CIVILIZATIA

In acest capital sunt redate 40 de teme privind civilizatia

spatiului cultural al limbii engleze.

1. United Kingdom
The official name of the country we usually call
England and occasionally Great Britain is the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The U. K.
is situated on the group of islands lying just off the
mainland of northwestern Europe. The British Isles include
Great Britain proper, Ireland and a number of smaller
islands. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and
Wales. The southern part of Ireland is the Republic of Eire.
Great Britain is separated from the continent by the
English Channel, the narrower part of which is called the
Strait of Dover. The British Isles are surrounded by the
shallow waters of the Irish Sea and the North Sea, the
Norwegian Sea, the North Channel and the Atlantic
Ocean.
Britain is comparatively small, but there is hardly a
country, in the world where such a variety of scenery can
be found. There are wild desolate mountains in the
northern Highlands of Scotland - the home of the deer
and the eagle. The Pennine Range in northern England
and the Cambrian Mountains in Wales are much lower. In
the extreme south of England are the famous chalk hills,
some of which form the Dover Cliffs. The southern and
south-eastern parts of the island lie in varied lowlands.
The rivers of the region are short and of no great
importance as waterways. The longest of them is the
"Father of London", the Thames, which is a little over 200
miles. Britain's principal ports are London, Liverpool,
Manchester, Hull, and Glasgow.
Thanks to climatic conditions, Britain in truth looks
like one great well-ordered park with its old trees, green
meadows and hedges.
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2. London-capital of Great Britain
The capital of Great Britain is London. It's political,
economic and commercial center of the country. Its
population is about 8 million.
London is divided into several parts: the City,
Westminster, the West End and the East End.
The heart of London is the City, its financial and
business center. Numerous banks, offices and firms are
situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock
Exchange and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but
over a million people come to the city to work.
There are some famous ancient buildings within the
City. Perhaps the most striking of them in St. Paul's
Cathedral, the greatest of British churches. Another
important monument of London is The Tower of London
which was used for many purposes: as a royal palace, an
observatory, an arsenal, a state prison and it is now a
museum. For many visitors the principal attraction is the
Crown Jewels, the finest precious stones of the nation.
Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of
London. Westminster Abbey is a national shrine where the
kings and queens are crowned and famous people are
buried. Across the road from Westminster Abbey is the
seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower, which
contains the hour-bell called Big Ben, is known the world
over. Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the
Queen.
Trafalgar Square is the geographical center of
London. On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the
National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. Not far
away is the British Museum - the biggest museum in
London.
The West End is the richest and the most beautiful
part of London. Only reach people live there. But in the
same time The East End is the poorest district of London.
There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here.
The streets are narrow, the buildings are unimpressive.
This is the place of living of the working class.
. known as Hogmanay is very well kept up. The
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So after all we can say that the UK is one of the most
powerful countries with great culture and it would be very
exiting to visit it.
3. Climate and Nature of Great Britain
The climate in Great Britain is generally mild and
temperate due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The
south-western winds carry the warmth and moisture into
Britain. The climate in Britain is usually described as cool,
temperate and humid.
British people say: "Other countries have a climate, in
England we have weather."
The weather in Britain changes very quickly. One day
may be fine and the next day may be wet. The morning
may be warm and the evening may be cool. Therefore it
is natural for the people to use the comparison "as
changeable as the weather" of a person who often
changes his mood or opinion about something. The
weather is the favorite topic of conversation in Britain.
Rainfall is more or less even throughout the year. In
the mountains there is heavier rainfall then in the plains
of the south and east. The driest period is from March to
June and the wettest months are from October to January.
The average range of temperature (from winter to
summer) is from 1 5 to 23 degrees above zero. During a
normal summer the temperature sometimes rises above
30 degrees in the south. Winter temperatures below 1 0
degrees are rare. It seldom snows heavily in winter, the
frost is rare. January and February are usually the coldest
months, July and August the warmest. Still the wind may
bring winter cold in spring or summer days. Sometimes it
brings the whirlwinds or hurricanes. Droughts are rare.
So, we may say that the British climate has three
main features: it is mild, humid and changeable. That
means that it is never too hot or too cold. Winters are
extremely mild. Snow may come but it melts quickly. In
winter the cold is humid cold, not the dry one.
This humid and mild climate is good for plants. The
trees and flowers begin to blossom early in spring.
4. Customs and traditions in UK
Almost every nation has a reputation of some kind.
The English are reputed to be cold, reserved, rather
haughty people. They are steady, easy-going and fond of
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sports. There are certain kinds of behavior, manners and
customs which are peculiar to England.
Britain is a nation of animal lovers. In Britain pets can
send Christmas cards to their friends, birthday cards.
Every Englishmen spends his weekend different:
those who live in cities and towns like to go out of town.
They may go to stay in the country to admire the bright
sun and fresh air where no crowds of people, just silence
and leisure are.
There are some traditions concerning food. English
cooking is heavy, substantial and plain. The Englishman
likes a good breakfast. To him a good breakfast means
porridge with, fish, bacon and eggs, toast and
marmalade, tea or coffee.
