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A. r. MOP,ll;KOBH<t, H. lO. Jlaapea-rseaa (.Anre6pa H aanana aaanaaa» )

B. M. rJlH36ypr («< reoMeTpnsu )

MOPAKOBlI'I, A.r.

M79 MaTeMaTHKa: I10JIHblH cnpaaoanax / A.r. Mopznco-

BK'I, B.B. I'J1Ha6ypr. H.IO. Jfaaperrrseaa. - M.: ACT:

ACTPCJlh; BJl8,ll;HMHP: BKT. 2010. - 351, [1] c.: HJI.

ISBN 978-5-17-064063-8 (000 .H3,A8TCJlbCTBO ACTt)(06JI.) ISBN 978-5-271-26276-0 (000 .H3,ll;8TCJILC'l'B() Ac-rpeJIu) (ooJI.) ISBN 978-5-226-02035-3 (BKT)

ISBN 978-5-17-064014-0 (000 .H3,ASTCJlbCTBO ACT.)(IIcp.) ISBN 978-5-211-26231-9 (000 .H3,ll;8TeJILCTBO A.cTpem..) (IIcp.) ISBN 978-5-226-02036-0 (BKT)

CnpaBOqHHK BKJIlOqReT Bee TeMhI nIKOJIbHOro xypca Ii COOTBeTCTnyer COBpeMCHHhIM 06paaoB8TeJILHhlM CTRfl)XapT8M Ii npOI'paMMaM. KHifra COCTOIIT H3 ,ztByX qacTeii: .AJIrefips II nanana aaanaaa» Ii .reoMcTpHSl ••

OcHOBHOH M8repHaJI WKOJIhHOro KYpCII M8TeMllTHRil 113JIOmeH 8BTOPaMH C)KRTO H CHCTeMHO: MRTCMII'l"HqeCKH(, noaarna, 8KCJIOMbJ, reopesrsr, CBoiiCTBa Ii T. JI..

KHHr8 6YlleT HC38MeHHMbIM nOMOIIJ.lIHKO!VI npn H3Y'JCHllII H aaxpennenaa 80801'0 M8TepUaJJa, nOBTOpeHIUf nporineansrx TeM, II T8K)Kc npa nO.1lroTOBKc K aLmyCKHhlM 3K3RMCHa!VI B <p<>pMe Ern.

Y,ll.I~ 373:51 BBK 22.h721

IIO.1lDHC8HO B nCq8Tb 21.12.2009. <l>OPM8T 84x1081/32• Ycn. nex. JI. 18,48. (06JI.) Tupam 7 000 91<3. 38R8a M 1707Jf.

(flop.) THpam 5 000 9R3. 3aK83 N! 1707H.

ISBN 978-5-17-064063-8 (000 .113I1aTeJIbCTBO ACTt)(06JI.) ISBN 978-5-271-26276-0 (OOO cl1a1l8TeJIhCTllP Aerpem,») (06JI.)

ISBN 978-5-226-02035-3 (BItT) -

ISBN 978-5-17-064014-0 (000 .113I\aTeJILCTBO ACT.)(I1ep.) ISBN 978-5-271-26231-9 (OOO .113118TeJIbCTBO ACTpeJIL.) (Ilep.) ISBN 978-5-226-02036-0 (BItT)

© MOPllROBHT{ A. r., I'mrafiypr B. R., ,,'I8BpeHTLeBa H.lO., 2009

© 000 .113JI.aTeJILCTQo ACTpeJIbt, 2009

CO,D.EP)f(AHLt1E

BBe,n.CHHe. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11

lfACTb nEPBASl

AnrE6PA L1 HA4A.nA AHAJ11113A

rnaBa I. 4Mcna

§ 1. Harypam.nsre qllCJIa. • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • . • • . • . • • 14

1. Banaei, naTypaJlbHhIX tH1ceJl. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14

2. AplHpMeTR1lecNHe ,n.eHcTBlUl H~ HUTYPUJIbHhIMH

llHCJl8MH ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15

3. ,l1.eJleHHC C OCTaTKOM. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16

4. ilPR3H8I<H .n.eJlHMOCTH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 17

5. PaaJIOmeUHe HaTypaJIbHOrO xncna ua npocrere

MIIO:IKHTeJlH'. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • • 20

6. Haw60JIbUlHH 06~WH .n.eJllfTeJlb HeCKOJILI<UX HaTypaJlbHLIX

QHCeJl. • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21

7. HaUMeUhIUee otnnee xparuoe UeCKOJIbKHX HIiTypaJlbHI.IX

qnceJI. • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • 22

8. YnoTpe6.lJeHlle 6YKB B 8JII'e6pe. Ilepexenasie . . . . . . . . . 23

§ 2. Pa~1I0HaJlbHbIe 'IRena. • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • 24

9. 06hIKHoBelIllhIe .n.po6w. Flpaaansmae H uenpaaanensre

.n.P06H. CMewaHllble 1.fHCJla • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24

10. PaBeHcTBo .n.P05eH. Ocnosuoe CBOHCTBO .n.p06n.

CONpau~eHIIe ,n.po6eli •••••••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • 26

11. Ilpnaenenae .n.po6eJI K o6~eMY 3HaMeHaTeJIlO • • • . • • • • 27

12. ApH(pMeTll'leCKHe .n.eHcTBlISI nan OOhlK1l0BeHlILlMlf

Apo6$1MH ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29

13. Baaaxno o6paTlIhle '(HeJIa •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31

14. ,1lec$lTUQHLle APo6H ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31

15. IIpou,euThI.................................. 33

16. Maoaeecrso pau,HOH8JIhHhIX qHCeJl • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36

§ 3. ,[(e:iicTBlITeJILHLIe IJHCJla • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • 37 17., MppaIJ,HOHaJIhHhIe tIHCJIa • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37

18. ,1lCMCTBHTCJIbllhlC 1J.nc",a. t{HCJlOBa$l np$lMa$l • • • • • • • • • 38

19. 0603H8'1eHH$I HeKOTopbIX qHCJlOBhlX MHomeCTB. • • • • • • 40

20. CpaBHeHHe ,n.eiicTBHTeJIhHblX 'lllce.rl • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40

21. CBOMCTBa 'iHCJlOBblX HepaBeHCTB. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 41

22. T.JHC.TIOBbJC npOMe:IKYTKH. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 42

23. MOAYJIb .n.eHcTBHTeJIhHOrO 'IMCJla •••• .' • • • • • • • • • • • • 44

4

CO.llEP)I<.AH VI E

24. ¢l0PMYJW paccroamia Me)KJlY ,IWYMH TO'mUMl1 KOOPJlIfHU'rHOH: nIHfMoii •••••••••••••••••••

25. TIpuBI1iIa ,!.WHCTBUH HaJ! nOJIOif{H'reJIhBhIMU

Ii OTpH1I,3TeJIbHhlMl1 tlHCJI3MU • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45

26. Caojicrna 3pH(llMeTittIecKHX JlCiiC'PRl1H

HaJl JlPi%c'rBH'reJlhHbIMH 411CJUlMil •••••••••••.•••.• 46

27. ilpOIIOplJ,Jll1.................... • • • • • • • • • • 46

28. Crenom, C IHlTypaJJbHhlM IIOKa3H'reJleM • • • • . • • . 47

29. Crenein, C HYJIeSblM nOKU3aTeJleM.

Creneru, C OTpH1I,3TeJIbHhiM l~e.rlhIM nOI<H3a'reJIeM. 47

ao. Onpeziexemre apHCtlMPTl!'II:'CIWrO KOPJUl. Caoiicrnn

aplfqlMeTH'IeCKlIX KOpHPH. • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • 48

al. KOjJeHh He'lf"rHOM creuenn 113 orpnun-reasnor-o 'lHCJla. . 49

:l2. CTeneHb C llPOOUblM UOKU3UTCJleM. . • . • • • . • • • • . • • . • 50

3iL CROlfCTBIl crenenea C pauaonanstnarsn nOKH3IlTeJIHMU. 50

34. nOHHTHP 0 crenenu C nppall,llOllaJIhllhiM nOK83aTeJlPM. 51

35. Cuotrc-raa creneueii C ,Il,eaCTBUTeJIhlIhIMU 1l0KIl3aTeJlHMU 52

14

Fnaaa II. Anre6palf1"1eCKlf1e Bblpa>KeHI.1S1

§ 4. Ocaoansre nOHllTlill. . • . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . • . . • . 53

:16. ll'UJlhl aJlrC6pall'-IPCKI1X RhlpalKeHHlf • • • • • . • • • • . • • 53

37. )J.orrycTuMble 31WQPIIHH nepewemuax.

OOJlaCTb onpene.nennn unrefipanvecxoro BblpRmCHllH • • 54

38. IIOHH'I'lIe TOfKAeCTBCllIIoro IIpeo6pa30BuHIIH

BblpU)KeHHR. 1'O}K,nCC'l'BO. • • . • • • • • • . • • • 55

§ 5. JJ,e.lJhIe pal~IfOUaJlhHble BJ.lpa:lKeIlHJI . . • • • • 57

3n. OAIlO'IJJl'HJ,I n oneplUU1Jl Ha,n 1II1MlI • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 57

40. MHOrOt[JleUbI. TIpHRcAelHtC MHOrO'lJIenOB

1, CTftIlJlapTHOMY BU,ny •••••••••••••••• '. • • • • • • 58

41. tPOpMy.'1hI COKpan(eIlHOI'O YMHomC1HIH • • • • • • • • • • • 59

42. Pa3JlOmeUIIe MHOrO'IJleHOR HU MlIOmI1TeJlH • • • • • • • • • • 60

43. MnOrOQJJeHbl OT OJlllOH rreperaenuoir • • • • • . • . • • • • • . • 63

44. Pa3J10meJlI1C KBaAPIl'l'HOrO TpeX<lJIeHB aa JlI1HeJlBbIe

MHO)KUTeJllI ••••••••••••••• , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64

45. Paanoacenne na MHO}Kl1TeJlI1 Lllly'tJlCHU x" - a" . . . . . . . 65

§ 6. Apo6HbiC pau,1I0Ha.'U,Hhle BbIpam:emm . . . . . . . . . 65

46. PaU;llOHUJlbIIUJI JW06b 11 ee OCHOBlloe CI:!OllCTBO • • • • • • • 65

47. Coxparuenne PiU(HOHIlJlhllbIX .n;po6ei1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66

4~. IIpHBeJleHl1c pm(HOnR.'IbHbIX Jl.poGei:j K o6u~eMY

3HRMellWreJI10 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 67

4!l. C.nmKI"IlHe H BbI'H1TUHHC PUUItOHUJIhHhlX APo6ei1. • • • 69

50. Y!\,IliOmelll1e n :l;eJleHUe panuonrcu.m.rx APo6£'ii:. ••••• ~ 71

CO.nEP)KAH~E 5

51. Boaaenenne panaonam.aoa JlP06l1 B ne.ayio crenens . . . 72

52. Ilpeofipaaouaune pall.HOHaJIbHblX BhlpameHlfH. • • • . . • • 73

§ 7. HppaD;HOHaJIbHLle BLlpa~eHHJI . • • . . • . • • . • • . . . 74

53. Ilpocrejiurae npeoepasosauna apmpMeTH'IeCKI1X

!WpHeH (paJluKBJIOB). • • • . • • . • • . • . • . . . • • • • . • . . • • 74

54. Toacaecrao g ::: lal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

55. Ilpeofipaaoaaaae HppaIJ;HOHaJIbHbiX asrpaaceaaa . . . . . . 78

Inaaa III. C!>YHKLl.1t11t1 M rpacJ>It1KIt1

§ 8. Onpeneaeane H CBOHCTBa cI>YHKD;uH . • . • . . • . . • . 80

56. Onpenanenae $YHKIJ;HH •.•• • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • 80

57. AHaJlllTH'IeCKOe 3a,llBHHe CPYHKIJ;HH. . • • . • • • • • • • . • • . 80

58. Ta6mf'lHOe aa,llIl.HUe CPYHKIJ;HH ••.•• • • . • • • • • • • . • • . 81

59. l..fnCJlOBaR rrJIOCKOCTh. Koopnanarnaa nJIOCKOCTh, OCH

Koopp;UHaT • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • . . • . • • . • • . 82

60. I'paqiarc CPYHKIJ;HH, 3a,n;aHHoH 1l.1I8JIUTH'IeCKI1. • • . • . • • • 83

61. qeTHhle H He'leTHhle qlYHKlvm • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • . • • • 85

62. I'parpax qeTHOH <llYHKIJ;HH. Fpaqnnc He'leTHOll ¢YHKIJ;I1l1 86

63. Ilepaonavecxae ¢YHKlvm • • . • • • • • • . . • • . • • . • • • • . 87

64. MOHoToHHble qJYHKIJ;IH1 ••••.•••••••••.••••••••• 89

§ 9. BH,nbI cI>YHKD;HH .• . • • • . . . • . • . . • . . • . . . . . • . • . . 90

65. JbmeHuaR CPYHKIJ;HH. . • • • • . . • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 90

66. 06paTH8H npOrrOpIJ;HOHaJlbHOCTb. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 91

67. ctJYHKIJ,I1H Y = x2 ••.•••••••••• ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 93

_ 3

68. ctJYHKIJ;HX Y - x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

69. Crenenaaa q)YHKlI.H.H C HaTYPaJIbJlblM noxaaarenex ... 94

70. nOKaaaTeJIbHaSl<PYHKUH.H....................... 96

71. Otiparaaa $YHKIJ;U.H. rpa¢HK 06Pll.THOH <PYHKlI.HH. • • • • 98

72. JIorapH<pMH'IeCKaH CPYHKIJ;HH • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • •• 100

73. l..fHCJIO e. ctJYHKUH.H Y = e", ctJYHKlI.H.H Y ~ In x. . . . . . .. 102

74. l..fHCJIOBll.ff oKpymHoCTh. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • •. •. 102

75. Onpeneneanx caayca, xocanyca, TaHreHca H xoraareuca 104

76. 3naKH TpHrOHOMeTpHqeCKHX c:jlYHKlJ,HH no qeTBepTHM

'IlfCJIOBOiI oKpymHoCTH. • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • •• 105

77. CBoHcTBa Tpl1rOHOMe'rpH'IeCKHX <PYHKlJ,HH • • • • • • • • •. 105

78. CBoHcTBa H rpadnnc c}>YHKUIfH Y = sin x .. . . . . . . . . .. 106

79. CBOHCTB8 H rparparc CPYHKlJ,HH y = cos x . . . . . . . . . . .. 107

80. CBOHCTBa H rpadiax c}lYHKIJ;HH y = tg x . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108

81. CBoHcTBa If rpadiax c)lYUKlJ,HH y = ctg x . . . . . . . . . . .. 109

6

CO)lEP)KAHV1E

§ 10. Ilpeobpaaoaanarr rpa<iHtKoB. . • . . • . . . . • • . . . .. 109

82. Ilocrpoenae rpaqiaxa q)YHKlI,IHf y = mf(x). . . . . . . . .. 109

83. I'parpaxa <PYHKUHH Y = ax2• Y = ax3 . . . • • . . • . . . . .• 111

84. Iloerpoenne rpaqnnca q)YHKllllll y = f(x - m) + It. . • •• 112

85. rpa¢HK KBftApa'rHt{HoH <l)YHKUIHf ••• • • • • • • •• • • • •• 113

86. Cnocofisr nOCTpOeUH1i rpaqnrxa l{nftll.paTH<IHOii

CPYHKUHU • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 116

rJlasa IV. TpaHcu,eHAeHTHble Bblpa>KeH .... SI

§ 11. Hpeotipaaoaamre B ... pa~eHHH, conepacaunrx ncpCMeHHYJO nO)l 3HaKOM norapndma . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119

87. IIoHH'rHe 'fpaHCI~eH.neHTHoro Bblpa)KeHJ1H •• • • . • • • •• 119

88. Orrpeztenenne .norapaqrsra nOJlOml1'l'eJIbHOrO ,{HCJIa.

Harypansmae JIorapH(I)Mbl ••.••••• • • • • • • • • • • • •• 119

89. Csoticrna JIOraplHpMoB •••••••• • • • . • • • • • • • . • • •• 120

90. Ilepexon K HOBOMY OCHOBaHHIO JIorapJ1(I)Ma ••••.••• , 122

91. Jlorapaqraapoaauae u nO'reHlJ;upOB3Hl1e • • • • • • • • • •• 123

92. ,lJ,ecHTH'lHLIll JIorapur})M • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • •• 124

§ 12. <l>0PMYJlLI TpHrOHOMCTPHH

H lIX HCnOJlL30BaHlle AJlJI npeotipaaoaamsn TpJIrOHOMeTpH'lCCKIlX BhIpa~ellJUl • • . . • • . • • • . . • • •• 124

93. TpHroHOMCTpl1'leCKHe B.blpamemUI • . • • • • • • • • . • • •• 124

94. ctJOPMYJIbI CJIOjKeHlJH H Bbl'IHTHlIl1H aprYMeIlT013 .•.•• 125

95. <POPMYJIbI npl1Be.n,eHHH • • • • • • • • . • • . • . • • • . • . . . .• 126

96. Coo'rHoUIeHHH MeJi<AY 'rpnI'OlIOMeTplI'ICCKllMU

<lJYHKuJtHMI1 OAHoro 11 TOf'O ~e apryMell'ra • • • • • • • • •• 127

97. <POPMYJIbI nsoinroro aprYMeliTil. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 128

98. Cf>0PMYJIbI nOHIUKeHllllC'refletU1. • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • •• 129

99. Ilpeobpaacaanae CYMM 'rpHrOHOMeTpU'leCKI1X

(PYHKuuii B npOU3Be~elll1e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 130

100. Ilpeotipaaosanne JIPOU3Se~elllli1. TpnrOHOMeTpH'leCKJ1X <l)YHKuuft B CyMMy. • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • •• 130

Inaaa V. YpaBHeH~SI III c .... cTeMbl ypaBHeHllllit

§ 13. YpaBHeHHJI C OAHOH nepesrennoii . . . . . . . . . . .. 131

101. Onpenerreune ypaBuemuJ. KOPHII ypaBHeHUSl • . . • . .• 131

102. PaBHOCHJILIIOCTb ypaanen ait. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 131

103. JIUHeHHble ypaBIIeHHSl . • . • . . . . . . . . • . • . . • . . • . •• 132

104. KBa)J;paTHbIe ypaBHeHlfH ..•..••.•..•.••. ; • . . . • •. 133

105. Heno.nnsre KBa)J;paTHhle ypaBH€HUSl . . . . . • . • . . • . •• 135

106. Teoperaa RHeTa •.•.•.•.••.•..•.••.••.......• 135

107. Cncresn.r 11 coaoxyrraocrn ypaanennii 136

CO,QEP)KAHlI1E

7

108. YpaBHcHHSl, eoztepacaurae nepCMeHUYlO nozt 3HaKOM

MO~YJl.lI • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . •. 137

109. TIoH.lITHe CJle~CTBI.u1 ypaanenaa. Ilocropoauae KOpHIl 138

110. YpaBHeHHH C nepeMeHHoH B 3H8MeH8TeJle. • • . . • . • •. '141

111. 06Jlac'fb orrpe~eJleHHH yp8BHeHIIH (0)];3) •••. . • . • •. 142

112. Pamronansnsre ypaBHeHHH. • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . •. 144

113. Penrenae ypaBHeHHH Me'J'Of,lOM BBe,neHHH JIOBOH

nepesreanoa , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 145

114. Pemenae aaaax c noxounao COCTaBJleHItSl ypaBIICJ1HH. 146

115. HppaU;HOHaJlhHhIC ypaBHeHHSl. . • • • • • . • • . • . . • • • •• 151

116. Iloxaeareasnsre ypaBIIclIHSl • • • • • . • • . • • . • • . • • • •. 154

117. JIOl'apH(])MH<IeCKHe ypaBHeHHSl . . • . . • . • • . • . . . . . .. 155

118. ApKCHHYC, apKKOCHlIYC, apxvanrenc, apKKOT811renc. 157

119. Ilpocreamae TpHrOHOMeTpWleCKUe ypaBHeHI1H. • • • .. 159

120. MeTo~hl perueuaa TpurOlIOMeTpnQeCKJ1X ypaBHPuHll. 162

121. Onuopoaasre TpHrOHoMeTpH'!eclme ypaRHeHHH. • • . •. 163

122. I'parpaxecxoe peweHHe ypaBHeHHH. • • • • . • • . • • . • •• l65

123. YpaBueHHSl C napaMeTpOM • • • • • • . • • • • • . • . • • . • •• 167

§ 14. YpaBHeHHH C JJ;ByMH nepeMeHHbIMH . • • . . • • • .. 170

124. Peurenae vpasuenaa C .n;ByMH nepeerenusrsrn.

I'pa(]mK ypaBHeHHR C f,lBYMR nepeMeHHbIMH . . . • . . •. 170

125. JIHHeHHoe ypasaeaae C f,lByMR nepeMeHHhIMU

Hero rpaqnnc . • . • • . • . . • . • • . • • . . . . • . . • . . • . . •. 171

§ 15. CncTeMbl ypaBHeHHH •••••••••••••••••••••• ~. 172

126. CHcTeMhl .n:ByX ypannemra C f,lBYMH ncpeMeHHhlMH.

PaBHOCHJlbHble CllCTCMhl. • . . • . • • • • • . • • . • . . • . • •• 172

127. Penrenae CHCTeM .o;syx ypasaeuua C f,lByMR

nepeMeHHhIMH MCTO.n;OM lIO,llCTaHOBKI1. • • • • • • • • • • •. 174

128. PeLUeHl1e CI1CTeM .o;BYX vpaaaeuan C ,llByMH

nepeMeUHhlMlI MeTo.n;OM CJlOiKeHHR • • • • • • • • . • • • • •• 175

129. Peurenae Cl1CTeM .o;BYX ypaBHeHHH C ,llBYMSl

nepeMeHHblMU MeTo.o;OM BBe,lleHIfH HOBblX uepeweuasix 176

130. I'patpauecxoe pemeane CllCTeM zrayx ypasaemrn

C ,ll,BYM.fI nepeMCHHhIMU. . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 179

131. Peurenae aaaax C nOMO~hIO COCTaBJleHIIR CIIC1'eM

ypaBlIeHHH. • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 180

Fnasa VI. HepaBeHCTBa

§ 16. PeIIIeHHe HepaBeHCTB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 183

132. OCHoBHhle nOHnTIIR, CBH3aHHhle c peureuaera

nepaBenCTB C O,llHOH rrepeereuaoa . • • . • • . • • . • • . • .. 183

8

COJlEP:>KAH VIE

133. I'parpn-recxoe pemenae aepaeeacra C o)1,Hoif

nepeMeHHoH. • • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • • . • . • • • • • . . • • •• 184

134. JhmeHHble HepaBeHCTBfI C O)1,HOM nepesreuuon. • . • • •. 185

135. Cacrexsr HepaBeHCTB e o)1,Hoil uepesaeuaofi . • • • . • . •• 186

136. Conoxvnnoc-n, uepaseac'ra C o~Hoii nepeweuaoii . . • •• 188

137. Kaa,ll;paTHhle HepaBeHCTBa •.••••••.•••. . • . . • • •• 188

138. I'paqiasecicoe peureane xaanpe-nrux HepaSCHCTB •••. 190

139. Peurenne paunoaaasmax nepaaeucm

MeTO.llOM llHTepBaJIOB • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • •. 193

140. Iloxaaarem.asre HepfiBencTBa • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • •• 196

141. JIorapH<pMI1QeCKne HepaBeUCTBa. • • • • • • • • • • • . • • •• 197

142. Hepaaeucraa 1:1 C1:ICTeMhi HepaBeHCTB C ~BYMH

nepeMeHHblMH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • •• 199

rnaBa VII. 3neMeHTbi MaTeMan'l~eCKOro aaanaaa

§ 17. IIpe~eJI $YHKD:HH •.......•..•....•...... '" 203

143. Ilpezte,n cl:>YHKlJ,HI1 y = f(x) fIPM x ~ 00.

I'opnaoaransaaa aCH:MnTOTfI" .••.•....•.•••... ~. 203

144. Ilpene,n ¢YHKlJ,HH npa x ~ a. Henpepsramae <}JYHKlJ,HH 203

§ 18. Ilpoaanomran H ee npHMeHelUtH . . . . . . . . . . . .. 205

145. ITpHpaIUeHHe apryssea'ra. Ilpapameuae <llYlIKlI,UM ... 205

146. Orrpenenenne rrpOH3BO,l1;Hoi1 . . . . . . . • • . • . . . . . . . •• 206

147. !l>OPMY JIbl ~ll(l)(l>epeH lI,HpOBfI HIlS!.

.Ta6JIHlJ,fI npOH3BO,l1;lIbIX •••..•..••••••.. '; . . . • •• 207

148. ,IJ;lUp<pepenll,llpOBaHue CYMMbI. npOl13Bc.n;eHIIH.

tJaCTHoro . • • . . • . . • . . . . • . . . . . • . . • . . . . . • . • . .• 208

149. <t>H:3HQeCKHM CMhlCJI nponaaonnoa • . . • . . . . • • . • . •• 210

150. BTOPflJl npOH3BO)1,HaJl If ee qHf311<feCKHH CMblCJI. . . . •• 211

151. Kacareasaaa K rpacl:>HKY (l)YHKlJ,HH. . • • . • • . • • • • • •• 212

152. IIpuMeHeHHe npoIi3BoAHOM K ltCCJIe,l1;OB3HHlO <PYHKlJ,HH

HB MOHOTOHIIOCTb • • • • . • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • . • • •• 217

153. IIpHMeHeHHe npoH3BoAHOH K HCCJle.n.OBaUHIO (jJYHKlJ,I-di

HB 3KCTpeMYM .•. . • . . • . . • . . . . . . . • . . • . • . . . . •. 219

154. Ovsrcxauae HaH6oJlbIIIerO If HBHMeHblllero 3113<re1lHli aerrpepsrsaoa <PYHKlJ,HH Ira OTpe3Ke . . • . . . . • . . • . •. 224

155. 3a.n.aQH aa OThlCKaHHe HIUlfiOJIhllIllX I1JIH IlCUiMeHhllHlX

3Ha<feHHH BeJIH<fHH. • • . • . • . . • • . • . • • . • • . • • • . • .• 226

§ 19. Ilepsooopaanaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231

156. llepBoofipa3HaH............................. 231

157. Ta6JIHlJ,a nepaooopaaasrx . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 232

158. IIpaBI1JIa Bbl<fI1CJIeHHH nepuoofipaansrx , . . . . . . . . . .. 233

CO,D,EP>KAHVIE

9

4ACTb BTOPAst rEOMETPII1S1

Bnenenne

238

rnaBa I. nnaH~MeTpli'l~

§ 1. TpeyrOJILIIHKII, '1eThlpexyrOJIbIlHKl1 H MHoroyrOJIhHHKII.

IIo,D;o6He H MeTpH"eCKlle COOTHOllleJllUI . • . . . . • . . . .. 24.2

1. 'fpeyrOJIbHwKW................................ 242

2. qeThlpexyrOJIhHwKH............................ 246

3. IIpHMephI.................................... 252

4. MHoroyrOJIbHHKH. Flpaaaasmae MHoroyrOJIhIIIIKII . • • .. 253

§ 2. OKPY~HOCTL. Kpyr. Bnncaamae

II onnCaHHLIe <lmrYPbI. • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • •. 255

5. H3MepeHl1e yrJIOB, CBfl3afIHbiX C oKpymHocThlO. • • • . • •• 255

6. Kacarensm.re K oxpyaorocru.

MeTpM'-IeC}UlC COOTHOilleIlIUI B OKPYjlmOCTI1 • • • • • . • • •. 257

7. OKPYjlU!OCTb H TpeyroJlbHHK •••••.••••••••••• . • •• 258

8. Oxpyaenocrt, H '-IeTblpf>xyrOJIhIlHK ••.•.••.••... . . •. 259

9. Cooraourenaa Mem,lt;y CTOPOHOii

npaBWJIbHOrO MHoroyrOJIbHWK3 H pazurycawa

BIIWCRHHOM: H onacannoti oxpyxcnocren •••..•.•..... 260 § 3. 'I'pnrouosrerpaa B nJIaHHMCTpIIH. • . • • • • . • . . • .. 261

10. Coornourenae MeiK,ny croponana

Ii yrJIUMH rrpflMoyrOJIbHoro TpeyroJlhllllKR. • • • . • • • • .• 261

11. Tcopexa cnnYCOB ••• '.' • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • • •. 262

12. 'I'eopexa KOCHHYCOB. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • .. 262

13. q10PMYJlbI nnoutanea. MCTO,n nnouianea •••••••• • • •• 262

§ 4. nJIOIll,a,D;H n.'10CKJlX (}lHryp •.•. '.' . . . . . . . . . . . .. 264

.,

14. !ll0PMYJIhl I1JIOll{B,nH TpeyrOJIbHWKa . • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 26·1

15. !llOPMYJIbl nJIOll.\apJt napa,1Jle.'101'paMMR • • • • • • • • . • • .• 265

16. <tJ0PMYJIbl IIJIOll.\B,lIM pOM6a ••• . . • . • • . . • . • • . • . • • .. 266

17. <tJ0PMYJIhI IlJIOll~R.lVl npHMoyrOJIbHHRa •....••••....• 266

18. <tJ0PMYJIbI IlJIOJ.43,1.1H KH3.n;p3'fa • • . • • . • • . • . • • . • . • • •. 266

19. cfJ0PMYJIbI nJIOlll;a,lt;11 TpaneU;I1H. • . • . . • • • • . • • • • • • . .. 266

20. cfJ0PMYJIbl naouiana rrpOU3BOJIhllOl'O BbIJ.lYI<JIOJ'() 'leTblpexyrOJIbHllKa. • • • . . • . • • • • • • • . . • . • • • . • . • .• 267

21. <p0pMYJIa IIJIOw;a.ll11. MHoroyrOJIbHUKa, onacannoro OKOJ10

oKpymHOC1'H • . • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • . • • • . • . . • • . • . • .• 267

22. <!J0pMYJla IIJIOll.\a.n;H Kpyra Hero '-IacTeii ..•..• : • • . • .• 2G7

23. Ilpaxepsr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 269

10

CO)lEP>KAHlilE

§ 5. Hexoropsre ncrroannrre.nsuure

TeopcMbI nnanurae'rpun 272

§ 6. I'eosserpnneexne nOCTpOeHIfl! na J1J10CKOCTH. • •. 276

24. HucTPYMeIlThI IlOCTPOPHIUI ••••. • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • •• 276

25. AKCIIOMhI nOCTpOl'HlUI . • • • • • • • . • • . • . • • . • • • • • • • •• 277

26. OCHOKJJhle lTOCTpoeHlfSl. • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • •• 277

27. OCHOIIJlble MHTO:~hl pemeunn aaJ~a4 na lJOC1'POCHHt>. • • •• 279

28. Ocuouusre reoMcTpu<recKlle Ml'C'ra TO'ICK . • . • • • • • • • .• 279

§ 7. ITJlaHllMeTpHqeCInfC 3analfJt. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 280

rnaBd II. CTepeOMeTpVlSl

§ 8. Ilpnsrsre H nJIOCKOCTJ{ B npocrpancrne 286

29. l lapannem.noe-n, IIPSI!'db{X H IIJ!OCKO('TPi:i • • . • • • • . • • •• 286 80. nP.pneH~llKYJlHPHOCTb npHMhIX Ii IIJlOCKOC'l'eil • • • • • . •. 287

31. Cxpeuraaarouraeca I1p.HMhle. • • . . • . • • . • • . • • • • . • . .• 289

32. OCtlOBIIhle TeopeMhl • . . • . . • . • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • •. 290 ;~3. YrJlhl B HpoC'rpanCTBe . • . • • • • • • • . • • • . . . • . • • • . • •• 291

§ 9. Mnororpannarcn. Il.nourann nonepxuocreii

Jf 06'beMhl

295

31. Ih1paMH,ilR. . • . . . . • . • • . . . . . • . • • . . . . • . . • . . . . . .• 295

:!5. TIpH3Ma. • . . • . • • . • • . . . . • . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . . .. 298

36. TIpaBI1J1bllhle MllOrorpaHIIlIKIl • • . • • • • . • • . • • • • • . • •. 300 87. H300PU)I{PHI1C qlllryp IIH nJIOCKOCTH . • • • • • . • • . • . • • •. 302

§ 10. I'eoererpu-recmre nocrpoeuun H npocrpaucrne . 303 a8. AKCUOMhl nOCTpOeHI1.H ••••••••• , , •• , • , • • • • • • • • •• 303

39. Ocnoauue HOCTpoeUHH, •• , • , ••.••••••••••••••• ,. 303

40. OCIJOBHhll' reowerpnuecxue :-.tee'J·n 'fO'HO'I, B npocrpaacrue 304

41. [JoC1'pOeHUe eetleuuil MIlOI'Ol'paHHIfKOB •••••• '.' • . • •. 306

* 11. 'rCJIa nparnenua. ITJlol1l.a,[\JI IIOBepXHOCTCJI

II 06'beMbf •••....•••..•.••.•..••••.••.••...... , 306 42. I.\liJIHH~p •• , •••••• , ••••• , •• , •• , , • • • . • • • • • • • •• 300 43, KOHYC ••••••••••• , •• , ••••• , •• , •••••••••• , • •• 607 44. IlIap .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 310

§ 12. CTepeOMeTpH'IeCKHe 3ana'lH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• 312 § 13. ACKapToBbl KoopnJlHaTbI. YpaBUe1lJ1H cPlfl'YP .• 319

§ 14. Bereropsr , .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 328

Ilpnnoacenae , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 334

npenMeTHblH YKa3aTeJIb • . • • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .. 344

BBEJlEHlIIE

¥BamaeMbIH qllTaTeJIb. DbI nepacare B pyKRX cnpaBO"tJHHK, COCTaBJIeHHhlll HaMI1 C uen sio nOMO~lh HaM 6bICTPO Ii KaqeCTBeHHO nO)J;1'OTOBlfThC.H K CARlIe 8[l,HIIOro rocyziapcraeaaoro 3K3aMeHa (Er3).

