyt,c fh
itt[t,jlf= b[cyblf+ hectsvf sfdbcbfyt,b dth b[cyf+
- fh itvb.kbf bvbc vjcvtyf= hjltcfw hjvtkbvt thpt ths ufy-
pjvbkt,fib kfgfhfrj,ty+ thsb o't,f xtxyt,b wlbkj,lyty= xdtyb
cf[kb uft.fhwdfs lf xdty rb cfbmbjib ufdtcnevht,byts+ c[df xtx-
yt,vf udb[cytc+ vblb f[kf lf ufycf]t+++ tc xtvb itvs[dtdf+++ ity lbhtm-

>> 56
njhc [jv rfhufl bwyj,~! uf[cjdc vityt,kt,b= ifhify crjkfc hjv
fhtvjynt,lyty~ /fcvfujvtnb uh.yj,lf= hjv cbnefwbf itbwdfkf lf
s[jdf vityt,kt,c= cohfafl ufcwkjlyty fmfehj,fc+ vfuhfv bcbyb
vfqfkb rkfcbc cgtwbfkbcnt,b b'dyty= cfyntmybrbc itevjovt,kfl
lfnjdt,f fh itt.kjs lf it'jdlyty+ bcbyb ufbnfwtc+ /fcvfujvtn-
vf bwjlf= dbyw uffrtsf tc+ gbhlfgbh vbdblf ufvnfwt,kt,sfy= vit-
yt,kt,bc lf,heyt,fc bs[jdlf+ hjwf lfhoveylf= fh vbcwtvlyty= hf-
cfw abmhj,lf= 'dtkfathb gbhib vbf[fkf+ cfcnbrfl cwtvtc+ ytryt,b
xfevndhbtc+ lbl[fyc fdflv'jaj,lf+ ye ufvj/rbs[fds yehfathc=
dth bnfyc fvbc uf[ctyt,fc+ fy hf fhbc cfkfgfhfrj= hjltcfw ,bzt,b
fqfh fhbfy+ vfuhfv bc [jv b,h.jlf fv flfvbfyt,bcsdbc= fv cbn'dbc
chekb vybidytkj,bs+
gbhdtk cfhsekpt= jhjsf[bfy ,byfib= ekfvfptcb df;rfwb re-
htbib w[jdhj,c+ 'dtkf /jkbdeltkb dfhcrdkfdb= thsfl fqt,ekb=
vfcsfy f[kjc dth vbdf+ vfy cfresfh sfdc cbn'df vbcwf| fhf'b cb-
wjw[kbc ,jkjvlt fh lfkbjc= kelb - [esb okbc ufyvfdkj,fib+
lqtvlt fchekt,c+ ybyf fv,j,c|
-vfc 'ehfypt ]th sbsbw fh lferfht,bf+ ofhvjblubyt= se 'ehfyc
[tkb lfflj= hf bmyt,f!
rehtbibc cbn'df thsudfhb cf'dtlehbf bfifc vbcfvfhsbs= hjvt-
kbw= vfhsfkbf= fh cdfvc= vfuhfv= fh ite.kbf fctsb cbn'dbc lflt,f
lf itchekt,f+ tc rehtbivf lffkbkfdf ,fylbnt,b= hjvkt,cfw ybyfc
,byfib cehlfs itzhf+ sfy bct= hjv fhfdby bwbc= hf vlujvfhtj,fib
fhbfy bcbyb= cfthsjl se ithxfs cbwjw[kbc bkf]b+
pju]th= cfqfvjj,bs= vstkb j]f[bs xfdlbdfhs xdtyb v[cyt-
kbc ,byfib+ vbdc[lt,bs bfnfrpt lf dvfhsfds uh.tk cfe,ht,c w[jd-
ht,fpt+ rehtbib xtxyt,bc bcts nbgc tresdybc= dbcptw xdty cfthsjl
fhfathb dbwbs fy sfdc dbn'et,s= hjv fctst,b fh fhbfy+ bc uekvjl-
ubytl frdbhlt,f htcge,kbrfib vbvlbyfht ghjwtct,c+ vtnfl htkb-
ubehb flfvbfybf+ vfvt,bc nhflbwbt,c bwfdc+ ths-thsb nhflbwbff
- vtpj,tkc ufeahs[bklt+ gbhdtk hbuib= bv vtpj,tkc= hjvtkbw
c[df fqvcfht,kj,fc vbcltdc+
xtxyt,c sehvt xdtekt,f fmds - 'jdtk [esif,fsc vjb[ctybjy
vbwdfkt,eksf cekt,b+ ybyf fv,j,c= hjv cfbmbjib ufhlfwdkbksf
cekt,b 'jdtk [esif,fsc vblbfy ufcfrbs[bc vbcfqt,fl+ [jkj se
vbofpt ityc isfvjvfdfkc lffdbo'lf vjo'fkt,bc ufqt,f= ity (ufh-
lfwdkbkb) vblb[fh lf ndbhsc ufvjcf[fd= hfsf vbofpt lfhxtybkvf
cbhw[dbkb fh zfvjc+ vt dthfahbs d[dlt,b= hfc ofhvjcf[fdty bm ce-
kt,b lf hfnjv+ ybyf rf,bc rfksfc botdc+ sfdc bct ufxdtyt,c= sbsmjc

57 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

bm ufcfrbs[b ltdc lf udthlbs xfdkbcfc cf'dtlehbs itvjuwmthbc+ tc

H

ybiyfdc= hjv vt fm= vbofpt= fh ufdbrbs[t= [jkj bm= wfpt= vfc fh cehc=
DB
TK

itdhw[dt lf sfdc bct fxdtyt,c= hjv sfcb cfdctf+ ufcfrbs[b cfvpt yfr-
kt,b fh eylf b'jc+ se ity c[df cfhoveyjt,bc flfvbfyc vjbrbs[fd=
vjutpqdt,f fhf bv w[jdht,fib= fhfvtl fmtsehib+ vbofpt+ f[kf+
+++decvty= hjujh b[ctyt,ty bfirf lf rehtbib thsj,kbd 'jaf-
w[jdht,fc+ d[tlfd= hf vidblfl c.byfds vtpj,tk jsf[ib cf[kbc
gfnhjybc ,fdidt,c+ hjujh fyst,ty ybyf lf ltybcb cfystkc+ hjujh
lt,c rehtbibc vteqkt vfublfpt ufhtw[bk [bkc+ hjujh bcflue-
ht,c cf[kib cbv'elhjdt+ lf vtxdtyt,f= hjv cojhtl tc fhbc cfvjs[t=
cflfw 'dtkfyb rfhufl duh.yj,s sfdc= hflufy lf[vfht,bc gbhdtkb
vj.hfj,f c[df cfhoveyjt,bc flfvbfybcrtyff vbvfhsekb lf vfiby vt
hbcb eylf vtibyjltc~ vcehlf= fv cf[kpt abmhblfy uflfdcekb'fdb
rbs[dfpt| hf lfudtvfhsf xdty 'dtkfc lf dby fhbc lfvyfifdt bvfib=
hfw vj[lf= vfuhfv rehtbibc cbvidblt lf lfvf]tht,kj,f htaktm-
cbt,bcsdbc fh ufyufo'j,c+ e,hfkjl= cbv'elhjdtf lf vjhxf!
ybyfv chekfl itbuh.yj xtxytsib v'jab hect,bc vodfdt nrbdbkb+
tc nrbdbkb jhvfult,jlf bvbnjv= hjv bc vfcofdkt,tkb uf[klfs+
-ths[tk rkfcib itdtlb lf dbrbs[t| @,fdidt,j= fhfathb ucehs=
vrbs[js~# bcbyb vtrbs[t,bfy| @of[dfks fmtlfy~# vt des[fhb| @fhf!#
,fdidt,c rfhufl tcvjlfs xtvb ufjht,f+ vt vfssdbc hecekb tyf lf
kbnthfnehf eylf vtcofdkt,byf+ bc lqt vf[ctylt,jlf= hjltcfw rf-
nbh-behnib= hjvtkbw xdtyc udthlbs vlt,fhtj,c= hjujh bvc[dth-
gkf ,jv,vf vstkb j]f[b - w[hf flfvbfyb+
cojhtl ybyfc eylf devflkjlt yfwyj,j,fc cfv xtxyeh j]f[sfy+
cfertstcj j]f[t,sfy= hjujhw ybyf fv,j,c+ fk,fs ybyf= xtvb vt-
uj,fhb= vfhsfkbf| fckf[fyjdt,b cfertstcj flfvbfyt,b fhbfy vstkc
fx[jb-vfhnfyib+
cfkvfyb v.qjkbf+ vidtybthb bf[f - vbcb vteqkt+ /'fds idbkt,b+
idbkbidbkb js[b sdbcff+ tc vfspt fv,j,c ybyf|
- dth dbnfy= hjwf fv,j,ty= hjv xtxyt,c veifj,f fh ite.kbfs=
hjv bcbyb v[jkjl bgfhfdty lf .fhwdfdty+ it[tlts= tctyb sfdbfys
cf[kc [jv vstkb w[jdht,f fityt,ty+ vityt,kj,f fh xthlt,f= bvb-
njv= hjv ,fdidt,b bphlt,bfy+ lbkblfy cfqfvjvlt veifj,ty+
sbsmvbc 'dtkf xtxtyb= dbcfw itd[dtlhbdfh= sfdbcb w[jdht,bc
fsdkfc nhfubrekb 1944-blfy bo't,c+ fhw cfkvfy bf[bnjdbf ufvj-
yfrkbcb+ cfkvfybc ltlf= hjvtkvfw uflfcf[kt,bc cfibytkt,fc dth
ufe.kj= 1947 otkc ufhlfbwdfkf+ f[kfyltk jvpt cf[kib [vflf,kf
cfe,hj,ty|