Tea is part of the prose of British life, as necessary as
potatoes and bread. Seven cups of it wake you up in the
morning; 9 cups will put you to sleep at night.
The English have a popular specialty known as fish
and chips. They are bought at special fish and chips
shops.
5. New Year's Day in UK
The celebration of New Year's Day varies according
to the district. In the south of England, the festival of
Christmas, lasting 12 days from December 25th, runs on
well into the New Year. The decorations of colored
streamers and holly, put up round the walls, and of
course the fir-tree, with its candles or lights, are not
packed away until January 5th. On the evening of
December 31st, people gather in one another's homes, in
clubs, in pubs, in restaurants, and hotels, in dance halls
and institutes, to "see the New Year in".
On New Year's Day all English schoolchildren make
New Year resolutions. They make up lists of shortcomings
which they intend to correct. The children, their mothers
and fathers, and their friends laugh and have a good
time when they read them. The children promise to keep
them.
In the north, and in Scotland, particularly, the Year
ceremonies are similar, but they have an added called
"first foot". This means opening your door to anyone who
knocks it after midnight, and who will then enter the
house, carrying a piece of coal-or wood, or bread. The
visitor is entertained with cakes and ale.
Considerable quantities of good Scotch whiskey are
consumed during these celebrations
6. Places of interest
There are a lot of places of interest in London. They
are all worth seeing. On the north side of Trafalgar
Square stands one of the world's greatest art galleries.
The National Gallery represents all schools of Western
painting from the Italian Primitives to the early 20th
century. Portraits by Reynolds and Gainsborough can be
seen here.
Since the time of William the Conqueror the Tower of
London has served as a fortress, a royal residence,
treasury, mint and prison. Here many people were
imprisoned and beheaded. Now it's a museum.
St. Paul's Cathedral is the largest and the most
magnificent church of the city. The High Altar forms a
memorial to those who died in the two World Wars.
The Victoria and Albert Museum represents the finest
examples of the applied and decorative arts of all kinds.
It has collections of furniture, jewellery, costumes,
musical instruments and metalwork.
The Barbican centre was opened by the Queen in
1982. It includes a concert hall, the home of the London
Symphony Orchestra, two theatres, three cinemas and
an art gallery.
Piccadilly Circus is one of London's busiest road-
junctions. It's always full of cars, people as there are
many theatres, shops and restaurants there. The statue
of Eros is in the middle of Piccadilly.
One of the beautiful things in London is Madame
Tussaud's museum. It represents wax figures of the
famous and infamous people of the past and present.
The Chamber of Horrors is of particular interest and also
Company and the Royal Ballet.
7. Press in Britain
Probably in no other country are there such great
differences the various national daily newspapers- in the
type of news they report and the way they report it.
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On the one hand, there are the "quality" newspapers:
The Times, The Independent, The Guardian, the Financial
times and the Daily Telegraph. These concern
themselves, as far as possible, with factual reports of
major national and international events, with the world of
political and business and with the arts and sport.
On the one hand, there are the "populars" and
"tabloids", so-called because of their smaller size. The
tabloids- the most widely read of which are The Daily
Mail, The Daily Express, the Daily Mirror, The Sun and the
Daily Star- concentrate on more emotive reporting of
stories often featuring sex, violence, the Royal Family,
film and pop stars, and sport. It is often said that the
popular press aims to entertain it's rather than inform
them.
In addition to the 12 national daily newspapers there
are nine national papers which are published on Sundays.
Most of the "Sundays" contain more reading matter than
daily papers, and several of them also include "color
supplements"- separate color magazines which contain
photographically-illustrated feature articles.
The British are one of the biggest newspapers-reading
nations in the world.
8. Museums and Art Galleries of London
London is very rich in museums and art galleries. If
you are fond of painting you'll go to the Tate Gallery.
There are about 300 oils and 19000 watercolors and
drawings. There are many works by the English painter
William Turner there. There are a lot of paintings by the
16-th century English artists and paintings by foreign
artists of the 19-20-th centuries, such as Pablo Picasso's
paintings. There are many interesting sculptures there of
Henry Moor's
The British Museum is the largest and richest of its
kind in the world. It comprises the national museum of
archaeology and ethnography and the national library.
The present building was built in 1852. It contains books
10. Political system of United Kingdom
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. It means
that there is a Queen (or King) and the Parliament. The
Queen has almost no power in the country. Her powers
are limited by the Parliament. Laws are made by the
Parliament.
The Queen is only a formal ruler: she reigns but does
not rule. In fact everything that she does is done on the
active of her ministers, who are responsible for the royal
acts. Thus, most of her functions are symbolic. The
Queen's residence in London is Buckingham Palace.
The British Parliament consists of two cambers: the
House if Lords and the House of Commons. There are
more than 1000 members in the House of Lords. Many
seats are hereditary.
The House of Commons has 635 members. They are
elected by a general election (secret ballot).
The government is headed by the Prime Minister,
who is the leader of the party that has won the election.
In Great Britain there are three main political parties:
the Conservatives, the Labour Party and the Liberals.