HeeKOJIhKO eJIOB 0 TOM "tJTO nac m,n;eT na 8lC3RMCHe.

Ha~IHHaH c 2010 rozta BapHaHTbI pa60T eOCTOHT lf3 nsyx xacreri: B nepnoti co6paHhl 12 aanaau a C xparKHM OTBeTOM (BI-B12). BO BTOPOH. - 6 oOJIce CJlOfKHhlX 3aAaHHH (CI-C6). npa ax BhlflOJIHeHHH BMeCTe C 01'BeTOM Ha,1l;O aarracara IIOJIHOe peurerme. 3a,l.lJlHuii C ShI6oPOM OTBeTa (TaK HR3bIBueMbIe 3UARHJUI A) HU :)K;!RMeHe no MaTeMaTMKe He 6Y.lleT.

Ha eAllHOM rOCY,llRpCTBeUHOM :JI{3UMene lIO MUTeMRTIIKe rrpOBepJlI()TCR 3HalHUI BhIIIYCKHMI{OB nu axretipe, H8qaJIaM MUTeMaTM"tJeCI{OrO 8H8JIMa8 11 reosrerpnu. B qaCTH 1 eCTL zma reosrerpaxeeanx 3a,llRHHH (OAHO IIJIaHHMeTpUqeCKOe, npyroe COOTBeTCTBellHO HR n poBepKY 3HaHl1ll IIO crepeojae-rprm), qaCTb 2 TO)f{C coaep~mT OAHY nJIaHIlMeTpl1'l{eCKYlO 11 O,n:HY crepeosaerpuneCKYlO 3a,l{aQII. OCTaJIhHbIe aanarrna 3K3RMeI-Ia npeznraaaaueasr ,l{JIH npOBepKI1 3HaHlu1 no anreope 11 nU"lW.TraM aH8JI113a. Ofipaniaera naure BHI1MaHfl8, t.{Tu B 2010 r-ozry anepasre aa ErS nOHB11JIllCh 3R,l{a'l{11 H3 icypca Ma'fCMUTI1KfI ,1l;eBRTI1JleTHeH IIII{OJIhI •

B aanresr CnpaBOQHI1Ke rrpaaenein.r TOJlbl{O OCHOBasre fiaaonsre onpenenenna, reopere st fI cl)opMYJIbl. B IIepBYIO o-repezu, Heo6xo,1l;I1Mble HaM ,l{JIH peureuun sa,n;a"lJ, BXO,n:HID;MX B COCTaB xaacnoro 113 napJIaHTOB EfS. Ilpuaeneasr raroae ITpIIMepLI, aHaJIOrHt.{HbJe :mn;flITlIRM ErS, xoropste OTMe1:leHhI crreU;IUlJIhHhIM 3HH"lII<OM «. ». 'I'axxce npI1BO,l{RTCH II npuwepsr, 3H8HHC KOTOPhIX He- 06XO,lJ;HMO ,1l;JIR ycneunroti c,n;aqn Er3, nYCTh ,l{lUKe 'l'O'l{-

12

8BE.UEHIIlE

HO TaKHX 3a,lJ,aHI1'H na 3K3f1MeHe ReT. MhI l1X rrpJ:lBo,n;l1M ,n;JUI Toro, "(IT06bI MaTepnaJIa 31'01'0 cnpaaovnnxa BaM 6hIJIO ,lJ,OCTaTO"tlHO ,n;JIH Ilo.n;rOTOBKJ1 .

.neJIO B TOM, =rro MUTeMuTHKy UeJIh3H H3Y'laTb C ce-:_ peJl;IIHhI. Harrpnxep, eCJlM BLI He rrOMHl1Te, KaI{ nponaBO,lJ,VITh apIHpMeTMQeCKHe ,n;eHCl'BHH nazi 06hIKHOBeHHhIMH .n;p06HMVI, VI 3a6hIJIH, qTO oaaaxae-r a66peBHaTYpa HO.n, TO npaaana CJIOmeHMH, BhIQl1TaHM.H, yMHOmCHliSI H ,n;eJIeHH.H ,n;JIH UJlre6paHQeCKHX ,n;p06eR OCTUHYTC.H ,[(JlH sac HerrOHHTlIhIMVI. OTMeTHM, "(ITO ,n;JlH crpororo orrpezreneaaa HeKOTophIX MaTeMU'l'HQeCKIIX rrOHSITHH He06xo,n;l1MhI rJly60Kl1C 3HaIUlSI BhICllleM MaTeMaTIIKH, rr03ToMY MHOrI1e onpeneneana HaMH ,n;aHhI B yrrponteaaoii « nnco.nsnoii» TpaKTOBKe.

11 KOHeQHO, He 3a6bIBuiiTe, =rro ,n;JlSI yzraxuoro aarracaHMH Era BUM npeacne scero nazro HayqIiTLCH peurarr, aazraua. B CnpaBOqHHKe npHBo,n;HTCH nonpofino pa306- paHHLIe npnreepsr pemerran aanas pa3HOH crerrenn CJIOmHOCTH.

B KHHre BeCL MaTeplfUJI, He06xo.n;HMLIlr ,lJ,JlH rrozrroTOBKM K Era, H3JIOmeH no TeMaM: CrrpaBOQHHK OTKPbIBaeTC.H naparpaqiosr «Harvpam.nsre xncna. 11' 3UKPblBaeTCSI naparparposr « Bercropsr » , B rerccre uexoropsre rrOHHTM.H BbI,n;eJleHbI RypCMBOM. 3TO oaaasaer , 1:11'0 B CrrpaB01:JHHKe npHBo,n;.HTCSI HX orrpene.nemre HJIll tpOpMyJIHpOBRH H paa-sacaeana. ,[(JIH npOCTOTbI HCrrOJIb30- BaUHJl cnpaaounnxa B HeM TaRme npnaonarca HOM epa paane.nos naparparpax, rzte 110,uP06HO ll3JlaraIOTC.H cneAeHH.!!, aeooxozraxsre ,n;JI.H peureuna TOR HJIll IUlOil sa,n:a1:JH.

meJIaeM BaM YCl1eIIIHO rro,[(rOTOBHTbCJI II CAaTb ezraHbIM rooynapcrnennsm 3R3aMeH no MRTeMaTHKe. Y.na~nr!

lIacTb nepBaS1

A.nrE6PA III HA4AJlA AHA.n1ll3A

rnABA I

41i1CllA

§ 1. Harypansuste "'IHClla

1. 3allJ1Cb aa'rypansnsrx QHCeJl. QHCJ1a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... , UCnOJlb3YlO11l;l1eCR ,1l;JI.H cue-ra rrpeAMeTOB llJlH .n;JIR YKa3aHllR IIOPR.n;KoBoro HOM epa roro HJlH aaoro npeaaera cpezra O.n;HOPO,l(HbIX npensreroa, Ha3bIBflIOT namupam.neocu; JII060e aaryparrsaoe {IHCJJO B ,lI.eCRTJ1l-lHOll CMCTeMe C"t{HCJIeHl1ff aanrrcsraaror C nosrotusro 11;HQ)P 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Hanpnmep, 3aIlHCb 2457 oaaaxaer-, -rro 2 - unqipa TI,ICR<I, 4 - narppa COTen, 5 - nnrppa ,l1;eCJlTKOB, 7 - unrppa eAHHll11;, T. e. 2457 = 2 . 1000 + 4' 100 + 5 . 10 + 7.

Bootime, eCJlH a - nnqipa 'T'bICRq, b - uarppa COTeH, c - muppa ,l1;CCJlTKOB, d - nnrppa e,l1;IIHn11;, TO HMeeM a' 1000 + b· 100 + c : 10 + d.

I1crrOJIb3ycTCR TalOKe COKpall.l,eHIIUH aanncs abed (HaIIHcaTb abed HeJIb3R, TaK IWK T8KUR 3UIIHCh B COOTBeTCTBfHf C npl1HRThIM B MaTeMUTIIKe corcnuueunere 03- nasaer nponaseneane tIHCeJI a, b, c, d). AHaJIOrHqHO,

aanacs abcde 03HaQaeT ~IHCJIO

a' 10000 + b : 1000 + C '100 + d- 10 + e, rrpHtIeM a 7':- O.

Il pa a e p". HHHa 3a,l1;YMaJIa tIeTLIpeX3Ha~IHOe [[lICJlO, cyMMa II;HQJP xoroporo panna 14. 113Bec'fHo, qTO 3'1'0 tIHCJlO He H3MeHHTCR, ecnn aannca'n, ero TeMH :me I1.mppaMH, HO B 06paTHOM nopamce. H l.JTO "<{}lCJJO, o6pa- 30BaHHoe rrepasran )J.BYMR ero IJ,ml)paMH, na 27 60JIbme "<{MCJIa, otipaaonaaaoro ,lI.ByMR IIOCJIe)J.HHMH ero 11;mppaMu. Kaxoe "<{HCJIO 3a)J.YMaJIa HHHa?

§ 1. Harypaneuue YII1CJla

15

Pe ur e n n e. nOCKOJIbKY "{{MeJIO He MCIlJIeTC.rr IIpU 3aIIHCH B 06pa'rHOM nOpJI,lJ;Re, TO PflBHbI rrepsaa H noCJIe,ll;HRH Il;Hq)PLI, a raroxe pasma aropaa 11 TpeTbH.

IIycTb IIepB8R uaqrpa x, nropaa - y. 'I'orna MomHO COCTaBHTb CHCTeMY ypaBHeRH.H (CM. II. 126)

f 2x + 2y = 14, lVIH. ~ .. yx _+ xy :_ ,Z.'

~lOx + y = lOy + x _ 27 I - il

PelIIeHIHI CH.CTeMbI - "tIH.CJIa x = 211 y """ 5. CJIep;OB8TeJIbHO, HCKOMoe "tIHCJIO paBHO 2552.

OTBeT: 2552.

2. ApH<IIMeTH"tIeclme AeiicTBHH Hap; aa'rypa asusrMit tiHCJIaMH. Pe3YJIbT8TOM CJIOmeHH.H I1JIlI yMHomeHlI.R ,Il;BYX HaTypaJIbHhIX "tIlWeJI ncerna JIBJUleTCH H8TYpansnoe qlICJIO: eCJIlI m, n - naryparrsmae "tIlICJIa, TO p = m + n - Tome HaTypaJIbHOe YIIlCJIO, m H /l - c.Tlazae.'I1bte, p - cyMMa; p = mn - Tome H8TypUJIbHOe qMCJIO, m, n - .M1l0:JfCumeJtu. p - npoueeeiienue.

Cupasenaaasr CJIe,lJ;YIOIIJ;Me caotlcrna cnoxcenaa 11 YMHomeHlIJI HaTypaJIhHbIX tUfCeJI:

10. a + b = b + a inepescecmurnenunoe caoficruo CJIOmeHH.JI).

2°. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (conemamenonoe caoiiCTEO CJIO)KeHMJI).

3°. ab = ba tnepemecmume.usnoe CBOHCl'BO yMHomenan) .

4°. (ab)c = a(be) tcouemame.u.noe CBOHCTBO YMHOxcetma).

5°. a(b + c) = ab + ac ipacnpedenumem.noe CBOHCTBO YMHomeHIfH OTHOCIITeJIbHO CJIOmeHI1.H).

B pe3YJIbTaTe BbI"lIMTaHIfJI lUIf p;eJIeHH.H: H8TypaJIhHbIX tHfCeJI He scerzta nOJIyq8eTC.H aarypan stroe t.II-rrJIo: naupnjaep, 7 - 4 ~ 3 - H8TYP8JIbHOe "{{HCJJO, rorna RaK ,1 - 7 = -3 - He H8TYPUJIbHOe "tIHCJIO; 21 : 7 = 3 - HUryparrsnoe ~mCJIo. TOr,lI,a RUK 11 : 2 = 5,5 - ne na-rypansnoe qHCJIO.

16

rnasa I. YII1CJlA

ECJIH m, n, k - HaTypaJIbHbIC lUiCJIa, TO IIpH m - Il = Ii f'OBOPHT,lJ:TO m - YMP1l.bUlae.MOP, Tl - 6bl'lUmaemoe, k - pasnocm»; rrpa In: n = k rOBopHT, "liTO miie nuscoe, n - denumes», k - 'laCmHOP, lJ:HCJIO m aaasmaror raxxce tcpamnusc t.JI1CJIa n, a "lIHCJIO n - desumene» ~mCJIa m. ECJIH m - xparnoe xncna n, TO cyniecrayer xarypansnoe lJ:I1CJIO k TaKoe, YTO m = kn.

11.3 xncen C norsonrsro 3HaKOB apmpxern-recxnx .n;euCTBHH 11 crcooo« COCTaBJUllOT sucsoeue eupasceuun. Ec- 1111 B ~IHCJIOBOM asrpaxcennn BblrrOJIHI1Tb vrcaaanmae ,u;ei1cTBHH, C06JIIO,u;aH rrpHHHThIU nopazrox, TO nOJIyqHTCH lJ:l1CJIO, xoropoe Ha3l>IBaIOT 3Ha'leHUeM 6blpaJICeHUJl.

3. AeJIeHHe C OCTaTlWM. ECJUI narypansnoe YI1CJIO m He ,u;ellHTCH na narypam.aoe ~nfCJIO n, T. e. He cyutecrayer TaKoro HaTypaJIhHOrO ~IHCJIa k, ~ITO m = nk, TO paCCMaTpl1BalOT ,u;eJleHUe C OCTaTKOM. Hanpasrep, rrpn ,u;eJIeHHI1 YHCJI3 43 H3 'nICJIO 18 B "lIaCTHOM no.nyxaerca 2 H B OCTaTKe 7, T. e. 43 = 18·2 + 7. B 06ru;eM cnyaae. eCJlU m - denu.uoe, It - desume.u. (m > n), p - 'laCmHOe, r - ocmam01{, TO

m = np + r, (1)

rne r < n. 3.n;ech m, n, p, r - na-rypam.nere YHCJIa (HCKJHO"lleHHe COCTaBJIHeT cJIyqau, xorna m .n;eJUITCH aa n 6e3 OCTaTKa H r = 0). Hanpasrep, eCJII1 n = 3, a r = 2, TO nonysraesr

m=3p+2.

31'0 <1}opMYJla '-Il1ceJI, ieoropsre IIpH .n;eJIeHTHI na 3 ,n;a1OT B OCTaTRe 2.

Il pn sre p 1·. BaHOlJ:Ka RorYPTa CTOI1T 5 py6JIeii 72 xoneaxn. Kaxoe naationsuree "lII1CJIO TaKI1X 6aHOlJ:eR MomHO RyrrHTb aa 40 py6JIeii?

P e III e H II e. ,l1,JIH y,u;06cTBa nepeaezrex ueny B ROneuRu: 40 py6JIei1 COCTaBJIHIOT 4000 rconeex, O,lJ;Ha fiaHOt.JK8 CTOHT 572 KoneMRH.

§ 1. Harypansuue 'wlCna

17

Pa3,l1;eJHIB C OCTaTKOM 4000 rra 572. 1l0JIyt-Il1M neno.nHoe qaCTHOe 6.

OTBeT: 6.

Il p a x e p 2·. Tennoxon paCC'iI1TaH H8 800 1l8CCamUPOD Ii 55 'iJIeHOB KOMaH,lI;bI. Kaaczraa cnacareasnaa lllJIIOIlKa MomeT BMeCTHTb 60 'ieJIOBeK. Kaicoe naHMeHblllee 'iI1CJIO IlIJIIOrrOK ,n;OJI.mHO 6bITh .fIB TerrJIOXO,ll,e, "tJT06bI B cnyxae neofixonaraocrn B nux MomHO 6bIJIO paaMeCTHTb ncex naccaaorpon If scex qJIeHOB KOMaHllbI?

P e III e H If e. Ha TeIIJIOXO,ll;e MomeT HaXOLl;HTbCfl He 60JIbllIe 855 'leJIOBeK. Pa3.n;eJIRB 3'1'0 'iRCJIO C OCTa'l'KOM aa 60 (BMecTlfMocTb IlIJIIOIlKlf). rrOJIY'iJlM HellOJIHOe qaCTHOe 14 R OCTaTOK 15.

3Ha'iRT, na 60PTY ,lI;OJImHO 6bITb He MeHhIlle, qeM 15 lllJI IOrr OK •

OTB e r: 15.

4. llpH3BaKH .IJ;eJIHMOCTH. B HeK01'OpbIX CJ1Y'ia.HX, He IlPOH3BO,lI;S1 ,!I;eJIeHUR HaTypaJ1bHOI'O qHCJIa m aa narvpam.aoe qHCJIO n, MomHO OTBeTHTb lIB nonpoc: nsirrOJIHRMO ,lI;eJIeHRe In aa n 6e3 OCT8'l'Ka HJlH HeT? OTBCT na 3TOT BOIlPOC MO.mHO rrOJIy"tJHTb C 1l0MOlll;blO P83JIl1tIHbIX rrpH3H8KOB ,lI;eJIHMOCTH.

Teopeeaa 1. ECJIII xaaczioe crraraesroe .[leJIH'rcn ua nexoropoe "tJnCJIO, TO H CYMMa ,ZJ;eJIHTC.H ira :)TO "t{HCJIO tmeopeua 0 (JeJluJrtocmu CYJrtJrtbl).

He CJIe,ZJ;yeT, O,ll;HaRO, ,lI;YMa'rh, qTO eCJIH Kam,!l;Oe CJIaraewroe CYMMbI He ,lI;eJIlfTCH na KaKoe-TO qHCJlO, '1'0 1I CYMM8 He ,lI;eJlHTCSI H8 3TO 'UICJlO. Harrpnjaep, CyMM8 37 + 19 ,n;eJIHTCSI aa 4, XOTJI HII 37, HH 19 He HBJI.HlOTCSI KpaTHhIMH tIHCJIa 4. 3aMeTHM, O,ll;HaKO, lITO eCJH1 see cnaraerasre, KpOMe O,ZJ;Horo, ,lI;eJIRTCSI aa rretco'ropoe lJHCJIO, TO CYMM8 He ,ZJ;eJUITCf[ H8 3'1'0 l.JUCJIO.

18

Inasa I. 4V1CnA

Teopeeaa 2. ECJIH B rrpoaaaeztetraa XO'I'R 6hI O,n;HH H3 MHOmHTe.JIeM: ,n;e.JIHTCH aa HeKO'l'OpOe ~UICJIO. TO II npoH3Be,n;eHHe ,lleJIHTCH na 3TO '-IHC.JIO imeopeua 0 iJe.!lUMOCmu npouseeoeuusu.

Hanparaep, He BbIITOJIHHH YMHomemUI, MOm.1I0 yrBepm,naTb, srro npoaaaeneaae 105 . 48 . 93 . 54 AeJUITCH aa 5, TaK KaK 105 ,n;eJIHTCH na 5.

Teopeesa 3. Haryparrsuoe t.[llCJIO ,n;eJIWfCH aa 2 rorna II TOJIhKO rorzta, xorzta ero nOCJIe,n;HHH nnrppa ,n;eJIllTC5I na 2 inpusna« deJIU.MOCmU na 2).

Teoperaa 4. Harypansnoe ~mCJIO ,ll;eJIMTCfI na 5 rorna II TOJIbKO Tor,n;a, tcorna ero nocneztaaa lI,ml)pa JI1l60 0, JIH60 5 (npusna« deJIU.MOCmU na 5).

TeopeMa 5. Harypansnoe t.[I1CJIO ,ll;e.'lliTCH na 10 Toraa II TOJIbKO roraa, xoraa ero rrOCJIe,n;H5I5I uarppa 0 inpusnatc denu uocmu na 10).

TeopeMa 6. Harypansnoe lJnCJIo. cozrepacanree He MeHee rpex ll,Hq)P. ,n;eJIllTCfI H~ 4 rorzta H TOJIbKO Tor,n;a, rcorzia ,n;eJIHTCH na 4 ,n;BY3HaQHOe lIJiICJIO, 06pa30BaHHoe rrOCJIe.D;HHMH ,n;BYMH unrppareu aanaanoro lJI1CJIa (npuJHaK deJlu.MoCmu na 4).

Harrpnnep, t.[]lCJIO 15436 ,n;emITC5I na 4, TaK RaK ~IllCJIO 36,n;eJIHTCfI HB 4. 1.{IiCJIO 372 506 He ,n;eJIIiTCfI na 4, TaR I{aK 06, T.e. 6 He ,n;eJIHTCfI na 4.

Teopesaa 7. Harvpam.aoe lJUCJIO ,n:eJ1HTCfI na 3 Tor,n;a I1 TOJIbRO rcrzra, rcoraa cyMMa ero IJ;H(l)p ,n;eJlHTCH na 3 inpu snatc denuscocmu. na 3).

Hanpnstep, '-IMCJIO 2742 ,n;eJUITC.H na 3, TaK KaK ,n;eJIHTCH na 3 CYMMa uml)p aroro ~mCJIa 2 + 7 + 4 + 2 = 15.

§ 1. Harypansuue '-IIIICna

19

qHCJIO 17 941 He ,L\eJIHTCH aa 3, TaR RaR CYMMa unrpp aroro T.IHCJIa paaaa 22, a 22 He.,lleJIHTCH HB 3.

Teopesaa 8. Harypansaoe tIHCJIO ,L\CJIHTCH na 9 'J'O!'na fr TOJIbRO TOl',llB, rcorna CYMMa ero um})!> ne.mrrca na 9 (npusnax OeJlUMOCmu na 9).

IIpHMep 1-. Harinnre CTOfrMOCTb O,L\HOrO xapaaztarna, ecna H3BeCTHO, qTO cpeznr Tpex CJIe,D,YlOllViX YTBep.iK,D,eHI1ii ec'rs sepnoe: 1) aa TpH T3KHX xaparrnaina 3anJIaTHJIH 7 Py6JIe:i1 25 xorreex: 2) 38 TpH TaRHX rcapaazrama 33nJl3THJIH 7 py6JIcii 26 rconeex: 3) aa TPH raKHX xapaunaura 33TIJIaTHJIH 7 py6JIeH 27 xonee«.

Pew e H He. ECJIH sepno nepsoe YTBep.JKJJ;eHl1e. TO TpII xaparrnanra CTOHT 725 xorreex, eCJUl BepHO B'I'OpOe, TO TPM xapaaaanra CTOHT 726 rconeeic, eCJIH me BepHO rpe-n,e, TO - 727 rconeex.

Cpe,LJ;H 3TH X qHCeJI TOJIhRO l.JHCJIO 726 nemrrca na 3 fiea OCTaTKa (7 + 2 + 6 = 15 .lleJIH'rCH aa 3). rrpIIT.IeM qaCTHOe paBHO 242.

CJIe.llOBaTeJIbHO, BepHO aropoe YTBep.iK,D,eHHe, H O,ll;I-1H l<3paH,D,aIII CTOHT 2 py6JlH 42 KonewKH.

o T BeT: 2 py6JIH 42 xonenxa.

IIpHMep 2-. Haw,LJ;IITe CTOHMOCTb OJJ;Horo rprroMaCTepa, eCJlH H3BeCTHO, 'ITO cpezra Tpex CJ1e,llYIOID;HX YTBepm,neHHH ecr s aepnoe: 1) 33 Tpn TRKHX (l)J1oMacTepa 3aIIJIaTHJlH 11 py6JIeH 33 KoaeHI~H; 2) aa UHTh Ta:KHX (pJIOMaCTepoB 3aIIJIaTHJIl1 15 py6- .TIeR 68 xoneex: 3) aa ceMh TaRHX (})JlOMaCTCpoB saTI.TIaTHJIH 21 py6Jlb 56 xoneex.

P e III e H He. IIepeBe,LJ;eM ace CYMMbl B RorreHRH. BocrIOJIb30BaBlIJI1C.b rrpH3HaKaMH ,L\eJIeHIUI na 3 H mi. 5, ycTaHOBHM, "(ITO:

1133 He ,lI;eJIHTCJl aa 3; 1568 He ,LJ;eJIHTCH na 5;

20

Fnaaa I. YViCnA

2156 ne.mrrca na 7, npn 3TOM 2156 :' 7 = 308. CJIe,lJ.OS8TeJIhHO, nepno rpert,c YTBepm,lJ.eHHe, H O,ll;MH <pJIOM8CTep CTOHT 3 py6Jl.H 8 xoneex.

o T BeT: 3 py6JIR 8 xoneex.

5. Pa3J101KeHHe aa'rypansnoro lInCJla na npOCTLIe MHOjKKTeJlH. ECJlII 'IHCJlO MMeeT TOJIbKO ,ll;Ba ,lJ.eJIHTeJIR (caMo 'IMCJIO H ennamta), TO ero Hfl3hlBaIDT npocmecn; eCJlH t{HCJIO llMeeT 60JIee .lJ.ByX ,lJ.eJIHTeJlei1:, TO ero naasrRaIDT cocmaenu.u.

TaR, '-IHCJIO 19 rrpocroe, M60 OHO UMeeT TOJlbKO ABa AeJIIITeJlH: 1 H 19; 'IHCJIO 35 COCTaSHoe, OHO HMeeT xe'1'hlpe .n;emITeJIH: 1, 5, 7, 35. Ilpocroe t{HCJIO 19 MomHO rrpe,lJ.CT3BHTh B BH,lJ;e npoaaaeneana ,lJ;ByX H3TypaJIhHbIX '-IHCeJI TOJIbKO O.lJ.HHM cnocofiora, He Y'-IHTblBaR nopazrorc MHO)KII'1'eJlei1:: 19 = 1 . 19; COCTaBHoe 'IHCJIO 35 MomHO npencraaa'rs S BlI.lJ.e nponaseneuna ABYX aarypanaasrx "tmceJl 60Jlee "t!eM OARHM cnocotiosr: 35 = 1 . 35 = 5 . 7.

33MeTI1M, '-ITO t{HCJIO 1 He OTHOCI1TCH HH K IIPOCTbIM, Hlf K COCTflSHblM '-IMCJl8::\i.

Il p a n e p". )lJlMHbI CTOpOH npasroyronsnmca (S caaTlIMeTpax) Sblpa)KaIDTCH ~eJIbIMH t{HCJIflMH. Hai1:.n;IITe CTOPOHbI l1pRMoyrOJIbHl1Ka, eCJIl1 ero n.noutazrs paana

38 CM2, a nepnsrerp 60Jlbllle 50 caHTHMeTpoB.

P e III e H 11 e. IIoCKOJIbKY ,lJ.JIHHbI cropon nsrpaacaiorCSI ueJIbIMH ~IHCJIaMH, 8 IIJIOIIJ;a,n;b rrpHMoyrOJIbHHK8 - 3TO HX npOH3BeAeHHe, TO paCCMOTp"M paanoacenae '-IHCJIa 38 na npocr.sresmoaca-re.aa.

Cnexarr, 3'1'0 MomHO '1'OJIbKO TaK: 38 = 2 ' 19. 3H8'-111'1', .n;JIIIHbI CTOPOH rrpHMoyrOJIbHIIK3 MorYT 6bITb P3SHhl HJIU 2 CM H 19 eM, YlJIII 1 CM U 38 eM.

IIOCKOJIhKY nepnsrerp npa aoyron sa axa 60JIbllle 50 CM, TO rrOAXOAuT TOJlbRO aapaairr 1 U 38.

OTBe'1': 1 II 38.

§ 1. r+arvpensuue YII1CJla

21

Teopeesa 9 (UCf1.08ItaR. meopema apuqiscemuicus, JI1060e aarypansnoe "<fHCJIO, RpOMe 1, Jm60 HBJIHeTCH npOCTbIM, JIH60 ero MO)[{HO pa3JIO)[{I1.Tb na npocrure MHOmHTeJIH, npHTOM TOJIbKO O,l1;HHM cIloc060M.

6. HaH60JlblUHH 06~Hii ~eJIHTeJlh UeCKOJlbKIIX uarypam.usrx '1HCeJI. nYCTb ,l1;aHbI "<IHCJIa 72 H 96. BbIIIHllleM ace ,l1;eJIHTeJHl tIl1CJIa 72: 1,2,3,4,6,8,9,12,18,24,36,72.

Bsmanrere ace ,l1;eJIHTeJUI "<IHCJIa 96: 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,16,24,32,48,96.

Cpezra asrnacaansrx qHCeJI ecrs 0.n;HH8KOBble: 1,2,3,4,6,8, 12,24.

Bee 3TH qHCJIa Ha3bIBalOT U611.~UMU oenumens su: ~IHcen 72 H 96, a naaoonsmee cpean HHX - f1.aU60JlblU UM ooiuus: Bexume.nesc.

