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ë The advent of Cellular communications began in 1940s

known as MTS(Mobile Telephone Systems)
ë There has been a gradual advancement in the capacity and
signal strength.
ë The development can be broadly divided into 3 categories
namely first, second and third generations.

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ë  

  



1.FDMA(Frequency Division Multiple Access)
2.TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access)
3.CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)
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ë ith FDMA, frequencies are separated in the
frequency domain, each user is allotted a
different set of frequencies to operate upon.
ë Subscribers are assigned a pair of voice channels
(forward and reverse) for the duration of the call.
è 
  

  

"
un this system, each user is allocated a different
time slot. Forward link frequency and reverse link
frequency is the same. A synchronous switch is
responsible for the time switching.
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D There is no restriction on time and frequency in
this scheme.
D All the users can transmit at all times and at all
frequencies.
D Because users are isolated by code, they can
share the same carrier frequency, eliminating the
frequency reuse problem encountered in other
technologies.
D ith CDMA, unlike other cellular telephone
standards, subscriber data change in real time,
depending on voice activity and requirements of
the network and other users of the network.
ë A comparative study between the above three
access technologies with respect to time and
frequency is as shown below.
 !# 
|

ë un this method, the direct sequence(input
data) which is spread over a limited
bandwidth is multiplied with a code or
spreading sequence (a pseudorandom
sequence also known as PN sequence).
ë This will spread the input data over the entire
bandwidth of the communication channel.
ë The power density is also reduced and is
spread over the frequency spectrum and
hence is known as spread spectrum method.
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D The modulated signal is transmitted over the channel
and all users can receive it but only the user which
knows the correct code can decode the message.
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ë un 1984 Qualcomm unc. proposed a cellular
telephone system and standard based on spread
spectrum technology which marked the advent of
CDMA.
ë Since then the evolution has been rapid as
shown:
ë uS-95 A ( 1995)
ë uS-95B
ë uS-95A as air-interface standard and uS-41 in core
network; the complete network known as
|dmaOne.
ë CDMA 2000 1x -
ë CDMA 2000 1x ʹEV-DO ʹ data only 2.4 Mbps + RF
backward compatible.
 |   
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ë (
 : The location of the transceivers are
called base stations. A base station serves as
central control for all the users within the cell.
ë
) 
: Such as automobiles and
pedestrians carrying the mobile.
ë

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The mobile units and the base station
communicate directly with the MTSO.
ë An MTSO controls channel assignment, call
processing, call setup, and call termination which
include signaling, switching, supervision and
allocating r.f. channel.
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ë
) 
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ë Mobile subscribers access the CDMA2000 1x data
network using a mobile station, such as a mobile
phone, modem, a laptop with an embedded
CDMA2000 chip, a broadband access wireless router,
or PC Card on a laptop computer.
ë The mobile station interacts with the access network
(AN) to obtain radio resources in order to exchange
data packets. The mobile station, in tethered mode,
can also act as a modem for a computer.
ë The mobile station automatically registers with the
network upon power-up, and upon successful
registration, it is ready for voice and data calls.
 

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ë There are two types of access networks: 1xRTT and 1xEV-
DO.
ë The AN is the mobile station͛s entry point into the mobile
network .
ë Maintains the communications link between the mobile
station and the core network.
ë The AN is composed of the following elements:
ë (

 
ë ut is physically composed of antennas and towers.
ë The BTS manages radio resources including radio channel
assignment and transmit and receive power management
and acts as the interface to mobile stations.
ë &| º
ë ut maintains the ͞connection state͟ between the access
network and mobile stations.
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ë These schedule packet transmission on the air interface and
manage handoffs between BTS`s .
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ë The core network acts as the gateway between the
access network and the unternet or enterprise private
networks.
ë ut provides authentication, authorization, and
accounting (AAA) services, provides access to network
services, uP mobility, and manages uP addresses.
ë The core network comprises the following elements:
ë  $+º''
ë The PDSN is the gateway between the access network
and the core network.
ë +'
ë The AAA and the home agent (HA) are used for
authentication, authorization, and accounting for data
services. The AAA/HA stores and records usage and
access information for billing and invoicing purposes.
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ë   ʹ For initial system acquisition & to
uniquely identify cell / sectors . Every sector of
every cell site has a unique pilot channel.
ë  - Subscriber unit with network
information related to cell site identification, pilot
transmit power & cell site PN offset.
ë ''
ʹ Used by base station to page
the subs unit call set-up and traffic channel
assignment information.
ë |
# The  