11. Sightseeing London
The Tower of London is the most famous of all the
historical buildings in London. In the past the Tower of
London served both as a palace and as a state prison,
but it is only a museum today.
Trafalgar Square is in the centre of the West End of
London. On the north side is the National Gallery; in the
north-east corner is the National Portrait Gallery, and in
the centre is Nelson's Column with the figure of the great
seamen.
Trafalgar Square is the place where mass meetings
and demonstrations for peace and for working people's
rights take place.
"Big Ben" is the name of the great bell which strikes
the hour. It is in the clock Tower of the Houses of
Parliament.
Westminster Abbey is the historic building in London
to which every visitor sooner or later goes. Many of Great
Britain's famous men are buried in Westminster Abbey.
Piccadilly Circus is a square in the central part of
London. London's best-known theatres and cinemas and
most famous restaurants are on Piccadilly Circus. Hyde
Park is the largest park in the West End of London. In the
19th century it became a popular place for public
meetings.
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and manuscripts: Greek, Roman, British and Oriental
antiques. It has a department of Ethnography. This
collection is so vast that only a very small percentage of
it is on show to the public. There's also a department of
prints and drawings. There're departments devoted to
maps, coins, medals and philately. Those who come to
the British museum can see a fascinating array of clocks
and watches.
Cultural life of London would be impossible without
the Royal Albert hall, the Royal Festival hall, the National
theatre and a great number of museums: the Victoria
and Albert museum, the Geological Museum, the
Museum of Mankind, Natural history museum and others.
9. The houses of Parliament
The house of Parliament in London, known also as
the Palace of Westminster is the place where members of
Parliament (M.P.) gather to make laws.
The members of each House meet in sessions which
begin at the end of October and last for about one
hundred and sixty days. The sittings usually begin at 10
o'clock in the morning and end in the late afternoon; but
if Parliament is discussing an important question sittings
may go on till late at night. All the time Parliament is in
session, a flag can be seen over the building, and when
the House of Commons is still sitting after dark, there is a
light over the face of Big Ben.
The members of the House of Commons sit on two
sides of the hall. The Speaker is the chairperson at all the
debates in the House of Commons, and it is duty to keep
order. The Speaker is elected by all the members of the
House of Commons. He belongs to one of the political
parties in Parliament, but he never votes are equal he
votes with the government.
The chairperson of the House of Lords is Lord
Chancellor. He sits on the Woolsack, a large bag of wool
covered with red cloth. If shows that wool made England
rich
The British Museum is one of the largest museums in
the world. It consists of the National Library and Museum
of History, Archaeology, Art and Ethnography.
12. Some facts about London
London has been home of many famous Englishmen.
Some were born there. Some lived there all their lives.
Others lived in London only for a short time but all gave
something to this great city
One of the first names of importance is that of
Geoffrey Chaucer, the poet. He lived most of his life in
London. He knew the courts of King Richard II d King
Henry IV. His most famous work, 'The Canterbury Tales",
opens at the Tabard Inn, in Southward.
William Shakespeare also lived in London. He lived
there for more than twenty years. He acted at the Globe
Theatre and wrote his plays in London. But London's
famous men are not only writers. Sir Christopher Wren,
the architect, spent most of his life in London. He
designed many beautiful churches, including St. Paul's
Cathedral. He also designed palaces and fine houses.
Music is represented by a very interesting figure.
This is George Frederick Handel. He came to London
from Hanover in 1710After some success and some
failure he at last became famous. This happened when
he composed "The Messiah". "Judas Maccabeus" and
'The Music for the Royal Fireworks" Like Chaucer and
many other great artists. Handel is buried in Westminster
Abbey.
Another famous London figure is one of England's
greatest seamen. Admiral Lord Nelson. He has a very
special memorial in Trafalgar Square. Equally famous is
the general who led the army at the battle of Waterloo in
1815. This was the Duke of Wellington. His house stands
at Hyde Park Comer. It is sometimes known as Number
One, London. Like
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3. youth organizations controlled by religious bodies.
Admiral Nelson, the Duke of Wellington is buried in St.
The two largest non-political youth organizations are
Paul's Cathedral.
the associations of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides.
13. Stratford-upon-Avon
The Scout movement was intended for boys from 11
Stratford-upon-Avon lies at the very heart of England.
to 14, but in 1916 Baden Powell introduced a program for
It attracts people not only by its history and connection
younger people. He called them Wolf Cubs. They had
with William Shakespeare, but also by its wonderful
special uniforms, badges, a special training system and
nature and typical English character.
the motto "Do your best!"
Stratford stands on the river Avon and is one of the
There are some other non-political organizations: the
oldest market towns. It has still preserved its own
Combined Cadet Force, Sea Cadet Corps, the Woodcraft
character and atmosphere, as you will not see modern
Folk, the Youth Hostels Association, the National
buildings there. The houses are small and lots of them are
Federation of Young Farmers Clubs, Greenpeace.
very old. Some of them date back to Shakespeare's time.