LJ;JIH JI106bIX 3a.n;aHHbIX narypam.max ~IHCeJl a H b MOJKHO HaMTH HaH60JIbIllHM 06~HM.n;eJIHTeJIb. OH 060- 3H8QaeTCH D (a, b) (QHTaeTca: «D OT a, b»). Hanpnrsep, D (72, 96) = 24. ECJIlI "U1CJIa a II b TaKOBbJ, tITO D (a, b) = = 1, TO "<fl1CJIa a H b aaasrsaror 83aUMf1.0 npocmu.uu,

Hanpasrep, B3aHMHO npOCTbIMH 6y.n;YT "IJilCJI8 72 H 35 (XOT.H RaJK,n;oe H3 HHX - COCTaBlIoe "IHCJJO).

l{T06bI HaRTH HaH60JIbIIIMH 06~Hif ,AeJIHTeJIb HeCROJIbKHX "<fnceJJ, H8,A0 pa3JIO)[{HTb 3TH QHCna na rrpocTble MHOJKHTeJJH H HaHTH nponanezrenne 06ru;HX npoeTbIX MHOJKHTeJIeii, B3HB KaJK,l1;hIH: H3 HH:X C HaHMeHbIllHM (H3 HMeIO~HxcH) rroxaaarenesi.

Hanpaxtep, Haii,IJ;eM D (48, 60, 72).

LJ;JIH aroro BbInOJIHHM pa3J10meHHe aa npoc'r sre MHO)l{l1TeJIli KaJK,ll;OrO 113 ,lI;aHHbIX Ql1ceJI:

48 = 24• 3; 60 = 22 . 3 . 5; 72 = 23• 32• 3HaQHT, D (48, 60, 72) = 22• 3.

IIoJIYQHJIH: D (48, 60, 72) = 12.

22

rnaBd I. LJ V1CJlA

Il pn xep Ha CBOR AeHb pomAeHIHI Marna RYIIlfJla 15 Rom}JeT It 9 rnOROJIa.n:HhIX Me,lVlJIeii. Kaxoe naH60JIblUee KOJm:qeCTBO rOCTeH Mania MomeT rrpnrvraCHTb K ce6e, qTo6bI If KOHq>eTbI H MeA8JII1 MomHO 6bIJIO pn3AeJIHTb noponny Mem.ll.Y BceMU, BKJIlOtIaH ee C8MY?

P erne H II e. l.lT06bI Y3Hl:.1Tb HaI160JIbIIJee I<OJUIQeCTBO meJIaJOlI.l;lIX C'beC'I'b xonrper-sr, Marne HymHo HaMTu Han6oJIbIllHM: 06lI.l;n::M: .n:eJIn:TeJIb qHCeJI 15 Ii 9, KOTOPhlH p8BeH 3. IIo:noMY OHa MOJfWT npuraacrrn, 2 rocren.

OTBeT:2.

7. HaHMeHhllIee ofiutee reparuoe HeCKOJlhKIIX lIaTYpaJILHhlX 'fHeen. Ilycrt, nansr 1:ll1CJIa 12 H 18. Bsmnmess qHCJIa, rcparm.re 12:

12,24,36,48,60, 72, ...•

Bsmauresr qn:CJIa, xpa-nrsie 18:

18,36,54, 72, ....

Cpezm BhIITHC8HHbIX qHCCJI eCTb OJllfH8KOBhle: .

36, 72, ....

Bce 3'rn: qHCJIa Ha3hIBalOT 06U(Il.MU «pamrcu.uu LJHCeJI 12 H 18, a nansrent.nree 113 Hl1X - (mCJIO 36 - naasrBaJOT nau uenoiuusc 0611~UJll tcpu mn.u m LJl1Ce.i'I 12, 18.

AHIUIOI'lILJtfO onpeztenator nanxcasnrce otiutee xparHoe npmI3BOJIbHhIX HaTypaJIhHbIX LJIICeJI a H b, OHO 060- 3HaQaeTCH K (a, b) (4HTaeTcH: (,K 0'1' a, b»). JIJ060e 06- utee xparaoe 41-WeJI a H b JleJII1TC.H HR K (a, b).

1!To6hl Ha:M:TIf HalfMeHhIllee ofiutee icparnoe HeCKOJIhKHX 4lleen, aano pa3JIOJKIfTb 3TH QHCJI3 na npocrr-re MHOJKUTeJIU n: HaMTH nponaneneane scex no.nyI.J.I1BlliHXCfl npOCThIX MHOmWreJIei:f, B3flB Kam,n;hIH 113 HI1.X C Hau60JIhllilfM (113 IfMCIOIl.l;I1XCfl) noxaaarenex.

Harrpnsrep, HaH]leM K (3780, 7056). llMeeM: 3780= = 22• 33• 5 . 7; 7056 = 24 . 32 • 72 (eM. n. 6).

§ 1. HarypanbHble 'lV1Cna

23

'I'orzta K (3780, 7056) = 24• 33 • 5 . 72, T. e. B3.RThI nee rrpoersre MHOmHTeJIH, xoropsre BXO/VIT B paanoxeeHHe XOT.H 6hl onaoro H3 queeJI 3780 11 7056.

IITaK, K (3780, 7056) = 105840.

Ami JIJOObIX HaTypaJIhHhIX 'llnceJI a If b CI1paBe~JH1BO

paBeHCTBO

D (a, b)' K (a, b) = abo

ECJIH, B tIaCTHOCTH, tIl1CJIa a H b B3fln:MHO npocr sre, T. e. D (a, b) = 1, TO K (a, b) = abo 3'1'0 3HI'l'IlIT, "(ITO uau.neneiuee otiiuee «pamnoe o6yx 63aWI1.1l0 npocniux 1[. uc es paeno npouseeiienuso smux uuce:n,

Il p a srap ". JI106a rrpnrJIUCIIJIa rocrefi II XO'Ie'f icyI1HTb CTOJIhKO xomper, tITOObI I1X MO:>KHO OLIJIO paanarr, noposay scesr, sronouaa ee carey. Ho JIJOoa He 3HaeT, CKOJIbKO tleJIOSeK rrpnner: 2, 3 IIJIIf 6. Karcoe HaIfMeJlb~ nree KOJlJftIeCTBO KOHc})eT ~OJImHO ObI'rb y JIlOObI, 'll'l'06bl OHa CMOrJIa OCYIl.l,eCTBIITb CEO a nnau B JlJOOOM cny-rae?

P e III e H If e. Haaxeustuee B03MomHoe KOJIIl'-leCTBO KOH(I)e1' ~JI.R npnema rocreii Jhofia MomeT Y3H3Th, H<'Il1- ~.H naIfMeHblllee ofimee xpa-raoe 'lll1ceJI 3, 4 II 7 (S03- MO)lmOe 'II1CJIO I'OCTeH: flJIIOC Jho6a).

8TH "(IHCJIa B3aHMHO npocrsr. Haaxeusuiee OOIlJ;ee xparnoe paBHO 3 . 4 . 7 = 84.

OTBeT: 84.

8. YnoTpe6JleHHe6YKB B a.nrefipe. Hepemeunsre.

B anrefipe t.IaCTO xoaxpe-nrsre CBOH:CTBa 'llnceJI aarracsrBalOT C noxounco OYKS. Hanpnsrep, rrepesrecrn'renr.aoe CBOHCTBO cnoacenaa (OT nepexensr MeCT CJIaraeMbIX CYMMa He MemIeTCH) 3anHCbIBaIOT TaK: a + b = b + a, rzte BMeCTO a JI b MO.mHO rrO~CTaBIITb JIlOObJe 'lll1CJIa: 3 + 5 = 5 + 3, 100 + 3501 = 3501 + 10011 T.,l\. t.IMCJIo, IIOACT8BJl.HeMOe BMeCTO 6YKBbI. Ha3bIBalOT ee snaneIlUeM.

24

Inasa I. 4V1CnA

B HeKOTOpbIX CJIyqaHX (uanpamep. B ypaBUeUI1HX) BMeCTO 6YKBbI MomHO noztcraaa'rr, TOJIbKO onpene.nerrmae ,-[HCJIa, ,-[T06hI aanacerraoe paBeHCTBO 6hIJIO nepHhIM. Hanparaep, 7 + x = 10 o6paI.IJ;aeTCH B sepaoe paBeHCTBO zmnn- npn X = 3. YnoTpe6JIHeMhle B anretipe 6YKBhl Ha3hlBaIOT nepeuennuscu; CMblCJI rarcoro Ha3BaHIUI COCTOllT B TOM, <ITO <II1CJ10BOe aaauenae 6YKBbI MO:>KHO H3MeHIITh: aanpnwrep, B pasencrue a + b = b + a MO:>KlIO nOJIO:>KHTb, narrproaep, a = 3, b = 5 HJIH a = 7, b = 1911 T. ,ll;. - BO scex CJIYl.laJlX p8BeHCTBO 6y.n;eT nepRD. B paBeHCTBe 7 + x = 10 MO)KRO IIOJIOJKI1Th. nanpnMep, x = 3 l'IJIl'I X = 5; paanaua B TOM, 'ITO B nepsoxr cnynae "GHCJIOBOe paBeHCT80 6y.n;eT BepHhIM, a BO 8'1'0-

. POM - HeBepHbIM. PaBeHCTBO D (a, b) = 1 (CM. n. 6) BepRO npa CJIe.n;yIOI.IJ;l'IX 3R8<reHlUIX rrepescenasrx a H b:

a = 18, b = 25; a = 100, b = 99; a = 13, b = 1000 II T. n.

PaBeHCTBO D (a, b) = 1 HeBepHO npn CJIe.n;YIOI.IJ;HX 3Ha<reHHHX nepesrenasrx:

a = 8, b = 6; a = 25, b = 150; a = 7, b = 777 II T. II.

§ 2. Pal..\&.10HanbHble 4l-1Cna

9. 06bIKHoBeHHLIe .llpo611. I1paBIIJILH:bIe II nerrpaBJ{JIhHhIe ,n;po6J{. Csremaarrsre <IHCJIa. 06blKH06e1tHaSl

{jp06b - 3'1'0 'lHCJ10 BH)J,a m , rne m 11 n - narypam.nsre 11

'lHCJIa, aarrpnxep, 12 , 15 . l.JIICJIO m Ha3blBaIOT nuc.nu-

17 8

meneu Bpoou, n - sna.uenamene», B '-[aCTHOCTH, MO-

meT 6bITb n = 1, B 3TOM CJIY4ae ,nP06L II.\leeT BHA '~ , HO xaure rnnnyr rrpOCTO m. 3'1'0 o3Ha1:IaeT, 'ITO BCJlKOe na-

§ 2. Pdl.(III0HdJlbHbie YIIICJld

25

mupaniacoe IlUCJlO .MOJICItO npeilcmaeumu 6 euiie 06btlCH08eHHOU iJpo6u CO enauenameneu 1. 3aIIHcb m - n

~PYI'OH BapHaHT 3aIIllCH m : n,

Cpena 06hlKHoBeHHhlx ~po6eH pa3JIH'IaIOT rrpasa.ns-

rrsre H aenpaaansmae ~p06H. ,1J;P06b m Ha3bIBalOT npa-

n

6UJlbItOU, eCJIH ee 'IHCJII1TeJIb MeHhIIle 3HaMeHaTeJIH, II Henpa6UJlbHOU, eCJII1 ee qHCJIHTCJIh 60JIbIlle 3HaMeHaTeJIJI HJIH pasen eMy.

BC,R-ICYlO nenpaeu.nunuto iJpo6b .MOJlf.HO npeiicmaeume 6 euiie Cy.M.Mbt namupansnoeo «uc.na u npaeu nenoii

iJpo6u (HJm B BII,ne aarypansaoro qJ{CJla, eCJ1I1 .n;p06b 111 Il

TaKOBa, 'ITO m RpaTHO n; aanpnreep, 16 = 4). 4

I1PlfHHTO CyMMy HaTypaJJbHOrO 'IJ{CJJa 11 npaaa.nsHOll: ,np06H aanacsrearr. 6e3 3HaRa CJIOmeHlfJI, T. e. BMe-

CTO 5 + ~ nnuryr 5~, a BMeCTO 3 + _!_ rnnuyr 3 ~ .

5 5 13 13

tIllCJIO, 3arrI1CaHHOe B TaKOM BH,ne, Ha3bIBaIOT cueuian- 1tbl.M uucnou, OHO COCTOlfT H3 ,l\BYX "lIaCTell:: ne.noti H

~p06HOH. TaR, ,nJJJI l:LI1CJJa 31~ ue.naa qaCTb paaaa 3, a

~p06HaJI - 143' BCJIKYIO nenpaaansnyro ztpofit, MomHO aanacarua Bll~e cxemaaaoro xacna (HJIll B BH~e narypaJIhHOrO "lIHCJIa). Bepno H otiparnoe: BCJIKOe CMeIIl3HHoe MJIH aarypansaoe qHCJIO MomHO aarruca'rs B sane

nerrpasnm.aon ~po6H. Harrpnsicp, 4.! = 4 + .! = 12 +

3 3 3

3

3 =-.

1

26

Iriaea I. 41t1CnA

10. Paaenerno JJ.po6eii. Ocuounoe CBOHCTBO .n;po6u.

Coxpanteuae APofieii. ,UBe APofiH l; H J C'-lHTalOT paetcu mu, eCJJH ad = be, Hanpaxep, paBHbIMll 6y.n;YT npo-

fill ~ H :5 (TaR KaK 3 . 15 = 5 . 9), ~2 II ~! (TaR KaK 12 . 14 = 7 . 24).

H3 onpe~eneHllR paBeHCTBa .n;po6eH cneAyeT, '-lTO

paBHbIMH 6Y~YT ~p06H ~ 11 am, TaR KaK a(bm)

b bm.

= b(am), - 3,IleCb MbI Hcrronb3yeM CO"tleT8TenbHoe H IIepeMeCTl1TeJIbHOe CBOHCTBa YMHomeHl1H narypans-

( 2) 3 a am

HbIX lUfCeJI eM. Tl , • H8'-Il1'r, - = - , T. e. eCJlU llUC-

b bm

numen» U snasienameu» iiannou opo6u YJrlHOJfCUmb UJlU paeoenum» Ita oono U mo »ce namupaiu.noe ILUC/W, 1110 nonipcumcn iJpoDb, pa6HU.R iJanHOU. 3TO CBOi!· CTBO Ha3bIBalOT OCH06nbiM ceoucmeom iJpoDu.

IIOJIb3Y5lCb OCHOBHbIM CBOllCTBOM ,n;P06H, HHOf'~a Momno 3aMeHHTb .n;8HHYlO .n;P06b ,n;pyroH, paBHOH nannoii, lIO C MellbIIIHM "tlnCJIl1TeJleM H MelIbIIIHM 3HaMeHaTeJIeM. TaKYIO aasreny Ha3bIB8IOT cotcpauienuem opo6u.

4~ 15

Harrpnwep, ~ = - (Ql1CJII1TeJIb n 3HflMeHHTeJIb MbI

60 20 _

pa3,1J;CJIUJIl1 H3 O,lJ;HO n TO .me \IMCJIO 3); rrOJIy"tleUHYIO ,Ilp06b CHOBa MOJKHO coxparrrre, paanerraa '-I11Cnl1TeJIb 15 3

11 3HaMeH3TeJIb H8 5, T. e. 20 = 4 .

B 06rn;eM cJIY~Iae coxpameune ,n;po6u B03MomIlO, ecJm "tlnCJIl1TeJIb H 3HaMeHaTeJIb He B3[1HMHO l1pOCTbIe '-Il1cna (CM. II. 5); eCJIl1 me '-IHCJIl1Tenb H 31IaMeHaTeJlb - B3al1MHO npocrsie '-IMCna, TO npofis H33bIBaI01' necokpa-

mustoii: rranparaep, ~ - HeCOKpaTl1MaJi ,lJ;P06b. OCHOBH3H ue.ns coxpauienna ,I1;p0611 - aasreaa nannoii ,n;po611 paBHOM eii HecoKpaTHMofi .n;P06bIO.

§ 2. PallV1oHaflbHbl€ '-IIIICfla

27

11. npHBe~eHHe~po6eii K o6w;eMY anaMeHaTeJllO.

Ilvcrs naasr ztae ,n:po6u .~ II ~. GUlf HMCIOT p33HLIe 3HaMeH3TeJm:: 3 II 8. BOCIIOJIb30B3BllIICh OCIIOBHblM CBOMCTBOM ,ll,po6.H (CM. n. 10), MomHO a3MeHlITh 3TH ,n:p06H ,u;pyrMMM, p3BIlbIMH HM, npHQeM T3KHMH, 1Jl'O Y nOJIy-qeHHhIX ,n:po6eif 6y,n:YT O,ll;lIH3KOBhIe 3HaMeHaTeJIH. Taxoe npeo6p330BaHIIe H33hIBalOT npueedeuuesc iipo- 6eu IC othuesu) snascenamento. YMHomHB "CJnCJIIITeJIb 11

3H3MeH3TeJIh ,n:p06H ~ na 8, rrOJIy-qMM ;:~ = ~~ ; ysr-

HomMB "CJH.CJIH:'reJIb H 3H3MeH3TeJIh ,ll,p06II 185 H3 3, norry-

15·3 45 2 1~

"CJMM -- = -. H TaK, .n;POfiH -3 11 ~ npnaeztem.r I{

8·3 24 8

06m;eMY 3HaMeHaTeJllO:

2 16

3 = 24;

15 45

=

"8 24'

3aMeTIIM, "CJTO 3TO He e,n:HHCTBeHHoe pernemre nocT3BJIeHHOH eanaxa. Hanpasrep, ,n:po6H MmKHO 6hIJIO npnaecr-a K 06w;eMY 3H3MeH3TeJllO 48:

2 _ 2·16 _ 32. 15 15·6 90

3 - 3·16 - 48' 8 -s:6 48 '

Ii nootune K JII060MY 3H3MeHaTeJIlO, .n;eJI.HmeMycR OAHOBpeMeHHo na 3 11 H3 8.

T3K11M o6pa30M, npI1BeCTH .a;p06H K oourexv 3uaM8- HaTeJIIO MO)f{HO MHorMM11 crrocofiasra , HO 06bll.fHO CTapalOTCSI npMBeCT11 .n;p061I K fiaU.MenbweMY 06U{e.MY 3Ha· ueuamenso, KOTOPhIH. p3BeH HaHMeHbilleMY 06m;eMY xpaTHOMY 3H3MeHaTeJlei1 ,ll,3HHhIX .n:po6ei1.

Hanpnxep, npaseztera K H311MeHI,IIIeMY o61I~eMY

aaaxeirarenro .n;p0611 274 11 !~.

28

rnasa I. YV1CnA

,l],JUI aroro H8ii,n;eM II8UMeHhwee o6rn;ee xparnoe -eHtce.n 24 M 30; rrOJIyqHM K (24,30) = 120 (eM. n. 7). lfMC-

eM 120 : 24 = 5, II08TOMY, Q'r06bI npuaecr-a ,n;p06b 274 K 3HaMeHaTeJllO 120, aaao ee "4:ItCJIllTeJIb H 3HaMeHaTeJIh YMHO)KHTh aa 5 (oonOJlHUmeJlbHbtU .MHOJICUmeJlb):

7 24

7·5 24·5

35 120 .

HMeeM ,n;aJIee 120 : 30 = 4, II03TOMY, QTo6hI npnaec'ra .llP06h ~~ K 3HaMeHaTeJIIO 120, HaAO ee qllCJIMTCJIb H 3HaMeHaTCJIb YMHomHTb H8 4 (,n;OIIOJIHlITeJIhHblii MHOmMTCJIb):

11 11·4 44 30 30·4 120 .

,[(po611 rrpneeneasr K o6~eMY 3HaMeH8TeJIIO: 7 _ 35 _ 11 44

24 - 120' 30 120 .

Ha npaxrnxe HCIIOJIb3YIOT CJIe,n;yIOIlJ,YIO aarracs:

[i

7 7° 35 11

24 = 24 = 120; 30

4

11u 44

30 120'

I1TaK, 'lTo6hI npanecrn Ap0611 K Hal1MeHbweMY 06- IlJ,eMY 3HaMeHaTeJIIO, HymHO:

1) HaRTH H8l1MeHbWee ofimee Kp8THoe anaxeaareJIeM APo6eiI;

2) BbP-II1CJIMTb ,n;OIIOJIHI1TeJIbHhle MHO)KI1TeJIH, paaJ];eJIMB Hal1MeHbillee o6m;ee xparnce na Ka:>RJ];bIll 3HaMeHaTeJIh;

3) YMHO)KHTb 'lI1CJIMTeJIb Ii 3H8MeH8TeJIb K8m,n;oM ztpofia H8 cooTBeTcTBYIOrn;HM ,n;onOJIHllTeJIbHhIR MHO:>RllTeJIb.

§ 2. PalJ,1II0HanbHble Ylllcna

29

12. ApH$MeTH'IeCKHe p;eiiCTBH.fl Hap; 06LIKIlOBeuHLIMH )l;P06HMH.

CJlOJICeHUe 06bIKHOBeHHbIX .llp06e~I BblTIOJIH.HIOT:

a) ecmr 3H3MeH8TeJUI .n;po6e:ti O.zUIHUKOBbI, TO K nneJIIITeJIIO nepaoii zrpofin npn6aBJIHIOT qnCJII1TeJIb nropoii .AP06M I1 OCTaBJIHlOT TOT me 3HaMeHaTeJIb, T. e.

6) eCJIM 3HaMeHaTeJlI1 .n;po6eM pa3JIlIQHbI, TO ,1J.po6M CHa1.IaJIa npI1BOp;HT K 06rn;eMY 3HaMeHaTeJIlo. rrpenrro=rTI1TeJIbHee 1{ HaMMeHbllleMY. a 33TeM rrpMMeHHlOT npaBMJIO 3).

II p II M e p 1. CJIOJKI1Tb .n;po6I1 274 II ~~ • P e ill e H l1 e. HMeeM:

!_ + !.! = 78 + 11 ~ = 35 + 44

24 30 24 30 120 120

35 +44 120

79 120 .

Buuumanue otisncnoseansrx ,1J.po6eii BbIIIOJIHHIOT CJIe,ll;YlOIIVIM ofipaaoxr:

a) eCJII1 3H3MeHaTeJIl1 .n;po6eif o.n;I1UaKOBbI, TO

a b

C a - c

- =--;

b b

6) eCJII1 3H3MeHaTeJII1 pa3JII1t.IHbI, TO CHat.I3JIa .n;po6u rrpIIBO,ll;HT K 06ru;eMY 3H3MeHaTeJIlO, 3 33TeM rrpnraeaalOT rrp3Bl1JIO a).

YMltOJICeHUe 06bIKHOBeHHblX ,1J.p06eM BblllOJIHHIDT cJIe,ll;yro~I1M 06pa30M:

a C aC

b d bd'

T. e. rrepeMHOJKaIOT oT,l1;eJIbHO Q[ICJIIITeJIll, OT,1J.eJIbHO 3H3MeHaTeJII1.

30

rJlaBa I. 4111CnA

Ilpoassenerrae "tIMCJIHTeJIea ecr s qMCJIHTeJIb nponanenenaa; upouasenenae 3H3MeHaTeJIeH ecr s 3HaMeHaTeJIb npoaanenenan.

Harrpuxep, ~ . ~ = ~ =~.

7 11 7·11 77

Ilesenue 06btKHOBeHHhlx ;:r;p06Cll BbITIOJIIHllOT c.ne.n;YlOlUl1M 06pa30M:

a . C __ ad b ' d - be'

T e l'IeJIMMOe a YMHO)KalOT H8 npofis ~ •

. . ,.,. b .... c

2 7 2 10 2· 10 20

Hanptrxep, - : - = - . - = -- = - .

3 10 3 7 3· t 21

n p If M e p 2. HaMTM 3Ha -renne ~mCJlOBOPO asrpaaceHJUI

Pe ur e n n e. 1):! . 12 = 4·12. COKpaTHB qnCJIH1'eJIh 9 5 9·5

II aaasseaarens na 3 (:31'0 110JIe3HO C,D,eJIa1'b no BhIllOJIHeHM5I ,D,eiicTBHM YMHOjl\eHH5I B ~rI1CJlll'reJIe 11 3HaMCH8TeJIe),

4 . 4 16· 4 . 12 _ 16.

rrOJI~HM --, T. e. - • l1TaK, - - - - ,

3·5 15 9 5 15

2) ~ : ~ = 7·6 = 7·3 = 21 .

8 6 8 . 5 4 . 5 20 '

3) npu HaXO>K,lJ,emIH 3HaQeUllJI BbIpa.meHl151 ~~ +

+ 21 11 ~

20 - 30 .n;eMCTBHfl CJIOmeIIl1fl H BbFUITaHM.fl MomllO

BblIlOJIH5ITb ozmospereeaao. Haajaeusnrrrra 061I~HM Kpa'l'HhIM qnceJI 15, 20. 30 51BJJ.HeTC.fl tUleJIO 60. Il paBe.lleM nee 1'pM .n;p06H K aaasreua're.mo 60, I1CnOJlb30BaB

§ 2. Pa~lIIoHanbHble ~lI1cna

31

,n;orrOJIHHTeJIhHble MHO)KHTeJIH: ,llJIH nepnoii .n;p06H - 4, .n;JIH BTOpOH: - 3, )l;JIJI TpeTbeii ~ 2. IIoJIY~HM

<.1; ® 16 + 21

15 20

_ 3 -1- .

4

.g; 11

30

64 + 63 60 60

22 60

64 + 63'- 22

=-----

60

105 60

13. BaaHMHO otipa-rnsre ':mCJIa. LII1CJIO b Ha3hIBIHOT onpamns« . .M aJlJl uuc na a, eC.lIH ab = 1. Harrpnsrep, ,n;JUI

lJHC.lIa 3 o6paTHhIM .HBJI.HeTC.H ~ , rrOCKOJIbKY 3 . ~ = 1;

,n;JI.H qHCJIa ~ o6paTHbIM HB.lIHeTC.H qHC.lIO ~ , rrOCKOJIbKY

7 2

2 .7 - 1 '7 2 - .

ITpaBHJlO ,n;eJIeHHH 06bIKHoBeHHblx ,n;po6err (ere. IT. 12) q>aKTHQeCKH 03HaQaeT yxnoxcemre ,n;e.IIJIMOI'O H8 lIHCJlO, ooparnoe ,n;eJIHTeJIro.

14. )l,ecHTJI'IHble ztpotia. B anzte iiccnmu '[ nou iJPODU MomHO aanacars rrp8BHJIbHYro zrpofis, 3HaMeHUTeJIb

KOTOPOH: pasea 10, 100, 1000 H soofirne lOll. Harrpn-

Mep, i30 = 0,3; 1~80 = 0,48; 1~~O = 0,021. TUKIIM xce o6pa30M MO)KHO aanucaru csrenraaaoe QJ1CJIO J1JIll nenpaBH.JIbHYIO APo6b C YK8aaHHbIM nsrure 3HaMeHaTCJleM (npesparns ee rrpenaaparensao B CMellIUHHoe qHCJlO).

3 _ . 317 _ 17 _ .

Hanpaxep, 210 - 2,3, 100 - 3 100 - 3,17. B 3'1 J1X

CJIY'4a.HX :u;eJlYIO Q8CTb csseuranaoro nncna OT,n;eJIHIOT 3aII.!ITOH: OT 'tJI1CJIHTeJUI ,n;P06HOH 't.IaCTH. TaKHM o6pa- 30M, ,n;eC.HTHlJHaH .n;P06b - 3TO, no cymecray, zrpyran

qJopM8 38IIHCH .n;p06H co 3H8MeH8TeJIeM io-.

32

rnasa I. LJV1CJlA

B BH,n;e ,n;eCHTlfllHOM ,n;p06JI MOjKHO npencraua'n, JIlO- 6yIO 06bIKHOBeHHYro .npofis, 3H8MCllaTeJIb KOTOPOM HBJl.HeTCH ,neJIHTeJICM HCKOTOPOH CTCneHII ~mCJH\ 10.

'uPYl'HMII CJIORaMI1, eCJUI B pa3JIo:meHI1I1 3HaMeHaTeJUI ,np06H na npocr sre MHo:mlf1'eJUI concpaca'rca 'l'O.'lbKO ZJ:BOMKI1 Ii II.flTepKH, TO STY zrpofis MO>KHO 3aImC8Th B BI1)t;e .n;eC.HTlflIHOii;

eCJlII IKe ,nP06b HCCOKpaT11M8 11 B pa3J10meHHe ee auasrenaeezra ua npocrsre MHO:>Kl1'reJIn BXO;:VIT KpOMe ,ll;BoeK H TI.HTepOK ,1t;pyrne npocr sre MHo:mJITeJlH, TO STY ,n;po6h HeJIh3.H aarracart, B BII,ne ,n;ecHTMqHOll ,n;p0611.

PaCCMOTpl1M ,ueC.HTHl.JHYlO ,lJ,p06h 7,234. UMeeM

7 234 = 7 234 = 7 + 200 + 30 + 4 = 7 + 200 + ~ +

, 1000 1000 1000 1000

+ _4_ = 7 + ~ -+- ~ + _4_ .

1000 10 100 1000

3Ha\.HiT, B .llp0611 7,234 CO,lJ,ep:>KHTCH 7 e,1t;HHl1ll" 2 ztecaThlX, 3 COThIX 11 4 ThICJPlllbIX. Booouie B .n:ecBTHqHOll ,n;po6n nocne aana-roii MomeT 61>ITb CKOJIbKO yronao pa3pBJl;OB: ,nCCHThle, COThIe, TbICHqHhle, ,n;eCHTJlThIC.fl"IHble 11 T. ,n;.

B

/._

15 25

/ D 'E

A·~19____""·-17../'/·

12 3'3---./

'._""'--- .

c

PlIC, 1.1

II p M M e p • . BeJIOCl1I1e,uMCT cofinpae rca npoexa n, 1I3 nymc-ra A B nyux'r E, B KOTOPhlM BeJl:YT TpM MapmPYTa: sepea B, l.Jepe3 C Ii xepea D. PaccToHHIiH B KMJIOMeTpax Mem,ll,y cocezmn-

Mil roponaxn IlOKa3aHbI aa cxeMe. 1I3BeCTHO, "11'0 eCJUf exa-rs qepe3 B, TO cpennaa CROPOCTb 6y,n;eT panna 16 KMjq, eCJIH. eX8Tb xepea D, TO cpezmaa CKOPOCTh 6y,neT panna 18 KM/lI, a eCJlH exam, xepea C, TO cperraaa CKOPOC'l'b 6YAeT panna 20 KMjLl.

§ 2. PalJ,lI1oHaJlbHble '-lVicna

33

MCXO,ll;H 113 STHX ,naHHbIX, BeJIOCHrre,lVICT Hbl6paJI MapmpYT TaR, ~IT06bI noexrrn, no E aa HaMMelIbIIIce speMH. CROJIhKO MMHYT OH IIJIaHHpyeT rrpofisrr-s B nYTI1?

P e III e H He. PaCC'l{HTaeM ,ll;JUI xaxcnoro MapwpYTa BpeMJI, xoropoe BeJIOCHne.llHCT nOTpaTRT B rrYTJI. )J,JIH

xapurpyra =repea rrymcr B no 15 t625 = 2,5 (u), ,a;JUI

MaprnpYTa xepea rryrncr D aro 19 t8 17 = 2 (n), a nepea C - 122+033 = 2,25 (Q); IIoCKOJIbRY Be.JIOCHrre,a;nCT xoxer noexavs ao E aa H3HMeHbluee BpeMJI, TO eMY noaa,n06HTCH 2· 60 = 120 (MMHYT) MJIl1 2 'tJ.

OTBeT: 2.