>> 58
 - se cfhlfabc cfsfdcj ths flubkfc dth xthlt,jlf= hjujh
abmhj,= hf w[jdht,f b'j tc~
cfkvfyc hectsbc vfubdhfl hw[dtybf+ fctsb .kbthb cf[tkvob-
aj lf ewt,+++ cfkvfyb udfhbc rfwbf= byre,fnjhblfy rb fhf+ vfc
vij,kt,b /'fdlf+ eahs[bklt,f vfs [cjdyfc+ vbfv,j,c jht[jdjib
vlt,fht cfudfhtekj cfcfakfjpt lf bm vjv[lfh ,jkj itvs[dtdf-
pt+ flfvbfyt,b lfrh.fkdfpt vblbjlyty+ bmbs ths vbwdfkt,ekc vb-
fcdtyt,lyty= erfy - [esc+ fdnj,ecb fatsmlf+
ybyfcf lf vfcgby.kt,bc cfe,ht,bc elbltcb yfobkb vfs cfthsj
cfmvbfyj,fc itt[t,f - vtaenrhtj,fc+ tc cfkvfyvf lfbsfy[vf ybyf lf
bfif= hjv aenrfhb vjtityt,byfs+ fv cfe,ht,bc lhjc= dbcfw 'dtkf-
pt [ibhfl bcfrkbct,ty= vfsb cfthsj vtuj,fhb ,jylfhtdcrbf+ frkb-
fs hecb= hjvtkbw xtxytsblfy ofdblf lf hjvtkcfw .kbth tyfnht,f
fmfehj,f+
- j/= hjujh dbcehdt,lb f[kf ,jylfhtdcrbc cf[t vtyf[f= - fv,j,c
cfkvfyb+ vt erdt ,tdh hfvtc dth dbut, cfe,hblfy+ dth d[dlt,b cfth-
sj cbwbkbc fphc= lfrfdibht,ekc hfqfw bcnjhbfcsfy= cflfw itv-
sdhfk ,jylfhtdcrbc ufycfresht,ekb hjkb tsvj,f+ cfe,hbc w[tk-
vf nfkqfv uflfvbfhf lf vt v[jkjl itvt.kj= vbd[dtlhbkb'fdb= hf
rfdibht,b /mjylfs xtxyt,c hect,sfy+ rjyrhtnekb flfvbfyt,bc rfd-
ibht,b= hjvkt,bw efphj jvvf lfeylj,kfl ufo'dbnf+
vfjwt,lf vfcgby.kt,bc hecekb+ bctsb pecnb= vlblfhb lf hfab-
ybht,ekfl kbnthfnehekb= hjv sfdib ofdbdkt,lb [jkvt [tkc+
cfkfenlbyb= cfkvfybc idbkb= wlbkj,c vjv[lfhbc fyfkbpb cfe-
reytt,bc uflfcf[tlblfy uffrtsjc+ thsj,kbdb hecek-xtxyehb bcnj-
hbbc cfrbs[t,ib xtvb sfyfvjcfe,htt,b sfdc bct uh.yj,ty= hjujhw
cfresfh cf[kib+ cf[tklt,f udfht,b= sfhbqt,b= cfereytt,b+ f[ltyty
ybrjkjpbc= thvjkjdbc= xthybijdbc cbn'dt,bc wbnbht,fc= hjv fhf-
athb dsmdfs ef[ktcb bcnjhbbc uvbht,pt+ jvvf xtxyt,c cbqhvbctekb
bcnjhbekb wyj,btht,f lfe,heyf+ fv wyj,btht,bc dtmnjhb vfs th-
sb fhf fmds+ fvfib lfdhoveylb+ ,tdh]th lfdfdkt rfkfvc [tkb= cfkf-
enlbybc yfsmdfvb hjv xfvtothf+ bc vfibydt xevlt,jlf+ thsb ahfpbc
yfobkb ndbyib ajhvekfl xfvt,tzlf| @hect,bc vjmvtlt,bc afhekb=
vbxevfst,ekb fphb bvbs ufybcfpqdht,jlf+++# lbf[= bc fct hsekfl
lf [fnjdyfl fphjdyt,lf= v.qjk cfkvfybc idbkb+
vt dthfahbs vjdcekdfh fphpt= hbubsb xtxtybc vbth epfhvfpf-
hb bcnjhbekb ihtt,bc lfeakt,blfy ufvjvlbyfht= lf dtrbs[t,b cf-
kfenlbyc| cfblfy fctsb hecekb~
-e,hfkjl= hjwf smdtysfy dcfe,hj,lb= .fkbfy dwlbkj,lb+

59 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

tc xtvsdbc fldbkb cfmvt fh b'j= vfuhfv smdty [jv cnevfhb ,h.fy-

H

lt,bs+
DB
TK

xdty rb hjujh dwlbkj,lbs ufudtuj xtxyt,bcsdbc~

- xdty vtnc fhfathc dbs[jds+ e,hfkjl= udbs[fhbs= hjv flfvbf-
yt,b dfhs+ lf= hjujhw flfvbfyt,c= udfmdc cbwjw[kbc eakt,f+
tctw ajhvekff+ bc tresdybc cf[kbc gfnhjyc= hjvtkbw uek-
ohatkfl ufybwlbc= hjv hecb mfkb qfvbc ufcfstdfl vbc j]f[ib fh
hxt,f+
fh vf[cjdc= hjvtkvf smdf| @xdtysdbc fhw lelftdb emybf
qvthsc= fhw - tkwbyb#+ pecnflfw! vfs ufhtitw vidtybdhfl ufd.
kt,lbs+
fx[jb-vfhnfybc ufhte,fyib= yjdjyf,tht;ybc 1-ib w[jdhj,c fkb
evfhbc .t verftdb+ itvleqt,tkb+ vityt,tkb+ abkjcjajcb+ vbcb
vij,kt,b 1944 otkc uflffcf[ktc+ xtxyt,b 1956 otkc lff,heytc= ve-
rftdb - 75-ib+ fkbc vteqkt hecbf= ke,f /mdbf+ ,hbfycrblfyff= j,jkb+
@w[jdht,fib rfhub fhfathb vbyf[fdc=# - fvfc cfresfh sfdpt fv,j,c+
vfsb evwhjcb idbkb= 'dtkfcfsdbc cf'dfhtkb f[vtnb= 1995 okbc 19
fudbcnjc vjrktc+ ,bzb fsb okbc b'j+ bc sfdbc vtuj,fhsfy thsfl
tpjib sfvfij,lf+
fkb b.bt,lf idbkbc cbrdlbkbc bcnjhbfc+ sfvfvfl vblbjlf hec
jabwht,sfy lf te,yt,jlf 'dtkfathc= hfcfw vfspt abmhj,lf+
thsc gbhlfgbh vbf[fkf| @ity ityc cbwjw[ktc lf/rfyrfkt,= vt rb
fhf+ fvbnjv itvb.kbf= 'dtkfathb ubs[hf#+
xdty ,jcnybcrty vbdlbdfhs= f[vtnbc lfqegdbc flubkbcrty+ yf-
stcfdt,bc vf[cjdhj,f byf[fdc sfhbqt,c= ofvt,c= cfynbvtnht,c+
hecvf ]fhbcrfwt,vf yfqvvn'jhwyb ufbchjktc+ efphjl+ bct= e,hf-
kjl+ yfvc[dhtdt,vf ,fdidbc wtynhfkehb ythdekb qth.b lfakbsf+
ke,fc fh f[cjdc= ufcdtyt,fv hjujh xfbfhf+ ybyf fmdt vb'dt,f ufcdt-
yt,bc vecekvfyeh otcpt+ bc vtnfl kvj,bthbf mfkbc vbvfhs= hjvtk-
vfw idbkb lfrfhuf+ vfvfrfwb 'dtkfathc cfresfh sfdpt bqt,c+ 'dt-
kfpt v.bvt aeymwbfcfw rb - fvwyjc ltlfc idbkbc cbrdlbkb= hfcfw
ufycfresht,ekb otcbs frtst,c+
ke,fv byafhmnb uflfbnfyf+ .dtkvf fdflv'jaj,t,vfw sfdb of-
vj'j+ ufxylf f[fkbw - fcsvf+ vfc .fkbfy eikbc [tkc vf]bccbvc[j
yfoyfdb= hjvtkbw rjzt,fvlt odlt,f+ svt,bc itzhfc fgbht,lf+ fob
fhfclhjc itbzhbc= fct= yfoyfdt,bfyb vjrdlt,f+ f[vtnc fh eyljlf=
ltlf yfoyfdt,bc ufhtit tyf[f+
fkb sfyfvjcfe,htc cfresfhb cbn'dt,bc o'j,bc cbcntvfib fmnb-
ehb xfhsdbs cofdkj,c+

>> 60
 -smdty cbwjw[kt= fct d[tlfd= ub'dfhs~
rb= fkb= vb'dfhc+ c[dfyfbhfl hjujh+
fkb w[jdht,fc vhfdfk zhbkib wlbc+ fb vbcb rkfcbabrfwbf+ th-
sb - tywbrkjgtlbehb+ vtjht - bltjkjubehb+ vtcfvt - htkbubehb+
fhbc vtjs[tw= vfc jhsjuhfabekb tojlt,f+ fkb lfhoveyt,ekbf=
hjv tyf ,tdhc ufycfpqdhfdc thbc ,tlib+ tpjgtc bufd-fhfrc cfresfh
tyfpt vjubs[hj,c= hjujhw htfkehfl vjv[lfh fv,fdc+
-tyf bc cfrdt,bf= hjvtkbw fvmdt'yfl 'dtkf lfyfhxtyc fqtvfnt,f+
tyf vofhtf= tyf nr,bkbf+ se tyfc dth vjedkb= cbnr,j ufytklt,f+
bcnjhbfib mfkbc hjkbc itcf[t, fct fv,j,c|
-hjvftksf jvt,blfy lfo't,ekb= 'dtkf jvib mfkbc [tkb thbf+
ufycfresht,ekb vjyljvt,bs f[ltyc utythfk thvjkjdbc wb-
nbht,fc+ hjwf cbdthfutpt lf qfkfnpt cfe,hj,c= rjyrhtnekb
vfufkbst,b vj/'fdc+ fhbc thsb vf[fcbfst,tkb= hjvtkcfw cbqhvb-
ctekfl ffyfkbpt,c| iehb+ bc= hfcfw thvjkjdb eiefkjl xtxyt,c
fresdyt,lf= vbc vc]tkj,fib pjuflcfrfwj,hbj qbht,ekt,t,bc
htubcnhibf uflfnfybkb+ tc vtnfl cfbynthtcjl vjvtxdtyf+ acb-
mjkjub fv vjdktyfc fgthwtgwbfc lffhmvtdlf= hjwf f[kbc fqmvf
ufybcfpqdht,f ofhcekbc gbhflb ufvjwlbkt,bs+ itcf.kt,tkbf=
cfmvt udmjyltc hfwbjyfkbpfwbbc nbgeh itvs[dtdfcsfy= hjwf fm-
nefkehb vjs[jdybkt,f urfhyf[j,c vjdktybc dth,fkehb fqothbc
cfresfh vtsjlc= hjvtkbw itvtwyt,bc chekbfl c[df cbcntvfib fh-
ct,j,c+ xtxytsib fv vjdktyfcsfy it[t,f fhfths[tk vmjybf+
ths[tk= uhjpyjc vthbc sfyfitvotcsfy= vfujvtn cfnetdsfy
dcfe,hj,lb+ vt njkcnjb ufdb[ctyt lf @/f]b-vehfnblfy# bv flub-
kbc wbnbht,f vjdf[lbyt= cflfw vothfkb hect,bc vbvfhs xtxyt,bc
cb.ekdbkpt kfgfhfrj,c+ bv wbnfnfib fctsb hfvtw b'j= vfs hect,bc
vbvfhs bctsbdt lfvjrblt,ekt,f /mjylfs= hjujhw dbhs[t,bc vb-
vfhs+ vt hfqfwfc vbdtl-vjdtlt,jlb njkcnjbc ybzpt - ufeujc c[df
thc+ vfujvtnvf cflqtcfcofekj nbhflbs ufvfo'dtnbyf|
- fvmdt'yfl ,tdhb cb.ytkt bmblfy vjlbc= hjv lblb flfvbfyt,bc
yffphtdb fhfcojhfl brbs[t,f+ njkcnjb c[df hfvtpt othlf+ vfy
smdf= hjv 'dtkf thc sfdbcb dbhs[t,b /'fdc lf vtnb fhfathb! fy vfc
xtxyt,bc ]th rbltd fh tcvjlf vfiby+ bc= hfw smdty fqybiyts= ite.-
kt,tkbf njkcnjbc tsmdf+ fhfahbc lblt,bs!
vt @/f]b-vehfnblfy# pecnb wbnbht,f vjdf[lbyt+ vfujvtnb vf-
byw dth f.ktdlf eakt,fc cfresfh sfdc - lfvsfy[vt,jlf+ bc cfresf-
hb vbvfhst,bc vnrbwt,ekt,t,c t.t,lf+
fkbw fvyfbhfl wlbkj,c= xfcodltc hectsbc ]fhbcrfwbc cekc+
61 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