Youth Organization Greenpeace deals with most
Here you can visit Shakespeare's birthplace (it is a
urgent ecological problems. It protests against nuclear
museum now), Anna Hathaway's cottage the foundations
weapon tests, sea and soil pollution, etc.
of the New Place, where Shakespeare lived when he
Sport clubs are characteristic youth organizations in
retired and died in 1616. Just round the corner there is
the UK. They unite people who are interested in
Grammar school that Shakespeare used to attend.
basebaii, football, golf, etc.
Here in Stratford there is Holy Trinity Church where
Religious young organizations and groups aim at
William Shakespeare was buried. Thousands of people
helping to elderly people or working in hospitals.
from all parts of England and foreign visitors come here
Many of these organizations have done and still are
on Shakespeare's birthday (23rd April) to pay tribute to
doing useful work in providing leisure facilities for young
the great poet.
English people.
Among other sights connected with the name of
15. Vegetation and wildlife
Shakespeare there is an interesting monument with the
Britain was originally a land of vast forests. Mainly
statue of the great poet on top and with characters from
oak and beech in the Lowlands and pine and birch In the
his plays round it. And, of course, you should visit the
Highlands, with great stretches of marshland and smaller
Royal Shakespeare Theatre, a red-brick building standing
areas of moors. Extensive forests remain in eastern and
on the banks of the Avon. The Royal Shakespeare
northern Scotland and in south-eastern and western
Company, which is one of the best known and largest
England. Oak, elm, ash, and beech are the commonest
theatre companies in the world, regularly performs here
trees in England, while Scotland has much pine and
and in the Barbican Centre in London.
birch.
14. Youth organizations in Great Britain The fauna or animal life of Britain is much like that of
Youth and youth movement have become important
north-western Europe, to which it was once joined. Many
factors in the life of the country. There are about 60 youth
larger mammals such as bear, wolf have been hunted to
organizations in Great Britain. All youth organizations can
extinction, others are now protected by law. There are
be divided into three large groups:
many foxes. Otters are common along rivers and
1. non-political organizations;
streams, and seals live along much of the coast.
2. youth organizations associated with political
Hedgehogs, hares,
parties;
rabbits, rats and mice are numerous. Deer live in some of Another best-loved holiday is St.Valentine's Day on
the forests in the Highlands of Scotland and England. the 14th of February - the holiday of love and affection,
Some 230 kinds of birds live in Britain, and another the day of sending and giving presents to those you love.
200 are regular visitors, many are songbirds. The most In England, Easter is a church holiday. A custom is
numerous are blackbirds, sparrow and starling. Robin decorating eggs for children. Halloween is the day or
Redbreast is the national bird of Britain. The number of evening before all Saint's Day. Children dress up in
ducks, geese and other water fowl has diminished during Halloween costumes and masks over their faces.
recent years. According to the Act of Parliament of 1871 there are
16. Holidays in Great Britain 4 bank holidays Easter Monday, whit-Monday, Des 26th
English are proud of their traditions and carefully -Boxing Day. Other public holiday are Good Friday, May
keep them. English people celebrate Christmas on the Day, Also there is a Pancake Day, April's Fool Day,
25th of December. It's the season of good will. It's the Mother's Day.
most beautiful time of the year - the time of love, joy and 17. Educational system in Great Britain
hopes. The educational system of Great Britain is extremely
There are some traditions on New Year's Day. One of complex and bewildering. It is very difficult to generalize
them is the old First Footing. The first man to come into about particular types of schools as schools differ from
the house is very important. The Englishmen believe that one to the other.
he brings luck. Primary education takes place in infant schools for
pupil's ages from 5 to 7 years old and junior schools
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(from 8 to 11 years). Some areas have different systems and Edinburgh Universities), in the 19th century
in which middle schools replace junior schools and take universities, such as London and Manchester universities,
pupils ages from 9 to 11 years. Secondary education has and the new universities.
been available in Britain since 1944. It is compulsory up Full courses of study offer the degree of Bachelor of
to the age of 16, and pupils can stay at school voluntarily Art or Science. Most degree courses at universities last
up to three years longer. three years, language courses 4 years. Medicine and
At the age of 16 pupils take school-leaving examinations dentistry courses are longer (5-7 years).
in several subjects at the Ordinary level. This Most students live away from home, in flats of halls of
examination could also be taken by candidates at a residence.
further education establishment. This exam was called There are not only universities in Britain but also
the General Certificate of Education (GCE). Pupils of colleges. Colleges offer courses in teacher training,
comprehensive school had taken the examination called courses in technology and some professions connected
the Certificate of Secondary Education either with or with medicine. 18. Buckingham Palace
instead of the GCE. A GCE of Advanced ("A") level was Buckingham palace is the official London residence
taken two years after the Ordinary level exam. of Her Majesty The Queen and as such is one of the best
The private sector is running parallel to the state known and most potent symbols of the British monarchy.
system of education. There are over 2500 fee-charging Yet it has been a royal residence for only just over two
independent schools in GB. Most private schools are hundred and thirty years and a palace for much less; and
single-sex until the age of 16. its name, known the world over, is owed not to a
There are over 90 universities in GB. They are divided monarch but to an English Duke.
into three types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridge
JM---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- enormously. Broadcasting in Britain has traditionally been
Buckingham House was built for John, first Duke of based on the
.55.