15. Hpouesersr. Cpezta ,n;eCflTH'l{HhIX .L{po6ei1 ocofienHO qaCTO na nparernrce HCnOJIb3yeTCJl zipofis 0,01, KOTOPYro Ha3hIBaJOT npouenmom If 0603Ht1'llaIOT 1 'X, . TaR, B~) = 0,01, 2'Ycl = 0,02, 45% = 0,45, 350ulc. = 3,5 H 'I'. ,n;. B X03JIHCTBeHHblx 11 CT3THCTM'lleCI{HX pacsre'rax , BO MHorMX OTpaCJIHX naYKH traCTH BeJlM~HH npl1HHTO asrpaxcat-s B npouenrax. 1.1T06bl HaMTH, nanpnsrep, 23% OT 60 KI', Hy.mHO 60 KI' YMHO.mHTb na 0,23, T. e. 60 • 0,23 = 13,8. 3HatIHT, 23'% 0'1' 60 KI' COCTaBJUfIOT 13,8 xr.

Il p n x e p 1. Pa60TIMM .n;OJI.iReH 6bIJI H3I'OTOBHTb aa CMeHY 80 neranea. no OROHQaHHH pafionero ,a;Hfl OKa- 3aJlOCh, QTO OH BhIIIO.JIHl1JI 150'1.) CMelIHOI'O 3a,naH1UL CKOJIhKO ,n;eT3JIeH 113I'OTOBHJI pafionn ii?

Pe m e n a e. 1) 150%) = 1,5. 2) 80 • 1,5 = 120.

llOJIYQHJIH 0 T BeT: 120,n;eTaJIeiI.

I1pMMep 2. Pa60QMH ,n;OJIXWH 33 eMeHY H3fO'l'OBHTh 80 ,n;eTR.JIei1:. K 12 ~acaM on H3I'OTOBHJI 55 .a;eTaJIeH. 2-1707 ..

34

r nasa L 4 V1 ellA

CIWJIbKO rrpouerrroa aanaana BbIIIO.iIRHJI pa601:Hfft R YKR3aHHOMY BpeMeHU'!

P e m e H H. e. K 12 qaCaM AHH Bb1l10JIHeHa 1:IaCTb aaaa-

aaa, asipaacaromaaca ,n;po6hIO :~, KOTOPYlO nepeno,!I;MM B np0U;CUTbI:

55 80

550 800

550 """"8

l~O = 2!5 %, = 68,75(%.

Il p n MCP 3. Pa60QMR K 12 QaCaM H3rOTOBlfJI 55 zteraJIetl, "tlTO COCTaBUJIO 68,75%. CMeHHOI'O 38J1;aHMH. CKOJIbKO ,neTaJIeii pa601lMH ,ll;OJI)KeH 1131'0TOBl1Tb aa cMeHY?

P e III e H H e. 0603Ha1:lMM KOJIH1:leCTBO zteranea, coCTaBJIHIOllVIX CMeHHoe 3a.n.aHMC, 6YKBOM x. M3 YCJIOBHR aaztaxa cxezryer, 1:1'1'0

68,75(X) . x = 55, T. e. 4'fO 6~O~5 . x = 55, orreyna

x = 100· 55 = 80.

68,75

Pa60lIHH ,ll;OmKeH H3rOTOBHTh 80 ne-raneii.

IIpuMep 4-. BHJIeT na aST06yc CTOMT 15 py6JIefi.

Karcoe MaKCIIMaJIbHOe tmCJIO 6UJIeTOB MO)fOIO 6Y.n.eT KyrrMTh H8 100 py6JIeii rrOCJIC noasnnemta neasr 6uJIera aa 20%,1

P e ill e H II e. I10cJle IIOBblIUeHIIH Il;eHhl na 20% O,lVUf 611JIeT na aBT06yc CTaJI CTOMTb 15 . 1.2 = 18 (pyfineii). Pa3JleJIIIB 100 na 18 C OCTaTKOM, Y3HaeM MaKCHM8JIbHoe 1:lHCJIO 6HJleToB: 100 : 18 = 5 (ocrarox 10).

OTBeT: 5.

Il p a srep 5-. C .ZJ;ByX yqaCTROB e.iKCrO,Z{HO cofiapaJIOCb 500 T mnenausr. Ilocne IIpOBe,l{eHHH arpOTeXHHqeCKMX MepOnpMHTl1ii ypoxcati aa nepaost Y1:JaCTKe yseJIlIQHJICJl na W(X, , a aa BTOpOM - na 20°;;). 1I03ToMY C .n;BYX YQaCTKOB C06pa.iIH 630 '1' IIWCHIUI;bI. CKOJIhKO ntrreamrsr C06HPaJIII c nepBOFO ynacrtca nepaoaavansao?

§ 2. Palll'lOHanbHbl€ 'lI'lCJla

3S

Pe nr e a a e. Hycrr, C nepsoro yqaCTKa C06HpaJIH x T rnneuumr, rorna co sroporo - (500 - x) T. Hoene npoBe~eHHH arpOTeXHM'tleCKHX McponpHHTHH c nepsoro y'tJ3cTKa CT3.IIH cotiaparr, 1,3x T rnnemurst, 3 CO BTOpOro - 1,2(500 - x) T. C ~ByX ~aCTKOB CTaJIM co6upaTb (1,3x + 1,2(500 - x» T, 'tlTO no YCJIOBI1lO 3A.,lI,l:PIl1 COCTRBJI.HeT 630 T.

COCT3BHM H pelIJMM ypasneune. 1,3x + 1,2(500 - x) = 630;

x = 300.

TaKHM o6pa30M, C rrepnoro Y'tJaCTRR .n;o rrponeztemrn arpOTeXHH"tJeCRHX MeponpHHTHH C06lfpaJIH 300 T ~lUeHI1]l;bI.

OTBeT: 300.

TIpRMep 6-. Banx exceronao YBeJIlltIHBaeT rra O.n;HO H TO .iKe "tJHCJIO npoueirroa CyMMy, HMeroIIl;YJOC.R .tIR sxnane K MOMeHTY Ha'mCJIeHHH nponerrroa. Ha CKOJIbKO IIpOI~eHTOB eaceroano YBeJIII'tJ:IIBaeTCH CYMMa, eCJIJI sa zraa rozta OHa B03pOCJIa C 2000,ll,0 2420 py6JJeii?

P e ll1 e H 11 e. Ilycrs exeeronao HMeIOll(aaCH aa cnere CYMMa YBeJIII"tJl1BaeTCH ira x(X). B rrepasnl paa aa 100'10 MbI ,n;OJDKHbI npHHHTh CyMMy, lfMero.IU;YIOCH aa cnere K Ha"tJRJIY nepBOI'O rona, T. e. 2000 py6Jleii.

'I'orna '1epe3 ron aa eucre OKameTCJI

( 2000 + 1 ~o . 2000 ) pyfineji,

T. e. (2000 + 20x) py6JIeii •

.D;JIH pacsrera npouearoa aa BTOPOH rozt MbI .n;OJImHbI IIplIHHTh aa 100% yme CyMMY, lIMelOID;YIOCSI IIa cue-re K Ha1.JaJIY nroporo rona, T. e. (2000 + 20x) py6JIeii. '1'01',lI,a no npoinecrnaa aroporo rona na C1.JeTe OKamCTCSI

( (2000 4- 20x) + l~O (2000 + 20x») pyfineii,

'r. e. (0.2x2 + 40x + 2000) py6JIeii, 'tlTO no YCJJOBlIIO 3alUltfH COCTaBJIHeT 2420 py6JIeii.

2"

36

Fnaaa I LJVlCJlA

COC'raBRM R peml1M ypaanerrae. O,2x2 + 40x + 2000 = 2420; 0,2x2 + 40x - 420 = 0;

x2 + 200x - 2100 = 0;

x = - 210 l1JlR X = 10.

TaR R3K no YCJ10BIlIO 33,nUt.IlI 3H3"leHIIR x .n;omKHbT 6bITh nOJIO)KIlTeJ1bHhIMU, '1'0 x = 10. I1TaK, excerozmo cyMMa BKJ1a,na YBeJ1T11:Jl1B3JIaCh aa 10%.

OTBeT: 10.

16. Maoaceerno pannonan sm.rx "lJRCeJI. HaTYP3JIhHMe "ulCJIa 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... H33bIBalO'r TaKme nOJlOJICu, me.uacu.su: uen u su: "'lUCJlaJHU. QIICJ1a -1, -2, -3, -4, -5., ... , npoTHBOn0J10mHble na-rypanausn«, Ha3bIBaIOT ompuuamenonmsui uen.u su: ltUCJlaM.U. qIICJIO 0 TaKR<C CqlITaIOT u.eJIbIM qIlCJIOM. IlTaK, ({fJlble uucna - :JTO narypans asre qIfCJIa, t-IlICJ13, npo'raaononoxcnsre aa-ryP3JIbHbIM, Jf "lI1CJIO O.

I~eJIbIe "llRCJI3 R .n;p06li (TIOJIO)KH'l'eJIbHhle II orpauarem.nsre) COCT3BJIRIOT BMeCTe MHomeCTBO pauuontuusHblX uucen,

3aMeTIIM, "lITO JII060e P3U.ROH3JIbHOe 't.fHCJIO MomeT nL

6bITh Ilpe,ll,CTaBJIeHO B Bl1,ll,e OTHOllIeHI1R -, r,ll,e m -

n

ue.noe "lHCJ10, a n - aarvpansnoe '-BleJIO, npl1't.feM O,ll,HO H TO me qHCJIe MomHO aamrcar-s B BI1,ll,e OTHoweHIUI MHorlfMR cnOC06aMl1. Hanpioaep,

-2 = -4 = -6 = -100 .

2 3 50'

3 0,3= -

10

6 20

300 1000 .

Cpenn ,ll,p06en, 0603H3"lI31OID;I1X .aannoe paUI101-Ia.'lbHoe "llnCJIO, nMeeTCR oztua n TOJIbRO ozma HeCOKpaTlIMaR ,ll,po6b. )lJIR 1.l,eJIhIX qUCCJI - :JTO ,ll,p06b CO 3HaMeHaTeJIeM 1.

§ 3. AelilcTBI-1TenbHble YlI1cna

37

17. HppaU;ROHaJILHLle '1ReJIa. 'uJUI lf3MepeHlf.R HCnOJIb3YIOTC.R He TOJlbKO panaoaaas asre l.J:HCJIa, HO H l.J:HCJIa HHOll: npnpom,r, T. e. He .RBJlHlOlIl,HeCH :u;eJlbIMH lfJlll ~po6Hb[MH. Bce TaKHe l.J:HCJIa Ha3hIBalOT UPPal.fUOHaJlbHblMU. Hanpmaep, .n;JIHHa ,u;lfarOHaJIlf xsazrpara co CTOPOHOll: 1 (pHC. 1.2) ,u;OJI.iKHa asrpasca'rsca HeKOTophIM IIOJIOmHTeJlbHbIM qHCJIOM r

TaKHM, qTO r2 = 12 + 12 (no TeopeMe Flrrrpar-opa, CM. «reOMeTpHH», n, 14), T. e. TaRHM, qTO ,2 = 2. lIHCJIO r He MomeT 6bITb ne.nsrer, TaR RaR 12 = 1; 22 = 4; 32 = 9 H T.~. qlfCJIO r He MomeT 6bITh II ,u;P06HbIM; eCJIH

m 2 m2

r = - - HecoKpaTMMaH zrpofis, rzre n -:;t:. 1, TO r = 2

n n

Tome 6y.n;eT HeCOKpaTHMOll: npofisro, r.n;e n2 -:;t:. 1; 3HaqHT, m2

2 He aBJlHeTCH :u;eJIbIM l.J:lICJIOM, a nOTOMY He MomeT

n

6bITb paBHO 2. IIo:3ToMY ~JIHHa .n;HarOHaJIH xnanpa'ra nsrpaxcaerca Hppall,MOHaJIbHbIM l.J:HCJIOM, OHO o603Ha-

qaeTCH J2 (snrruerca: «KBa.n;paTHbIM reopens 113 ,u;BYX~).

AHaJIOrHqIIO, He CYlIl,eCTByeT pa:U;HOHaJIhHorO qncna, xsanpar xoroporo pasea 5, 7, 10. CooTBeTcTBYIO-

IIJ;Me appauaouam.asre qllCJIa 0603Hal.J:alOTCH J5, J7 ,

§ 3. JJ.e~CTB&<1TenbHble "'Hcna

1

Pac. 1.2

JiO. TIPOTHBOIIOJIO:iKHble 11M qllCJIa raxace nppannOHaJIbHbI, OHlI 0603Ha-qaIOTC.R - J5 , - 17 , - JiG .

Cnezryer nozrsepxuyrs, qTO K Hppa:U;HOHaJIbHbIM qHCJIaM npnaomrr He TOJIbKO aanaxa OTbICKaHHH qHCJIa, xnanpar xoropcro pasen 3a,u;aHHOMY nOJIO.fKlfTeJIb-

Inaaa L l.f~cnA

HOMY xacny. Hanpasrep, qHCJlO 1t, asrpaacaiouree OTHOnrenae ,!J,JlHHhl oxpyaenocra K naaxerpy, HeJlb3H npenCTaBHTb B BH:.n;e 06bIKHOBeHHOH ,n;p06H - 3TO appaunOHaJIbHOe qHCJlO.

18. ,l(eHcTBHTeJILHhle qHCJIa. qHCJIOBaJi npasraa.

Panaoaansusre H HppaU;H:OHaJIbHbIe "(ulCJla COCTaBJUIlOT BMeCTe MHomeCTBO oeucmoumeJtbHblX uucen, Ilposeneet npsrayro l, OTMeTHM aa Hell TOqKY 0, KOropyro npllMeM aa Ha"lJaJIO OTCqeTa, BbI6epeM nanpaaneane II e,!J,RHR"lJHbIH OTpe30R [0; 1] (pHC. 1.3) .

. B'

A'

o

J

A

B

-4~

-3

o

3

Puc. 1.3

B aTOM cnvxae rOBopHT. "((TO aazraaa tcoopounamuan npsoeas. Kam,n;oMY "((HCJlY cooraercrayer oztua TOqKa npHMoiil. Ilyers, nanpaxep, nano ~m:CJIO 3. OTJIo»mM OT TO~IKII 0 B 3a,ll;aHHOM HanpaBJIeHHH e,n;IIHIFIHbIH: OTpe30K TpH paaa, IIOJlY"lJHM T04KY A - 3Ta T04Ka H coOTBeTcTByeT qHCJIY 3.

B03bMeM "((RCJIO 4~. OTJIOmHM OT TOqKIl 0 B aanaaHOM HanpaBJleHIHI e,!J,HHHQHbIH OTpe30K tleTbIpe paaa, a 3aTeM erne ~ qaCTb OTpe3Ka, nOJIyqIlM TOqKY B -

OHa H COOTBeTcTByeT qRCJIY 4 ~ .

ECJlH TOqKa M IIPHMOH l COOTBeTcTByeT HeKOTopOMY ~mCJIy r, TO 3TO qHCJlO Ha3b1BaIOT tcoopdunamou mo«- 1CU, B TaROM cay-rae IIRllIyT M(r). TaK, ,!J,JISI TOqeK J, A, B (pac. 1.3) MomHO YKa38Tb HX KOOPAlmaTbI J(l),

§ 3. AeVtCTB~Tellbt-tbte YII1CIl<l

39

A(3), B( 4~) . KOOP~HH8TOH TO'-lKH 0 C1IHT8eTCH 1:U1CJlO HYJlb.

OTJlO»UfM Terrepb TpH paaa e,lUiHH"tIHhIH oTpe30K OT TO'-lKH 0 B Harrp8BJIeHHH, rrpoTHBOrrOJImKHOM 38~aHHOMy. IIOJIY'-IMM T01:IKY A', CHMMeTpH'-IHYIO TO'-IRe A OTHOCHTeJIbHO nasana OTc'tJeT8 O. KOOP,ll;HH8TOH TOqKH A S1BJIHeTCH qHCJIO 3, 8 KOOp,lJ;HHaTY TO'-I.KH A' sanacsraalOT TaK: -3. AHaJlOrH1:IHO, xoopzraaarok TO'tJKH B', cHMMeTpHqHOH TO'-lKe B, H8 pHCYHKe 1.3 C'-IHT8eTC.fI

1 '-IHCJIO -47,

TO'-lK8 0, COOTBeTCTBYIO~aH qHCJlY 0, OT~eJIRe.T aa Koop~HHaTHoH rrpRMoit TO'tJKH C nOJIO)KHTeJIbHblMH KOop,ll;HHaTaMH OT TO'-leK C OTpH~aTe.1IbHbIMH KOOP):{HHaTaMIL

Banaaaoe aanpaaneaae na xoopzranar-non rrpRMoH Ha3bIBalOT nononcumenuneoc (06bPIHO OHO ll~eT snpaBO), 8 aanpaanenae, npOTHBOrrOJIO:iKHOe 3a~aHHOMY,ompuuamenun bl.M..

Ka)K,n;OMY ~eHCTBHTeJIbHOMY '-IHCJIY COOTBeTcTByeT e,lJ;HHCTBeHH8H TO'-IK8 rcoopztana'raofi npHMoii. Ka:iK,lJ;aH T01:JK8 Koop~HHaTHOH rrpRMoit COOTBeTcTByeT e,lJ;HHCTBeHHOMY ,n;eitcTBHTeJIbHOMY '-IHCJIY - ~OCTaT01:JHO HaitTH paCCTOHHHe OT :nOH TOq.KH ,lI;O Ha1:faJI8 OTC1:feTa H nocTaBHTb rrepe,n; Haii~eHHbIM 1:JHCJIOM 3HaR + HJIH - B aaBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, cnpana HJlH CJIeBa OT aaxana OTC'-IeTa HaXO~HTCH 3a,n;8HH8.f1 T01:fKa. ,llJUI KpaTROCTH 06bI'-IHO BMeCTO <ppa3bI «TOqKa Koop,n;HHaTHOM npaMOH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIQaR ,lI;eHCTBHTeJIbHoMY '-IHCJIY a I> , nHIIIYT H rOBOp.RT «TO'-lRa a e , a ynoTpe6JI.R.R TepMHH «qnCJIO a .. , HMelOT B BH,lJ;Y «,lJ;eiiCTBHTeJIbHOe '-IHCJIO a ...

MHO)KeCTBO ,n;eHcTBHTeJIbHblx '-IHCeJI Ha3bIBalOT TaR)Ke llUCJl060U npJt.MOu. reOMeTpH"-IeCKOii MO,lJ;eJIblO '-IHCJIOBOH np.RMOH CJIymIlT Koop~HHaTHaH npaseaa.

40

InaBa I. YV1CnA

19. 0603Ha'ieHUH neseoropsrx qUCJIOBblX MIIO-

jKeCTB.

N - MHomeCTBO HaTypaJIhHhIX l.{HCeJI. Z - MHomeCTBO u.eJIhIX l.{lICeJI.

Q - MHO.iKeCTBO paU;lIOHaJIhHhIX ~lHCeJI. R - MHO.iKeCTBO ,n;eHcTBHTeJIhHhIX "lJIfCeJI.

3aIIHcb n EN (QHTaeTCH: «n npnaannexcrrr MHO:>KeCTBy N.) 0603HaQaeT, l.{TO n - aaryparrsnoe l.{lfCJIO. AHaJIOrM"lJHhIH CMhICJI HMelOT CJIe~ylO~Me 0603HaQeHlUI: m E Z (m - ne.noe "lJHCJlO), r E Q (r - pall,110HaJIhHOe l.{n:CJIO), X E R (X - .n;eHCTB11TeJIhHOe 'l11CJIO).

20. CpaBHeHHe ,lI;eiiCTBHTeJIbHblX '1HCeJI. ,r.(JIH JlIO- 6bIX HepaBHhIX ,lI;eHCTBHTeJIbHhIX "lJ11CeJI a 11 b MomHO CKa3aTb, xaxoe 60JIhIIIe, a xaxoe MeHhIIIe. rOBOpHT, "tITO "tIHCJIO a 60JlbWe ~mCJIa b, H II11IIIYT a > b, eCJIH paaHOCTh a - b - nonoscumenvnoe "lJHCJIO; eCJIH me pa3- HOCTh a - b - ompuuameiuncoe "tI11CJIO, TO rOBOp5IT, qTO qMCJIO a uenuiue l.{HCJIa b, If rmury'r a < b. COrJIaCHO 3TOMY onpenenenmo, JIIo6oe nOJIOmHTeJIhHOe qlICJIO 60JIhille HYJI5I, JIIo6oe OTpHuaTeJIhHOe qHCJIO sreasnre HyJISI If MeHhlIIe JI1060I'O rrOJIOm11TeJIbHOrO Q11CJIa. AJI5I JIlOObIX 3a.n;aHHbIX q11CeJI a H b BepHO O,ll,HO 11 TOJIhKO oztHO H3 OTHorneHHH: a > b, a < b, a = b.

C reosrerpanecxoii TOqRH 3peHHH HepaBeHCTBO a < b (a > b) oanaaaer, qTO TOqRa a pacno.noaceaa aa KOOp.n;HHaTHoH rrpSlMoH zresee (npanee) TOl.{KH b,

3HaRH <, > Ha3bIBaIOT snatcassu cmpoeux nepaBeIlCmB. Haorna lICnOJIh3YlOT 3HaKH d:, ~ - 3HaKU necmpoeux nepaeencme; aarrncs a ~ b oana-raer, qTO sepHO O.n;HO H3 ,n;BYX: HJIH qHCJIO a MeHblue lJl1CJIa b, HJIH l.{rrCJIO a paBHO "tIHCJIY b. Hanpnxep, 3 ~ 5, 5;;;' 5 - aepnr-re HepaBeHCTBa. Hepanencma a > b Ii C > d uaasisaIOT HepaBeHCTBaMH ozmoro 3HaRa; HepaBeHCTBa a > b H

§ 3, ,[leC1cTBVnellbHble YIllCJla

41

c < d Ha3bIBaIOT aepasenc-rsaraa npoTllBOnOJIO)KllbIX 3HaKOB. ECJIM 'IRCJIa a, b, C TaKOBbI, 'ITO a < b II b < C, TO acnonsayerca aanncs a < b < c.

2

Harrpaxep, 'ITo6bI cpasmr-n, 'IMCJIa - It 0,67, Hy.iKHO

3

2 . '

COCTaBHTh pa3HOCTb 3 - 0,67 H HaifTH. ee 3Ha'IeHHe:

2 2 - - 0,67 = -

3 3

67 100

2·100- 67·3 300

1 300 .

Pa3HOCTb orpauarensua, II03TOMY ~ < 0,67.

21. Cnoiic'raa qHCJIOBbIX HepaBeIlCTB. ,1J;JIH JIJ06bIX p;e:H:CTBH.TeJIbHhIX 'IH.ceJI a, b, c, d BbIIIOJIHRIOTCH CJIeztyroume CBOHCTBa:

1°. ECllU a > b, mo b < a.

2°. ECRu a > bub> e, mo a > C iceoiccmeo mpau.1UmU61tOCmu).

3°. ECllU a > b, mo a + c > b + c.

4°. ECllU a > b U C - nonoscumenenoe "UCllO (c > 0), mo ac > be, STO CBOHCTBO MMeeT CJIe.n;yIOru;I1H CMbICJI: eCJlU 06e «acmu eepnoeo nepaeeucmea YMnOJICUmb na OaHO u=mo »ce no.noocumenunoe nuc.no It coxpauum» mom »ce 3HQX: nepaeeucmea, mo ncnuuumc» eepnoe uepaeencmeo.

5°. EClLU a > b U c - ompuuamenuuoe uucno (c < 0), mo ac < be. STO CBOMCTBO llMeeT cJIep;yroru;uM CMhICJI! eCJlU 06e nacmu 6ep1lO<?0 «epaeencmea yMIlO»cum» na oiino u mo »ce ompuuamenunoe uuc no U U3- ueuum» 3Ha1C ucxoiinoeo nepaeencmea na npomueofWJIOJlCHblU, mo nosupcumcst eepuoe nepaeencmeo.

6°. Ecnu. a > b u c > d, mo a + c > b + d tecnu no-csenuo CJLOJlCUmb aBa eepn ux uepaeencmea OiJHOt!O 3HaICa, mo nosurcumcsi eepuoe uepaeencmeoi,

42

Fnaea I. 4V1CJlA

7°. Ecnu. a. b. c, d - nOll.o:ncumell.bnbte 'tUCJt4, npu'leM. a > b u C > d, rno ac > bd (ecJ/.u nownenuo nepesuaxscum» eepnste nepaeencmea oiJnolo 3Ha1Ca. neeue u npaeue wacmu xomopecx - nonoscumeneHbte sucna, mo nOJtY1wmcJl eepuoe nepaeencmeo).

8°. ECllU a > b U c < d, »10 a - c > b - d. 9°. ECllU a > b > 0, mo ! < !.

a b

100. Ecnu. a > b > 0, mo oJtJl, 11106020 namypaJtb- 1l0Z0 tLucJta n 6btnOJtH,RemCR nepaeencmeo an > bit.

22. lJIICJIOBble npOMemYTI\:H. B03bMeM zrsa ~U:l.CJIa a II b raxae, 1.J.TO a < b, Ii OTMeTIiM aa Koop.n;HHaTHoi1: npRMoH cOOTBeTCTBYIO~He TIM TO~IKH.

npOH3BOJIbHaH TOqKa x, JIejl{a~aSl Mem,ny a 11 b, COOTsercrayer lIHCJIY, xoropoe y.n;OBJIeTBOpJICT nepaaeucraare a < x < b. MHomeCTBO scex T.mceJI x, y,n;OBJIeTBOpRIO~IiX 3TJlM HepaBeHCTBaM, 0603Ha1.J.aIOT (a; b) If Ha3bIBaK)T uumepea.nosc.

MHomeCTBO scex 1.J.IfCeJI X, Kam.z:lOe H3 KOTOPbIX Y.z:IOBJIeTBOp.fIeT HepaBeHCTBaM a ~ x ~ b, 0603Ha1.J.aIOT [a; b) H Ha3hIBaJOT ompeexou,

llHTepBaJI II OTpe30K - 3TO KOHe1.J.Hhle xacxoasre npOMemYTKH. KOHe"1.J.Hble "1.J.IfCJIOBble npoMemyTKH 6bIBaIOT erne .z:IBYX BIi.z:lOB: [a; b) - 3TO MHomeCTBO -quceJI x, Y)J;oBJIeTBOp.HIO.I.I.J;l:I.X nepaseucrsaer a < x < b, II (a; b]- 3TO MHomeCTBO 1.J.HCeJI x, y,u,OBJIeTBop.fIIO.I.I.J;IfX aepaseaCTBaM a < x ~ b. 9TH rrpOMemYTKH Ha3hlBaIOT nonuunmepea.nastu:

BbIBaIOT Ii 6eCROHe1.J.Hble "tJHCJIOBhle rrpOMemYTKH.

MHomeCTBO scex 1.J.HCeJI x, Y.z:IOBJIeTBOpJIIOlIJ,IlX aepaneaCTBY x > a, 0603Ha"tJaIOT [a; +00) 1:I. IUl3bIBalO'l' JlY1J..OM, a MHOJKeCTBO scex 1.J.l:I.ceJI X, y-,u,OBJIeTBopHIDlIJ,HX aepa-

§ 3. LleillcTBVlTellbl>(ble 41/1CJla

43

BeHCTBY x > a, 0603HaqaIOT (a; +00) If Ha3bIB8IO'f om- 1CpbtmblM JlY'lOJlt. 3HaK «+00 '" tIHTaeTCR: «JIJIIOC 6ecKoHetIHOCTbt.

AHaJIOrlf1IHO, MomeT GMTb JIyq BH)J;a (-00; b] (qHCJl8, Y,ll;OBJIeTBOpRIOIIJ;ne HepaBeHcTBY x ::;;; b) H OTKPbI'l'bIll JI~ BH.n;a (-00; b) (lJHCJla, y,ll;OBJIeTBOpRIO~lie nepaseaCTBY x < b). 3HaK «-00. lJHTaeTCH: «MHHYC 6eCKOHeqHOCTb ••

B npasenenaoti HHme Ta6JJHn;e ,n;JJR Kam,n;oro BH,ll;a '1HCJlOBOrO rrpostexcyrrca nansr ero reosserpaxecxoe H30GpameRHe, o603Hal.IeHHe H 3aIH:lCb C nosromsro HepaBeHCTB.

BHA reOMeTp"lfeCKOO 06o:ma- :-JallHCb
H306pameHife c nOl\IOU{bJO
npOMemync8 .. mUte
lIepaBeHCTB
HIITepB8JI W$/,/~ , (a; b) a<x<h
a b
Orpeaox W////,/~ , [a; bJ u«x";'b
a IJ
IToJIYHlI'I'epB3JI :2/././// /,/.:. • (a; bJ u<x«b
a b
ITOJIYlfHTepB3JI V,/./././@ • La; b) u~x<b
a b
JIyq W,/.//@..@L{ La; +=) x~a
a
JIy'! ~//~,/./#//~ • (-00; bJ x';;;b
b
OTKPblTblH JIyl( ~/ /.//./@///'i (a; +00) x>a
a
OTKPhl'l'bdi JIyll W///.///.///.4, , (-00; b) x<.b
b Ha nparcrmee He ncerzta HCnOJlb3YIOT TepMHHLI «mrTepBaJU, «OTpeaOK», «nOJIYHHTepBaJI». «JIyq», aasreHRR HX 06W;HM Ha3BaHHeM llUC.JlOBOU npouexcumo«;

44

IIlaBa I. YV1CnA

23. l\10,IJ;YJIb ,'1;eii:cTBUTeJIbHOrO ·IHCJla. M oOY.Jle.M taticoxtomnoic 6eJlU'iUHoU) ,neifcTBIITeJlbHOrO "tIlICJla a naasmaror casro STO qI1CJIO, eczm a ~ 0, 11 npOTI1BOrrOJlO>RHOe lJl1CJIO -a, eCJl11 a < O. Mozty.m, Ql1CJIa a 0603HatIaIOT lal. IlTaR,

! a, eCJlII a ~ O. lal = '[ -a, eCJlI1 a < O.

Hanpnraep, In - 31 = n - 3, TaK K8K 1[ - 3 > 0 (rt = = 3,14 ... );

1-3,71 = -(-3,7) = 3,7, TaK xatc -3,7 < O. reOMeTpl1lIeCKH lal 03Ha tJaeT paCCTORHHe aa KOOp,nHHaTHoii rrpRMoii TOQKH a OT TOl.lKH 0 (pHC. 1.4).

CBOHCTBfl Mo,nYJIeH:

r.lal> O. 2°. lal = I-al.

3°. labl = lal . Ibl·

4° I ~ I" = ~ b;t: 0

• b Ibl' .

5°. lal2 = a2•

lal ~

p(a; h) = 1[1 - bl

~----~--------~

a

o

u

o

Puc. 1.5 -

b

Puc. 1.4

24. (}>opMYJIa paCCTOHHI:U1 Me:JK,IJ;Y ,lI.BYMlI TO'lKaMH KOOp,IJ;HHaTIlOH IIpHMOH. ECJUI a H b - zrse _TOQKH KOop)J.IIHaTHOH: rrp.flMOH:, TO paccmonuue Mem,ny Hl1MI1 p(a; b) asrpaacaerca (})OPMYJIOH:

p (a; b) = la - bl

(pac. 1.5). TaR, p (-2; 5) = 1-2 - 51 = 1-71 = -(-7) = 7.

IIp11Mep. Hatrra ace TaJ-me TOlJKH x, xoropsre Y,IJ;OB.1eTBopmOT: a) ypasuemno Ix - 1[ = 3; 6) nepanenCTBY Ix + 1] ,.;;; 2.