- pjubthst,b cfjvhfl vskfl lf,hvfdt,ekt,b vjdblyty+ pjuvf

H

ufbqdb.f= vt tc sdbsjy vbyf[fdc+ sevwf v.byfhtybw lfhxyty= cojhtl

DB
TK

bcbyb eityty yfqvvn'jhwyt,c ,fdidt,c+++ rfhubf= hjwf v[twb ufhec-

lt,f+ welbf= hjwf hecb ufv[twlt,f+
itvltu bc ,bhfvbc (ybdhbc cfyf'b) ufrtst,fc vfcofdkblf+ lfvfs-
dfkbtht,byf cf[tkjcyj= cflfw 'dtkfathb tktmnhjltypt veifj,c=
fv cfmvtib rb fkb gbhlfgbh qvthsbf!
- fh fhbc cfzbhj cfv[tlhj vjmvtlt,t,bs x[dktnf= - bct fv,j,c
fkb= sbsmjc bv jgjytync trfvfst,jltc= hjvtkbw dth akj,c w[jd-
ht,bc @jhsjuhfabek# zhbkt,c= fye fh c]thf tyj,hbdb ehsbth-
sj,bc+
- vfiby xdty 'dtkfyb jhfyuenfyut,b d[lt,bs+++
fvfcsfy bc ubhxt,b eylf fuhjdj= hjvtkbw w[jdht,bc vfy.bkpt
ecdhbfs itysdbc+ lf eylf ufffyfkbpj bcbyb+
.fkbfy doe[dfh= hjv lbmnjajyb fhf vfmdc+ cbvfhsktc dfv,j,=
vjvfdfk ]thpt xtxytsib v[jkjl bvbnjv xfvjdfk= hjv fkb xfdbot-
hj+ sevwf= dthfdbsfhb abkjcjabehb obfqcdkf dth uffmfhdt,c xt-
xtyb fkbc lf hecb ke,fc vjeytkt,tk lfhlc+
fkbc cf[kbcrty vstkb j]f[bsehs ufdtvfhsts bfifc vfymfybs=
hjvtkbw ufeut,fhbf= hjujh vj.hfj,c= hfvtse vskfl lfvndhte-
kbf+ vj.hfj,fc 'dtkf vupfdhbc rjktmnbehb vwltkj,bc itvltuqf
bo't,c+ hjujhw xfyc= lfdb.fhbs+ fkbc cf[ksfy bo't,f dtt,thstkf
vbyljhb= zehdt,bcufy vskbfyfl uflfs[hbkb+ dwlbkj, ufdbuj= hf-
njv lf hbcsdbc vjahbyfdlf zehdb= hjvtkvfw jhb ,fdidb itbobhf+
dthfdbsfh cnhfntubek j,btmnc itvjufhtyib dth d[tlfd+ d[tlfd
fkbc cf[kc= hrbybc zbirfhc= vskbfyfl lfw[hbkekc n'dbt,bs+
cf[ksfy bhb,fl lufyfy wtw[kbcufy uflfvodfhb [tt,b= cf[kbc erfy
rb ,jcnfyb bikt,f= hjvtkbw fctdt byf[fdc zehdt,bc yfrdfktdc+ lfv-
idblj,t,bcfc hf itvb.kbf ubs[hf= fkb= hf~ cbnefwbfib fhbc hfqfw
blevfkb lf ufvjesmvtkb+ fvfc duh.yj,s bcbybw= dbyw vbdtvupfd-
ht,bs lf bcbybw= dbyw xdtyc vfymfyfc fodt,bfy+ xtvc vt[cbtht,fib cf-
vfirbib ufujybkb ktmcb nhbfkt,c|
cjatkb o'dlbflvf lfafhf+
'dtkf vjrkekbf+
bodbc cf[kt,b= bodbfy flfvbfyt,b+
fv cjatkibw itvjf,b]f jvvf+
thsb tc vbs[fhbs= ,fdidc hfc thxjlyty=
gfnfhf dby vjrkf+++

>> 62
 fb tctw! hbcsdbc vjrktc f[vtnb= fkbc ,bzb~ hbcsdbc~
vtcfvt cf[kbc lbfcf[kbcb xtxtyb sfvfhff+ sfvfhfc vsfdfhb cfn-
rbdfhb lf cbfvf't vbcb idbkb stveh ,bceksfyjdbf+ cfnrbdfhb bvb-
njv= hjv vfc cfveifj fhf fmdc+ fhw gthcgtmnbdf+
stvehb ybzbthb ,bzbf+ vecbrfc othc= cfresfh cbvqtht,c sdbsjy
fchekt,c+ sfvfhfc vstkb sfdbcb w[jdht,f idbkbcsdbc fmdc uflf-
lt,ekb+ vt ds[jd stvehc= xfothjc cbvqtht,b lf ewt, dth d[dlt,b=
hjv vfc fvbc ufrtst,f fh ite.kbf+ rfctnfc 'bldf [jv czbhlt,f+ aekc
df.ktd+ bc fh bqt,c+ .kbdc vjdhbulbs+ sfvfhf idbkc cs[jdc|
-xtvb cf'dfhtkb cbvqthf xfotht+
ltlbc cf'dfhtkb cbvqthf .dtkt,ehb ,fkflff hec ]fhbcrfwpt=
hjvtkbw cfv[tlhj cfvcf[ehblfy lf,heylf+ bc [dlt,f f[fkufphlf
wjkc lf vofht cf'dtlehc te,yt,f| cfyfv vt bm dodfkj,lb= ity fm rfh-
ufl w[jdhj,lbj+ kfvfpvfyb gfce[j,c| @vt ityb rfyjybthb wjkb rb
fhf= ityb mfkbidbkb dfh= j,jkb mfkbidbkb+++#
hf itchekt,ff+ hf cfjwht,ff stvehbc cbvqthf+ hecekb /fy-
ut,b fudbhudbyt,c bv nrbdbkbfy cbvqtht,c= hjvkt,bw xtxytsbc
jvc t[t,f+ tc cbvqtht,b .kbthb tythutnbrbs cheklt,f+ @fqclut,f
.dtkb lblt,f - uhjpyj rdkfd bctsb bmyt,f#= fctsbf stveh ,bcek-
sfyjdbc cbvqtht,bc vjnbdb+ vfuhfv hjwf bo't,f afhsj hecekb
vj.f[bkb @hjujh vcf[ehj,lf ]fhbcrfwb#= obyf cbvqtht,c= xtxyt-
sbc jvpt lfothbkc= hfqfw tvfhst,fs+ ofhvjblubyj= hjv bv ]fhbc-
rfwbc isfvjvfdfkb= hjvtkptw f[fkufphlf xtxtyb vqthbc= rkfdc
fkbc idbkc fy tcdhbc stvehbc cf[kc= fhfse ite.kt,tkb= fhfvtl
gbhlfgbh - dtkehj,ff+ sevwf= bcnjhbekfl= tc fk,fs fctf+ fvbnjv
ufcfrdbhbf= bvbc itvltu= hfw vj[lf= stvehb hecekfl vqthfc hjv
fuh.tkt,c+ bc rb fhf= sbsmjclf cojhtl tc hecekb cbvqthf f.ktdc
itcf.kt,kj,fc= uf[cyfc cfresfhb cekbc cbqhvtt,b+
vj[ltybs rb ,tdhb hfv vj[lf+ ths[tk= jvt,c ief gthbjlib= lt-
lf-idbkb vjcrjdib uftvupfdhf+ upbc aekb fh /mjylfs lf vfwbdf-
hb uf'bltc (fv;fvfl vfwbdhbc ufhtit w[jdhj,ty)+ ths vjcrjdeh
j]f[ib kf,flf vbcwtc= at[cfwvtkb= uffs,tc= itbafhtc+
-xtvb w[jdht,bc cfertstcj lqtt,b bv j]f[vf vfxemf+
cfertstcj lqtt,c ,bybc x[htrf vj/'df+ x[htrbc vbptpb lf cf,f,b
cnevht,bc thjdyt,f b'j+ sfvfhf nbhjlf+ idbkc [fyufvjidt,bs fxt-
ht,lyty mexfib+ fxtht,lyty= fvwbht,lyty= itehfw['jalyty+ ltlf-
idbkb vb[dlf= hjv jvb fh lfvsfdht,ekf lf cf[kib lf,heylf+
[jkj bc .dtkb hecekb cbvqthf ]fhbcrfwpt= hjvtkbw [fyuh.-
kbdfl vcf[ehj,lf= rdkfdfw cf'dfhtkb cbvqthff+ vt ufvf[ctylf he-

63 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

cekb cbvqthbc vjmvtlt,bc tatmnb xtxyeh wbrkpt= hjltcfw ofdb-

H

rbs[t yfo'dtnt,b cfvfirbib ufujybkb dhwtkb yfofhvjt,blfy+

DB
TK

+++c[tekbs= cekbs uf[kfdfh fdfl=

pju]th cfresfh sfdc dth dwyj, sfdfl=
lfv[fy]ktc= erdt dtqfh dfh o'yfhfl+
,jhjnt,bcfc dth dpblfd ybifc=
df;rfwvf bwbc= tc se hfc ybiyfdc+
.kbdc uflfdehxb xt[dfc lf [jwdfc=
'jdtk oesc xtvc cekc dfcvtylb kjwdfc+
qvthsc dvcf[eht,lb it.kt,bc lfhfl
lf vfy uf.kt,bc vjvvflkf .fkf+
yfyuhtdt,ib dfh= dth dbo't, kjlbyc=
tekvf yuhtdbc cfvcfkf itdcdb=
dbcvty vecbrbc cfibytk vjnbdc=
dwlbkj,= lfdothj yfstkb ktmcb+
f[kfw uekc vbrkfdc nfy]df vfvekbc
lf cekc vbiajst,c vnthb dthfyb=
cbwjw[ktc dsfyufd o'tdkbc fkvehbs=
[vkbc dflfc t.t,c [tkbc vntdfyb+

utwyjs~ fb fct+++

,FVENB

fx[jb-vfhnfybc cfv[tlhj rjvtylfynvf vbvbqj sfdbc rf,bytnib=

hjvtkbw e[ewtct,bs b'j cfdct+ hfqfw vybidytkjdfyb cfe,fhb vblb-
jlf= hjvtkbw xtvb vjcdkbs ito'lf+
-,fiftdb+ ,fcftdb rb fhf= ,fiftdb= /f]b-vehfnb+
fctsb cf[tkbc ufujyt,fpt [tkb ufdeojlt+ /f]b-vehfnvf xtvb
[tkb itb'jdyf lf vwbht gfepf uffrtsf+ vthvt 'jdtkudfhb ,hfpbcf
lf mdtntmcnt,bc ufhtit vrbs[f|
- rkfcbreh kbnthfnehfc rbs[ekj,s~
- drbs[ekj,= - yfxmfhtdfl degfce[t+
- fb= tkwbyb lf uhfxjdb fh rbs[ekj,ty lf e,tleht,fw fmtlfy
vjlbc+
- rfvthf~ ,kjryjnb~ - vtrbs[t,f+
- 'dtkfathc fm lfdnjdt,+ sfy fhfathc ofdbqt,+
- cek n'ebkfl+ fv 'dtkfahbc uflfqt,f lf xdtyt,ff cfzbhj+
/f]b-vehfnb ,fvenbc cfidc vbothc+