  / , the voice and control information
between the subs unit & base station.
 |
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ë 

| #Provides communication from

Mobile to base station when mobile is not
using traffic Channel.
ë 
# The traffic channel carries the
actual call traffic in reverse channel also.
ë un CDMA 2000 1x , in addition to above
channels, Fwd. Quick paging channel ,Fwd.
Supplemental channel , Rev. pilot channel ,
Rev. supplement channels are available.
 |
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x Frequency of operation: 824-849Mhz & 869-894 Mhz

è Duplexing Method : Frequency Division Duplexing

Access Channel per carrier: Maximum 61 Channels
 RF Spacing: - 1.25 Mhz
 verage: - 5 Km with hand held
telephones and approx. 20 Km with fixed units.

ë CDMA channel in the trans and receive direction is a FDD

(Frequency Division Duplexing) channel.
ë Frequency-division duplexing means that the transmitter and
receiver operates at different carrier frequencies.
 |
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ë As wireless data networks become
increasingly prevalent, new possibilities and
challenges continue to emerge.
ë Security becomes key to delivering solutions
that meet today͛s demand for mobility. Some
of today͛s top security issues and concerns
are:
ë Unauthorized systems and network access
ë Auditability and compliance
ë Customer data breaches
ë unternal and external sabotage
 |
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ë The key inherent security benefits of CDMA technology
can be summarized as:
ë CDMA codes inherently spread the signals across the
full channel bandwidth of 1.25 MHz.
ë Soft handoff (multiple cells simultaneously supporting
the call) typical for the CDMA operation make it very
difficult to ͞follow͟ the CDMA cellular call.
ë Long code mask (LCM) provides ͞built-in͟ security at
the physical layer.
ë CDMA signals are very difficult to intercept.
ë CDMA attacks require sophisticated and expensive
equipment.
ë Access is only provided to authenticated mobile
stations/subscribers.
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ë Voice: un the form of calls made.
ë SMS: ut allows subscribers to send and receive
short text messages between mobile stations .
ë MMS: ut allows for the transmission of images,
audio, video, and rich text using AP (wireless
application protocol) technology and an MMS-
capable mobile station.
ë Pocket data ( 144 kbps / 2.4 Mbps ) ʹNuC & EV-
DO cards.
ë Prepaid and Postpaid Services
ë VPN(Virtual Private Network)
ë Bank ATM / Branch ATM connectivity
 ( '|
|

ë  
: The customer is charged for usage in
the prior month (hence 'post' usage), and hence does
not feature any limitations on volume of service used.
ë 
 
: ut asks customers to add a certain
amount to their accounts prior to usage and their
maximum usage is limited to the amount that is added
to the account.
ë |

  is a series of activities designed to
enhance the level of customer satisfaction ʹ that is, the
feeling that a product or service has met the customer
expectation.
ë Many organizations have implemented feedback loops
that allow them to capture feedback at the point of
experience.
ë The operators provide the user with one dial customer
care services and supplement them by having offices in
cities.
 |
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ë !
-CDMA uses code division
multiple access whereas GSM uses time
division multiple access.
ë %|
2| 

ë 
#CDMA has been
traditionally faster than GSM, though both
technologies continue to rapidly leapfrog
along this path. Both boast "3G" standards, or
3rd generation technologies.
ë )
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ë un the age of growing connectivity CDMA plays
a crucial role in bringing us closer.
ë According to a survey CDMA networks support
over 270 million subscribers worldwide.
ë The techniques involved in it enable us to
achieve the data transfer speeds of almost 3.1
mbps(EVDV cards).
ë Future advancement in technology is going to
take us to new heights in terms of capacities
and facilities offered to customers.