§ 3. ,LleViCTBII1TenbHble yt-1cna

45

Pe nr e u n e. a) YpaBHeHHlOy.n;OBJIeTBOpSIIOT TRKI1e TO~KH X, paccroamre KOTOPbIX OT TOqKH 1 paBHO 3. 3TO TO~KH -2 H 4 (pHC. 1.6). 3Ha~fHT, ypasaeaae HMeeT ,lI;B8 KOpH.a: -2; 4.

6) HepaBeHcTBY y,n;oBJIeTBOp.ffIOT TaKHe TOqKU x, KOropsre vnanensr OT TO~KH - 1 na paCCTOSIHl1e, MeHbIIlee 11JIII pasnoe 2. ::lTO TO'tKR H3 OTpe3Ra [-3; 1] (pRC. 1. 7).

p(-2; 1) = p(1; 4) ~ 3 r---"---, ,--__...._______,

------~~----~~---- __ x

• _y

-2

o

4

-3 -1 0 1

PHe. 1.6 -

Puc. 1.7

25. TIpaBHJIa .n;eHcTBHH Ha,ll; nOJIoacHTeJIbHbIMH H OTpHuaTeJIbHblMH '1HCJIaMH. CYMMa ,n;BYX -ql1ceJ1 O,n;HOro 3HaRa ecrs ~I1CJIO roro xce 3HaKa; qT06bI HaHTM MO,n;yJIb T8KOH: CYMMbI, HaAO CJlO)f(llTb MO,ll;YJII1 c.aaraesrsrx. Hanpnmep, (+12) + (+8) = +20; (-12) + (-8) = -20.

CYMMa .n.BYX ql-lCeJI C pa3HbIMH 3HaK8Ml1 ecrr, qHCJIO, xoropoe RMeeT TOT xce 3HaK, ~TO H cnaraeraoe c 60JIbmHM MOP;YJIeM; "({To6bI HaH:TII MO.n.YJIb :noH: CYMMbI, na,n;o .ll3 60JIbmerO MOP;YJI.H BbIqeCTb MeHblllMH. HanpnMep, (+12) + (-8) = + (12 - 8) = 4; (-12) + (+8)

= -(12 - 8) = -4.

l.JTo6bI lf3 oaaoro qRCJIa BbI'teCTb npyroe, HRP;O K YMeHbmaeMOMY npaoasarr, 'tHCJIO, rrpOTMBOrrOJIO)KHOe BbI'tHTaeMOMY. Harrpmrep, 12 - (-8) = 12 + 8 = 20; 12 - (+8) = 12 + (-8) = 4.

I1poM3Bep;eHHe (eracrrroe) P;BYX 'tHcell onnoro 3HaKR eCTb qHCJIO rrOJIo:mHTeJIbHOe, a nponaaeneaae (vacraoe) .u;BYX 'tHCeJI pa3HhIX 3HaROB ec'rs 'tHCJIO orpauarensnoe: ~T06bI HaH:TH MOJJ;YJIb npoaaseneaaa (qaCTHOI'O), HMO rrepeMHO)KHTb (paaztenn'rs] MOP;YJIH p;aHHhlx "({HceJI. HarrpMMep, (-12) . (-8) = + 12 . 8 = 96; (-24) : (+ 3) =

24 = -8. 3

46

r naeal. 4V1CnA

26. CBoHcTBa apHclJMeT,H'IeCKIIX ,lleiic'tBHH nazi ,lleiiCTBHTeJlhHbIMH '1HCJlaMH.

1 0. a + b = b + a.

2°. (a + b) + c = a + (b + e). 3°. a + 0 = a.

4°. a + (-a) = O.

5°. ab = ba.

6°. (ab)c = a(be).

7°. a(b + e) = ab + ac. 8°. a' 1 = a.

1 9°.a·-=1,a~O.

a

9TH CBOMCTBa Ha3b1BalOT HHOI'~a OCHOBHhIMH 38KOHaMH aJII'e6phI, rrpw-Iero caoacraa 1° 11 5° asrpaacaror nepeuecmumenetcuii 3aKOH COOTBeTCTBeHHO cnoaceHIUI H YMHomeHHH, CBOHCTB8 20 H 6° - cosemamensHblU 3aROH, a CBOHCTBO 7° '- pacnpedenumenstcuu aaROH YMHomeHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO CJIO)KeIU1H.

113 STHX CBOHCTB BbIBO,nH'l'CH npyrne CBoHcTBa. Hanparaep, a' 0 = O. B caMOM nene, HMeeM

a'O = a (b + (-b) =ab + a (-b) = ab + (-a b) = O.

27. Flponopnun. nYCTh a, b, c, d - ,neiicTBHTeJIbnste t)'HCJIa, OTJIH'IHbIe OT 0, H nYCTb llMeeT MeCTO paBeHCTBO a : b = c : d. 9TO paBeHCTBO Ha3bIBaJOT nponopuueii, qHCJIa a H d - KpaUHU.MU nnenasu», a "'-IHCJIa b If C - cpeimuscu If/teHaMU IIpOIIOPI~IH1.

,1l;JIH nponopnan MO)KHO MCIIOJIb30BUTb Ii 39nHCb

a c

b d'

Hanpasrep, MomHO COCTUBHTb nponopmno 113 qHCeJI 2,5; -4; -5 Ii 8:

Onpasennamc cJIe,nylOIIJ;He yTBepm,lJ,eHHH:

TeopeMa 10. npOH3Be,lJ,eHHe KpaHH11x "l-IJIeHOB npoTIOp~HH paBHO IIpOH3Be~eHIHO ee Cpe,lJ,HHX qJIeHOB.

~47

TeopeMa 11. KpaHHH.e l.JJIeHhl rrpOnOpIJ,HH MomHO

a cdc

nOMCHSITb MeCTaMH, T. e. eCJllI - = - , TO - = - .

b d b a

TeopeMa 12. Cpe.l(HHC 'tJJIeHbI rrpOIIOpIJ,Hll MmKHO

a cab

rrOMeHHThMeCTaMH, T. e. eCJlH ~ = d' TO cd'

28. CTCnCH:L C HaTypaJlbH:LIM nOKa3aTcnCM. Ilvcri, a - ,n;CHcTBHTeJIbHOe 'tJHCJIO, a n ~ aaryparn.aoe qHCJIO, 60JIbmee e,l.(HHHIJ,bI. n-li cmenenuio uucna a nB3bIBalOT npoaaaenenae n MHo.iKHTeJIeH, I<am,n;hIH H3 KOTOpsrx pasea a:

an = a . a .•.•• a.

---y----

n MHMKIfTe.lleir

ECJIH n = 1, TO nOJIaraIOT a1 = a.

qHCJIO a - OC1l08altUe cmeneuu, n - nOlCa3ameJlb cmenenu.

r 1)4 1 1 1 1 1

Hanpaxrep, la =:3':3':3':3 = 81 .

Cnpaaennansr CJIe.l(YlOIIJ,He CBoHcTBa crenerra C HBTypaJIbHhlM uoxaaareneer:

2°. an : ak = an -. k, CCJIH n > k. 50. an = (~)n ,b =;t: O.

30. (an)k =ank. b" b

Hanpasiep, 23. 25 = 23 + 5 = 28; (23)5 = 23.5 = 215;

(2)3 23 8

5 = 53 = 125 .

29. Crenem, C HyneBblM nOKa3aTCJleM. Crenens C oTpUU;aTCJlbHbIM U;CJlblM noteaaarenesr. IIoJ1araIOT no onpeneneamo: ecnu a =;t: 0, mo

aO= 1.

48

[naaa I. LJV1CJ1A

Hanpaxep, (2.7)0 = 1; (-5)° = 1. HYJIeBaH crerrens 'IIICJIa 0 He llMeeT CMhIC.JIa.

ITOJIaraIOT no onpe.aeneamo: eCJIH a 7:- 0 11 n - naTypaJIbHOe 'IIICJIO, TO

-n 1

a =-. an

Hanpnsrep 5-3 = .!_ = _1_ . (-2)-2 = _1_

, 53 125 ' (_2)2

CnpaBe,ll;JIIIBO paBeHCTBO

1 4 .

30. Onpenenemre apHcpMeTH'IeCKOrO KOpHH. CBOUCTBa apHcpMeTH'IeCKHX rcopnefi. ECJIl1 a > 0 H n - na'ryparrsnoe "'IHCJIO, fiorn.uree I, TO cymecrsyer, II TO.JIbKO OARO, HeO'I'p11n;aTeJIbHOe 1111CJIO x TaRoe, qTO BblIIOJIH$l-

eTCH paBeHCTBO x" = a. 3'fO ~niCJIO x Ha3bIBalOT apuqmemUlJ,eClCUM xopneu n-i1: crerrean 113 HeOTpHn;aTeJIbHOrO

qHCJIa a 11 0603HaqalOT 'Va. QI1CJIO a Ha3hIBalOT noiucopeHHbl.M If,UCJlOM, n - noxasameneu KOPH.fl. ECJI11 n =

= 2, TO 06bPIlIO 1111IlIyT Fa (OllYCRaR IIOKR3aTeJIb KOpHR:) 11 Ha3bIBalOT 3'1'0 asrpaxcen ae xeaopamneu« KOpHeM. Hacro BMeCTO TepMHHa «RopeHh» YIIOTpe6JIHIOT TepM11H « paA11 KaJI ».

IITaR, COrJIaCHO onpenenenaro, aanncs flJa = X, rne a > 0, oanauaer , so-rrepasrx, qTO X ;;;;, 0 11, BO-BTOPbIX, 'ITO xn.= a, T. e.

I r: n (n,..ta) = a.

Hanpmrep, J49 = 7, V125 = 5, 10J0 = o.

§ 3. JJ.eIiICTB~TeJlbHble Y~CJla

49

EC.1IH a > 0 H b > 0, TO crrpaaeztnnasr crrezryrourae CBOHCTBa:

4°. /INa = nVa. 5°. nmJakm = W.

2°. n ~ = va, b * O.

Vb nJb

30. (nJa)k = nj;;k.

IIpHBe,n;eM npaxepsr: a) V719 = 5[243 = V243 = ~;

32 V32" 5J32 2

6) (5);;2)3 = 5J(a2)3 = 5j;;6; B) Wa = 4.3)0, = 12ja;

r) W = 3j;;2 (noxaaarena KOpHR II nozncopen aoro Bblpa)KeHIIR pa3,n;eJIHJIH na 2).

CBO:H:CTBO 1 o pacnpocrpaaaerca na rrpoaaaeneane JIlO-

6oro qHCna MHO)f{HTeJIeH. Harrpasrep, 3J8· 27 . 125 = = VB . 3J27 . V125 = 2 . 3 . 5 = 30.

31. Kopens He1JeTHOH crenemr H3 OTpHIJ,8TeJlbllOrO -qHCJla. nYCTb a < 0, a n - narvpansnoe qHCJIO, 60JIbIIIee 1. ECJIH n - Het.JeTHoe qHCJIO, TO cymecrnye'r O,n;HO

H TO.1IbKO O,l.l;HO .n;eiiCTBI1Te.1IbHOe ql1CJIO x TaKoe, 'ITO x" =

= a. STO ql1CJIO o603·HaqaIOT nja J1 Ha3bIBalOT «opneu nesemnou cmenenu n U3 ompuuamenunoeo uuc.na a. ECJIH xce n - -qeTHoe t.JI1CJIO, TO paBeHCTBO x" = a He BbIlIOJIHReTCH HH npn KaROM ,n;eliCTBl1TeJIbHOM anaseHJ1H x. STO 3Hat.JHT, 'ITO na MHomeCTBe ,l.I;ellCTBl1'reJIhHbIX iJ:I1ceJI HeJIb3R onpenemrn, xopens ~leTHO:H: creneHI1 113 orpnnarerrr.noro -qI1CJIa.

50

r nasa L YV1CflA

Hanpaxep, :v=s = -2. TaK KaK (-2)3 = -8; V-243

= -3, TUK KaK (-3)5 = -243. Banner, 'V=I6 He HMeeT CMbTCJla.

B cnysae He'leTHbIX rroxaaaranea KopHeii CBoHcTBa pa~I1KaJIOB, cnpasennaasre ,n;JlH aeorpnnarensasrx 3HaqeHHH nomcopeaasrx BhlpameIll1ii (u, 35), sepasa a ,zt;JI.H OTpI·m;aTe.71bHbIX 3Ha'leIIMll rronxopeansrx BblpameHHii.

Hanpasaep, 3J(ib = Va . Vb JJ;JlR JlI06hIX a II b.

32. Crenens C .IlPOfiHhlM nOKa3aTeJIeM. ilOJIaraIOT no onpeneneamo: eCJlH a ~ 0 11 m , n - aarypansrrsre qHCJla, n ~ 2, TO

m

an = nj;jn;

eCJlI1 a > 0, TO

nt

a' n

1

--.

In

«Il

Heuenaa c-renea s OTpMuaTeJlbHOrO "I.MCJla He IIMeeT CMbTCJla.

1

Hanpasrep, 83 = 3J8 "'" 2;

1 J4

33. CBoHcTBa creneneii c paU;HOllaJILHhIMH norea- 38TeJIHMH. ,UJI.H mo6oro qnCJIa a orrpenaneaa onepanua

§ 3. ne~GBVlTeJ1bHble LfVlCJ1a

51

B03Be,n,eHJUI B HaTyp8JlhHYlO creneus (eM. II. 28); ,n,JUI m06oro tIHCJla a 7= 0 onpezteneaa onepanna B03Be,n,eHH.H B HYJIeBYIO H. :u.eJlYIO OTpH~aTeJIbHYlO crenem, (CM. II. 29); ,n,JIH JII060ro a ;;:;: 0 onpeaenena onepauna B03Be,n,emIH n nOJIO:>KRTeJIbUYIO ,n,p06HYIO crenem. (CM. n. 32), H, H8- KOHe:u., ,n,JISI JIlOooro a > 0 orrpeaeaena OIIepaU;H:H B03Be,n,eHHSI B oTpRu.aTeJlbHYIO ,n,p06HYlO creneai, (CM. n. 32).

o 5 (1) 0.25 Harrpnsrep, BhI~IHCJII1M (6,25) , . 16

- (-4)-1. (0,343)0,

(6,25)°,5 = (245)~ = J¥ = ~ ; (116r,2f> = (116)i

= -1 fl =!. (-4)-1 = _!_ = -! . (0 343)° = 1.

VI6 2' -4 4 ' ,

B 11TOre nonyuaers

(6,25)0,5 . (116r,25 - (-4)-1 . (0,343)0

- (-i) . 1 = 1,5.

5 1

·2 "2

ECJIR a > 0, b > 0 11 r, s - JII06hIe paU;MOH8J1bHbIC '1ReJla, TO:

1°. ar • as = a r + s. 20. ar : as = a r - s. 30. (ar).!I = ars,

34. TIoHSITHe 0 CTeneHH C HppaIJ,HOHaJIbllbiM IIOxaaareaers. ITYCTh ~ - Hppa~HOHaJIhHOe tI11CJIO. TIoHCH11M, KaRoH CMhICJI BKJIa,n,hlBaeTCH B aanncs aP, rne a - rrOJIO)KlITeJIhHOe "tJ.MCJlO. Paccjaorpasr TpM CJIyqaH: a = 1, a > 1,0 < a < 1.

52

fnasa L l{VlCnA

1) ECJIH a = 1. TO rrOJIaraIOT 113 = 1.

2) Ilycri, a > 1. B03bMeM m060e pan,110HaJIbHOe 'tUICJIO rl < ~ H m060e pau,HOHaJIbHOe 1.JHCJIO 1'2 > B. TOI',n;a 1"1 < r2

rl r2 B

H a < a . B 3TOM cJIY1.Jae nozt a rrOHI1MaIOT TaRoe

1'1 r2

,{MCJIO, xoropoe 38KJIIO"lIeHO Me)K,rly a M a lI,JUI JIIO-

6blX pall,HOHaJIbHbIX l.JllCeJI rl 11 1'2 TfIl<I1X, "lITO r1 < f_), a r z > ~. 'I'axoe '{MeJIa cytnec'raye'r If e1l,HHCTBeHHO ,ll,JIH JII06oro a > 1 II JIIo6oro HppaI~110HaJIbHOI'O ~.

3) Ilyc'n. 0 < a < 1. B03bMeM JlI060e pall,IIOHaJIbHOe 'IMCJIO r1 < ~ If JII060e pall,110HaJILHOe 4l1CJIO r2 > B. Tor-

r I' r~

.n;a 1"1 < r2 H a I > a 2. B 3TOM c.ny-rae nozr a rrOHHMalOT

r I'

TaRoe 4IfCJIO, rcoropoe 3aKJIIOl.JeHO Mem,ll,y a 2 If a I

,IlJI.fI JII06bIX pau,IIOHaJIbHbIX -mcen rl 11 1"2' y.n;OBJIeTBOpHIDll\MX HepaBeHCTBY 1'1 < 13 < 1'2' Taxoe '{II1CJIO cyI1~ecTByeT 11 e.n;I1Hc'fBeHilO .n;Jlfl. JII06oro l.JI1CJIa a 113 HHTepBaJIa (0; 1) 11 JII06oro I1ppall,HOHaJIhHOrO B.

35. CBoiicTBa creneneil C .ra:eHcTBHTeJIhHLIMIl notea- 3aTeJIHMH. ECJIH a > 0, b -::. 0 H X, Y - JII06bIC .n;eiiCTBI1- TeJIhHbIC 'lIlCJI3, TO CnpaBe,ll,JII1BhI CJIe,ll,YIOlll,I1C CBOMCTBa:

1°. aX. aY = a" + u, 2°. aX : aY = aX -:- Y. 3°. (aX)Y = aXY•

rnABA II

AJ1rE6PALII4ECKII1E BbIPA>KEHLIIs:I

§ 4. OCHoBHble nOHSlTIi'ISI

36. BHJJ:LI a.1JI'e6paHl.IeCKHX BLJpa~eHHii:. 113 4IfCeJI 11 nepesresmsrx C nOMOll1;bJO 3HaKOB CJIO)KeHIfH, BhI4HTaH.IfH, YMHOmeHIfH, .n;eJIeHMH, B03Be.n;eHM.H B paunOHaJIbHYIO crenem, M M3BJIeQeH.If.H KOpHH .If C nOMOll1;bJO CKo6oK COCTaBJI.HJOT aneetipauuectcue eupaoeenus:

IIpHMepbI anreripaaxecxax BblpameHUll:

1) 2a2b - 3ab2 (a + b); 2) a + b + ~; 3) 3a!:! + 3a + 1 ;

5 a-I

::! ::!

4) G + ~ - ~) 3 ; 5) Ja + b; 6)(V2 - x)4; 7) a3 - b3 .

ECJIlI anreepansecxoe nsrpaxcenae He conepacar zreJleHJ1H na nepexeaasre 11 113BJIeQeHIfH KOpHH 113 nepeMeHHbIX (B 4aCTHOCT11, B03Be,ll,eH.If.H B crerrens C JJ.po6- HbIM rrOKa3aTeJIeM), TO ero Ha3bIBaJOT l~eJlbl.M eupa»:eJiUeM. 113 HarrHC8HHbIX BbIlliC u;eJIbIMH HBJI.ffJOTC.H Bblpaaceana I), 2) H 6).

ECJIlI aJIre6paMQeCKOe asrpaacenae COCTaBJleHO lI3 "lllICeJI II nepesrenasrx C nOMOrn;bJO ,lI,ellCTBMll CJIo)ReHUH, Bbl"lll1TaH11H, YMHomeHlfH, B03Be.n;eHIfH B crerrem, C naTypaJIbHbIM rrOKa3aTeJIeM 11 .n;eJIeHI1H, rrpl1"lleM HCrrOJIbayerca .n;eJIeHI1e na asipaaceuaa C neperaennsnca, TO ero Ha3bIBaJOT iJP06Iibl . .M eupascenuesc. TaR, lI3 nanncaaHbIX nsmre ,lI,P06HbIMH HBJIHJOTCH nsrpaaceana 3) H 4).

IJ;eJIbIe If ,n;po6Hble asrpaacenna Ha3bIBaJOT pauuonaniacuscu. eupascenusocu, TaR, 113 aanacaaa six asr-

5'1 rflasa II. AJ1rE6PAlA4ECKV1E BbIPA>KEHV151

me pan;MOHaJIbHbIMH $IBJUIIOTCH BhlpaJKeHM.R 1), 2), 3),

4) H 6).

ECJIH B aJII'e6paH'1eckoM ssrpaaceaaa IrCnOJIh3yeTcSI n3BJIe'1eHlIe KOpHH 113 nepexearrsrx (HJIn B03Be,ll;eHHe nepeMeHHhIX B ,lI;po6HYIO crenens], TO ero H83blBaIOT uppal~u.Ofta.TlbH-bt.M 6btpa:JICeHUe.M. TaR, H3 aarracanasrx nsnne nppatJ;liOHaJIhHblMH .RBJIHIOTCH BbIpaJKeHIIH 5) II 7).

1'1TaR, anretipanxecxae BblpaJKeHHH MoryT 6bITb paunOHaJIbHbIMII 11 Hppan;nOHaJIbHhIMH. Pan;HOHaJIbHbIC BblpaJKeHH.R, B CBOIO oxepens, pa3,n;eJISIIOTCH na nezrsre H ,n;po6Hble.

37 . .u;orrycTHMwe 3Ha'leHHlI nepessemnax. 06J1aCTh onpeneneana aaretipauuecreoro BbIpa:)KeHHlI. 3H8'1eHHH rrepesrenasrx, npa ROTOPhlX anrefipaavecrcoe Bblpaaceane HMeeT CMbIC.n, Ha3bIB8JOT (JonycmU.Mbl.M.U snauenunsu: nepenetocux, MHomeCTBO ncex ,n;onYCTHMbIX 3HaqeHI1H nepexemnax Ha3bIB8IOT ooxacniuo onpeiie.TleHUR aneetipauuectcoeo eupascenusc (UJIII 06JIaCTbJO ,lJ;OnYCTIIMbIX 3HaqeHHll: nepexesnrsrx - O,l1;3).

Llenoe aupaacenae HMeeT CMblCJI npn JlI06blX 3U8QeHHSIX sxonanmx B Hero nepestemrsrx. TaR, npn JII06bIX 3HaQeHnSIX rrepereeaasrx H:MelOT CMbIC.n nensre asrpameHMH 1), 2), 6) J13 n. 36.

,npo6HbIe asrpaxceana He HMeIOT CMbICJIa npn Tex 3HaQeHH.RX rreperaemrsrx , xoropsre ofipauraror 3HaMenarens B UYJlb. TaR, zrpofinoe ssrpaaceuae 3) H3 n. 36 HMeeT CMblCJI IIpH ncex a, RpOMe a = 1, a ,lI;p06HOe Bblpaxcemre 4) HMeeT CMbICJI rrpa scex a, b, c, RpOMe 3HaQeHuii a = 0, b = O.

HppaU;HOHaJlbHOe asrpaacexae He JiMeeT CMbICJIa npa rex 3H8q:eHHHX rtepesremrsrx, xoropsre otiparuaror B 'orpanarensnoe "tIllCJIO asrpaaceaae, conepacameeca non 3HaROM ROpHH q:eTHOH CTerreHI1 HJIIi rrO,ll;3UaKOM B03Be,lI;eHIUI B ,lI;P06HYIO creneas. TaR, nppannoaansnoe BM-

§ 4. OCHoai-tble nOHRTI-lSl

·55

paacenne fi) HMeeT CMhICJI TOJIbKO rrpn Tex a, b, npn KOTOPbIX a + b > 0, a HppaU;HOHaJIbHOe asipaacenae 7) HMeeT CMhICJI TOJIbKO npn a > 0 H b > 0 (CM:. II. 36).

ECJIH B aJIre6paHQeCKOM asrpaaceaan lIepeMeHHhIM npazta'n- llonYCTHMble 3H6l{eHH5I, TO IlOJIyqHTC5I t.InCJIOnoe asrpaaceaae: ero 3Hat.IeHHe H63bIBalOT 3Ha'leHUe.M aJlze6paU'leC1COZU 6blpaJICeHUJt rrpa BbI6paHHbIX aaaneHIUIX nepexeaasrx.

Hanpioaep, HaMlleM aaasemre BLlpa.iKeHliH

~ rrpna=5 b=2. 2a - b'

V52+2 _ 3J27 '- 3

HMeeM 2.5 - 2 - 10 - 2 - 8 .

38. DOH1ITHe To~ecTBeHHOrO npeotipaaonanaa BLIpa:JKeHH.R. TOa\,ll;ecTBo. Paccsrorpasa .n;Ba nsipaaceaaa

{(x)=x2-2x H g(x)=4x-5.

Ilpn x = 2 HMeeM f (2) = 22 - 2 . 2 = 0; g (i) = 4 . 2 - - 5 = 3. qncJIa 0 H 3 naastsaror coomeemcmeennu mu

3Ha'leHUJl.MU BLlpameHHH x2 - 2x H 4x - 5 rrpn x = 2. Haanex COOTBeTCTBeHHble 3HaQeHHSI Tex xce asipaaceHHH npn x = 1:

1(1)=12-2'1=-1; g(1)=4'1-5=-1; npn x = 0:

{(O) = 02 - 2 . 0 = 0; g (0) = 4 . 0 - 5 = -5.

Coorsercraeansre 3HaQeHHSI zrayx BblpameHHM MoryT 6bITh paBHblMH npyr npyry (TaK, B paccsrorpenrrora npasrepe BhlrrOJIHHeTCSI pasenerso ((1) = g(1», a MoryT II OTJlnQaTbCSI npyr OT ztpyra (TaK, B paCCMOTpeHHOM npaxepe 1(2) :;t: g(2); 1(0) :;t: g(O».

56 Fnaaa II. AnrE5PAVlYECKV1E BbIPA>KEHV151

ECJII1 COOTBeTCTBeHHbIe 3H8'leHll.H .n;BYX BblpameH11M, conepacatnax O.D;HI1 II Te me nepenennsre, COBna,n;aIOT nprr scex .D;OrrycTI1MbIX 3HaQeHH.ffX nepeMCHHbIX, TO asrpamCHM.H naasmaior mO.WGeCm6eHHO pa6Hb1MU.

TO:HCGeCm80M Ha3bIBalOT panCHCTBO, aepaoe npn BCCX ,n;OIIYCTI1MbIX 3HaQeHIUfX BXO,n;H.~I1X n Hero nepeMeHHhIX.

TaR, Tom,n;ecTBeHHo paan st RhlpamCHI1H. x5 11 x2 . x3, a + b + c 11 C + b + a, (2ab)2 Ii 4a2b2•

IIpI1MepbI TO.IK.D;eCTB:

a + b = b + a, a + 0 = a,

(a + b) c = ac + be, a' 1 = a,

x5 = x2. x3•

IIporropIJ,I1H (cM. n. 27) ~ a -- 1

lOa

ecrr, Tom.n;e" 5( a-I)

CTBO npa ncex 3Ha QeHH.HX a, rcpoxre a = 1, IIOCKOJIhRY npn a = 1 3HaMeHaTeJIM ,n;po6eM o6pa~flIOTCH. B HyJIh, 'f. e. J\po6n lie Oy.n;YT MMe'fb CMbICJIfl.

3aMcHa Bhfpa.IKeHI1H. ue BhlpameHueM ~ (corcparn-

be b

JUI HR c) CCTb TO.IK,ll;eCTBeHHoe npeofipaaouaane asrpaxce-

ae ac

H11H. - IIpl1 orpaHfP-leHI1HX b :;t:. 0, (' :;t:. O. 3HaQI1T, - =

be be

= '5 - Tom,n;eCTBO rrpn scex 3Ha~leH11HX rrepewrermr.tx , xporae b = 0, c = 0. Bepn sre QI1CJIOBble pasencrna TaRme Ha3bIBalOT TO.iK,n;eCTBaMII.

3aMeHY O,D;HOrO asrpaxceuna ,n;pyrI1M, TO.iK,n;eCTBeHHO pasIIhlM eMY, Ha3hIBalOT mascoecmeenscu sc npeotipasoBaHUPM 61JIpaJICeHU.R.

§ 5. tlenue pauaonans-rue Bblpa)!(eHlI1fl

57

§ 5. Ltenble pau,lIIoHal1bHble Bblpa>KeHIf1S1

39. O;:J;HO'lJIeHLI H onepaumr nan HHMJI. Oiinou neHOM Ha3bIBaIOT TaKoe asrpaxcen ae, xoropoe conepxorr qMCJIa, narypaasasre creneua nepexremrsrx 11 HX npo-

1-I3Be,l{eHIUI. Hanpasrep, 3u . (2,5a3), (5ab2) • (O,4c:3d),

x2y . (-2z) . ~ - O,LJ;HOtIJIeHbI, Tor,n;a KaK asrpaxceana

4 "

ab '

a + b, - He HBJIHIOTC.H O,lJ,HOtIJIeHaMH. c

JII060M: O,l{HOtIJIeH IViomHO npnaecrn K cmandapmno.My euih), T. e. rrpe,n;cTaBHTb B BII,l{e rtpoaaaenenua tIHCJIOBOrO MHOmHTeJIH, CTOHIl.\erO 1Ia nepnora Mec're, If CTeneneii pa3JIH~IHbIX rreperaeaasrx. qHCJIOBOif MHO)KHTeJIb onaounena, aanucaanoro B CTaH,lJ,apTHOM BUlle, na3blB8IOT K03q)(jJUl{Uenmo.M odnownena, CYMMY notcaaareneri erenenea scex rrepeereansrx Ha3bIB81OT cmenenbW oOnOllJlena.

ECJm: Mem,ll;Y ,lJ,BYMH O,ll;HOqJIeHaMl1 IIOCT8Bl1Tb 3HaK YMHO)KeHHH, TO rrOJlYtIl1TCH O,ll;HOQJIeH, Ha3bIBaeMbiM npoueeeiienuesi I1CXO,Zl;HbIX o,n;HO"llJIeHOB. Tlpn B03Be,ll;CHl1H o,n;HOQJIeHa B H8TypaJIbHYIO crenens raxxce nOJIYtIaeTCH ozmonzren. Pe3YJIbTaT 06hItIHO rrpl1BO,Zl;HT K crannaprnosry BHAY.

Ilpaaeztenae oAHot{JIeH8 K craanaprnorey nnzry, YMHOmeHl1e o,n;HOtIJIeHOB - Tom,n;eCTBeHHbIe npeofipaaonaaaa,

Il p nre e p 1. Ilpnaecrn K CTaH,lI;apTHOMY Bl1,l{Y O,n;HOIIJIeH 3a . (2,5a3).

Pe m e a n e. 3a' (2,5a3) = (3' 2,5)' (a' a3) = 7,5a4. IT p Ii M e p 2. BbIIIOJIHMTb YMHO)KeHHe O,n;HOtIJle HOB

24ab2ed3 1-1 ~ a2b3c.