>> 64
 xtvc vtuj,fh /fcvfujvtnsfy thsfl vbdlbdfh= vbcb wbwmyf vfymf-
ybs= hjvtkbw qdtptkbc uflfcfnfyflff ufyresdybkb+ rjvtylfynb
erfyfcrytk ufyrfhuekt,t,c b.ktdf - hecb mfk,fnjyb ofvbsfw fh
vjbijhjs+ @ufotkdt,c# fltdyts sdfkb+ cf[kt,bc itvjufhtyib fh
it[dblts+
ufyut,fc cehlf= hjv ,fvenib yfstk= vpbfy lqtc vjd[dtlhb-
kb'fdb+ bv lqtc= hjltcfw ,fvenbc vw[jdht,kt,c yt,f lfhstc= cj-
atkc lf,heyt,jlyty+
lf bcbyb vblbjlyty+ kfyxfvjhqdtekb at[cfwvkbs= itkfy.qe-
kb nfycfwvkbs+ mfkt,c sfdb qbf athbc sfdikt,bs /mjylfs ufr-
hekb+ cfresfh cf[ksfy f[kjc vbcdkf cf[bafsj b'j+ pjubthst,b
upfib xthlt,jlyty lf lbl[fyc= lbl[fyc b'eht,jlyty rfh-vblfvjc-
rty+ c[dt,b upbcgbhfc bve[kt,lyty lf ufey.htdkfl ]ljvfc ufyfuh-
.j,lyty+ pjubthsb wlbkj,lf= uflftkf[f bc= hfcfw pqeh,kb /mdbf
lf vfiby vfsb abuehf cf[kbc ufvjidthbk yfhxtyt,c tho'vjlf+ th-
o'vjlf vskbfyfl= cfvelfvjl lf vtxdtyt,jlf= hjv fh fhct,j,c
.fkf= hjvtkcfw vfsb lfijht,f ite.kbf+
cfresfh cf[ksfy it[dtlhf bvltyfl vnfy]dtkb b'j= hjv sbsmvbc
'dtkf vjcf[kt= hjvtkbw lbkbs ,fvenib xfvjdblf= njdt,lf cf[kc
lf vjkfgfhfrt,ekbdbs cjakbc wtynhbcrty vbtvfhst,jlf+ ,tdhvf
gbhdtkfl yf[f thsvfytsb ,fvenbc xf,fht,bc itvltu+ wyj,lyty=
t[dtjlyty thsvfytsc= sfditrfdt,bs nbhjlyty+ itvs[dtdbs vfcbc
iefuekib vjd[dlb+ 'dtkfv bwjlf= hjv vt hecb db'fdb+ bcbyb v[tlfd-
lyty= vfuhfv 'ehflqt,fc fh vfmwtdlyty+ xtvb sfdb fh /mjylfs+ lf
fhw xtvb aezb htaktmcbt,bc+
vfs uflfvodfh-lfyuhtekb /mjylfs cf[kb+ vfs f[kj,kt,b lf-
rfhutc+ ufeyfluehlfs cfmjytkb+ ufexylfs cfakfdt,b c[dbc cfcfa-
kfjt,pt= hflufy vfsb cfudfhtekj cfcfakfj lfyfqvekb fqvjx-
ylf+
hjltcfw bcbyb xtvc erfy vlufhb flfvbfybc uflfcf[dtdfl vbt-
vfhst,jlyty= udthlc bct vbdkblyty= hjujhw ecekj cfufyc+ vfs
sdfkt,ib fh b'j fhw cb.ekdbkb= fhw iehbc.bt,f= vfuhfv fhw cb'df-
hekb b'j+ fct dbltmb hfvltybvt oesb= vj,epekb= cfyfv thsb rfh-
vblfvjcrty fh ufdb[tlt= hjvtkibw vnrbwt lf uf,tlekb yf,b]t,bs
vblbjlf vfvfrfwb+ bctsb ituh.yt,f b'j= hjv cfvityt,kj vjtlfypt
vj[dlf+ /fcvfujvtnbc obyffqvltuj,bc vbe[tlfdfl= vfvfrfwc ufdtrb-
lt+ bc [jv vblbc lf fhfathb vjcdkbf+ vt hfnjv fh itvb.kbf~ xdty
vbdtlbs cf[ksfy= yf,b]b itdfytkts crjkbc ityj,fcsfy= hjvtkptw
lblb obstkb fcjt,bs b'j lfothbkb| @Духи - говно#+ xtxytsbc crj-

65 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

kt,ib fctsb kbyudbcnehb itltdht,b ,tdhufy fvidtyt,c cfrkfcj lf-

H

at,c+ vbcfvfhsbw vbsbst,ekbf| @smdtyc ,fdidt,c - vtvrdblhtj,fl#+

DB
TK

sdbsjy vbyf[fdc+
rfh-vblfvjc gfnhjyb vityt,tkb fqvjxylf+ sfdbcb w[jdht,bc
jwlffsb otkb fknfbc v[fhtib uffnfhf= nhjbwrbc hfbjyib+ lfv-
cf[eht,ekb vityt,tkbf+ ,ho'bydfktl kfgfhfrj,c hecekfl+ ths-
thsb bv xtxtysfufybf= hjvtkcfw dthfcjltc ofhvjtlubyf cfresfhb
w[jdht,f hectsbc ufhtit+ cf[kb vij,kt,bcsdbc feityt,bf+ jvbc
lhjc vj[ewt,b fhinib uflfcekfy= vtkjnb vst,bc uflfdkbs+
xtxyt,b vtkjnc eojlt,ty bv vst,c= hjvkt,bw uflf,euekbf cf-
hfrtnj-,jv,ehb lfhn'vt,bc itltufl+ rbltd vfs ifd vst,c t.f[bfy+
vf/vel-ubhtb fkbc .t vehlfkjdb= fh dbwb= pecnfl lfdbvf[cjd-
ht se fhf cf[kbc gfnhjybc cf[tkb= ,kjryjnbcf lf rfkvbc fvj-
qt,fc hfqfw fh vfyt,t,c+ vehlfkjdbc cf[kb thsflthsbf ,fven-
ib= hjvtkbw ufhtuyekfl uflfhxf+ fm 3654-t yfobkbc inf,b b'j
ufysfdct,ekb+ ibuybs 'dtkfathb ufyflueht,ekb lf itehfw['j-
abkbf+ vjhqdtekbf zthbc rjzt,b= fvjukt]bkbf bfnfrbc abw-
ht,b= yf]f[bsff lfxt[bkb afy]hbc xfhxjt,b+ bfnfrpt 'hbf hfqfw
cf,est,bc yfukt]t,b flfvbfyt,bc cf[tkt,bsf lf udfht,bs+
lfdbfhts rfh-vblfvj+ vij,kt,c vfwbdhbc uflfvfkdf ewlbfs+
afhlekib iteyf[fds lf abwht,bs iteybq,fds+ vfwbdhbc ufvjibu-
yekb rjhgecb tpjib ulbf+ vfc ]th rbltd tn'j,f bv ltnfkt,bc rdf-
kb= hjvkt,bw dbqfwfc ,fh,fhjcekfl vjeukt]bf+ cf[kib fhw th-
sb vstkb ybdsb fh fhbc+
- tc hjujh+++ bcbyb [jv fm w[jdhj,lyty+ se lfbg'fhb= flfvbfye-
hfl vfbyw bw[jdht+
idbkvf fh bwbc= hjujh vjb'dfyjc fm vij,kt,b+ vfssdbc tc cf-
yf[fj,f cf,tlbcothj bmyt,f+ ]th rbltd fknfbib= nhjbwrbib= ghju-
hfvf @dtcnbib# yf[f cfresfhb cf[kb+ tc b'j htgjhnf;b ,fvenbc
fqt,bc itcf[t,+ bct uflvjcwtvlyty= sbsmjc ,thkbyb ftqjs+ vfy bw-
yj cfresfhb cf[kb= vbc sfdpt hecekb lhjif fqvfhstc+
- f,f= vfyfvlt xtvc cf[kpt hf lhjif b'j~ hjvtkb~ hfnjv fqvjd-
xylb vt vnthb~
fknftk vityt,tksfy it[dtlhbcfc gbhdtkfl ufvbxylf fphb=
hjv cojhtl hectsvf lffxmfhf ctgfhfnbcnekb ghjwtct,b lf vbcwf
itcf.kt,kj,f= xfvj'fkb,t,ekb'j bltf - fv]thfl cf,jkjjl xfvj-
ijht,jlyty hectsc+
- vt dth ofhvjvtlubyf xtvb sfdb hectsbc ufhtit= vfuhfv f[kf
+++lft= xtvb cfv'fhj ye ufcwlt,f xtvc cf[kc= xtvc rfh-vblfvjc+ vt