Buckingham, between 1702 and 1705. It was sold to the
Crown in 1762. Although King George III modernized and principle that it is a public service accountable to people.
enlarged the house considerable, the transformations that While retaining the essential public service element, it
give the building its present palatial character were now also embraces the principles of competition and
carried out for King George IY by Nash, by Edward Blore choice:
for King William IY and Queen Victoria in the end, and by - the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), which
James Pennethoooorne. broadcasts television and radio programs;
In the reign of King Edward Yll, much of the present - the ITC (Independent Television Commission), which
white and gold decoration was substituted for the richly licenses and regulates commercial television services,
colored 19th century schemes of Nash and Blare; and in including cable and satellite services;
the 1920s, Queen Mary used the firm of White Alum to - the Radio Authority, which licenses and regulates
redecorate a number of rooms. commercial radio services, including cable and satellite;
The rooms open to visitors are used principally for The three bodies work to broad requirements and
official entertainment .These include Receptions and State objectives defined and endorsed by Parliament, but are
Banquets, and it is on such occasions, when the rooms are otherwise independent in their daily conduct of business.
filled with flowers and thronged with formally dressed Cable services are delivered through underground
guests and liveried servants, that the Palace is seen at its cables and are paid for subscription. Cable franchises
most splendid and imposing. But of course the Palace is have been granted covering areas comprising 83 per cent
also far more than just the London home of the Royal of all homes and nearly all urban areas in Britain. In mid -
Family and a place of lavish entertainment. It has become 1999 there were about 12.1 million homes able to receive
the administrative centre of the monarchy where, among such services, and 3 million subscribing homes. Digital
a multitude of engagements, Her Majesty receives foreign technology is being introduced which will support up to
Heads of State, Commonwealth leaders and 500 television channels. Cable also has the capacity for
representatives of the Diplomatic Corps and conducts computer - based interactive services, such as home
Investitures, and where the majority of the Royal shopping and email. Satellite television and cable services
Household, consisting of six main Departments and a staff are funded mainly by subscription income.
of about three hundred people, has their offices. Television viewing is by far Britain's most popular
19. Media in Great Britain leisure pastime: over 97 per cent of households have at
The media play a central role in Britain's daily life, least one TV set. British television productions are sold
informing and educating, questioning and challenging - world - wide
and of course - entertaining. In recent years the 20. European Union
availability of more radio frequencies, together with
The establishment of the EU intended to work toward
satellite, cable and microwave transmissions, has already
common goals of European countries.
made a greater number of local, national and international
The EU was established after 2nd World War. France
services possible. The transition from analogue to digital
officially undertook the establishment of the EU proposing
transmission technology is now expanding this capacity
to create "the first concrete foundation of a European

federation". On May 9, 1950 the EU was created and
initially six European countries joint to the EU: Belgium,
Germany, France, Italy, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands.
re-
member countries is 27. The requirements for the
countries willing to become member of EU are the
following:
Member countries must be a stable democracy,
respecting human rights, the rule of law, and the
protection of
minorities;
Member countries must have a functioning market
economy;
The EU has such a structure that there are 5
institutions and each of them is responsible for a
respective objective:
European Parliament - The main functions of this
institution is to exercise the issues related to the
legislation, implementing foreign and security policy,
monitor the budget.
Council of the European Union - This is the most
influential institution in decision making process. The
main function of this institution is to exercise the issues
related to the legislation, to suggest and monitor the
international agreements, implementing foreign and
security policy.
European Commission - It is mainly responsible for
creating the initial outline of legislation, implementing
the legislation to assure that law is property applied, and
representing the EU in international scope and signing
trade and cooperation agreements.
Court of Justice -checks whether laws are in the
accordance with the justice or not
Court of Auditors - Its major function is to check
whether all the Union's revenues and expenditures are
going in a regular manner, according to the EU budget.
Today EU became driving force into the international
market for member countries. Such kind of economic
communities are needed to increase today's economic
growth and make countries better off.
21. Role of the USA in the world politics
It is impossible to discuss a future role of the United
States of America in the world without understanding the
global processes that have been taken place in the world
over the last several years. September 11, without doubt,
was a break point event in these processes. First, it
showed people a danger of an international terrorism.
Second, the event brought about a confrontation
between two different viewpoints on the development of
world politics. On the one hand, politicians from many
countries believe that any active actions to preserve
world order must be organized only by United Nations.
On the other hand, the United States is pushing forward
its aggressive unilateral policy that is based only on
Washington's understanding of the current international
situation.
This US strategy was clearly demonstrated in Iraq.
Now, after two and a half years of the war, the question
must be asked if this policy achieved its goals. Did it
6
Then other countries joint to the EU and today the number
of the
SL
bring a peace and stabilization in the post Sad am
country? Yes, the military operation itself was a success.
Despite the military successes, this strategy did not
produce desirable results. The USA cannot stabilize the
situation, and the Iraqis continue to organize attacks
against the US and coalition forces.