58 rJlaBa II. AJlrE6PAYNECKII1E BbIPA>KEHII151

Pe m e n a e. (24ab2cd3) • (~a2b3c) = (24 . ~) x x (a . a2) • (b2 • b3) • (c . c) . d3 = 4a3b5c2d3•

O~HOtIJIeHhl. IJPHBe~eHHhle ]{ CTa~apTHOMY BH~Y, Ha3hIBalOT noi}o6ublMU, eCJIH OHM OTJ1U"tlaIOTCH TOJlhKO K03(1)<pIUJ,HeHToM HJ1H COBceM He OTJInqaroTCH. IlonooHMe oziaounerrsr MO)KHO e]{JIa~~IBaTh H BbIql1TaTh. B pe- 3YJlhTaTe ner-o CHOBa nonyuae'rca O~HOrrJIeH. nOAo6HhlH HeXO~HhlM (HHOf'~a noaysraerca 0). CJIO.>KeHHe u BhI"tlHTaHHe ITO~06HhIX O,ll;HOrrJIeHOB Ha3hIBalOT npueeiienueu noi}o6HblX «nenoe,

IIpHMep 3. BhlnOJIHlITh eJlOJKeHHe O~HO"tlJ1eHOB 18x2yz3 H -8x2yz3.

Pe nr e a a e. 18x2yz3 + (-8x2yz3) (18 + (-8» x

x x2yz3 = lOx2yz3.

40. MHOrO'lJleHLI. Ilpuaeneune MHOrO'lJleHOB K CTaHJJ;apTHOMY BH,lly. MnOeO'lJleHOM Ha3b1BalOT eyMMy O.llHOtIJIeHOB. ECJIli Bee qJIeHhl MHOrOrrJIeHR aannca'rs B CTUH,lI,apTHOM BH,lI,e (CM. II. 39) H BhIITOJ1HI1Th npaseneHHe nO,ll,06HhIX QJIenOB, TO nOJIyrrHTcH scnoeos.nen cmaniiapmnozo euiia,

BCHKoe uenoe asrpaaceane MomHO npeofipaaoaa-rs B MHOf'OrrJleH CTaH~apTHOf'O BHAa - B aTOM COCTOHT ~eJlh npeofipaaoaanaji (ynpomenaii) u;eJIhIX mapaaceanii.

IIpHMep 1. TIpHBecTH MHororrJIen 3a . 5b + 3ab + + 2a' (-4b) + b· b K CTaH.n;apTHOMY BH~y.

P e m e H He. Caaxana npaaenex K cTaHAapTHoMY BHAY qJIeHhl MHOrOrrJIeHa. TIOJIy"lIHM 15ab + 3ab -

- 8ab + b2• Iloc.ne npaaezrenxa nO,l106HhIX rrJIeHOB nOJIYl.J:HM MlIOf'OrrJIeH craxnap-moro BHAft 10ab + b2•

§ 5. LJ,enble pa,-,,,,oHanbHble Bblpa>KeHIIISI

ITpHMep 2. (5a2b + ab2) - (3a2b - 4ab2).

P e III e H II e. ECJIII nepen cKo6KaMH CTOHT 3H8K MUHyC, TO CKo6KH MO'KHO OrrYCTHTb, H3MeHHB 3HaKH BCeX CJIaraeMbIX, 3aKJIIOQeHHbIX B CKo6KH. BOCrrOJIb30B8BlURCh 3THM rrpaBHJIOM pacxpsrraa CKo6oK, nOJIYQHM

5a2b + ab2 - 3a2b + 4ab2 =

= (5a2b -3a2b) +'(ab2+ 4ab2) = 2a2b+ 5ab2•

ITpHMep 3. (a + b) (a - b).

PeIIleHHe. HMeeM (a + b) (a - b) = a(a - b) + b(a -

- b) = a2 - ab + ab - b2 = a2 - b2•

41. WOPMYJIbl coiepauteauoro YMHomeHHlI. B HeKOTOPhIX cnyxaax rrpaseneaae ne.noro asrpaacerma K CTaH,l(apTHOMY BHAY MHOrO~lJIeHa OCYII\eCTBJIHeTCH C HCIIOJIh30BaHH:eM TOiK.n;eCTB:

(a + b)(a - b) = a2 - b2, (1)

·(a + b)2 == a2 + 2ab + v, (2)

(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2, (3)

(a + b) (a2 - ab +b2) = a3 + b3, (4)

(a-b)(a2+ab+b2)=a3-b3, (5)

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3, (6)

(a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3• (7)

3TH TOiK.n;eCTBa Ha3bIBaIOT popM.y.n..a.MU cotcpauieunoto Y.M1WJlCeItUJl.

PaCCMOTpHM rrproeepsr, B KOTOPbIX HymHo npeofipa- 30BaTb aaaaaaoe nsrpaxcemre B MHorOl:IJIeH craanapraoro BH,l.J;a.

60 rnaBa II. AnrE6PAVlLJECKVlE BbIPA>KEHWI

IIpMMep 1. (3x2 + 4y3) (3x2 - 4y3).

P e III e H II e. BOCnOJIh30BaBllIMcb (POPMYJlOM (1), no-

(3X2)2 - (4y3)2 = 9x4 -16y6.

IIpMMep 2. (a + b - e) (a + b + e).

Pe nr e a n e. (a + b - e) (a + b + c) = «a + b) - c)x

x «a + b) + c) = (a + b)2 - c2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 - c2•

Il p a x e p 3. (3a2 - 5b3)2.

Pe m e HM e. BOCnOJIb30BaSIIlllcb CPOPMYJIOM (3). noJIyqIlM

(3a2)2 - 2· 3a2• 5b3 + (5b3)2 = 9a4 - 30a2b3 + 25b6•

IIpHMep 4. (3a + 1) (9a2 - 3a + 1).

Pe m e a n e, BOCnOJIb30BaSIIlHcb (POPMYJlOM (4). no-

42. Pa3JIO:tKeHHe MHOrO'lJleHOB na M~Oa(MTeJlH.

Hnorzra MomHO npeotipaaoaarr, MHOrOqJIeH B nponase.n;eHHe HeCKOJIbKHX MHO.iKI1Te.;1:e:i1 - MHOrOqJIeHOB HJIH O~HO'1JIeHOB. 'I'arcoe roaenecrnemroe npeofipaaonarrne Hfl3bIBalOT pa3JlOJICeHUe.M sucoeou.neu.a ua .MHOJICUmeJl u. B aTOM cnyxae rOBopHT, 'ITO MHOrOl.JJIeH .n;eJII1TC.R na Ram~bIM H3 3TIIX MHOmllT~JIeM.

PaCCMOTpHM nercoropsre cnocofisr paanoaceana MHOrOqJIeHOB na MHOmllTeJIH.

1. Buneceuue ooiueeo .MHOJICUmeJtR sa CKo6KU. STO npeofipaaonaane .RBJI.fIeTCH rrerrocpeztcrnenmara CJIe.n;CTBHeM pacnpenennrensnoro 3aKOHa

ac + be = c (a + b).

IIpHMep 1. Pa3JIo)KHTb aa MHOml1TeJII1 MHOfOl.JJIeH 28x3 - 35x4.

Pe m e a n e. 28x3 - 35x4 = 7x3• 4 - 7x3. 5x = = 7x3. (4 - 5x).

§ 5. Ilenue paL\VlOHaJ1bHble Bblpa>KeHV1A

61

06bP1HO rrpn BbIHeceHIUf ofintero MHOllil1TeJIR aa CK06KH K8:>K,IJ;YIO nepesrennyro, BXO,lJ;H~YIO BO Bee LJJIeHbI MHOrOLJJIeH8, BbIHOCRT C Hal1MeHbIIIlfM noxaaareJleM, KOTOPblii OHa HMeeT B ,n;aHHOM MHOrOT.£JIeHe. ECJIH see K03cpqm:IJ,lfeHTbI MHOrOT.£JIeHa _ II,eJIbIe l.J:IICJIa, TO B Kal.J:eCTBe K03cpqJl1IJ,l1eHT8 o6m;ero MHQ)IOfTeJIR 6epYT H8H60JIbllIJfH ITO MO,n;YJlIO 06III;HH: ,lJ,eJIJiTeJIb ncex K03q)qmIJ,lfeHTOB MHOrOl.J:JIeH8.

2. H cnonesoeanue (jJOPM.IJ.'1 cotcpaiuennoeo Y.M..ltoJICeHUH. «P0PMYJIbI (1)"- (7) JJ:I n. 41, 6y.n;Y'lJf riP0l.J:HT8HHbIMlf «cnpaaa n8JIeBO», BO MHor11X CJIyqaHX OKa3bIB8- IOTCH nOJIe3HbIMU .n;JIH paanoacerrna MHOrOT.£JreHOB aa M HO:>KIITeJIH.

IIpIIMep 2. Pa3JIOlli11Tb na MHOlliHTeJI11 x6 - l.

P e ID e H 11 e. liMeeM x6 - 1 = (x3)2 - 12. IIpl1MeHl1B (l>opMYJIY (1) (paauocrr, KB8,n;pftTOB), rrOJIyqMM (x3 + 1) x x (x3 - 1). IIplIMeHMB reneps (l)opMYJIbI (4) II (5) (CYMMa Ky60B, pa3HOCTb Ky60B), rrOJIyqJfM

(x + 1)(x2 - x + l)(x - 1)(x2 + x + 1).

HTaK,

x6 -1 = (x + l)(x - 1)(x2 - X + 1)(x2 + X + 1).

Il p a rs ep 3. 4a4b3 + 16a3b4 + 16a2b5•

PeIDeHJfe. Caaxana asmecesr aa cK06KM 06m;MH MHO:>KMTeJIb. ,IJ;JIR :3TOrO H8fi.n;eM HftM60JIbIImi1 06m;Hii .n;eJIIITeJIb K03cpcpm.J;JfeHTOB 4, 16, 16 II HaJfMeHbIllJfe ITOKa3aTeJIlf crencnea, c KOTOPbIMl1 rrepewrenm-re a IIJlH b BXO,ZJ;.HT B COCTaBJIHIOIII;Me .n;aHHbIi1 MHOrO~IJleH O.n;HOT.£JleHbI. I10JIyqJfM

4a2b3 (a2 + 4ab + 4b2).

TaK KaK, nanee, ITO q)QpMYJIe (2), a2 + 4ab + 4b2 = = (a + 2b)2, TO OKOWIaTeJIbHO rro.ny-raesr 4a4b3 + + 16a3b4 + 16a2b5 = 4a2b3 (a + 2b)2.

62 fIlaBa II. AnfE6PAIt14ECKIIIE BbIPA>KEHIIIH

3. Cnoco6 eppnnupoexu, OH OCIIOBaH H8 TOM, lJTO nepeMeCTlITeJlbHblH II COlJeTRTeJIbHbIH 38KOHbI CJlOmeHIUI II03BOJI.RIOT rpynrmposavs ~lJIeHhl MHOrOQJleH8 paanauHhIMI1 cIIoc06aMII. Hnorna YAae'l'CH TaK8.R rpynrmpoaxa, '-ITO nocne BbIHeCeHII.R 38 CKo6KIf 06II.J;l1X MHO)KHTeJIel:f B Ka)KAOH rpynne B cK06Kax OCTaeTCH OAHU 1'1 TOT me MHOrOlJJIeH, KOTOPbIM. B CBOJO oxepezn., K81< 06II.J;HM MHo»mTeJIb Mo.meT 6bITb asnrecen aa CKo6KH.

PaCCMOTpHM npaaepsr paanoaeenna MHorOt{JIeHa aa MUmKlITeJIII cnocofiosr rpynnapoaxa

Il pn sie p 4. x3 - 3x2 + 5x - 15.

Pe III e H II e. IIpoH3Be,neM rpyrmupomcy cnezryioI.IJ;UM o6pa30M:

B nepaofr rpynrre asraecesr aa CK06KJA. 06rn;IIH MHO)KJA.TeJIb x2, BO BTOPOM - 06rn;llM MHOmUTeJIb 5. Ilonyt{IlM x2 (x - 3) + 5 (x - 3). Teneps MHorOt{JleH (x - 3) KaK 06W;HH MHO)KlITeJIb asmecesr .sa CKo6KI1: (x - 3) x

x (x2 + 5). TaKHM 06pa30M, I10JIY'-I8CM

x3 - 3x2 + 5x - 15 = (x - 3)(x2 + 5).

Il p are ep 5. 20x2 + 3yz - 15xy - 4xz.

Pe m e n a e. 20x2 + 3yz - 15xy - 4xz = (20x2- -15xy) + (3yz - 4xz) = 5x (4x - 3y) - z (4x - 3y) = = (4x - 3y) (5x - z).

I1pHMep 6. a2 - tab + 12b2•

P e ill e H H e. 3,necb HlIK8KUH rpynrrapostca He npnsener K nOHBJIeHlIJO BO acex rpyrmax onnoro II Toro,me MHor01.IJIe1l8. B TaKIiX CJlYlIa.RX auorna OKa3bIBaeTCH· norreansne rrpezicraaa'n, K81Wll-JlJA.60 xnen MHOrO'-Inena B BII,n;e HeKOTopOH CYMMbI, nocne nero CHOB8 nonp06o-

§ 5. tlenue pal.lIt10~aI1b~ble Bblpa>KeHIt1A

63

BaTb npHMeHlfTb cnoco6 rpynmrponren. B aauresr npaMepe u,eJIeCOOOp83HO npencraaari, -7 ab B anne CYMMLI - 3ab - 4ab. ilOJIyqlfM

a2-7ab+ 12b2=a2-3ab-4ab+ 12b2=

= (a2- 3ab) - (4ab..., 12b2) = a (a - 3b) - 4h(a - 3b) =

= (a - 3b)(a - 4b).

IIpHMep 7. x4 + 4y4.

Pe nr e a a e. IIpn:6aS:I.\:M H OTHlfMeM O~HO~JIeH 4x2y2, IIoJIY~I1M x4 + 4y4 = (x4 + 4x2y2 + 4y4) - 4x2y2 =

~ (x2 + 2y2)2 - (2xy)2 = (x2 + 2y2 - 2xy) (x2 + 2y2 + 2xy). 3,lleCL nparseuea memod eeule.nenus: nOJlIiOZO K6aiJpama.

43. MHoroQJleHLI OT O,lJ;HOft: nepesreunoii, MUOrOQJleH ax + b, rne a, b - ql{CJIa (a ;;t:. 0), a x - nepestemraa, na-

3bIBaJ01' M1LOZO'lJleH.OM nepeoii cmeneuu; MHOl'OQJIeH ax2 + + bx + e, rne a, b, c - ~HCJIa (a ;to 0), a x - nepeereaaaa, I183bIBaIOT MHOZO'l.tteIiO.M emopois cmenenu n:JIII 1C6aiJ-

pamnus: mpexwnenou; MHOrOqJIeH ax3 + bx2 + ex + + d, rne a, b, c, d - QlfCJI8 (a ;;t:. 0), 8 X - nepesseaaaa, Ha3bIB8IOT MH.OtO'lJleHO.Jl1. mpemieii cmeneuu,

Boo6I..IJ;e eCJIII a, b, c, .... l, m - ~HCJIft (a ;;t:. 0),8 X - nepeMCHH8R, TO MHOrOQJIeH

ax" + bx" - 1 + c x" - 2 + ... + Lx + m

Hft3bIBaIOT .MHOZOllJleH.O.Jl1. n-u cmeneuu tomnocumensno x);

nbn-l L b

ax, x , ... , x, m - QJIeHbI MHOrO~JIeHa, a, ,C,

..... I, m - K03QJqm:u;n:eHTbl, ax" - cmapiuuu 'lJteH MHOI'OqJleHa, a - K03(1)qJlfI..J;IfeHT npa crapnrera qJIeHe, m - c606oi)HblU «ne« MHOrOQJIeH8. 06bI~HO MHOI'OqJIeH 3arrn:CblB8IOT ITO y6LIBaIOI..IJ;lfM CTeueHRM nepesren-

64 Fnaaa II. AnrE6PAIIILJECKIIIE BbIPA)KEHIII51

HOI1, T. e. CTeTIeHH nepesreaaon x IIOCTeneHHO YMeubIlIaIOTC~, B qaCTHOCTH rra nepsom MeCTe CTOI1T crapmaii ~JJleH. na nOCJIe,n;HeM - cB060,n;HbIH 'qJteH. Cmeneu» MH020'lJlf'Ha - 31'0 crenens crapurero qJIeHa.

Hanpnsrep, 5X5 - 2x3 + 3X2 + 1 - MHOrO'qJIeH TI~'1'011 CTeneHH, B ROTOPOM 5x5 - CTaplIlUH qJIeH,·1 - CB060,n;HhIH qJIeH MHorO'qJIeHa.

ECJm K03qX}mIJ;HeHT npn crapuresr lIJIeHe paaen 1, TO MHOrOqJIen rraasrsaror npueeiienicu.u, eCJIH YK33aHIIbIH K03cjJ(}mll,l1.eHT OTJIl1.'qeH OT 1, TO nenpueeiiennicn,

Kopnest .MHOZOl/.JleHa P(x) naasrsaior 'raxoe 3Ha'IeHHe X, npn ROTOPOM MHOrOqJIeH 06pa~aeTC.R B lIYJIb. Hanpaxrep, qnCJIO 2 BBJIHeTC~ xopuesi MHOrOqJIeHa p (x) = x3 + 2x2 - 7x - 2, TaR KaR P (2) =23 + 2 . 22- - 7· 2 - 2 = O.

44. Pa3JIOmeHHe KBap;paTHOI'O TpeX'IJIeHa na J1I1- Hel1Hble MHO:IICI1TeJIIt. ECJII1 Xl 11 x2 - KOpHI1 tcaanparnoro rpexunena ax2 + bx + C (1'. e. KOpH11 ypannetraa ax2 + bx + c = 0), TO

ax2 + bx + c = a (x - Xl) (x - X2)'

8Ta (l>opMYJIa npnsreaaerca ,n;JI~ pa3JLO:JICeHZlJl 1C6aiJpamHOZO mpexu.netca Ita .MHO.1fCumeJlU.

II p 11 Me p. Pa3JIO)K11Th na MHO)K11TeJIH 6x2 - x - 2. PerneHlle. IIp11MeHllB (IJopMYJIY xopaeii xaazrpar-

noro ypaBHeHJIR (ere. II. 104) K ypaanemno 6x2 - x - 2 =

1 2

= 0, Haxo,n;HM Xl = -- , x2 = - • 3Ha'fHT,

2 3

6x2 - x - 2 = 6 ( X + ~) (x r: ~) = 2 (x + ~) . 3 ( x - ~)

= (2x + 1)(3x - 2).

§ 6. ,llpo6Hble pauaoaansuue Bblpa)l(eHlllfi 65

45. Pa3JIo*eHHe na MHO*HTeJIH ,n;BY1.lJIeHa xn - - an. M3BeCTHO, 'ITO

x2 - a2 = (x - a) (x + a),

(1)

(2)

ECJIH nepesmoaorn, MHorO"tJJIeHbI x - a H x3 + x2a + + xa2 + a3, TO rrOJIyqHM

x4 - a4 = (x - a)(x3 + x2a +xa2 + a3). (3)

0606w;eHHeM <P0PMYJI (1), (2), (3) .HBJI.ReTC.H q,OPMYJIa pa3JIOmeHIUI na MHOmHTeJIH .L\ByqJIeHa x" - an:

xn - an = (x - a)(xn - 1 + xn - 2a + xn - 3a2 + ... +

+ xa" - 2 + an - 1).

ECJIlf, B qaCTHOCTH, a = 1, TO ITOJIyqaeM

xn - 1 = (x - 1) (xn - 1 + xn - 2 + xn - 3 + ... + x + 1).

Hanpnsrep, x7 - 1 = (x - 1)(x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + + X + 1).

§ 6 . .D.po6Hble paLU·10HanbHble Bblpa>KeH~SI

46. PaU;HOHaJIbHaH ,n;pOOb H ee OCHOBHoe CBOHCTBO.

JIro6oe ~po6Hoe asrpaxcenae (CM. II. 36) MomHO npeofi'p

paeosa'rs I< BH~Y Q' rzte PH Q - MHOrO"tIJIeHbI. TaI<YIO

.L\P06b G Ha3bIBaIOT pau"UOHaJlbHOU {)p06blO.

Ilpaxepsr paIJ,HOHaJIbHhIX ~po6eii:

x+l --1' 2x-- 3

(x + 2)(x2 - 3) a+2b+5c

3-1707M

66 rJlasa II. AnrE6PAlttLJECKII1E BbIPA>KEHII151

OCltOaHOe ceoiicmeo opo6u asrpaacaerca TO.iK,ZJ;ecTBOM G = ~ ~, cnpaBe,ZJ;JIHBbIM npa YCJIOBHHX R 7:- 0 H Q 7:- 0; 3,ZJ;eCb R - nenoe pan;HOHaJIbHOe nsrpaaeenae. 3TO 3Ha"tJHT, "tJTO "tJHCJIHTeJIb H 3HaMeHaTeJIb pauaOHaJIbHOH: ,ZJ;P06H MO.iKHO YMHO.iKHTb HJIH paeaemrn, na O,n;HO II TO xce OTJIll"tJHoe OT HYJIH "tJllCJIO, O,lJ;HO"tJJIeH IIJiH MHorO"tJJIeH. Hanpnsrep,

(1 1 1)

12 -x2 + -x +-

4 6 2

4x3 - 6x2 + 12 3x2 + 2x + 6 .

OCHOBHoe CBOHCTBO ,n;po611 MO.iKeT 6bITb IICrrOJIb30BaHO ,lJ;JIH nepesreasr 3Ha:KOB Y "tJJIeHOB ,n;P06H. ECJIIi "tJHC-

JIHTeJIh H 3HaMeHaTeJIh ,n;po61i G YMHO.iKHTb na -1, no-

JIY"tJHM ~ = -p . TaKHM o6pa30M, aaaaeane ,n;po6H He

Q -Q

H3MeHHTCH, eCJIH O,ZJ;HOBpeMeHHO H3MeHHTb anaxn Y "tIHCJIHTeJIH H 3HaMeHaTeJIH. ECJIH .iKe H3MeHHTb 3HaK TOJIhKO Y l.IHCJIHTeJIH lIJIIi TOJIbKO Y 3HaMeHaTeJIH. TO H

,lJ;po6b H3MeHllT CBOH: 3HaR: -p = -~; !:_ p

Q Q -Q Q'

3 p -p p

Ha~IHT, Q = -7j _Q'

Hanpaxep, 3x - 2 = _ -( 3x - 2) 2 - 3x

3x + 4 3x + 4 3x + 4 .

47. Coxpamenae pa~HOHaJILHbIX ,n;po6eii. CoxpaTHTh ,n;p06b - STO 3Ha"tJHT paanerm-n, ~mCJIHTeJIh H 3HaMeHaTeJIh ,n;p06H na HX 06W;HH: MHOmHTeJIb. B03MO.iKHOCTb TaKoro COKpaw;eHHH 06YCJIOBJIeHa OCHOBHblM CBOH:CTBOM ztpotia.

§ 6. ,lJ,po6Hble pa4V1oHanbHble Bblpa)l(eHVlS'I

67

,n;JIR roro 't{To6bI COKpaTHTb pa:U;HoHaJIbHYIO npofis, HymHo 1!HCJIHTeJIb H 3HaMeHaTeJIb pa3.JIOmHTb na MHOmHTeJIH. ECJIH oxaacerca, 't{TO qHCJIHTeJIb H 3HaMeHaTeJIb HMeIOT 06~He MHOjKHTeJIH, TO ,!];p06b MomHO COKpaTHTb. ECJIH 06~MX MHo.mHTeJIeif HeT, TO rrpeo6pa- 30BaHHe ,n;p06H nocpencrnoer COKpa~eHHR HeB03- MomHO.

IIpMMep. COKpaTHTb ,n;p06b x2; 3x~ .

9y -x

PeIIIeHHe. MMeeM x2 - 3xy = x(x - 3y);

9y2 ~ x2 = - (x2 - 9y2) = - (X - 3y)(x + 3y).

3Ha~nfT, x2 - 3xy = x(x - 3y) _x_.

9y2 - x2 -(X - 3y){x + 3y) x + 3y

COKp~eHHe ,n;p06M BbIIIOJIHeHO rrpa YC.JIOBHH X - 3y ;t: ;t: O.

48. DpHBe,lJ;eHHe paU;HOHaJlLHblX ,Il;p06eD K o6m;eMY 3HaMeHaTeJlIO. 06W,UM snauenamesem HeCKOJIbKHX paU;HOHaJIbHbIX .n;po6eif Ha3b1BaIOT ue.noe pannonansHoe nrapaaeenae, xoropoe ,n;eJIHTCH na 3HaMeHaTeJIb Kam.n;oif ,n;P06H.

Harrpastep, 06~HM 3HaMeHaTeJIeM .n;po6eif __£_2 x+

H 3x - 1 CJIymHT MHOrO"tfJIeH (x + 2)(x - 2), TaK KaK OH

x-2

.n;eJIHTCR H na x + 2, H na x - 2. 06m;HM 3HaMeHaTeJIeM

MorYT rarose CJIYJKHTb H MHOrO"tfJIeH 3 (x + 2)2 . (x - 2), H MHOrOqJIeH x (x + 2) (x - 2), H MHOrOQJIeH 5x2 (x + 2) x x (x - 2)3 H T. n: 06bI"tfHO 6epYT TaKoif o6IUHH 3HaMeHaTeJIb, xro JIIo6oH: ,!];pyroii 06~Hii 3HaMeHaTeJIb ,!];eJIHTC.H na BbI6paHHbIH. TaRoD rrpocreaman 3HaMeHaTeJIb aa:lhIBaIDT HaUMeHbUlUM 06W,UM snauenamenem,

3*

68 Fnaaa II. AnrE5PAVlYECKVlE BbIPA)K.EHVl~

B paccreorpeaaox nsnne rrpxxepe HaHMeHbIDHH 06- m;Hii 3HaMeHaTeJIb pasea (x + 2)(x - 2). I1MeeM

x x+2

x(x-2) •

(x + 2)( x - 2) ,

3x-l =(3x-l)(x+2)

x-2 (x+2)(x-2)

IIpHBe.n;eHHe .n;aHHbIX .n;p06eii K 06m;eMY 3HaMeHaTeJIIO .Il0CTlirHYTo nyrex YMHomeHHJI "'IHCJIHTeJIJI H 3HaMeHaTeJIJI rrepaoii .ZJ;P06H na x ~ 2, a "'IHCJIHTeJIH H 3HaMeHaTeJISI nropoit .n;po6eii aa x + 2. MHOI'O"'lJIeHbI x - 2 H X + 2 Ha3bIBaIOT oonoJtHUmeJlbHblMU unoscume.nn.MU COOTBeTCT8eHHO .n;ml nepsoii H BTOpoii .n;P06H. ,1l;orroJ~HHTeJIbHblii MHOmHTe~'Ib ,D;JIH .n;aHHoii .n;p06H pasea "'IaCTHOMY OT .n;eJIeHHH otintero 3HaMeHaTeJISI na 3HaMeHaTeJIb .n;aHHoH .n;P06H.

q To6bI HeCKOJIbKO paUHOHaJIbHhIX .IlP06eH npasecTH K ofirnesry 3HaMeHaTeJIIO, HymHO:

1) pa3JIOmHTb 3HaMeHaTeJIb Ka.m.n;oH .n;p06H aa MHO.mHTeJIH;

2) COCTa8HTb 06:m;Hii 3HaMeHaTeJIb, BKJIIO"'IH8 B rrponaseneaae see MHo.mHTeJIH rrOJIY"'IeHHbIX B rr. 1) pa3JIOmeHHH; eCJIH aercoropsni MHo.mHTeJIb HMeeTCJI B HeCKOJIbKHX pa3JIOmeHHSlX, TO OH 6epeTCSI C rrOKa3aTeJIeM creneaa, pa8HbIM HaH6oJIbIII~MY H3 HMelOm;HXCSI;

3) aarrra zrononaarem.nsre MHOmliTeJIH .n;JIJI tcaxc.n;OH H3 .n;po6eH (.n;mI eroro 06:m;HH 3HaMeHaTeJIb .n;eJISlT na 3HaMeHaTeJIb .n;P06H);

4) .n;OMHO.mli8 "'IHCJIliTeJIb H 3HaMeHaTeJIb KaJK.n;oH .n;p06H aa cooTBeTcTBYIOm;HH: .n;orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIii MHOJKHTeJIb, rrpHBeCTH .n;p06H K 06m;eMY 3HaMeHaTeJIIO.

IIpHMep. IIpHBecTH K 06m;eMY 3HaMeHaTeJIlO .n;P06H

a .

12a2 - 12b2 '

b

-1-8-a":::"a -+-1-8-a-::2=-b ;

a+b

24a2 - 24ab •

§ 6 . .llpo6Hble paLl,It10HanbHbie Bblpa>KeHVlfI 69

Pe nr e a ae. Pa3JIOjKRM 3HaMeHaTeJIH ,n;po6eii na MHOjKIITeJIR:

12a2 - 12b2 = 12(a - b)(a + b);

18a3 + 18a2b = 18a2 (a + b);

24a2 - 24ab = 24a (a - b).

B 06~Hii 3HaMeHa TeJIl. HaAO BKJIIO'tIHTb CJIe,n;yIO~He MHOjKHTeJIH: (a - b), (a + b), a2, a TaKjKe aaasreasuree oomee xparaoe 'tIHCeJI 12, 18, 24, T. e. K (12, 18, 24) =

=72. 3Ha'tlHT, 06~Hii 3HaMeHaTeJIb HMeeT BH,n; 72a2 x x (a - b) (a + b).

,1J;oIIOJIHHTeJIbHbIe MHOjKHTeJI11: .n;JIH nepsoir .n;p06H

6a2, .n;JIH aropoii .n;p06H 4(a - b). ,n;JIH TpeTbeii ,n;p06H 3a(a + b). 3Ha'tlHT. nonyaaesr

6a3 •

72a2(a - b)(a + b) ,

4b(a-b) .

72a2(a - b)(a + b) ,

~a(a+J) a+b

3a(a + b)2

24a2_24ab

72a2(a - b)(a -t- b) .

49. CJIO~eHHe H BbIqHTaHHe pamroaaxsmax npo- 6eii. Cy.M.M.a ,lI;ByX (11 sootime JII06oro KOHeqHOrO 'tIHCJIa) paU;HOHaJIbHbIX APo6eii C o,n;llHaKOBbIMH 3HaMeHaTeJIJIM11 TomAeCTBeHHO panaa ,n;po6H C TeM me 3HaMeHaTeJIeM· H C qHCJIHTeJIeM. paBHbIM CYMMe 'tIHCJIHTeJIeH CKJIaAbIBaeMbIx .n;po6eH:

PI P2 _ PI +P2

-+----=--

Q Q Q

70 Inaea II. AnrE5PA\I1LjECKV1E BbIPA)KEHV151

AHaJIOrR"tIHO 06CTORT zre.no B crryxae BbI'IHTaHH.ff ztpo- 6eM C o,n;HHaKOBbIMH 3HaMeHaTeJI.ffMH:

PI P2 _ PI - P2

Q (j- Q

x3 y3

Il p a sa e p l.YnpocTRTb Bhlpa~eHHe -- + -.- .. - ...

x+y x+y

P e m e H He. BbITIOJIHHM CJImKeHl1e ,n;aHHbIX ,n;po6eu:

x3 y3 x3+y3 (x+y)(x2-xy+y2) = x2 _

-- +--

x+y x+y x+y x+y

- xy + y2.

,IJ;JI.ff CJIO~eHH.ff HJIH BbPIHTaHH.ff pa:U;HOHaJIbHhIX ,n;po6eu c pa3HhIMR 3HaMeHaTeJI.ffMH HymHo npeacne acero rrpHBeCTH ,n;p06H K o6:ru;eMY 3HaMeHaTeJlIO, a aaTeM BbITIOJIHHTb orrepanna nan nOJIy'tJ:eHHbIMH ,n;P06HMH.C O,n;HHaKOBbIMH: 3HaMeHaTeJI.ffMH.