>> 66
vtwjlbyt,f= hjv jhvjwlffsb okbc itvltu xtvc idbkbidbkc fh
vjeotdc cf[kbc yfyuhtdt,pt cbfhekb= cbhw[dbkbs fh lfbodt,f
ufe,tleht,ekb vij,kt,bc itv[tldfht+ lbf[= v[jkjl ufvj'jaf+++
uflf[tlts xdtyc bcnjhbfc+ tc v[jkjl obuyt,b lf cbn'dt,b fh
fhbc+
vfy cfresfh rfh-vblfvjpt [tkb vbvjfnfhf+ rfh-vblfvjpt= hjvt-
kbw fv;fvfl bv 'dtkfahbc cfcfakfj b'j= hfw lfuhjdbkf vehlfkj-
dt,bc fhfthsb sfj,bc vbth lf vfsbdt fphc ofhvjflutylf+
cf[kbc gfnhjyb bidbfs 'ehflqt,fc ufvj[fnfdlf xtvc vbvfhs+
bc= fk,fs= uh.yj,lf= hjv cbhw[dbkb vodfdlf+ fy hfvt c[df= xtvsdbc
ewyj,b uh.yj,f= ufyfgbhj,t,lf vbc fcts mwtdfc+ xtvsdbc yfstkb
b'j| vbc flubkfc hjv fqvjdxtybkb'fdb= fh vtmyt,jlf vityt,kbc
fhw vjsvbyt,f= fhw df;rfwj,f= hjvtkvfw hectssfy ]th rbltd vbcb
obyfght,bc vbth lfo't,ekb lfdf fct uflfo'dbnf+ fhf lbflb mdt'ybc
cfcfhut,kjl+
vt ,tdhb hfv vtyf[f gjcncf,zjehb cbdhwbc fv ewyfeh jvt,ib=
vfuhfv ,fvenvf .fkbc erfyfcrytkb vbc[fkb ofvfhsdf= hfw fmfvlt
fhfclhjc vjvcdkbf+ ieflqtc ybyfcsfy ,byfib lfd,heylb lf vfibydt
cfojkpt vbdtult+ pecnfl thsb lqt-qfvt fhfdby ufvrfht,bf lf fhw
fhfdbc erbs[fdc fhfathb+ se cf[kib dbyvt vjdbljlf= ybyf xevfl
te,yt,jlf| @tkdbhf lqtc ,fvenib b'j#+
hjujh f[th[t,ty bcbyb w[jdht,fc~ bcbyb= dbyw ,fvenblfy sfdb-
cb at[bs knjkdbkt,bc dfujytnt,cf lf c[df lhjt,bs sfditcfafhc
e,heylt,jlf+++
cfqfvjc ybyf lf ltybcb abkvbc @dbtnyfvb+ vjrbs[dfvlt# ths-
ths cthbfc e'eht,lyty+ [fk[b yfqvpt atsmlt,jlf+ ,jv,t,b wdbj-
lf cf[ehfdt,pt+ abkvib ltlbcf lf df;bidbkbc jhbtynfwbfv itvf.h-
oeyf+ lbkbs ybyfv smdf| - tc 'dtkfathb xdtypt b'j+ xdtyc jvpt+
pecnfl bcff+

@HF[FY WJW[KT,B LFUDNJDTC= DW[JDHJ,S+++#

-vstkb crjkf xfhxf rkfcib= - vofhtl [evhj,ty cjatk cfvfirbc

cfiefkj crjkbc vfcofdkt,kt,b+ crjkf abpbrehfl fh fhct,j,c+ bc
uflfodtc+ ,fdidt,b hjvtkbqfw cfofhvjc flvbybcnhfwbbc ityj,fib
cofdkj,ty+ c[dfsf ijhbc= fhw tc cfofhvj fhct,j,c+ rtlkt,b vjy-
uhtekbf+ bfnfrb - fwdtybkb+ cfrkfcj lfat,b fhf fmds+ fhw wfhwb=
fhw cf[tkv.qdfytkjt,b+ vfcofdkt,kt,b vfbyw flubkpt fhbfy+ rf-

67 <<
 F
BY
[
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

gbrcfw fh qt,ekj,ty= vfuhfv ,fdidt,c vfbyw fcofdkbfy+ vfs ijhbc

H

hecek tyfcf lf kbnthfnehfcfw+ ths-thsb vfsufybf fyf tk;etdf+

DB
TK

kfvfpb= ntvgthfvtynekb= lblb ibyfufyb .fkbsf lf qbhct,bs+ vbcb

vjyf'jkb|
-vt f[fkufphlf mvfhb v'fdc= jhvjwlfidblb okbcff+ ,jtdb-
rt,sfy fhfclhjc 'jabkf= vfuhfv hjltcfw gfcgjhnbpfwbbc
cfibytkt,f lfbo'j= vbd[dlb= hjv bcbw lf xtvb ,bzt,bw cflvt eylf
uflfvtvfkf+ jhb ,bzb v'fdc+ thsb jwbcff= vtjht - stmdcvtnbc+ ey-
lf uflfdvfkj= vfuhfv hjujh+++
dpbdfhs cfhlfaib+ itvjh,bfy 'vfodbkb atlthfkehb ]fhbcrf-
wt,b| @lfbvfkts! rjynhfmnbc [fk[b vjlbc!# dth vjdfcofhbs+ uf-
vjudb'dfytc cfhlfablfy+ 'dtkf vfvfrfwb rtltksfy vbf'tytc+ e,h-
.fytc= [tkt,b sfdpt itvjto'js+++ /j= thsb cfibytkb bcnjhbf cf-
hlfaibw b'j+ ,bzb ufvj/'fdlfs= chekbfl yjhxb+ lf ptvjlfy uf-
lftafhf lf 'dbhjlf| @vt vtchjkts! n'dbf xtvsfy lfhxt,f!++# fh
vf[cjdc= 'dtkfathb hjujh lfvsfdhlf+ vjvrfkb lf fh vf[cjdc+
mfkt,b ths v[fhtc lfudf]ueatc= vfvfrfwt,b - vtjht v[fhtc+
,h.fyt,fc tkjlt,bfy+ hjujhw rb vfvfrfwt,c udthlpt vblujvfc
e,h.fyt,ty= mfkt,b rbdbkc bo't,ty+ d[tlfd= xtvb ,bzt,b xdtyufy
pehuitmwtdbs e'tybfs+++
vj,h.fylf vskfl eahjcb+ vtcvbc| @lf[dhbnts#+ d[dlt,b= hjv
tc ,h.fyt,f xtvt,c t[t,f= d[tlfd bvfc= dbcfw ,h.fyt,bc itchekt,f
lffdfktc lf dbyw xtvt,b ufb'dfyf+ ptl dtrblt,b= [tkc dezth= fdnjvf-
nbc fqvfhsdbc cfiefkt,fc fh df.ktd+ bc xtvc vjijht,fc wlbkj,c+
eahjcb ,h.fyt,c= xdtyt,b afhlekbc erfy ufb'dfyjy+ - vjhxf= - dabm-
hj,= - 'dtkfathb lfvsfdhlf!
rfhufl vf[cjdc= bv eahjcc .fkbfy vjcojylf fv cbn'dbc ofhvjs-
mvf| @lf[dhbnts!# fy itb.kt,f= vfiby fct vtxdtyt,jlf+
vfvfrfwt,b afhlekbc erfy ufb'dfytc lf fv lhjc bc= dbcfw ptl
dtrblt= [tkblfy lfvbc[knf+ vbdltd= vfuhfv dth dtotdb+ hfnjvqfw
v]thf= hjv fv chjkfib [tkbc itikfc se vjdf[th[t,= vtnb chjkf
fh bmyt,f+ hf cektkb db'fdb! vbdltd= xdtyc ijhbc hfvltybvt vtnhbf+
vfy fdnjvfnb fqvfhsf= sbsb cfc[ktnc lfflj+ vt d[dlt,b= hjv dth
dfcoht,+++
chjkbc [vf ufbcvf+ d[tlfd= xtvb ,bzt,b lufyfy= fdnjvfnbfyb @rjy-
nhfmnybrb# rb ofbmwf+ sfdblfy dbabmht= hjv itdbifkt+ vt [jv chj-
kbc [vf ufdbujyt+ vjvtxdtyf= hjv d[tlfd bvfc= hbcb lfyf[dfw vbylf
lf fhf bvfc= hfw cbyfvldbktibf= vfuhfv fhf= @rjynhfmnybrb# vrdlf-
hb tulj+ tc lqtcfdbs yfstkb b'j+ xtvb ,bzt,b rb bluyty+ cfvbdtyb+

>> 68
 ths,fifl dth vbd[dlb= hjv vbcb ufchjkf ,jtdbrt,vf fqrdtstc+
vfc bmbs tchjktc lf bc ecekjl lftwf+ xdtyt,b bluyty lf tuj-
yfs= hjv vfs tchjktc+ lf fk,fs dth [dlt,jlyty= hfnjv bluyty
wjw[kt,b at[pt+
uflfhxyty xtvb rfwt,b= vfuhfv tc xtvb cbub;tf+ bc xtvsfyff+ 'jdtk-
sdbc= vjeijht,kfl+ ity vtrbs[t,b= hjujh dw[jdhj,s fvbc itvltu+
hf[fy wjw[kt,b lfudnjdtc= dw[jdhj,s+ fv itvs[dtdfib lfudnjdtc
wjw[kt,b+
ufkbfib= hjvtkbw cfvfcofdkt,kjc vjdfktj,fc fchekt,c=
vjfmds xfb= 'fdf= rfyatnt,b+ xtxtyb vfcofdkt,kt,b= hjvkt,cfw vt-
cfvtl d[dlt,b= vb'dt,bfy cfvfirbc ,jkj inehvpt= hjvtkbw 1996
okbc 15 vfhnc lfbo'j+ hjujhw gbhdtkb inehvbc lhjc= f[kfw=
sdbsvahbyfdt,b cjakbc sfdpt ehn'fvlyty bhfjc+ bchjlf v.bvt
ntmybrf+ flfvbfyt,b cthyjdjlcrbcrty vblbjlyty+ rjkjyfc sfdb
cthyjdjlcrib /mjylf= ,jkj - cfvfirbib+ ewt, lfbo'j vjsmvf= 'db-
hbkb= nbhbkb+ flfvbfyt,vf erfy vj,heyt,f lfbo'tc+
fqvjxylf= hjv ufvidt, geymnib 'jdtk vfvfrfwc frfdt,ty= gfnf-
ht,cfw rb+ ltlt,c [tkblfy cnfwt,ty idbkt,c lf ufypt uf/'fds+
'dtkfcfsdbc yfstkbf= hjv abknhfwbek ,fyfrt,ib vb/'fds= cf-
blfyfw fhfdby ,heylt,f+ [jkj se dbyvt ,heylt,f= bcbyb vstkb
cbwjw[kbc ufyvfdkj,fib bydfkblt,fl hxt,bfy+ flfvbfyt,b erfy=
cfvfirbc vbfo'lyty+
'jdtksdbc dabmhj,= ufvjxylt,f rb dbyvt= hjvtkbw= e,hfkjl=
fqothc jvib xdtyb fhvbbc vbth xfnfht,ek jgthfwbfc+ hjujh udb-
othbf cfv[tlhj otclt,fib~ _ rjycnbnewbehb otchbubc lfv'fht,f=
gfcgjhnbpfwbf= ufovtylf lf hf dbwb hf+ hjujhw thsvf xtxtyvf
smdf= lfcf[kt,ek geymnt,c ,jtdbrt,bcufy fsfdbceakt,lyty vst-
kb lfcf[kt,ekb geymnbc ufyflueht,bc afcfl+
vjdkflb ,jhibrjdb= cfvfirbc flvbybcnhfwbbc eahjcbc vjflub-
kt= vb'dt,jlf= hjv 'dtkf eknbvfnevb= hfw cjatkc ofe'tytc= vj-
cf[ktj,bc yfvldbkb f,exfl fult,f b'j+ hfvlty]th vjudwtc cbn'df=
hjv cjatkib fh itvjdbljlyty lf fh lfud,jv,fdlyty+ itvjlbjl-
yty+ ud,jv,fdlyty+
- vt ufvjedfk cbnefwbfib xfvf'tytc=- fv,j,c vjdkflb+ -
b.ekt,ekb dfh= hectsbcufy ufvj'jaf dbcehdj+ c[df ufvjcfdfkb
xdty fh udfmdc+
cthb;f= xtvb yfwyj,b vfcofdkt,kt,bc= kebpfc lf kbpfc ltlf=
fx[jb-vfhnfyib vfwbkt,c+ cjakbc ,jkjib dlufdfhs+ hfvltybvt
sdbc oby cojhtl fm bluf bub sfdbc idbkbidbkt,sfy thsfl+ nfyrt,b=