It is possible that the USA will not be able to continue
its unilateral policy anymore because it goes against
objective processes in the world economy and
international relations. The political regimes in European
countries are very close to American, so any military
confrontations are very unlikely at this point. But an
economical competition would be intense. It could be
said that the other war, between the euro and the dollar,
is already on, and the dollar is loosing so far.
There is another potential threat to the USA. Only a
few years ago, a dollar was almost equivalent to gold.
People and businesses all over the world tried to keep
their savings in dollars. Now, when a dollar is getting
cheaper, many try to get rid of it and buy euros. What
would happen if all this dollar cash came back to the
USA? India, Japan, and Russia will probably also try to
make their influence on the world politics comparable
with their economical potential.
One thing is clear, however, the future of the country
directly depends on today's policy.
22. Geographical position of USA
The United States of America is the fourth largest
country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It
m
occupies the southern part of North America and
stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also
includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific
Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a
half million square kilometers. The USA borders on
Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also
has a sea boarder with Russia.
The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of
Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the
country, Washington, is situated. The population of the
country is about 250 million.
The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the
Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is
Mount McKinley, which is located in Alaska.
America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the
Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great
Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and
deepest in the USA.
The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest
regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic.
The climate of the central part is continental. The south
has subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf
of Mexico often bring typhoons. The USA is a highly
developed industrial country. It is the world's leading
producer of copper and oil and the world's second

producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important
manufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radio
and television sets, armaments, furniture and paper.
The largest cities are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago,
Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco and others.
The United States is a federal union of 50 states,
each of which has its own government. The seat of the
central (federal) government is Washington, DC.
According to the US Constitution the powers of the
government are divided into 3 branches: the executive,
headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the
Congress, and the juridical. The Congress consists of the
Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two
main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the
Democratic
_______________________________________________________________________62.
23. Scotland
Scotland is administrative division of the kingdom of
Great Britain, occupying the northern third of the island
of Great Britain. As a geopolitical entity Scotland includes
186 nearby islands, a majority of which are contained in
three groups—namely, the Hebrides, also known as the
Western Islands, situated off the western coast; the
Orkney Islands, situated off the northeastern coast; and
the Shetland Islands, situated northeast of the Orkney
Islands. The largest of the other islands is the Island of
Arran. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland as well as a
major industrial area and seaport
Notable among the lakes, which are especially
numerous in the central and northern regions, are Loch
Lomond (the largest), Loch Ness, Loch Tay, and Loch
Katrina. The longest river of Scotland is the Tay; the
Clyde, however, is the principal navigational stream, site
of the port of Glasgow.
Like the climate of the rest of Great Britain, that of
Scotland is subject to the moderating influences of the
surrounding seas The most common species of trees
indigenous to Scotland are oak and conifers—chiefly fir,
pine, and larch.
The only large indigenous mammal in Scotland is the
deer. Both the red deer and the roe deer are found, but
the red deer, whose habitat is the Highlands, is by far the
more abundant of the two species. Other indigenous
mammals are the hare, rabbit, otter, ermine, pine
marten, and wildcat. Game birds include grouse,
blackcock, ptarmigan, and waterfowl.
Both agriculture and industry are important in the
economy of Scotland. The chief exports are petroleum
and natural gas and manufactured goods, especially
burlap, clothing, machinery, textiles, and whiskey.
The chief imports are food and iron
The most populous city in Scotland is Glasgow. Other
important industrial cities are Dundee and Aberdeen.
Scotland is governed as an integral part of Great
Britain. It is represented by 72 members in the House of
Commons and by 16 Scottish peers in the House of Lords.
1Q_________________________________________________________
24. Olympic Games
7
The Olympic Games have a very long history. They
began in 777 BC in Greece and took place every four
years for nearly twelve centuries at Olympia. They
included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing,
wrestling, etc. All the cities in Greece sent their best
athletes to Olympia to compete in the Games. For the
period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic
Games became the symbol of peace and friendship.
In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not
renewed until many centuries later.
In 1894, a Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin,
addressed all the sports governing bodies and pointed
out the significance of sports and its educational value.
Two years later the first modern Olympic Games took
place. Of course, the competitions were held in Greece to
symbolize the continuation of the centuries-old tradition.
In 1896 the International Olympic Committee was set up.
It is the central policymaking body of the Olympic
movement. It is formed by the representatives of all
countries which take part in the Olympic Games.
The International Olympic Committee decides upon
the programmed of the games, the number of the
participants and the city host for the Games.
Over one hundred and fifty countries are represented
in the International Olympic Committee now. Besides,
each country has its National Olympic Committee.
Summer and Winter Games are held separately.
There are always several cities wishing to host the
Games. The most suitable is selected by the International
Committee. After that the city of the Games starts
preparations for the competitions, constructs new sports
facilities, stadiums, hotels, press centers. Thousands of
athletes, journalists and guests come to the Games, and
it takes great efforts to arrange everything.
There is always an interesting cultural programmer of
concerts, exhibitions, festivals, etc., for each Games.
_______________________________________________________________________Zi
The next summer games will be held in Beijing,
Republic of China.
25. Holidays in USA
The U.S. has no national holidays. Legal holidays -
days on which banks, schools, or other public institutions
and most places of business are closed.