Il p a a e p

2. Y npOCTHTb asrpazceaae 2x2 + 2x

3

+

+ 2x-l _ ~. x2 - 1 x

Pe m e a a e. HMeeM:

2x2 + 2x = 2x (x + 1); x2 - 1 = (x - l)(x + 1).

x-I ~

3 + 2x -1 _ ~ = 3- + 2x-1

2x2+2x x2-1 x 2x(x+1) (x-l)(x+l)

!!x-l){x +.9

~ =3(x-l)+2x(2x-1)-4(x-l)(x+l) =

x 2x(x-1)(x+1)

x+l 1

2x(x-l)(x+1) 2x(x-l)'

§ 6 . .1lpo6Hbie pa~1-10HanbHble Bblpa)l(eHI-1~

71

50. YMHo~eHHe H neaeane paU;HOHaJIbHhlX APOneil. Tlpouseeiienue ,n;BYX (H sooome JII06oro I<OHe'tlHOro xacna) pa:U;HOHaJIbHbIX ,llpo6eii Tom,n;eCTBeHHO paBHO .n;P06H, 'tIHCJIHTeJIb xoropofi pasen npOJI3Be,ll;eHHIO qJICJIJITeJIeii, a 3HaMeHaTeJIb - npOH3Be.n;eHHIO 3HaMeHaTeJIeH nepexnoacaesnax .n;po6e:ii:

PI P2 PI ' P2

Q1 • Q2 = Q1 ' Q2 '

'Iacmnoe OT .n;eJIeHHH ,n;BYX pau;HOHaJIbHbIX ,n;p06eii TOJK,ll;ecTBeHHo paBHO ,ll;po6H, 'tIHCJIHTeJIb KOTOPOH pasen npOH3Be,lleHHIO 'tIHCJIHTeJIH rrepaoit ,n;p06H na 3HaMeHaTeJIb BTOPO:ii ,llP06H, a 3HaMeHaTeJIb - npOH3Be,ll;eHJIIO 3HaMeHaTeJIH rrepsoii ;J;P06H aa 'tIJICJIHTeJIb sropori .n;p06H:

PI • P2 _ PI ' Q2 Q1 • Q2 - Q1 ' P2

CcpOPMYJIHpOBaHHble npaaana YMHomeHHH H ztezreHHH pacrrpOCTpaHHIOTCH H na CJIY'IJa:ii YMHomeHH5I HJIH ,ll;eJIeHH5I Ha MHOrO'tlJIeH: ,llOCTaTO'tlHO 3arrHcaTb 3TOT MHOrOqJ,[eH B BH,lle ,lq)o6H co 3HaMeHaTeJIeM 1.

Y'tIHTbIBaH B03MO)KHOCTb COI<pam;eHH.H pa:U;HOHaJIbHOH ,n;P06H, nonyaenaoii B pe3YJIbTaTe YMHO)KeHH.H HJIH ',ll;eJIeHHH pau;HOH8JIbHbIX .n;po6eii, 06hI'IJHO cTpeMHTC5I ,ZlO BbIIIOJIHeHH5I 3THX onepanna pa3JIOmHTb na MHomHTeJIH 'IHCJIHTeJIH H 3HaMeHaTeJIH HCXO,n;HbIX ,n;po6eii.

x2+2x+l

Il p a x ep 1. Bl>IIIOJIHHTb YMHo.meHHe x

18x3

9x4 X--.

x2 -1

Pe nr e a a e. HMeeM:

x2+2x+l _ (x+l)2. 9x4

18x3 - 18x3 ' x2-1

(x-l)(x+l)'

72 ,naBa II. AnlE6PAlr1LJECKlr1E BbIPA>KEHlr1~

IIcrroJIb30BaB rrpaBHJIO YMHomeHHH ,n;po6eii:, nozry~HM

x2+2x+l 9x4

18x3 x2 - 1

ex + 1)2. 9x4 _ x(x + 1)

18x3(x + 1)(x -1) 2(x -1)

Il p H M e p 2. BbIIIOJIHHTb .u;eJIeHHe

a3 - 2a2• a2 - 4

3a + 3 . 3a2 + 6a + 3 .

PeIIIeHHe. HMeeM~

a3-2a2 _ a2(a-2). a2-4 _ (a-2)(a+2)

3a+3 3(a+l)' 3a2+6a+3 3(a+1)2

HCrrOJIb30BaB rrpaBHJIO ,n;eJIeHHH ,lI;po6eu, nonyxaen

a3-2a2. a2-4 = a2(a-2)·3(a+l)2 =

3a+3 . 3a2+6a+3 3(a+l)(a-2)(a+2)

=a2(a+1)

a+2

51. B03BeAeHlIe pa~HOHaJILHOH APo6H B ~eJIylO CTenens. l.JTo6bI B03BeCTH paUHOHaJIbHYIO ,n;po6b G B HaTYpansnvrocrerreas n, HymHo B03BeCTH B STy crerrem, OT,n;eJIbHO qHCJIHTeJIb H 3HaMeHaTeJIb ,n;po6H; nepsoe mapameHlie - qHCJIHTeJIb, a BTopoe BblpameHHe - 3HaMeHaTeJIb peaynsrara:

Il p ars ep

(2X2y3) 3 • 3z5 -)

1. Ilpeoripaaoaars B ,z:t;P06b crerresrs

§ 6 . .upo6Hble pal..\lIIOHaJ1bHble Bblpa)l(eHIIIA

73

Pe nr e a a e, IIpHMeHHB npaanna B03Be,n;eHHH B

(2X2y3)3 crenear, ,n;p06H H. oznroxneaa, nOJIytIHM ~)

_ (2x2y3)3 _ 8x6y9

- (3z5)3 - 27z15'

JIPH B03Be,n;eHHH ,n;p06H B :u;eJIyIO oTpH:u;aTeJIhHYIO

creneas HCnOJIh3yeTcH Tom,n;ecTBO (G) -n = (~) n ,'cnpaBe,n;JIHBOe ,n;JIH scex 3Ha"tfeHHH nepememrsrx, npn KOTOpsrx P ;t; 0 H Q ;t; O.

JIpHMep 2. Flpoofipaaoaa-rs B ,n;p06b asrpaaeenae

(a + b)2(a - b)3) -5. (a + 2b)4 -)

Pe nr e a a e.

(a+b)2(a-b)3)-5 = ( (a+2b)4 )5 =

(a+2b)4 -) (a+b)2(a-b)3

(a + 2b)20

(a + b)10(a - b)15'

52. Ilpeoopaaoeanae paU;HOHaJIbHhIX BbIpa~eHHH.

Il peotipaaoaaaae JIlOooro pa:U;IIOHaJIbHOrO nsrpaxcerraa CBO.D;IITCSI K CJIOmeHHIO, BbI"tfIiTaHIIIO, YMHomeHHIO H ,n;eJIeHHIO pa:U;HOHaJIhHhIX ,n;pooeH, a TaKme K B03Be,n;eHHIO ,n;POOH B aarypansnyro creneas. BCSIKoe pannOHaJIbHOe asrpaaeeaae Moamo npeotipaaonam, B ,n;POOb, tIHCJIHTeJIb H 3HaMeHaTeJIh KOTOPOH - uezrsre asrpaxceHHH; B :3TOM, KaK npaBHJIO, COCTOIiT :u;eJIh To:m,n;eCTBeHHhIX upeofipaaoaaaaji pariHOHaJIhHhIX Bhlpa:meHHH.

JIpHMep. YrrpocTIiTh asrpaaceaae

( 2a 4a2) (2a 1) -1 8a2

l2a + b - 4a2 + 4ab + b2 • 4a2 - b2 + b - 2a + 2a + b .

74 rflaBa II. AJlfE5PAIt1l-lECKlt1E BbIPA>KEHVlfI

P e ill e H II e. BbIIIOJIHHH ,:a;ei1:cTBIIH C paUIIOHaJIb-

HbIMII ,:a;p06HMH, rrOJIYTIHM:

1) ~ _ 4a2

2a + b 4a2 + 4ab + b

= 2a(2a + b) - 4a2 2ab.

(2a+b)2 (2a+b)2'

2a+b -

2a

2a+b

(2a+b)2

2a+b -

2) 2a + _1_ 2a 1

4a2-b2 b-2a (2a-b)(2a+b) 2a-b

2a- 2a - b -b.

(2a-b)(2a+b) (2a-b)(2a+b)'

3) ( _ b )-1 = _ (2a - b)(2a + b).

(2a-b)(2a+b) v=:::

4) 2ab .(_(2a-b)(2a+b»)=_2ab(2a-b)(2a+b)=

(2a + b)2 b b(2a + b)2

__ 2a(2a-b) _ 2ab-4a2•

- 2a + b - 2a + b '

5) 2ab - 4a2 + 8a2 = 2ab + 4a2 = 2a(2a + b) = 2a.

2a+b z«,» 2a+b 2a+b

§ 7. IIIppau,lI1oHaJlbHble Bblpa>KeHII1S1

53. Hpocreanrae npeotipaaoaaaaa apHI}lMeTH'IeCKHX xopnek (pa,lI;HKaJIOB). IIpH rrpeofipaaoaaaan apIlcpMeTH"tleCKHX xopaea HCIIOJIb3YlOTCH ax CBoHcTBa 1 °_50 (CM. II. 30).

Paccxorpaa HeCKOJIhKO npnsrepoa na nparseaenae CBOMCTB apllcpMeTll"tleCKllX xopaefi ,:a;JIH npocretiumx IIpeo6pa30BaHHH pa;a;IIKaJIOB. Ilpn 3TOM ace uepexeamae 6yp;eM C'lllTaTb IIpllHIIMalOru;HMll TOJIbKO HeOTpIInare.nsnsie 3Ha"tleHHH.

Il p are ep 1. H3BJIe'll. rcopem, ae rrpoaaaezteuna

3Ja3b9•

§ 7. iI1ppau,lI1oHaJ1bHble Bblpa)l(eHlllfl

75

P e III e H n e. TIpHMeHHB CBOHCTBO 10, rrOJIY~HM

Va3b9 = W . 3Jii9 = ab3•

TIpHMep 2. BbIHecTII MHOmIITeJIb aa-rron 3HaRa KOpHH J45a5•

P e III e H II e. MMeeM:

J45a5 = J9a45a = J9 . g . $a = 3a2 $a .

'I'axoe npeofipaaoaaaae Ha3I;>IBalOT euocecenuesc MHOJICUmeJlJl us-non snaxa ICOPHJl. IJ;eJIb npeofipaaoaaHHH - ynpocrtrn, nozncopeanoe BblpameHHe.

TIpHMep 3. Ynpocrn'n, (3j;2 )5.

P e III e H II e. ITo CBOHCTBY 3° HMeeM (3Jd2)5 = 3J(a2)5 = V;;W.

06hPIHO CTapalOTCH nozncopemroe nsrpaacenne yrrPOCTHTb, ,n;JIH xer-o BbIHOCHT MHO)KHTeJIH aa 3HaK ROp-

HH: V;;W = 3Jag . a = 3j;9 . :va = a3:va .

MTaK, (W)5 = a3 3Ja.

TIpHMep 4. YnpocTHTh 1/x2 3JX.

Pe nr e a a e, Ilpeotipaayex asrpaxceaae x2 3JX. BHeCH MHOiKHTeJIb nozt 3HaR KOPHH: x2 3jx = VCx2)3 • 3jX = = W . 3JX = ~ = W . ITo CBOHCTBY 40 HMeeM

1}w = lW.

TIpHMep 5. YnpocTHTh 30J29.

P e III e H He. TIo CBOHCTBY 50 MbI HMeeM npaao noxa- 3aTeJIb KOPHH II nORa3aTeJIb CTerreHH no,n;KopeHHoro asrpaacenaa pa3,n;eJ1HTh na O,n;HO H TO me aarypansaoe ~HCJIO. ECJIH B paccrearpasaexoer rrpasrepe paanerra'rs

16 rnasa II. AnrE5PA~4ECK~E BbIPA>KEH~51

yxaaaaasre rrOKa3aTeJIH na 3, TO rrOJIytIHM 30/29

= 10123 = 1qj8.

Il p a x ep 6. "YrrpocTHTb asrpaaceana:

a) Va . 5Ja2; 6) 3Ja . va; B) 89 . 12,Jx7 .

PelIIeHHe. a) TIo caojic'ray 1° no.ny=raera, tITO ,lJ;JI.ff nepesraoaceaaa rcopaeii o,D;Hoif H Toif me c-rerreua ,lJ;OCTaTOtIHO rrepeMHomHTb nozncopemrsre asrpaaceana H M3 rrOJIYtIeHHOrO pe3YJIhTaTa M3BJIe'Y:h xopeas TOM me CTerreHH.3Ha'Y:HT,

6) Ilpexcne acero MbI .z:r;OJIJRHbI rrpHBeCTH pannxaJIbI K O,D;HOMY rrOKa3aTeJIlO. COrJIaCHO cao iic-r ay 5° MbI MomeM notcaaarens KOpHH M noxasarezn, creneHM noaaopeanoro astpaaeenna YMHOJKHTb aa O.z:r;HO Ii TO

me narvpaxsnoe 'Y:HCJIO. IIosToMY 3Ja = 6j;;2 . .n;anee MMeeM 6j;;2 . 6Ja = 6j;;3 . A reneps B rrOJIyqeHHOM peaYJIbTaTe pa3,n;eJIIIM rrOKa3aTeJIM KOpHH Ii crenena nozt-

KopeHHOI'O nsrpaaceaaa ira 3: 6j;3 = J«.

IlTaK, 3JQ . va = Ja .

B) Ilpaaeztesr pa,lJ;HKaJIbI K O.z:r;HOMY rrOKa3aTeJIlO • .n;JIH aTOI'O HymHo HaifTM HaMMeHbIIIee ofimee xparnoe "tIHceJI 8 M 12, T. e. K(8, 12) = 24. ,uaJIee rrOKa3aTeJIM KOpHH H crenena nomcopeaaoro BbIpaJKeHMH ,D;JISI rrepnoro M3 rrepeMHomaeMbIX pa,D;HKaJIOB CJIe,lJ;yeT yMHOJKHTb na 3, a ,lJ;JISI BTOpoI'O - na 2. TIOJIytIMM

§ 7. V1ppalJ,VlOHaJlbHble Bblpa)l(eHIMI

77

Ha rrpaxraxe npa BbIIIOJIHeHHH ,n;eMcTBHM nazt paznrKaJIaMH ,n;OBOJ1bHO qaCTO nepexonar K ,n;p06HhIM noxa- 3aTeJUIM. Harrpasrep,

3 7 3 7 23

8.Jx3 . 12j;7 = X8 • X12 = X8 + 12 = X24 = 24Jx23 .

54. To~ecTBo j;;2 = lal. "YnpocTHM ssrpaacenae g . Bztecs MoryT npeacranarsca zma CJIyqa.H: a > 0 HJIH a < O. ECJIH a > 0, TO j;;2 = a; nanpaaep, J22 =2,

J272 = 27, J02 = O. ECJIH me a < 0, TO j;;2 = - a; nanpastep, J( -2 )2 = J4 = 2 = - (-2). IfTaK,

j;;2 = ) a, eCJIH a > 0,

( - a, eCJIH a < O.

Ho TOqHO TaK me orrpezte.naerca MO,n;YJIb ,n;eiicTBHTeJIbnoro qHCJIa (csr, n. 23). TaKHM o6pa30M,

j;2 = lal·

Hanpasiep, J32 = 131 = 3; JC-5)2 = I-51 = - (-5) = 5.

Boo6m;e, eCJIH n - qeTHOe qHCJIO, T. e. n = 2k, TO

2kj;;2k = lal.

IIpHMep. YnpOCTHTb asrpaacenae

J x2 - 6x + 9 + J2 - x + x - 3.

Pe nr e a ae. MMeeM:

Jx2-6x+9 =J(x - 3)2=lx-31.

IIoCKOJIbKY aanamroe asrpaaceane coztepxca'r cnaraeMoe J2 - x, TO 2 - x > 0, orxyzta aaxonnrs, qTO x ~ 2.

78 rnasa II. AnrE6PAlIIYECKlIIE BbIPA>KEHIII51

3Ha~nlT, x - 3 < 0, a nOToMY Ix - 31 = -(x - 3) = 3 - x. l-lTaK, Jx2 - 6x + 9 = 3 - X, Ii MhI IIOJIy~aeM

J x2 - 6x + 9 + J2 - x + x - 3 = 3 - x + J2 - x + x - 3 = = -12 -x.

55. TIpeo6pa30BaHHe Hppa~HOHaJILHLIX BLIpa:IKeHHH. ,n;JIH rrpeofipaaoaaaaa I1ppa~110HaJIbHbIX nsrpaxceHI1H I1CIIOJIb3YlOTCH CBOHCTBa pa,lJ;IlKaJIOB (CM. n. 32) 11 CBOllCTBa crenena C pa~110HaJIbHhIM nOKa3aTeJIeM (CM. II. 35).

Tl p ara e p . Ynpocrn'n- nsrpaaeeaae

Pe m e a ae.

1) W-1/X = 1/X<W-1) = Vxe£-l) =-1/X;

1-£ 1-£ 1-£

2) - Vx + 1 + £ = - VXVX + 1 + £ = - £ + 1 + £ =

4JX 4JX 4JX

1 -;

4JX

3) ( .L ) 2 12 1 .

Vx (Vx)2 JX '

4) xO + ~ + x-1 = 1 + 2 + 1

JX JX x

§ 7. II1ppau,lI1oHanbHble Bblpa>KeHII151

79

1

5) (JX; 1)2f2

JX.

JX+ l'

6) .L. JX IX IX+ 1

1

.JX+l' 1

Hrarc, f (x) = __ .

JX+l

06blQHO craparorca 3arUICaTb OTBeT TaR, QTo6bI B 3HaMeHaTeJIe He coziepaeanacr, HppalJ,HOHaJIbHOCTb • .il:JIJI H36aBJIeHH.H OT HppalJ,HOHaJIbHOCTH B 3HaMeHaTe-

JIe ,n;p06H _1_ YMHomHM H QHCJIHTeJIb, H 3HaMeHa-

JX+ 1

TeJIb aa JX - 1 - ::lTO asrpaxcenae Ha3hIBaIOT conpsi:JfCeltltblM ,n;JlH Bbrpa.meHHH JX + 1. ITOJIYQHM

1 JX+ 1

JX-l

./X-I _./X-l (P)-12 x-I

(JX + l)(JX -1)

r.nABA "'

56. Onpenenenne lPYHKlI;HH. ECJU'I ;zJ;aHhI qlWJIOBOe MHO)KeCTBO X 11 npaarr.no {, rr03BOJIJUoru;ee IIOCTaBl1Th B COOTBeTCTBl1e Ka:ffi:;zJ;OMY 3JIeMeHTY x 113 MHomeCTBa X orrpeneneanoe ql1CJIO y. TO rOBopHT. qTO eaiiana tjJYHlC- 4U.H Y = ((X) C 06JlaCmb1O onpeiieneuusi X; namyr:

Y = f(x). X E X.

Ilpn 3TOM rrepesrennyro X naasmaror Jle3a6UCUMoU nepenennoii llJIll apeipeenmou, a nepeneaayro Y - 3a6UCU.MOlt nepeuenuou, ,il;JIJI 06JIaCTII onpeaeneaaa CPYHRII;llll llCnOJIh3yIDT TaRme ofioaaaaenae D (f). MHomeCTBO scex 3Ha-qeHl'ri1: CPYHKII;1l1i Y = f(x), X EX. Ha3hIBalOT 06JlaCmbIO snauenuii (jJyltKquu II o603Ha-qa1OT E(f).

57. AHaJIHTHQeCKOe aanaane 4lYHKlI;HH. QTo6hI aa,n;aTh <PYHKUMIO. HY)KHO YKa3aTh cnocofi, C noraoursro xoroporo ;zJ;JIH xaxcztoro 3Ha-qeHl1H aprYMeHTa MO:>KHO Hai1:Tll COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee anaxeaae CPYHKII;MM. HaM6onee ynoTpe6HTeJIhHhIM HBJI.HeTCH CIIoco6 aaztaaaa <PYHKUHll C IIOMOIIJ;hIO <P0PMYJIhI Y = {(x). rzte ((x) - aexoropoe asrpaaceane C rrepeMeHHoH x. B TaKOM CJIYxae rOBOp.HT, qTO CPYHKll;MH aazraaa CPOPMYJIOH HJIli qTO CPYHKll;H.H aanaaa aHaJIHTMtlecKH.

ECJIH <PYHKIl;HH aazraaa aHaJIllTM"tJeCKM. TO ;zJ;OIIYCKaeTCH ee aaaaaae B BH;zJ;e Y = f(x) 6ea YCJIOBHH x EX B cnyxae, xorna 06JIaCTh onpene.neana BhIpameHH.H f(x) COBIIa,zJ;aeT C 06JIaCThIO orrpenenenna ¢YHKll;HM.

81

ITpHMep 1.- y = X2 + 5x - 1, rzte x ~ O. 06JIacTb orrpeneneaaa aToH <PYHKIJ.HH - JIyq [0; +00). "t!ToobI HaRTH 3Ha"tJeHHe ¢>YHKIJ.HH B JIIooOH TO"tlKe X ~ 0, .n;OCTaTOYJHO

HaRTH "tlHCJIOBOe 3HaYJeHHe BbIpameHHH x2 + 5x - 1 B BbI- 6paHHoH TOYJKe. <PYHKIl;HH aanana aHaJIHTHYJeCKH.

ITpHMep 2: HaHTH 06JIaCTb onpenenenaa <PYHKD;Hli Y = J x-I .

P e II!: e H He. Bsrpaacenae J x-I onpeneneao npa rex X, npa KOTOPblX x-I ~ 0, T. e. npa X ~ 1. 3Ha"tJHT, 06JIaCTb orrpeneneana <PYHKIl;HH - JIyq [1; +00).

MHor.n;a ¢>YHKIl;HH aanaerca na pa3JIH"tlHbIX nposreJKYTKax pa3JIHYJHbIMH ¢>0pMYJIaMH. TaKYIO ¢>YHKD;HIO Ha3b1BaIOT tc YCOll1l0U.

IIpHMep: y = f(x), rzre

f(x) = J 2x + 3, eCJIH -1 :;;;; x :;;;; 0,

1 X + 2, eCJIH ° < x c 1.

3Ta (}>YHKIl;HH onpenenena na OTpe3Ke [-1; 1]. ,IJ;JIH BbI"t{HCJIeHHa: ee 3Ha"t{eHHH HymHo TO"tlHO onpezrena-rs, KaKOH: ¢>OPMYJIOH: crrezryer BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH .n;JIH aa,n;aHHoro KOHKpeTHoro 3Ha'ieHH.H apr-ysren'ra. Harrpnxep, eCJIH HymHo BbI'iHCJIHTb f(0,5), BOCnOJIb3yeMcH paBeHCTBOM f(x) = X + 2 (noCKOJIbKY YJHCJIO x = 0,5 y.n;OBJIeTBOpHeT YCJIOBIUO 0 < X :;;;; 1) H IIOJIy'iHM 1(0,5) = 2,5. ECJIH me Hy>KHO BbI"tJ:HCJIHTh f(-0,5), TO BOCrrOJIh3yeMcH paBeHCTBOM f(x) = 2x + 3 (noCKOJIhKY "t{HCJIO X = 0,5 y.n;OBJIeTBOp.HeT YCJIOBHIO -1 :;;;; x < 0) H IIOJiy"t{HM f(-0,5) = 2.

58. TaOJIH'IHOe 3aAaHHe cIlYHKD;HH. Ha rrpax-rnxe "t{aCTO HCrrOJIh3YlOT ma6JlUllliblU crroco6 3a.n;aHHR <PYHKD;HH. IIpH aTOM cnoco6e rrpHBo.n;HTCR Ta6JIHIl;a, YKa3bIsaiomaa 3HaqeHHR <PYHKIJ.HH .n;JIH HMelOm;HXCH B Ta6- JIH:u;e 3HaYJeHHH: apryereara. IIpHMepaMH Ta6JIH'iHOrO

82

Fnaaa III. <DYHKUV1V1 V1 fPA<DV1KV1

3a,1l;aHHH <PYHKD;HH HBJIHIOTCH Ta6JIHD;a KBa,1l;paTOB, Ta6JIHII.a Ky6oB, Ta6mUJ,a KBa,n;paTHbIX KOpHeH.

Bo MHOrHX CJIyqaHX Ta6mPlHOe aaaaaae ciJYHKII.HH OKa3bIBaeTC.H Y,1l;06HbIM. OHO II03BOJI.HeT Hai:ITH 3HaqeHHH IPYHKII.HR ,1l;JIH 3HaqeHHH aprvsreara, RMeIOI.IJ;HXCH B Ta6- JIlfII.e, 6e3 BCHKlfX BblqHCJIeHHH.

59. q~cJloBaH IIJIOCKOCTb. KOOp,lJ;HHaTHaH IIJlOCKOCTb, OCH KOOp,lI;HHaT. MHOjKeCTBO BCeX IIapl ,1l;ElHCTBRTeJIbHbIX qRCeJI Ha3bIBaIOT llUCJl060U nJlOCICOCmblO.

RaK ,1l;JIH MHOmeCTBa BCeX ,1l;eMCTBRTeJIbHbIX qHCeJI ecrs reoxerpavecrcaa MO,1l;eJIb - KOOp,1l;lfHaTHaH IIp.H-MaH (CM. n. 18),TaK H ,1l;JIH MHomeCTBa ncex nap ,1l;eHCTBlfTeJIbHbIX qHCeJI ecrs reoxerpanecxaa MO,1l;eJIb - KOOp,1l;RHaTHaH nJIOCKOCTb. Koopiiunamnae nJlOCICOCmb xy orrpeae.naerea ,1l;BYMH B3alfMHO nepneH,1l;HKYJIHPHbIMH KOOp,1l;HHaTHbIMH IIpHMbIMH C 06I.IJ;HM HaqaJIOM 0 H O,1l;HHaKOBbIM MaCIIITa60M (pnc. 1.8). TOqKa 0 - HallaJlO «oopiiunam, fOpH30HTaJIbHYIO npHMYIO Ha3bIBaIOT OCblO ancuucc HJIH OCbIO x, BepTHKaJIbHYIO - OCblO opihinam. HJm: OCblO y.

y

y=b

x=a

b

o

a

PHc.1.8

x

ECJIH OTMeTHTb aa KOOp,1l;HHaTHOH nJIOCKOCTH ace TOqKH C a6cD;HccOH X = a, TO noJIyqMTCH IIPHMa.lI, IIapaJIJIeJIbHaS! OCH Y (pHC. 1.8); rOBOpHT, qTO X = a - ypaBHeHHe 3TOM npHMoM. ECJIH OTMeTlITb na KOOp,1l;HHa THOM nJIOCKOCTH see TOqKH C Op,1l;HHaTOH y = = b, TO nOJIY"tlHTCH npaxaa, IIa paJIJIeJIbHaH OCM x (pHC. 1.8); rOBopHT, qTO Y = b ypanaemre 3TOM IIPS!MOH.

1 Ilon napoji qHCeJI nOHHMaJOT nna qHCJIa, xoropsre paCCMaTpHBalOTCSI B onpenenennore nopaznce.

§ 8. Onpeneneaue V1 CBOVtCTBa ¢YHKI...\V1Vt

83

60. fpacllHK cIlYHK~HH, 3a~aHHoH aHa~HTHqeCKH. ITYCTb CPYHKIJ;HH aanana anaJIHTH~eCKH CPOPMYJIOH y = = f(x). ECJIH na xoopzraaarHOll: rrJIOCKOCTH OTMeTHTb ace TOtIKH, 06JIa,n;alO~He CJIeAYlOIlViM CBOHCTBOM: a6CIJ;HCca TO~KH rrpHHa.n;JIe:>KHT 06- JIaCTH orrpezteneana <PYHKIJ;HH, a OPAHHaTa pasaa CO-

y

Pilc.1.9

OTBeTCTBYlOm;eMY 3Ha~eHHlO CPYHKII;HH, TO rrOJIY"tIHTCH

MHomeCTBO roxex (x; f(x» - zpadnuc rjJYH.K4UU.

Hanpnraep, rpa<pHKOM <PYHKIJ;HH Y = x HBJIHeTCH MHomeCTBO ro-rex BH~a (x; x), T. e. TO"tIeK, HMelOIIJ;HX O~HHaKOBble xoopnaaarsr. 3TO MHo.meCTBO TO"tIeK ecrs 6HcceKTpHca Koop~HHaTHbIX yrJIOB I H III (pHC. 1.9).

Ha npaxraxe ,n;JIH rrOCTpoeHHH rparpmca <PYHKIJ;HH coCTaBJIHlOT Ta6JIHIJ;y 3Ha"tIeHHH CPYHKIJ;HH npn HeKOTopbIX

3Ha~eHHHX aprysrea'ra, HaHOCHT aa rrJIOCKOCTb COOTBeTCTBylOm;He TO"tIKH M coe,n;HHHIOT rronysrenmste TOtIKH JIMHHeH. ITPM STOM rrpezmonararor , "'ITO HaH.n;eHHbIe TO"'lKH .n;OCTaTO~HO TO~HO rrOKa3bIBalOT XO,n; H3MeHeHH.H <PYHKIJ;MH.

ITpHMep 1. ITOCTPOHTb rparpnre <PYHKIJ;HH Y = x2. P e III e a H e. COCTaBHM Ta6JIHII;Y HeKOTopbIX 3Ha"'IeHHii: CPYHKII;HH:

x -3 -2 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 2 3
y 9 4 1 0,25 0 0,25 1 4 9 84

Inaaa III. <lWHKLJ,VlV1 VI rPA<DV1KlII

y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
_It=: hI
-3 -2 -1 JO 1 1 2 3 x
_1 .1 2 2

PHc.1.10

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x

PRe. 1.11

Haaecex HaH.n;eHHhle TOqKH (0; 0); (0,5; 0,25); (-0,5; 0,25); (1; 1); (-1; 1); (2; 4); (-2; 4); (3; 9); (-3; 9) na KOOp,lJ;lmaTHYIO IIJIOCKOCTb (pHC. 1.10). Coe.n;HHHB 3TH TO"tlKH IlJIaBHOH JIHHHei1:, IIOJIY"tIHM rpa<PHK (a TO"tlHee, 3CKH3 rpatpmca) <PYHKI1;HH y = x2 (pRC. 1.11). STY JIRHHIO Ha3bIBaIOT naptuiouou, Boo6- I.Qe napafionojt SIBJI.HeTCSI rparpa« JII060H <PYHKI1;RR BRna y = ax2, r.n;e a :;I::. 0 (CM. n. 83).

IIpRMep 2-. Ha rparpnrce rroxasano H3MeHeHRe rexneparypsr noazryxa na rrpOTSImeHRH rpex CYTOK. Ha OCR a6CD;HCc OTMe-q:aeTCSI BpeMSI CYTOK B "tIacax, na OCR opzraaar - aaaxenae TeMnepaTypbI B rpazrycax, Onpe,u.eJIHTe no rpacpHKY HaR6oJIhllIYlO TeMIIepaTYPY B03.n;yxa 15 aBrYCTa.