69 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

]fhbcrfwt,b= knjkdbkt,b c[df cjakt,blfy+ inehvbc vnfy]dtkb

H

kjlbyb+ gbhdtkb jhb inehvbc ufvjwlbkt,blfy w[flb b'j= hjv cf-

DB
TK

cfrkfj tkjlfs= vfuhfv vskfl fctsc vfbyw fh tkjlyty+ fmtlfy= fv

flubkblfy= bcbyb cfmjytkbdbs ufbhtrtc lfdbltyrjcrty+
f[kf cthb;f ufvzjkb vpthbs fafct,c cbnefwbfc|
- hfnjv fh xf]tmb= tkdbhf~ vfymfyfib vj[ewb xtxtyb b]lf+ bc
itwljvfc fh lfeidt,c+
dewlbs vfymfyfc vj[ewb v.qjkbs+ ufvjxylf= hjujhw bmyf+
tcff= xtxtyb fx[jbib rb fhf= eahj f[kjc= ifhjbib vblbc+ vt= cekt-
kb= vfbyw d]lt,b+ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf= hjv fphpt fh dfh= ifhjblfy
hjujh ufdfqotd+
- vj[ewb vjbabmht,c hfvtc= - vtvidblj,t,f cthb;f lf lbl[fyc=
lbl[fyc vfwbkt,c vpthbs+
- cfvfirb~ cfvfirb - 'jdtksdbc ,thkbybf+ - fvfc ths-thsb sfyfv-
upfdhb mfkb fv,j,c+
upfufv'jasfy v.qjkvf sfdbcb vupfdhb mfkt,b uflvjcdf+ bcbyb
at[bs ofdkty ifhjbib+ vt rb= ufvjlbc= fx[jb-vfhnfyib vbvb'dfyty~
cojhtl fctf!
fcfrjdfy xtxtyc vskfl wtynhfvlt vbd'fdfh+ dwlbkj,= fsb fsf-
cb he,kb xfdewehj ]b,tib= vfuhfv vj[ewb= efhbc ybiyfl= sfdc fm-
ytdc|
- welfl vjdbmtwb+ bv mfkt,sfy thsfl xtvc cf[kib eylf ofvt'df-
yt+ itzfvlb= lfktdlb hfvtc+ v[jkjl itvltu eylf ofvjvt'dfyt fmts+
jvvf vj[ew xtxtyc ,tdhb e,tleht,f lffnt[f sfdc+ dthfahbs uf-
eubf= hfnjv bcflueht,c fctsb fenfytkb ]j]j[tsb ltlfvbofpt= hf
wjldt,bc ufvj+
lfvidblj,t,bcfc vte,yt,f| fkf/vf xdty cbrdlbkbs itudpqelf+
xdty rb tc itpqeldf lfdbdbo'ts+ qvthsc r,bkb ufdecby]ts+ fmtlfy
vjlbc 'dtkfathb+
chekbfl itcf.kt,tkbf= hjv vj[ewb xtxtyb vfhsfkbf+

CF[KBCRTY

1996 okbc yjtv,hbc lfcfo'bcb wbdb lf odbvbfyb ufvjluf+ lbkf-

flhbfy ltybcb lf ybyf ufcfwbkt,kfl ufvjv'dyty+ ]th yfphfyfvlt
eylf xfvtqobf= bmblfy rb dkflbrfdrfpib+ ybyf ufyfuh.j,c xtxyt,bc
otc-xdtekt,t,pt cfe,fhc lf fcrdybc| xdty xtxyt,bcufy eylf dbcofd-
kjs= hjujhb eylf b'jc thb+ fvfc cbvohbs fv,j,c= hflufy bwbc| fmt-

>> 70
lfy ofcdkf vjeotdc+ bfifc cfvij,kj totdf+ erhfbyfib eylf ofcdkf+
vfuhfv tkjlt,f rb dbyvt bm~
ltybcb ths bcnjhbfc /'dt,f= dth ufbut,= fytrljnbf se cbvfh-
skt+ ltybcb fv,j,c= hjv tc cbyfvldbktib vj[lf+
cfupfj gfnhekb fdnj,ecc fxtht,c+
-'dtkf vfvfrfwb xfvjdbltc= v[jkjl mfkt,b lfhxyty!
vfvfrfwt,b xflbfy= gfnhekb fdnj,ecc fsdfkbtht,c lf ths vf-
vfrfwc itybiyfdc+
- ity hfnjv fh xf[dtlb~ ity hf= mfkb [fh~
- rb= mfkb dfh+ vfvfrfwb bcff= dbyw vst,ib b,h.dbc+
v]lfhf fct= fh xfvjcekf+++
whbc+ vhfdfkhbw[jdfy ]b[eht,c gjkbtsbktyc fafht,ty+
db[tlt,bs= hfc itb.kt,f ufd'dt+ ewt, ybyf fv,j,c|
- se ghj,ktvf itutmvyt,f= itudfn'j,byt+ fb= vjdto'j,bs lf
ityw fewbkt,kfl lfut[vfht,bs+ xdty thsvfytsc dt[vfht,bs= fctsb
j]f[b udfmdc+ se welfl itbmtyb - xdty ye lfudbdbo't,+
'tkib ,ehsb vtx[bht,f+ lufc fdnj,ecb abhybibs @uhjpyj# lf
vt hfnjvqfw uekb vo'lt,f= hjv c[df fdnj,ecb vzbhlt,f= c[df abh-
ybibs+ bfif xtvc vjkjlbyib fh blut,f afy]fhfcsfy+ dth dyf[fd= hj-
ujh tsfvfit,f ltybcb rfnfc+ dth ufdbujyt, hecekbc vfcofdkt,kbc=
ybyfc yffv,j,c bv thpt= hjvtksfyfw thsfl kervfgehc b'jalf+ rfd-
rfcbfpt= hjvtkbw cfvelfvjl eylf lfnjdjc+
cktgwjdcrblfy dkflbrfdrfpbcrty vbvfdfkb thsflthsb fd-
nj,ecb erdt ofcekf+ yfphfyfvlt vbdlbdfh+ fm voe[fht xthvtybf=
jct,bcf lf byueit,bc lfgbhbcgbht,bc flubkb+ yfphfybc fdnjcfl-
uehib lhjc drkfd+ cfcfepvtib itdlbdfh+ bv vfublfcsfy d]lt,b= cf-
lfw f[fkufphlf rfwb cflbkj,c+ vfc vfujvtn rjnbrjdb /mdbf+ sdf-
kt,ib fhfmfehb yfstkb lf vbcb fcfrbcsdbc bidbfsb cbvidblt elufc+
bc cktgwjdcrbc cfcekbthj cfcofdkt,tkib cofdkj,c+ bvfvb bmyt,f+
vfkt fhf= vfuhfv bmyt,f+
-vfhsfkbf= hjv 'ehfybc vb[tldbs= eh]ekjc vjrdkf itb.-
kt,f~
-rdkf fhw 'ehfybc vb[tldbs itb.kt,f lf fhw cfthsjl+
-fhf= fv,j,ty= hjv 'ehfybc vb[tldbs+++ tc bctd vt dfh+
vfujvtnb vjvsvtybf upff,ytekb w[dhbc vbvfhs lf hjujhw gbh-
dtk itvs[dtdfib= bvtjht,c| @rdkf cfthsjl fh itb.kt,f#+
-f,f= tc hjujh+++ _ bctd dbo't,+
vfujvtnb vrfabjl ofhvjcsmdfvc| xdty welb [fk[b dfhs+ gbhdtkfl
bvfc eylf it[tlj= hfnjv udtvfhst,f tc vfbywlfvfbyw xdty= hfnjv~

71 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

hjujhw .dtk lhjib bn'jlyty= jvbc upfpt vjyfybt,bc vjnbdb

H

.dbhafcbf+
DB
TK

afy]hblfy hfqfw ewyfehb fdnj,ecb itdybiyt+ gkfnajhvfpt uf-

vjddfhlb+ vfhskfw! epfhvfpfhb ,jh,kt,b+ gfnfhf afy]ht,b ubcj-
ct,ibf xfcvekb+ fdnj,ecbc rjhgecb xdtekt,hbdpt jh]th lf,fkbf+
sbsmjc dbqfwfv fdnj,ecb ufz'kbnf lf vthvt itf'tyf vfqfk
,jh,kt,pt+ ufvjdblf vjlthybpt,ekb ,flhfubc vfymfyf+ [fk[b fd-
nj,ecbc vfqfk cfat[eht,pt flbc+ flbfy vlevfhtyb= vj,bkbpt,ek-
yb+ cfl itb.kt,f vblbjltc fctsb vjycnhb~ v.qjkc vbdfahbylb|
-smdty dkflbrfdrfpib vblb[fhs~
-lbf[+
-ofvb'dfyts vtw+
-fhf! xdty bm ufxtht,bc eakt,f fh udfmdc+
-utvelfht,bs= v[jkjl oesbs itvbxthts= c[dfyfbhfl dkflbrfd-
rfpib qfvbs vjd[dlt,b= vt rb fhcfl vfmdc qfvbc ufcfstdb+
-fh itvb.kbf= eakt,fc fh vjvwtvty+ ufvwbkt,kt,b vjv'dt,f+
fdnjcfluehbc eahjcsfy ufdh,bdfh+ ds[jd= cbn'df itvfobjc+
gkfnajhvfpt ufvjdlbdfhs= cfblfyfw hfvltybvt oesib ,jh,kt,pt
itvlufhb wb[t eylf lfb.hfc+
-fff= tc~ tc fhfahbs fh fub'dfys+ vfc upfib jcehb @jvjyb# vbf-
wbkt,c+ [tlfds= vfymfyfc hjujhb yjvht,b fmdc~ byueitsbc+ jctsib
ufdkf fh ite.kbfs+ [fk[c rb cf[kib eylf ofcdkf+ tc ]tbhf[bf+++
]tbhf[b! cvtyf lf uekb thsfl ufvtgj+++ bct vjvbylf ufdbfhj vst-
kb upf= jctsbc ufdkbs= vfqfkvsbfy cjatk ]tbhf[fvlt= cflfw byue-
it,b w[jdhj,ty+
ufvjlbc= jvb ]thfw vblbc+ uh.tklt,f+
erfyfcrytkb vupfdhb flbc fdnj,ecib+ vrfwh rjynhjkbjhc
,bktsc fxdtyt,c+ gfnfhf= ubcjcbfyb afy]ht,blfy vjxfyc vlevfht
cf[tt,b+ vj[ewt,bc= mfkt,bc= ,fdidt,bc+ fdnj,ecb atsmt,flcfibib
yjvhbs jctsbcrty vbtvfhst,f+ ]tbhf[b+++ ]tbhf[b+++ pfvshbc vfy.b-
kpt hfvlty]th uf;qthlt,f fv flubkbc lfcf[tkt,f ntktdbpjhib|
fatsmlf ]fhbcrfwt,bs cfdct vfymfyf+++ lfbqegyty flfvbfyt,b+++ ]tb-
hf[bc upfpt ghjdjrfwbf vj[lf+++
se wjw[fkb dbmtyb= thsb okbc itvltu fv upfc ufdbdkb+ se
wjw[fkb dbmtyb+
xthvtyc ufdlbdfhs= jct,bcf lf byueit,bc ,h.jkbc flubkc+ xtxt-
yb mfkb bs[jdc= bv fdnj,ecfvlt vbdb'dfyj= hjvtkbw dkflbrfdrfpib
vblbc+ cfyfv vupfdht,b brhb,t,bfy= lbcgenc oby hf elufc+
-fh dbwb= dby hfc abmhj,c= vfuhfv jct,b yjhvfkehb [fk[bf= -
fv,j,c [fyibitcekb mfkb+

