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Insulation Level
Thanapong Suwanasri1, Somchai Homklinkaew1 and Cattareeya Suwanasri2
The Sirindhorn International Thai – German Graduate School of Engineering
1
King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkkok, 10800 Thailand
2
Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, 65000 Thailand, E-mail: cattareeyaa@nu.ac.th
Power transformer is one of the most important and A. Lightning Current Source
expensive equipments in electrical power system. Damage of The shielding failure and back flashover of suspension
transformer certainly causes utility to loss some revenue from insulator are represented by two modes of lightning current
energy supply to its customers. Moreover, the utility must pay sources in the simulation. Table I describes the critical
repairing cost. In addition the system reliability is decreased if characteristic of lightning such as steepness, amplitude and
contingency plan is not well prepared. The principal cause of duration for both mentioned cases [1].
transformer damage is overvoltage due to lightning or TABLE I
switching. In case of such overvoltage exceeds the basic TYPICAL LIGHTNING CHARACTERISTICS
lightning impulse insulation level (BIL) of transformer Sm (max th (time to half
insulation, the damage of internal or external insulation could Im (crest value) tf (front time) value)
steepness)
unavoidably occur. Unlike transmission line with self-restoring 75 μs
150 kA 7.1 μs 42.77 kA / μs
insulation, transformer insulation is non-self restoring. Thus, if 75 μs
7 kA 2.55 μs 16.7 kA / μs
insulation level is not well selected and designed, permanent
damage could occur and subsequently need to be repaired as
soon as possible. The objective of this work is to study the Flashovers caused by lightning are divided into two groups.
effect of lightning impulse on insulation level of transformer The first group, back flashover, means that the stroke
regarding to various system parameters such as footing terminates on a structure or shield wire. Consequently, the
resistance, cable length, back flashover of suspension insulator potential of the structure rises significantly and subsequently
and shielding failure. The result of this study will be used to causes a flashover to the phase conductor. The second group,
improve system reliability in order to reduce the impact of shielding failures, means that the stroke terminates directly on
overvoltage and as a guideline for selection of transformer the phase conductor.
insulation level.
Lightning can be suitably modeled by using the CIGRE
II. WORKING PROCEDURE characteristics such as concave front slope as shown in Fig. 2.
In this work, the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) with To represent lightning impulse, the concave front slope is
ATPDRAW, graphical pre-processor, is used to study the practically more suitable than a straight line. Similarly, the
effects of lightning transient overvoltage on transmission line Heidler lightning model from ATP can also perform this
as well as on underground cables and in a substation. A typical function.
115 kV sub-transmission system from Metropolitan Electricity B. Overhead Transmission Line
Authority (MEA), Thailand is applied in the simulation. It Fig. 3 shows the model of overhead line, transmission tower
consists of overhead transmission lines on concrete poles, and footing resistance used in this study.
underground cable, gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) and power
transformer as shown in Fig. 1. Details of each component
modeling are described in the following sections.
approximated by using Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), respectively.
R
RT = 0 (2)
1+ I / I
g
1 E0 ρ
Ig = • (3)
2π 2
R0
I
TWR4 0.1 km
V
LCC LCC LCC LCC LCC LCC
PT1
V
t
t
Tran
V
TR
R=10Ω
nprojectr10>TOP - R=50Ω
(Type 4) R=100Ω
nprojectr100>TOP - (Type 4)
1500000 500000
Voltage (V)
1000000 0
Voltage (V)
500000 -500000
0 -1000000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (us)
Electrotek Concepts® TOP, The Output Processor®
-500000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Figure 6 Voltage profiles of various locations in the system
Time (us)
Electrotek Concepts® TOP, The Output Processor®
Figure 5. Effect of footing resistance to the pole top voltage Case II : Effect of underground cable connection
From the above reason, the footing resistance of 10 Ω is The second case study is shielding failure, 7 kA lightning
chosen for further study. Fig. 6 shows the overvoltage at current is injected directly to phase A conductor. The effect of
underground cable connection on overvoltage is presented in
various locations in the system such as at pole top, phase A
Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 by comparing the voltage at the incoming line
conductor, incoming line and transformer terminal. The dash
and at transformer terminal respectively with variable cable incoming line because it is considered as high surge impedance
length. The most critical overvoltage is in case of without at the opened circuit breaker location. Moreover in case of
underground cable connection, solid high frequency oscillation opened circuit breaker, the frequency of oscillation is nearly
line. With cable connection between the incoming line and twice of the frequency when circuit breaker is closed. When
substation, the voltage decreases because the surge impedance circuit breaker is opened, the inductance and capacitance of
of underground cable is less than overhead line. Therefore, the GIS switchgear and transformer are subtracted from the
transmitted overvoltage through underground cable is reduced. considered system.