85

T, "C

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 o

0:00 12:00 0:00

13 asrycra I

!
!
V I"- ,.
J \
I , I
I , I \
I , I' _\
I \ '\ \
\. If \ I \ I \
..... \ , I \ I _\_
\ ' I I \
\1/ \.
! V ._ -


,
- --. i .. -_ . ~.-'- - --
I I
6:00 18:00 . ,6:00 18:00 , 6:00 18:00 I 6:00 t, 'f 12: au 1):00 l2!llO

14 aar ycra I 15 asrvcra

0:00

PMc.1.12

P e ill e H Ii e. Ha1:l6oJIbIlIa.H reraneparypa soanyxa 15

aBrYCTa panna 14 rpazrycasr. '

OTBeT: 14.

61. qeTHbIe 1:1 neserasre 'i1YHKD;1:I1:I. <pYHKIl;1:IIO Y = = f(x), x E X. Ha3bIBaIOT nemuou, eCJIJI ,n;JI.H JII06oro x Jl3 06JIaCTJI orrpeaezreaaa <PYHKD;1:IJI BbIIIOJIH.HeTC.H paBeHCTBO f(-x) = f(x).

«PYHKD;JlIO Y = f(x), x E X, Ha3bIBaIOT neuem.noic, eCJIJI ,n;JI.H rnofioro x Jl3 06JIaCTJI onpeneneana £pYHKD;1:IH BbIITOJIH.HeTCH paBeHCTBO f(-x) = -f(x).

Hanpnxep, y = x2, Y = x4, Y = x6 - lIeTHble,£pYHKn;Jl1:I, a y = x3, y = x5, Y = X 7 - HeqeTHble £pYHKIl;l:IJI.

ECJIl:I <l>YHKD;l:I.H Y = f(x) TaKOBa, liTO XOT.H 6bI ,n;JI.H ozrHOM napsr 3Ha'tJeH~M x JI- XOK~aJIOCb, 'tJTO f(-x) -;!::. -f(x), H XOT.H 6bI ,n;JIH O,n;HOM napsr 3Ha'tJeHJlM x II -x OKa3a-

86

rnaBa III. <DYHKLlVlVl VI rPA<DVlKVI

JIOCb, 'ITO {(-X) :;t:. {(X), TO CPYHl<II,I1.ff He .ffBJISIeTC.ff HM xernoii, HM He'leTHOU:.

113 onpene.aenaa CJIeAyeT, qTO 06JIaCTb orrpezterreHM.H X KaK qeTHOa, TaK M'HeqeTHOU: Q>YHKIl;Rl1 ,lI;OJDKaa 06JIa,n:aTb CJIe,n:ylOID;IiM CBOHCTBOM: eCJIl1 X E X, TO H -X E X (T. e. X - CMMMeTpRqHOe OTHOCHTeJIbHO 0 MHomeCTBO).

IIpHMep. I1cCJIe,ll;OBaTb aa qeTHOCTb <PYHKD;HIi:

a) y = x20; 6) y = x13; B) y = x - 4 • x2-9

Pe m e a a e. a) I1MeeM {(x) = x20, fe-x) = (_x)20 = x20. 3Ha ql1T, ((-x) = f( x) ,lI;JISI scex x. 4>YHKII;R.ff SIBJISIeTCH qeTHml.

6) I1MeeM f(x) = x13, fe-x) = (_x)13 = _x13. 3HaqHT, fe-x) = -f(x) ,n:JI.ff scex x. cI>YHKIl;I1.ff .HBJI.HeTC.ff aenerHolf.

B) MMeeM (("x)- = x2- 4 , 3aM.eTHM, 'ITO f(4) = 0,

x -9 '

a 1(-4) = -~. He BhIIIOJIH.HeTC.H HH paBeHCTBO f(4) = = f(-4), HH paBeHCTBO f(-4) = -/(4). 3Ha~UiT, CPYHKIl;H.H He HBJI.HeTC.H HIi 'tleTHOH, HR HeqeTHoH.

62. fpaq)HK qeTHOH <i>YHKD;HH. Tparpare He'leTHOH l!>YHKD;HH. rpacpHKH qeTHOH H HeqeTHOH CPYHKIl;HH 06- .naztaror CJIe,n;YIOID;HMH oco6eHHOCT.HMI1:

ECJLU cjJynK4UJl se.nsemcsi uemnoii, mo ee epaipu« cuscmempuscetc omnocumeneno ocu opiiunam:

ECJLU (jJynK4U.R .R6JtJlernC.R nexemuoii, mo ee eptuputc cusoeempunetc omnocumeneno uauana xoopdunam.

IIpHMep 1. Ilocrpoa-n, rparpax $YHKIl;HH Y = Ixl. Pe ur e a a e. MMeeM {(-x) = I-xl = Ixl = {(x). 3Ha'lHT, CPYHKIl;H.H 'tleTHa, a nOTOMY ee rparpax CI1MMeTpH'IeH OTHOCl1TeJIbHO OCH opnanar ,

§ 8. Onpeneneaue III CBo~cTBa CPYHKUIII~

87

y

PMc.1.13

PMC. 1.14

x

PMc.1.15

ECJIM X ~ 0, TO Ixl = X, T. e. npn X ~ 0 MMeeM Y = X.

Tparpaxcx <PYHK~MM y = X npn X ~ 0 CJIymMT 6MCCeKTpaca rrepsoro KOOp,n;MHaTHOrO yrvra. IIo,n;BeprHYB ee npe06pa30BaHMlO CMMMeTpMM OTHOCMTeJIbHO OCM y, noJIyllMM rpaqiax CPYHK~MM y = Ixl (pMC. 1.13).

IIpMMep 2. Ilocrpoars rparpmc cpYHlm;HM y = X Ixl. Pe m e n lle. IIMeeM f(-x) = (-x) I-xl = -x Ixl = -f(x). 3HallllT, CPYHKIJ;MH nexe-raa, a nOTOMY rparpa« ee CllMMeTpll'tleH OTHOCllTeJIbHO aauana xoopnnna T.

ECJIM X ~ 0, TO Ixl = x, a !(x) = X 'Ixl = X • X = x2• 3Ha'tlllT, rrpa X ~ 0 MMeeM Y = x2• I'padraxoxr fiyzie'r BeTBb napatio.nsr. OHa aaofipaxceua aa pMCYHKe 1.14. IIo,n;BeprHYB ee rrpeofipaaoaannro CMMMeTpMM OTHOCYITeJIbHO aa-rana xoopzraaar , nOJIy'llMM rparpax q)YHKD;MM Y = X Ixl (pHC. 1.15).

63. Hepaonauecrore 4lYHKIJ;HH. cf>YHKIJ;MIO Y = !(x), X EX, Ha3bIBalOT nepuoduuectcoii, ecrm cymecrnyer Taxoe OTJIll'llHOe OT HyJIH 'tIMCJIO T, 'tITO ,n;JIH .mofioro X M3 06JIaCTH onpeztenerma <PYHKD;MH crrpaBe;:J;JIMBO panenCTBO f(x + T) = lex) = fCx - T).

qMCJIO T Ha3bIBalOT nepuoiiou rpYH.1W,UU y = f(x).

88

Fnaaa III. CDYHKUI!1V1 1!1 rPA<DV1KI!1

H3 3TOrO onpeneaenaa cpaay CJIe,1J;yeT, "4TO eCJIlI T - nepaozt <PYHKII;lIli y'= f(x), TO 2T, aT, 4T, -T, -2T, -3T, -4T - TaK.iKe nepaoasr c]_>YHKII;lIlf. 3 H'aG: liT , Y neplIO,1J;lftleCKOH <PYHKII;lU1 6eCKOHe"4HO MHoro nepaO,n;OB. ECJIl1 T - nepnozt c}JYHKII;l1If, TO 11 "4IfCJIO BIf,1J;a kT, rne k - mo6oe II;eJIOe "4IfCJIO, raroxe .HBJI.ffeTC.ff nePMO,1J;OM <PYHKII;MM.

Haute scero (HO He BCer,1J;a) Cpe,1J;M MHO.iKeCTBa nOJIOmlITeJIbHbIX nepaonos CPYHKUIfH MO.iKHO HaHTM naIfMeHbIIIIfH. Ero Ha3bIBalOT OCH.OBH.bl.M nepuodom,

I'parpaxa nepHO,1J;l1"4eCKHX c}JYHKUMH 06JIa,n;alOT cne,n;yrom;eH ocoaeanocrsro. ECJm T - OCHOBHOH rrepnozt CPYHKII;HM y = f(x), TO ,n;JIH nOCTpoeHHH ee rpaqiaxa noCTaTO"tJ:HO nOCTpOHTb BeTBb rparpnaa na O,n;HOM aa npoMemyTKoB oca x ,n;JlllHOH T, a 3aTeM ocymecrnarr, napaJIJleJIbHbIH nepeaoc 3TOM BeTBIf no oca x aa ± T, ± 2T, ± 3T, ... (pnc. 1.16). qa~e scero B KR4:eCTBe TaKoro npoxeacynca ,llJIliHOll T BbI6MpaIOT npOMe.iKYTOK C KOH-

u,aMli B ro=ncax ( -~; 0) 11 (~ ; 0) MJIM (0; 0) M (T; 0).

Tlpaxepsr rrepaonaxecxax qJYHKII;HM C OCHOBHhIM

nepnonosr:

y = sin x, T = 211: (CM. n. 78); . y = cos x, T = 211: (CM. II. 79)~ y = tg x, T = 1t (CM. II. 80);-

y = ctg x, T = 1t (CM. n. 81).

y

3T

x

Puc. 1.16

§ 8. Onpeneneane lt1 csoacrea <PYHK~Ii1Li1

89

64. MOHOTOBHbIe 4lYB~H. «I>yHK1unO y = {(x), X E X, Ha3bIBaIOT eospacmaxnueu na npOMeJICym1Ce Xl eX

(c - 3HaK BKJIIO~eHHH O,Zl;HOrO MHomeCTBa B zrpyroe), eCJIH ,n;JIH JII06hlX Xl H X2 H3 Xl TaKHx, ~TO Xl < X2' asrIIOJIH.fIeTCH HepaBeHCTBO

CPYHK~HIO Y = {(X), X E X. Ha3hlBaIOT y6bt6a1OU{-eu ua npcxescumxe Xl eX, eCJIH ,n;JI.fI JII06bIX Xl H X2 H3 Xl TaKHx, ~TO Xl < X2, BhlilOJIHHeTCH HepaBeHCTBO

liHbIMH CJIOBaMH, <PYHK~HH soapacraer {yfisraaer] aa npoxeaeyrxe, eCJIH, KaKHe 6hl ,ZI;Ba 3Ha~eHHH apryMeHTa, npaaazoreacamae 3TOMY rrpOMemYTKY, HH B3.fITb, OKameTCH, ~TO 60JIbIlIeMY 3Ha~eHHIO apryMeHTa COOTBeTCTByeT 60JIbIlIee (MeHbIlIee) 3HaqeHHe CPYHKD;HH.

II pa ,ZI;BHmeHHH B,n;OJIb OCH aocnacc CJIeBa aanpaso opzraaara rparpnxa B03paCTaIOm;eH <PYHK~HH YBeJIH~HBaeTC.fI (pHC. 1.17), a Op,Zl;HHaTa rparpaxa y6bIBaIOm;eH CPYHK~HH YMeHbiliaeTCH (pHC. 1.18).

y

PRC. 1.17

y

PRc.1.18

90

Fnasa III. Cl>YHKL\V1V1 V1 rPACl>V1KV1

Boapacraronrae H y6b1BalOID;11e <PYHKUHH 06'be,n;HHHlOT TepMHHOM 4.MOHOmOllHble CPYHKUHH».

II P H M e p. llCCJIeAOBaTb aa MOHOTOHHOCTb CPYHK- 11.1110 Y = 2x3 + 3.

Pe m e a a e. IIYCTb xl < X2' Torna ITO CBOHCTBaM

qHCJIOBbIX nepaseacrn (CM. II. 21) HMeeM x~ < x~, 2xt < 2x~, 2x~ + 3 < 2x~ + 3, T. e. f(xI) < f(x2)' llTaK, xl < X2 => f(XI) < f(X2), a no 3HaqHT, qTO

<PYHK11.HH y = 2x3 + 3 B03paCTaeT na BeeR qHCJIOBOH IIpHMOM.

§ 9. Bit1Abl Cl>YHKU,""'a;;.

65. JIHHeHHaH clJYHKn:HH. J!UlleUHOU (jJYH1C4ueu aa- 3bIBalOT CPYHK11.HlO, 3a,n;aHHYlO CPOPMYJIOR

y= kx+ b,

r,n;e k H b - ,n;eMcTBHTeJIbHble qHCJIa. ECJIH, B qaCTHOCTH, k = 0, TO rrOJIyqaeM nocmosuoupo (jJYH1C4UlO y = b; eCJIH b = 0, TO nonyaaesr npJtMylO nponopuuonan»nocm» y = kx.

IIepeqm!.JIHM csoncrsa JIHHeHHOii IPYHKI(HH Y = kx + b npa k :;t!; 0, b ;t:. O.

1) 06JIaCTb orrpenexerraa CPYHKD;HH - MHomeCTBO ncex ,n;eiicTBHTeJ1bHbIX qHCeJI.

2) <PYHK:U;HH Y = kx + b HH qeTHa, HH HeqeTHa. -

3) IIPH k > ° <PYHK11.HH B03paCTaeT, a ITpH k < 0 y6bInaer na BceH qHCJ10BOM nparaoii.

Teoperaa 1. I'pa<pHKoM JIHHeH:HOH CPYHK:U;HH y = kx + b HBJIHeTCH nparaaa.

Ha pHCYHKe 1.19 H306pameH rparpax CPYHK:U;HH y = = kx + b. 3TO nparaaa, napanaensnaa rrpHMoH, CJIY.iKam;eii rparparcora <PYHKU;HH y = kx, H rrpOXOAHm;aH xepea TOqKY (0; b) na OCM 0PAHHaT.

§ 9. BVI,Qbl CPYHKL.I,V1~

91

y

y

o

. 4

x

x

PRe. 1.19

PRc.1.20

"tfIICJIO k Ha3bIBalOT YZl106bt.M lCoaf/JfjJulfuenmO.M npst.Moil, OHO paBHO TaHl'eHCY yrvra a Mem,u;y npHMOH H IIOJIOmHTeJIbHhlM JIyqOM OCII x, T. e. k = tg a.

IIpHMep. IIocTpOHTb rparpax IPYHKIJ;HH y = -~ + 4. P e ill e H II e. rpaqmKoM JIHHeHHOH CPYHK:U;HH .HBJIHeTCH rrpasraa, a ,u;JIH nocrpoeana rrpHMoH ,u;OCTaTOtIHO 3HaTb ,u;Be TO"tlKH rpaqraxa. 3anOJIHlIM rannany:

x

o

4

y

4

2

(aprYMeHTY x ,u;aJIll 3HaqeHllH 0 H 4 H no «p0pMYJIe y = = -~ + 4 HaIIIJIH COOTBeTCTBYlOIJ.J;lIe 3HatIeHlIH y). OTMeTlIM na Koop,u;IIHaTHOH: nJIOCKOCTII rosxa (0; 4) II (4; 2) II nposezrex xepea 3TlI TOtIKH npHMYlO (pIIC. 1.20).

66. 06paTHa.a: nponopU;HOHaJIbHOCTb. Otipamnoii nponopuuonansuocmiao Ha3b1BalOT CPYHKIl;HlO, aanaaayro IPOPMY JIOH:

k

y= -, x

rne k 7:- O. "t{HCJIO k Ha3bIBalOT lCoaq}(jJulfuenmO.M o6pamnoii nponopuuonasunocmu,

92

inasa III. Cl>YHKUV1V1 V1 iPA<DV1KV1

IIepe~niCJIHM CBOHCTBa <PYHK~HH y == ~ • x

1) 06JIaCTb onpenenemra - MHomeCTBO ncex ,neHcTBHTeJIbHbIX ~HCeJI, KpOMe HYJIH.

2) y = ~ - He~eTHaH CPYHK~H.R. x

B caMOM nene, fe-x) = !:_ = -~ = -f(x).

-x x

3) ECJIH k > 0, TO 4>YHK~H.R y = ~ y6bIBaeT na npoxeX

mYTKe (0; +00) H na nporeeacyrxe (-00; 0). ECJIH k < 0,

TO <PYHK~HH y = ~ B03paCTaeT aa nporeeacyrree (-00; 0) x

H na rrpOMemYTKe (0; +00).

IIocTpOHM rpaQ>HK Q>YHKI.l;HH Y = .! . Caaxana nocrpoX

HM BeTBb rparpaxa na IIpOMem.YTKe (0; +00). COCTaBHM Ta6JIHI.l;Y 3Ha~eHHH CPYHKIl;HH:

Haaecex IIOJIy~eHHbIe TO~KH aa Koop,nHHaTHYIO IIJIOCKOCTb H coezraaax HX IIJIaBHOii KPHBOH

(pHC. 1.21). 3TO H 6y,neT BeTBb rparparca CPYHKI.l;HH y = .!

X

aa IIpOMemYTKe (0; +00).

BOCilOJIb30BaBIDHcb He~eTHOCTblO CPYHKIl;IHI y = .!.,

X

,no6aBHM K nocrpoenaoit BeTBH BeTBb, CHMMeTpH~HYIO eii OTHOCHTeJIbHO naxana xoopzmaar. IIoJIY~HM rpa-

CPHK CPYHKD;HH y = ! (pHc.1.22).

x

§ 9. BLt1Abl ¢YHKU,1II1i1

93

y

y

y

AHaJIOrH"tJHbIH BH,n; HMe~ er rparparc cPYHKII;HH Y =

= !!. IIPH .JII060M rrOJIO.iKH~

x

TeJIbHOM k. Ha pHCYHRe 1.23 H306pa.iKeH r'parpnrc

cPYHKD;IiH Y = ~.

X

Ec.rrR k < O. TO BeTBH rpatparca ofiparaoii nporrOpUHOHaJIbHOCTH pacrro~ JIO~eHbI He BIll III KOOp~ ~HHa THbIX xeraepr SIX t RaJ< B cnyxae, xorna k > 0, a BO II H IV. Ha pHCYHKe 1.24 H306pa.iKeHbI rpa<pHKH <PYHRD;HH

Y=_l y=_2

-, -.

x x

I'parpax ofipa'raoii rrporropII;HOHaJIbHOCTH Y = !!. Ha3bI~ x

BaIOT euneptiosou,

67. Cl»YHK~HH Y = x2• IIepe"tJHcJIHM CBoHcTBa <PYHRII;HH Y = x2•

1) 06JIaCTb onpenenenaa <PYHKD;HH - BCSI "tJHCJIOBaH

o

1

PMc.1.21

PMc.1.22

x

PMc.1.23

y

PMc.1.24

npaxaa.

2) Y = x2 - "CJ:eTHaH <PYHRII;HSI.

94

Fnasa III. <1>YHKLlV1V1 VI fPAcPV1KVl

B CaMOM .n;eJIe, f(-x) = (-X)2 = X2 = f(x).

3) Ha IIpOMemYTKe [0; +00) c}1YHKII,HH soapacraer.

2 2

B caMOM nene, eCJIH 0 ~ Xl < X2' TO Xi < x2' a ::lTO

H oaaavaer aoapacraaae <PYHKII,HH (CM. n. 64).

4) Ha rrporseacyrxe (-00; 0] CPYHKII,H.R y6bIBaeT.

B caMOM ztane, eCJIH xl < x2 ~ 0, TO -xl> -X2 ~ 0, a

IIOTOMY (- Xl)2 > (-X2)2, T. e. xi > x~, a3TO H 03HaQaeT y6hIBaHHe CPYHKII,HH (CM. n. 64).

I'parpaxosr CPYHKIJ;HH Y = x2 RBJIReTCH naptuio.na (CM. II. 83). STOT rparpme H306pa)KeH aa pHCYHKe 1.11.

y

PHe.1.25

68. CIlYHKD;HH Y = x3• IIepeQHCJIHM CBoRcTBa CPYHK~HH Y =

= x3•

1) 06JIaCTh orrpenerreana

<PYHRIJ;HH - BCR qHCJIOBaH npRMaR.

2) y = x3 - ne-rernaa <PYHKx ~H.H.

B caMOM zte.ne, fe-x) = (-x)3 = = -x3 = -f(x).

3) <PYHKIJ;HR Y = x3 B03paCTaeT na BceR QHCJIOBOH np.HMoH.

I'parpnrc CPYHKIJ;HH y = x3 H30- 6pa)KeH na pHCYHKe 1.25. Ero na- 3hIBalOT Ky6ul{eCKOU napatio.noii,

69. Crerrenaaa c1JYHKD;HH C HaTypaJIbHbIM norcaaaTeJIeM. <PYHKI1;lilO

rne n - narypansrroe QHCJIO, Ha3hIBalOT cmenennoii (jJy1-tK4UeU C 1-tamypa.ltb1-tbtM notcasamenem, IIpH n = 1

§ 9. BII1,D,bl ¢YHKU,II1V1

95

nOJIy-raeM .pYHKI.J;HlO Y = x, ee CBoHcTBa paccworperrsr B n. 65, a rparpn« (npasraa) H306pameH aa pHCYHKe 1. 9 (n. 60). I1PH n = 2 nOJIY"'IaeM .pYHKI.I;llIO y = x2, ee CBoHcTBa paCCMOTpeHbI B n. 83, a rpadunc (napafio.na) H306pameH na pHcYHKe 1.11 (n. 60). TIPH n = 3 nOJIy"'IaeM CPYHKI.J;HIO y = x3, ee CBoHcTBa paCCMOTpeHbI B n. 68, a rpadiarc (:Ky6H"'IeCKaH napationa) Il306pameH aa pHCYHKe 1.25.

IIyCTb n - npOH3BOJIbHOe "'IeTHOe aarypansnoe qHCJIO, 60JIbillee zrsyx: n = 4, 6, 8, .... B 8TOM cnyxae c}JYHKI.J;HH y = x" otiaazraer TeMH me CBoHcTBaMH, qTO H <PYHKI.J;HH Y = x2• I'parpmc TaKoH qJYHKI.J;HH HanOMHaaer napa60JIY Y = x2, TO.l'IbKO BeTBH rparpnxa rrpn Ixl> 1 treM xpyse H.n;yT asepx, qeM 60JIbille n, a npn Ixl < 1 TeM «recnee npHmHMaIOTC,H'> KOCH x, qeM 60JIbrue n (pHC. 1.26).

Ilycrr, n - npOH3BOJIbHOe nexeraoe "'IHCJIO, 60JIbI.I.Iee rpex: n = 5, 7, 9, .... B 3TOM cnyxae .pyHRI.J;HH Y = x" otinazraer TeMH me CBOH:CTBaMIl, "'ITO H CPYHKI.J;IlH Y = x3• I'parpn« TaROH CPYHRI.J;HH HanOMHHaeT Ry6H"'IeCRYro napa6oJIY, TOJIbKO BeTBH rpadnnca TeM xpyxe Il.n;yT nsepx (npn X > 0), BHH3 (npa X < 0), "'IeM 60JIbIIle n (pRC. 1.27).

y

-1 0

1

x

PHc.1.26

PHc.1.27

96

rnaBa III. CDYHKLJ,lt1111 111 rPACDV1Klt1

OTMeTHM TaRme, xro na nposreacyrrce (0; 1) rparpnx CTeneaaofi <PYHKIJ,HH Y = x" TeM Me,Z:VIeHHee OT.n;aJIHeTCH OT OCH XC POCTOM x, "tleM 60JIbIIIe n.

70. II01taaaTeJIbHaH 4>YHK~H.R. II oxasamenena» ljJYHKijUJl aaaaerca <POPMYJIOH: y = a", rne a > 0 H a 7:- 1.

IIepe"tlHcJIHM CBOH:CTBa CPYHKIJ;HH y = aX npn a > 1. 1) 06JIaCTb onpenenenaa qJYHKIJ;HH - BCH 'tJHCJIOBaH npaxaa.

2) 06JIaCTh 3Ha"tleHJlH: QJYHKIJ;JIJI - rrpOMemYTOK (0; +(0).

o

X

PlIe. 1.28

3) <t>YHRIJ,JlH He HBJIHeTCH HJI "tIeTHOH:, HM ae"tIeTHOH:. 3TO CJIe.n;yeT Ha roro, "tITO a-X :;t:.ax H a-X :;t:. 7:- - a",

4) <t>YHRTI;JlH soapacTaeT na Bceii 'tJHCJIOBOii rrpHMoii.

I'parpmc CPYHRIJ;JIJI y =

= aX npa a > 1 BhlrJIH,ll;HT TaR, RaR rrORa3aHO na pJlCYHKe 1.28.

Il p a x ep 1. IIoCTpoJlTb rpaqmR CPYHRIJ;HJI y = z-. PeIIIeHHe. CocTaBHM Ta6miIJ;Y:

x -2 -1 0 1 2
1 1 1 2 4
y I
4 2 I C rrowonrsro HaH:,ll;eHHbIX To'tJeR CTPOIlM rpadmrc <PYHRIJ;HH Y = 2x (pRC. 1.29).

Caojtcrna CPYHRTI;IlH Y = aX npn 0 < a < 1:

1) 06JIaCTb onpeneneana CPYHKIJ;MH - BCH 'tJHCJIOBaH npaxaa.

§ 9. BIIIAbl CPYHKlI,vail

97

-2 -1 0

1

2 x

PMc.1.29

x

PMc.1.30

2) 06JIaCTb 3Ha~eHlI:H - (0; +00).

3) <PYHKnll.R: He RBJUleTCR HH ~eTHoii:, HH HeqeTHoii:.

4) <PYHKIJ;HR y6bIBaeT aa BceH qHCJIOBOii: npRMoll.

I'padnnc <}>YHRIJ;HH Y = aX npn 0 < a < 1 BbIrJI.H,lJ;HT

TaK, KaK IIOKa3aHO na pHCYHI<e 1.30.

IIp11Mep 2. Ilocrpo- 11Tb rpaqnnc <PYHKII;HH

Pe m e a ae.

BHM Ta6JIHny:

COCTa-

x .-2 -1 0 1 2
4 2 1 1 I
y :2 4 -2 -1 0

2

1

x

Puc. 1.31

C IIOMO~blO HaH,lJ;eHHbIx TOqeI< CTPOHM rparpmc CPYHKnHH Y = G)X (pHC. 1.31).

4-1707H

98

rnaua III. <PYHKUV1i11 V1 rPA<DV1KiI1

71. Ofiparnaa tPYllKlJ;HH. I'parpn« 06paTllOH CPYHKJJ.HII. CpaBIU1M nae Q>YHf<'Il,I1U: y = {(x) H 11 = g(x); trx rpaqnnm H306pameHbI na PRCYHK3X 1.32 H 1.33. 06e OHM onpenenensr na OTpe3Ke [u; b] It MMeJOT 06JlaCTbIO CBOMX 3HaqCHHll OTpe30K [c; d]. Ilepnaa Cl)YHKIl;I1S1 06- JIaAaeT CJIe.a;YlOI..l\l1M cDoiicTBOM: )J;JH{ JI106oT'o Yo IT3 OTpe3K8 [c; d] ec'rs TOJIbRO O,ll;HO 3IIat.IeHHe Xo 113 orpeaxa [a; b] raxoe, qTO !(Xo) = YO'

Teosaerpaxecxu YKa3aHHoe asune CBOHCTBO 03HaQaeT CJleAYIOw;ee: mo6aH rOpmWHTaJIhHlUI IIpHMaH, nepecercaiomaa OCb Y Mem,n;y TOqKaMli C l1: d, nepecexaer rpa(ImK q)YHKIl,H11 Y = ((x) TOJIhKO B o,ll,Hoii T01.IKe. Bropax <l_)YHKlJ;IUI 3T11M CBoficTBOM He 06JIa.a;aeT: aanprosep, ,1J;JIH 3HaqeHMH Yl rrpastaa Y = Y1 nepecexaer rpadm« q)YHKIl,HII Y = g(x) B rpex T01:[Kax. 3Ra1UIT, B nepsosi cay-rae IIpH KaJK,n;OM (lmKcHpoBaHHoM Yo 113 OTpe3Ka [c; d] ypas-

HeRRe {(x) = Yo If MeeT TOJIbKO O,l1;HH reopens Xo, aBO B'1'OPOM cnyxae npn aexoropsrx y, xanpaxep npn y = Y1, ypaanenne g (x) = Y1 HMeeT 60JIee O,llHOI'O KOpHH.

06paTI1MCH erne paa R pl1CYHRaM 1.3211 1.33. CpanHJIBiUr rpaqnn·m (l)YHRI~Hti y = {(x) H Y = g(x). aaxe-raeM, qTO Y = !(x) - noapacratomaa <PYHKI.1;I1JI (11 Y nee ecrr. 06paTHaH <PYHRIl,IIH), TOI',lI,a RaK (PYHKIl,UH Y = g(x) He HBJIReTCH HH aoapacraiomeri, HH y6hIBaIOw.efi (If Y nee HeT 06paTHoi1 qJYHKIl,HH). B03paCTaHn:e

!I d~----------~=-

.II

d t---------..

c

o a Xu

o «

X

c

b x

PRe. 1.32

PHc.1.33

§ 9. BV1Abl ¢YHKUV111

99

M.1IlI y6bIB8HMe (PYHKD;I1I1 otiecnexauae-r cYID;ecTBoBaHI1e 06paTHoii: rpymcuaa.

TIpMMep. 1~oK83aTb, 'lI'J'0 y <lJYHKD;HH Y = 2x - 1. ecrs 06paTH8$l, H HaMTH ee.

P e ill e H If e. <l>YHKll,I1$l y = 2x - 1 B03paCTReT na BceM 't£MCJIOBOii npawoii: 3Ha~lHT, Y nee ecrs o6paTH8JI qlYHKUH.R. 'Y:T06bI narrTYI otipa-ruvro <}>YHKUHIO, nazro l1.3 (POPMY.1IbI y = 2x - 1 Bblpa3H'fb x.

II y+l II

OJIY'lIMM X =~. OMeH.RB x n Y MeCTaMM, nOJIY-

~mM y = x ; 1. ::ho II eCTb HCKOMaJI 06p8TH8H (I)YHKD;IHI.

ECJIII TOqKa (X; y) l1plfH8J),JIemHT rpa<l)J{KY <PYHKD;HH y = (x), TO TO'llK3 (y; X) npunaztneacrrr r'parpmcy 06paT~ HOR Q)YHKUI1M. nO~TOMY rparpnx ofiparnoii (])YHKI~HI1 IIOJIyqaeTCH na rparpmca q)YHKUHH y = f(x) c rroxroursro l1pe06pa30BaHI1.R l1JIOCKOC'fll xy, nepesonarnero TOt{KH (y; X) B TO'llKH (X; y). 8THM npeofipaaoaau aera SlB.1IReTCR npeofipaaoaanne OCeBOH: CH:MMeTpIUf OTHOCMTeJIbHO rrp.HMoii y = X (OCb CHMMeTpUII).

TaKUM 06pa30M, 'lm06bl nocmpoum» epaqnuc rjJy1tliI.{UU. otipamnou I( (jJYfllill,UU Y = {(X), naoo epaipu« l/Jyn1Cl4uu y = ({X) noiteepe-

nymb n peoopasoeanuto cu sonempuu omuocumeniHO npJl.MOU y = X (puc. 1.34).

Hanpnsrep, eC.1I1I y = x", rae X ~ 0, n - aarvpans-

Hoe, n > 1, TO X = nJY. TIo~ MeHHB X II Y MecTaMH,' no-

JIyqHM y = IIJX. rpac}JuKH JIR~TX B3aHMHO ofipar asrx 4*

!I

-, /1

~

!' (x)

x

Puc. 1.34