>> 72
 - cjv[t,b fhf~ - ofvjtysj vtpj,tkb+
- vt c[dt,pt welb fhfathb vbsmdfvc+ e,hfkjl dfv,j,= hjv xdty=
jct,b= yjhvfkehb [fk[b dfhs+++
-ufvjlbc= byueit,b fhfyjhvfkeht,b dfhs~
cbnefwbf b.f,t,f+ lf.f,ekj,f fdnj,ecib fvjcekvf vfvfrfwvf
vj[cyf+ bc afhsjl bqbvt,f lf fv,j,c|
-jabwbfkehfl ubw[flt,s 'dtkfc| mdt'yfl 'dtkfpt ertstct,b
xtxyt,b fhbfy!
rf,byblfy v.qjkbc [vf bcvbc|
- mfk,fnjyt,j lf ,fnjyt,j! hf [vfehbf~ f-f= lbcgenb thjd-
yt,t,pt~ 'ehflqt,f! dfw[flt,| 'dtkf thb thsyfbhbf+ tcff= fh-
ct,j,ty wfkrtekb rth.j bylbdblefkt,bw+
wfkrtek= rth.j bylbdblefkfl 'jayf fqfhfdbc cehc+ 'dtkfv
ewt, ufrvbylf [vf+ v[jkjl xtxtyvf mfkvf uf,tlf rfvfsbc it]fvt,f|
-hjujhw lblb 'fpf[b gjtnb ,ekfn jre]fdf fv,j,c - 'dtkf thc
/'fdc wfkrtekb flfvbfyt,b+ fvfpt itsfy[vlyty+
oby dkflbrfdrfpbf+ bmdt - ]dhbc eqtknt[bkb+ lf s,bkbcb _
]thfw 'dtkf tyfpt vjcfe,ht+

CFPQDFHB

aekc dbsdkb+ uflfdo'dbnt= s,bkbcb-vjcrjdbc fdnj,ecbs ofdb-

lt+ ,bktsb lff[kjt,bs cfvjwb ljkfhb qbhc+ js[ ltrtv,thc uf-
lfdlbdfh+ pfvsfhbf+
]th rbltd 'fp,tublfy bo't,f cf,f;j vqtkdfht,f+ yf,h.fyt,bf
_ 'dtkf vfvfrfwb xfvjdbltc lf cf[tkjt,b lfbrfgbojc+ yfhrjvfyt,b
eylf ufvjfdkbyjy+ vfvfrfwt,b ,heylt,bfy+ fob vjcrjdfvlt fh ito-
'lt,f rfvfsb flfvbfybc eakt,t,pt+
'jdtk cfgjkbwbj lf cf,f;j [blc sfdbcb lhjif lf uth,b fmdc+
dbyw cfpqdfhb eylf uflfrdtsjc= vfs xhlbkmdti eylf bodybjc .fh-
wdbcf lf f,exfl fult,bc vstkb cbvidtybtht+ lblb cfthsj mdt'ybc
cbylhjvb ]thfw wjw[kj,c xdtyib lf cfpqdfhsfy 'jdtk ]thpt
uf[ctyt,c sfdc+ xdty rbltd udtxdtyt,f= hjv tc cektkehb sfvfit,b=
ths lqtcfw= lfvsfdhlt,f lf xdty bctd bct dbdkbs thsvfytssfy=
hjujhw flht+ fhflf= fhf! 'dtkfathc cthbjpekb bthb fmdc= xfyc
fct [fyuh.kbdfl ufuh.tklt,f+
vt gfnfhf mfhsdtkb ,bzb v'fdc vj,fht,ekb cfvtehdtjl+ ltlf
cfmfhsdtkjibf= vfvf - vjcrjdib+ ,fdidc cf,est,b lftrfhuf+ itlut-
ybkbf hfqfw wyj,t,b= vbkbwbfv sfdbcb iefvlujvkj,f lfothf+
73 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

vs[jdtc= vjcrjdfvlt xfcdkfib ,bzbcsdbc lf[vfht,f fqvjvtxbyf+ vt

H

lfeabmht,kfl lfdtsfy[vt+
DB
TK

mfhsekb cfueifuj cfrvfjl epheydtkfl= sevwf= fhw vskfl

ythdt,bc vjikbc ufhtit= ufdbfhts+ hectsbc cfpqdfhb f[kjdlt,f+
vij,kbehb vtcfpqdhtt,b+ vfsb qbht,ekt,t,b xtvsdbc wyj,bkbf+
gfcgjhnib 50 fsfcb eylf xfbljc lf cfpqdfhc uflflb[fh+
eahj flht= jmnjv,thib= vmjylf cektkehb vwltkj,f - ufvth-
rdbf flfvbfybc eakt,t,b cfpqdhbc uflfrdtsbcfc+ vtcfpqdhtv cnty-
lsfy vbvb'dfyf= hjvtkptw hfqfw ufyrfhuekt,f trblf= yf[tdhfluf-
lfikbkb fcjt,bs+ vtcfpqdhbc vnrbwt,bs= bm tothf= hjv hecekb
gfcgjhnbs hectsib itcdkf itb.kt,f= cfmfhsdtkjib - fhf= [jkj
mfhsekb gfcgjhnbs cfmfhsdtkjib itb.kt,f itcdkf lf hectsib
- fhf+ ufeut,fhbf= fcts gbhj,t,ib= cffdnj,ecj vbvjcdkf hjujh ey-
lf [jhwbtklt,jltc+
,tlbc bhjybbs= cojhtl fvbc oby= lcs-c mdt'yt,bc ofhvjvflutytk-
sf sfs,bhpt cbn'dbs bc ghtvbth-vbybcnhb ufvjdblf= hjvkbc [tkvj-
othfw fvidtyt,lf [ctyt,ek ufyrfhuekt,fc+ vbcb ufvjcdkf cojhtl
cfpqdfhcf lf cf,f;jc itt[t,jlf+ dbmnjh cntgfytc .t udfhoveyt,lf=
hjv vfc cfpqdhbc fhw thsb ,j.b fh fdbo'lt,f+ w,bthbf xdtyb cntgfyb-
xb+ fy= itb.kt,f= e,hfkjl= fh bwbc= cfpqdfhpt hfw [lt,f+
thsb cbn'dbs= fv ]thpt= vtcfpqdhtt,vf xdtyc fdnj,ecc ufvjw-
lbkb vpthf itfdktc lf uflfo'dbntc= tmdcb vbkbjyb he,kbc [fhrb
ftrhbafs+
xdtyc ijhbc b'dyty fcfrjdfyb lf fdflv'jab flfvbfyt,b= hjvtk-
sfw ptlvtnb sfy[f fh uffxylfs+ bc flfvbfyt,b= hjvkt,cfw aekb cf-
thsjl fh /mjylfs= xdtyufy erdt ufystctc+ knjkdbkb mfkb lvfyb-
cblfy cnfdhjgjkib vblbjlf mvfhsfy bct= hjv hectsib vbothf dth
vjfcohj+ rfgbrbw fh /mjylf+ bc ufwtw[kt,ekb xfvj[nf fdnj,ecb-
lfy+ bct= hjv sfdbcb wfkb= cfrvfjpt vtnfl ufwdtsbkb at[cfwvtkb=
fdnj,ecib lfhxf+++
cfyfv aekc rht,lyty= xtvb cfvtehdtj ,bzeyfc fv,fdb bhrdtjlf+
fmdc se fhf vfc cfpqdhbc uflfrdtsbc eakt,f+ fv lhjc ufvjdxylb
vt= xtvb= hjkfy ,brjdbc ajylbc vbth ufwtvekb= iefvlujvkj,bs+
f[fkufphlf vtcfpqdht cfcohfajl fjhsmklf+ hfvltybvt oesib vt-
jht ufvjdblf= ufwbkt,bs eahjcb+ bc vbw[flt,c= hjv hectsbc ght-
vbth-vbybcnhbc ufyrfhuekt,bs= vjmfkfmtt,c= hjvkt,cfw hectsbc
xfothf fhf fmds= hectsbc cfpqdhbc uflfrdtsbc eakt,f fh uffxyb-
fs+
- smdtyb fdnj,ecb s,bkbcib uf,heylt,f+