Memorial Day is a legal holiday, observed annually on
the last Monday in May in most of the United
Independence Day is an annual holiday
commemorating the formal adoption by the Continental
Congress of the Declaration of Independence on July 4,
1776, in Philadelphia. Although the signing of the
Declaration was not completed until August, the Fourth of
July holiday has been accepted as the official anniversary
of United States independence and is celebrated in all
states and territories of the U.S.
The Fourth of July is traditionally celebrated publicly
with parades and pageants and public speeches.
Thanksgiving Day, a legal holiday in the U.S.,
was first celebrated in early colonial times in New
England. President Abraham Lincoln appointed a day of
 8

thanksgiving, and since then each president has issued a

Thanksgiving Day proclamation, generally designating
the fourth Thursday of November as a holiday.
New Year's Day is the first day of the year,
January 1 in the Gregorian calendar.
Christmas is an annual festival, held on December
25, to celebrate the Nativity, or birth of Christ. The
Christmas tree, an evergreen trimmed with lights and
other decorations, is derived from the so-called paradise
tree, symbolizing Eden.
Saint Valentine's Day, a holiday honoring
lovers, is celebrated on February 14. There is a custom of
sending greeting cards or gifts to express affection. St.
Valentine has traditionally been regarded as the patron
saint of lovers.
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26. Washington
Washington is the capital city of the United States. It
is located on the north bank of the Potomac River. It was
called after George Washington, the first President of the
USA, Washington is one of the most beautiful and
unusual cities in the United States. It has little industry,
and only one million people. One reason Washington
looks different from other cities is that no building in the
city may be more than 40 meters tall. There are no
skyscrapers, because they would hide the city's many
monuments from view. One can easily find a park, a
square or an open area there. The most impressive and
the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the
Washington Monument.
The heart of Washington is the Capitol, which is
connected with the White House by Pennsylvania
Avenue. It dominates the city of Washington. All the
tourists begin sightseeing from the Capitol and see the
Senate Chamber, the Hall of Representatives, the
Statuary Hall and some others.
The Washington Monument, the tallest stone
structure in the USA, is in the Potomac River. It was
opened to the public in 1888. It is 555 feet tall, is called
the "Pencil" because of its shape. It is three blocks south
of the White House. There is an elevator, which will carry
you to 500-foot level observation windows. The Lincoln
Memorial is in the west of the Washington Monument. It
is designed like a Greek temple. The dominant figure is
the realistic figure of Abraham Lincoln seated in the
centre of the open temple. The Jefferson Memorial is
worth seen, too. It is situated south of the Washington
monument near the Potomac River. The Library of
Congress contains millions of books and manuscripts.
The Washington Cathedral is on Massachusetts Avenue,
and the Arlington National Cemetery is outside the city
limits just across the Potomac River near the Pentagon in
Virginia. The famous Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is
visited by millions of people every year.
Washington is the place where mass demonstrations
take place against unemployment and racism, for
democracy and civil rights.
27. Theatres in Great Britain
One peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is a
follows: there are two kinds of seats, which can be
booked an advanced (book able), and unbootable once
have no numbers and the spectators occupy them on the
principal: first come - first served. And ancient time's
__________________________________________________________________72.
plays were acted inside churches and later on the market
places. The first theatre in England "The Backfires" build
in 1576, and "The Globe" build in 1599, which is closely
connected with William Shakespeare. Speaking about our
times we should first of all mention "The English National
theatre", "The Royal Shakespeare Company" and
"Covent Garden". The first "Covent Garden theatre" was
built in 1732. It was burnt down in 1808 and rebuilds
exactly a year after. It opened in September 1809, with
Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of the last
century "Covent Garden" became exclusively devoted to
opera.
Now "Covent Garden" in busier than ever, it is one of
the few well-known opera houses open for 11 months of
the year and it employs over 600 people both of the
Opera company and the Royal Ballet.
Theatres are very much the same in London as
anywhere else; the chief theatres, music halls and
cinemas are in the West End. If you are staying in
London for a few days, you'll have no difficulty whatever
in finding somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening.
You'll find opera, ballet, comedy, drama, revue, musical
comedy and variety. The best seats at theatres are those
in the stalls, the circle and the upper circle. Then comes
the pit, and the last of all the gallery where the seats are
cheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most expensive.
At the West End theatres you can see most of the
famous English actors and actresses. As a rule, the plays
are magnificently staged - costumes, dresses, scenery,
everything being done of the most lavish scale.
28. Famous people of America
There are many outstanding people in United States.
America produced statesmen, thinkers, explorers,
musicians, writers, scientists and other people who are
well known around the world.
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is known to most
people as Mark Twain.
While he worked as a reporter he began to sign his
articles "Mark Twain". From then on Clemens used Mark
Twain as his pen-name.
While he spent his summers on his farm, he wrote
"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer", published in 1876.
"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", "Tom Sawyer"
and "Huckleberry Finn" are among the most popular
books ever published in the United States. Among Mark
Twain's other books are "Joan of Arc", "Life on the
Mississippi".
12_________________________________________________________
Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the
United States.