The longer cable length results in lower frequency of
Circuit breaker close Circuit breaker open
oscillation. Because the capacitance of cable increases with
cable length, the frequency of oscillation having inverse 2000000
ncable0>LINE1A(Type 4) ncable0open>LINE1A(Type 4)
Voltage (V)
0
cable = 0 m cable = 100 m
ncable0>LINE1A(Type 4) ncable100>LINE1A(Type 4)
cable = 500 m cable =1000 m
ncable1000>LINE1A(Type 4) ncable500>LINE1A(Type 4)
1500000
-1000000
1000000
-2000000
500000 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (us)
Electrotek Concepts® TOP, The Output Processor®
Voltage (V)
IV. CONCLUSION
-1000000
The overvoltage stresses due to lightning impulse in a typical
-1500000 MEA system has been studied in order to determine the
0 10 20
Time (us)
30 40
insulation level of high voltage equipment. The footing
Electrotek Concepts® TOP, The Output Processor®
resistance has an effect on overvoltage and should be kept as
Figure 7 Effect of cable length at incoming line voltage low as possible. Connection of underground cable between the
incoming line and switchgear can alleviate the severity of
cable = 0 m cable = 100 m
overvoltage. The opened circuit breaker results in higher
cable = 500 m cable =1000 m overvoltage at the incoming line with higher frequency of
oscillation. Because the overvoltages of every case exceed the
ncable0>TRANA (Type 4) ncable100>TRANA (Type 4)
0
cable connections to overhead lines”, International Conference on
Power Systems Transients (IPST’07), Lyon, France. June 4-7, 2007.
-500000
[2] Fast Front Transients Task Force of the IEEE Modeling and Analysis
of System Transients Working Group. “Modeling Guidelines for Fast
-1000000
Front Transients”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1,
pp.493-506 January 1996.
-1500000 [3] Juan A. Martinez-Velasco, Ferley Castro-Aranda. “Modeling of
0 10 20
Time (us)
30 40 Overhead Transmission Lines for Lightning Studies”, International
Electrotek Concepts® TOP, The Output Processor® Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST’05), Montreal,
Canada, on June 19-23, 2005
Figure 8 Effect of cable length at transformer voltage [4] J.A. Martinez and F. Castro-Aranda, “Tower modelling for lightning
analysis of overhead transmission lines”, IEEE PES General Meeting
2005, June 2005, San Francisco.
Case III : Effect of opened circuit breaker [5] Zhijing, Z., and et al. 2004. “The Simulation model for calculating the
surge impedance of a tower”. In Proceedings of IEEE International
The third case is also shielding failure. The effect of opened Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Indianapolis, USA,19-22
or closed circuit breaker at the incoming line on overvoltage September.
without underground cable connection is shown in Fig. 9. The [6] Helfried W. Anderl Charles L. Wagner, Thomas H. Dodds. “Insulation
opened of circuit breaker results in higher overvoltage at the Coordination For Gas Insulated Substations”, IEEE PES Winter
Meeting, New York, N.Y., January 28-February 2, 1973