>> 74
 v.qjkb lbvf= hjvtkcfw tmdc vbkbwbtksfy sbsmvbc 'dtkfathb
vjudfht,ekb /mjylf= lfvoe[hlf|
- vt [jv us[jdts= tkdbhf ybrjkftdyf= fh ufut[eht,byfs+++
fdnj,ecb lfb.f,f+ mdt,b ]th fh ecdhbfs+ lbvfv cfresfhb ufvjw-
lbkt,blfy bwjlf= hjv cfpqdhbc uflfrdtsbc vsfdfhb gbhj,f xtvb
fdnj,ecib fh'jayf bmyt,jlf+ vt= hjvtkcfw hectsib itcdkbc f,cj-
kenehb eakt,f ufvfxylf= fdnj,ecb eylf lfvtnjdt,byf+ fctsb b'j
vtcfpqdhtt,bc vjs[jdyf+
fdnj,ecblfy xfvjdlbdfh= 'he rfdrfcbeh o'dlbflc ithxtybkb+
cfpqdfhb qfvbc fs cffspt brtnt,f+ lbkbc tmdcpt ufb[cyt,f+ sth-
ub ivfufl qhbfkt,c+ nfkqt,c rkltc f[tsmt,c lf vbc itv[tldfhtc
bcts fhfhfj,fl utxdtyt,f ityb tekb fhct,j,f= vbs eahj - vtcfp-
qdhtsf uvbhj,f+
fb= lfhbfkbc [tj,fib dfh+ tekb+ qfvtf+ mfhb cfvjcc fh vbxtht,c+
cb,ytktc sdfkc dfxdtd+ @rfvfpt,bc# uh.tkb mfhfdfyb fqvjdfxbyt+
tc hecb cfv[tlhjt,b vblbfy ,typbybc ofvjcfqt,fl+ bcbyb fh uffnf-
htc+ vstkb qfvt fm bmyt,bfy+ rjkjybc eahjcb lfepjufdfl bubyt,f+
tn'j,f= rfhuflff itvsdhfkb+ ]th ths @rfvfpc# derfreyt,= vtht - vt-
jhtc+ hjujhw bmyf= ths-thsb v.qjkb rf,byfib vbidt,c+ s,bkbct-
kb cjvt[bf= hectsbc ]fhib rjynhfmnbs vcf[ehj,c+ rf,byf v[jkjl
vfiby s,t,f= hjwf vj.hfj,+ dwlbkj,s lfcfcdtyt,kfl vjdto'js+
vt eahj rjvajhnekb flubkb vtsvj,f+ v.qjkb= fk,thnb= vfvidb-
lt,c= hjv bc cfztpt sfdvblt,ekfl .bkcff itxdtekb+ @rfvfpbc#
cfdfh.tkpt uflfojkbkb d[tlfd= se hjujh botdty xtvcrty dtt,th-
stkf mdt,b+ tc= fgj,ty hf qfvbc o'dlbflc= sfdbfys e[vj lblt,fib
ufvjlbfy stshb cfkb rkltt,b+ fhfdbsfhb abkjcjabehb fphb fh
vjvlbc+ v[jkjl ths cfo'fkb yjnf [vbfylt,f ndbyib| @hfvltyb itb.-
kt,f ufuh.tkltc xtvb cektkehb vjupfehj,f rfdrfcbfib~ cfl fhbc
xtvb fdnj,ecb~ cflff xtvb ybdst,b~ cflff xtvb cfvij,kj lf vfmdc rb
bub cfthsjl~#
fk,thnb cffsc lf/'eht,c+ fs oesib cfpqdfhb lfbrtnt,f+ vfc
]th rbltd bvtlb fmdc= hjv xtvb fdnj,ecb lqtc cfpqdfhc dth uf-
lfrdtsc= [dfk rb vtcfpqdhtt,bc f[fk wdkfcsfy vtmyt,f cfmvt lf
vt uflfdfk xtvb cfcofekt,hbd= dhwtk cfvij,kjib+ vfuhfv xdtyb fd-
nj,ecb= hjvtkcfw 'dtkf lhjbcf lf [fk[bc elbltcb lbgkjvfnb
lbvf vfhsfdc= c[df vfymfyt,c erfy bnjdt,c lf v.bvt cdkbs ijhlt,f
cfmfhsdtkjc cfpqdfhc+ rbltd oesb lf bc hectsib bmyt,f+
lf fm vf[ctylt,f= hjv vt xtvb mdt'ybc vjmfkfmt dfh lf hectsbc
gfcgjhnbs cfpqdhbc uflfkf[df itvb.kbf+ ufvfkt,ekb vbdtmfyt,b
75 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU

cfcfpqdhj cfueifujcrty= cflfw jhb ufvn'dhfkb hectsbc lfvwdt-

H

kb v[dlt,f+ ths-thsb vfsufyb vtjhtc e'dbhbc|

DB
TK

- vblb= ltlbreyfc jhufybpt,f ufertst!

tc vt vt[t,f= vt eylf ufvbrtsjy @jhufybpt,f#+ ufktibkb vtcfp-
qdht vbf[kjdlt,f= fdnjvfnc vjemytkfl lf v.bvtl vjfsfvfit,c+
ikfu,fevb b[eht,f+ vt hectsc ufhts dhxt,b+
fk,thnb wlbkj,c= lfvfo'yfhjc+ j]f[ehb yfvw[dhbs vbvfcgby-
.klt,f+ vjvbs[hj,c sfdbc j]f[pt+ cfe,fhb hfqfw cthbfkpt uflf-
fmdc+
uffasht,ekb sthub ysmfdc xdtyc cbpvfhvjhtek cfe,fhc lf lb-
kbc tmdcb cffsbcsdbc cfpqdfhc uflfdlbdfhs+ xdty= t+b+ hecb cfv[tl-
hj vjcfvcf[ehtt,bc rjkjyf= hjvtkbw ,typbybc ofvjcfqt,fl vbt-
vfhst,f+ vstkb qfvt lfdrfhuts+ f[fkufphlf vtcfpqdht wlbkj,c=
uffhrdbjc= hjujh vjd[dlb @rfvfpib#+ yese xtvb gfcgjhnb fhuevty-
nb fh fhbc~ tc ,fcftdt,b lf hfletdt,b hjujh f[th[t,ty ytnf cfp-
qdht,bc uflfkf[dfc~
xtvb .fkt,b fvjoehdbc gbhfcff+ vtcfpqdht fvfc vb[dlf+ fk,th-
nsfy thsfl vbdlbdfh yfkxbrbcrty+ bm qvthsb hfvtc vbcfidtkt,c+++
-smdty fmts-bmbs ufb[tlts+ bmyt, fdnj,ecb lfutkjlfs~ -
vte,yt,f fk,thnb+
-hfc kfgfhfrj,s= hjvtkb fdnj,ecb! ,tdhb vupfdhb bv fyufhb-
ibs vblbjlf= lflutybkb lhjbcsdbc vfnfht,kbcsdbc vbtcohj+ hdf
cffsb [jv fh lfvbwlblyty+++
fhf! fh itt.kjs! vjhxf= fhcflfw fh db[tlt,b+
fk,thnb cbxmfhtc fytkt,c+ hectsbc cfpqdhblfy [esfcbjlt
vtnhib udthlpt vbvlufhb fdnj,ect,b sdktvty+ xdtyb fdnj,ecbc
yjvht,b fh dbwb+ cfthsjl fhfathb fh dbwb fv mdt'fyfpt+ uekb ufi-
vfut,bs vbwtvc+ dby bwbc+++
cfcfwbkjf= ofhvjblubyj= hjv jwlffspt vtnb flfvbfyb lufc lf
ewlbc tek hecc - ithtrbk mfkc= hjvtkbw 'dtkfc ecbfvjdyt,t,c
xemybc= v[jkjl bvbnjv= hjv fmdc cektkehb xdtdf| w[dbhb xf/'jc
bm= cflfw fhfathb tcfmvt,f+
fk,thnb fve[hezt,c+++ fhw fhfdby vbyf[fdc= bct xfvjdlbdfh @rf-
vfpbc# vfqfkb cfat[ehblfy lf duh.yj,= hjv dbqfw [tkt,c vf[dtl-
ht,c+ h,bkb mfhsekb fmwtynb|
-cfl [fh fvltyb [fyb= ubwlbs+
tc .dtkb v.qjkb= xdtyb lbvfc vto'dbkt= erdt upfpt lufc lf vt-
kjlt,f+
vstkc fdnj,ecc c.byfdc+ xtvb sfyfvupfdht,bc cf'dtleht,bc ib-

>> 76
ibs sfudbdbs dbcect,b res[tib+ e[th[ekfl c.byfds vj[ew flfvbf-
yt,c+ gfnfht,b ltl-vfvbc [tkt,pt vjrfkfst,ekfy= qhvfl c.byfds
f[fkufphlt,c+ c.byfds= sbsmjc fhfathb vjv[lfhb'jc+
rbltd cfvb lqt-qfvt udbotdc vupfdhj,f+ ths[tkfw fhfdbc ite[ct-
yt,bf xtvb= h,bkfl hjv dsmdfs= fhwse vjcfojyb cfmwbtkb+ vfibyfw
rb= hjltcfw fdnj,ecb hdf cffsbc lfudbfyt,bs xfdblf hjcnjdib lf
vupfdht,c wbd= sjdkz'fgbfy qfvtib vjeobfs xfcdkfv= fhfdbc uf[ct-
yt,bf hecbc mfkb= hjvtkvfw fct fhbd-lfhbf uhfabrb+
udbfy qfvbs itdlbdfhs vjcrjdib+ wtw[kfl ffkt,ekb qfvbc
ltlfmfkfmb sfdbcrty ubodtdc lf uf]fljt,c= hjujhw ubodtdc lf
uf]fljt,c vbhf;b elf,yjib+
itkrjdcrbc fdnjcfluehib qfvbc cfv cffspt itdlbdfhs+ cflue-
hbc rfht,b 'hel fhbc xfrtnbkb+ jh fcbfsfcbfy regbehfc dbqt, lf
lbvfc deodlb= sfy bv e[th[ekj,fpt dkeqkeqt, hfqfwfc= hjvt-
kbw 'dtkfc itdemvtyb+
ekfvfptcb lbvf tktufynehb ;tcnbs bijht,c xtvc [tkc lf
fv,j,c|
- hfc fv,j,s~ xfvj,h.fylbs s,bkbcib+ 'jdtksdbc ufudb-
[fhlt,f+
cfluehib sfdbc yfwyj,c gjekj,c= xtvb ybdst,b vbc vfymfyfib
uflffmdc+ lfvidblj,t,bcfc rb fv,j,c bvfc= hfptw cfvb lqt-qfvt
levlf 'dtkf|
-smdty thsb flfvbfybc lf[vfht,f ubyljlfs+ bct ufvjdblf= hjv
c[dt,b xfdfhlyty wel lqtib+ xdty dbwjlbs= hjv fvfc ufybwlblbs+
'dtkfyb utkjlt,jlbs+ vbylf= bwjlts tc+
whtvkt,b vf[hxj,c+ ewt, bidf wtkmb fphb| hf bmyt,f= bvfdt fd-
nj,ecbs lfd,heylt erfy= s,bkbcib~!
lfd,heylt rfdrfcbfib= cflfw= hfw fh eylf ufubzbhltc= 'jdtk-
sdbc ufvjxylt,bfy flfvbfyt,b= dbcsfyfw fh lfbrfhut,b+
lfd,heylt fv thjdyt,t,bcf lf tsyjct,bc= fcj,bs tybcf lf rbkj-
rfdbc vjse[se[t mdf,ib= cflfw [lt,f obyfght,bc flfsbcf lf lhjbc
ch,jkbc cfjwfhb it[fvt,f+ cflfw fhbc vtlufhb lf cf,tlbcothj lf-
gbhbcgbht,fw lf gbhdtk'jabkb o'ehdbkbw cbvidtybthbcf lf /fh-
vjybbcf+
itdblt gbhdtk itv[dtlh cf[kib lf itdb.byj .vf lf vtuj,fhb+
vt fh utvidblj,t,b= rfdrfcbf!

77 <<
 F
[BY
VFCOFDKT,KBC VJUPFEHJ,F RFDRFCBFIB
BE
JH
FU
H
DB
TK

z
ufvjwtvfpt veifj,lyty|

FKKF UFVF[FHBF (ghjtmnbc lbhtmnjhb)

VTHB UTKFIDBKB (ghjtmnbc rjjhlbyfnjhb)
KFKB ITYUTKBF (htlfmnjhb)
FHXBK OBHQDFDF (sfhuvfyb hecekblfy)
KBF RJCNFDF (lbpfbyb)

vbcfvfhsb| mesfbcb= vufkj,kbidbkbc m+ `6

ntk+| (+995 31) 7 29 02
afmcb| (+995 31) 7 13 68
tk+ ajcnf| woman@fundsokhumi.ge
dt,+ udthlb| www.fundsokhumi.ge

>> 78
79 <<