Lincoln became president in 1860. In 1861, there
was a war between the North and the South of the United
States. The people in the South wanted a separate
government from the United States. The North wanted
the United States to stay together as one country.
Lincoln was the leader of the North.
The North won the Civil War. The war ended on April
9, 1865. Six days later, President Lincoln and his wife
went to the theatre. Inside the theatre, a man went
behind the president and shot him in the head. The
man's name was John Wilkes Booth. He was a supporter
of the South. Lincoln died the next morning.
Ernest Hemingway is one of the greatest 20th-
century American writers. He was a brilliant writer of
stories and novels. His most successful novels are the
following: For Whom The Bells Tolls, The Old Man and the
Sea and others He was awarded the Nobel Prize for
literature in 1954.
29. Education in USA
The general pattern of education in the USA is an
eight-year elementary school, followed by a four-year
high school.
There are eight years of elementary schooling. The
elementary school is followed by four years of secondary
school, or high school. Often the last two years of
elementary and the first years of secondary school are
combined into a junior high school.
Admission to the American high school is automatic
on completion of the elementary school. During the four-
year high school program the student studies four or five
continue the general education and specialization begins
in the third year.
30. Fast Food of America
Have you ever enjoyed a hamburger, sitting on a
lawn? May be you're against all these hot dogs and
cheeseburgers, because it's a junk food. Anyway, it is
always interesting to find out something about the origin
and history of such trifles, which make our life more
comfortable. They really make life more pleasant,
especially outdoors, don't they?
Pop Corn- It's impossible to imagine American take-
away food or snacks without popcorn. Clear as a day, it is
made from corn. But what about the first part of the
word "pop". Actually, when you put a kernel of corn on a
__________________________________________________________________72.
major subjects per year, and classes in each of these
subjects meet for an hour a day, five days a week. In
addition, the student usually has classes in physical
education, music, and art several times a week. If he fails
a course, he repeats only that course and not the work of
the entire year. Students must complete a certain
number of courses in order to receive a diploma, or a
certificate of graduation.
Usually there is no admission examination required
by a state university for those who have finished high
school within the state. Sometimes a certain pattern of
high school studies is necessary, however, and some
state universities require a certain scholastic average, or
average of high school grades.
It usually takes four years to meet the requirements
for a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree. A
Master of Arts or Master of Science degree may be
obtained in one or two additional years. The highest
academic degree is the ! Doctor of Philosophy. It may
take any number of years to complete the original
research work necessary to obtain this degree.
In general, higher education in the USA may be
divided into two broad fields: liberal arts and
professional. Each of these fields may be further
subdivided into undergraduate and graduate levels. The
liberal arts program, on the undergraduate level, may be
a two-year junior college course, or a four-year course
leading to a degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of
Science. The four-year course is usually subdivided into a
lower division (which may be called the junior college),
consisting of the two first years, and the upper division,
which is the last two years. The first two years
fire, the water inside makes the corn explode. This
makes a "pop" noise. That is why we call it popcorn. But
in 1945 a new machine was invented that changed the
history of the product. The electric machine enabled to
pop corn outside the home. And soon movies started
selling popcorn to make more money. The famous
American habit of eating popcorn at the movies is well-
known. Many people like to put salt or melted butter in
their popcorn, some peeper to have it without. Either
way Americans love their popcorn
Coca Cola- Coca-Cola The world famous fresh drink
Coca-Cola first was an all-purpose medicine, made in
1886 by a druggist from Atlanta, who made a brown
syrup by mixing coca leaves and cola nuts. The syrup
12_________________________________________________________
wasn't a success and then another druggist, Jacobs, had
an idea of selling Coca-Cola as a soda fountain drink. He
mixed the syrup with soda water. Soon everyone was
going to soda fountains and asking for Coca-Cola. And
the World War II helped to make Coca-Cola popular
outside America, when the Coca-Cola Company sent
bottles of the drink to US soldiers fighting in Europe. It
became so popular with the soldiers that the US Army
asked the company to start ten factories in Europe. It's a
curious thing but of 1903 coca leaves were no longer
used in the drink. The exact ingredients and the
quantities are not known - the Coca-Cola Company keeps
its recipe a secret
31. Political system of USA
The nation's capital, Washington, D.C., is the capital
of a federal union of 50 states. Therefore, in 1789, they
adopted a new Constitution establishing a federal union
under a strong central government.
Under the Constitution, the federal government is
divided into three branches, each chosen in a different
manner, each able to check and balance the others.
The Executive Branch is headed by the President,
who, together with the Vice President, is chosen in
nationwide elections every four years. The elective
process for a U.S. President is unique. The presidential
candidate needs 270 electoral votes to be elected; if no
candidate has a majority, the House of Representatives
make the decision. Any natural-born American who is 35
years old or older may be elected to this office. The
President proposes bills to Congress, enforces federal
laws, serves as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
and, with the approval of the Senate makes treaties and
appoints federal judges, ambassadors and other
members of the Executive Departments
The Vice President, elected from the same political
party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate,
and in the event of the death or disability of the
President, assumes the Presidency for the balance of his
term.
The Legislative Branch is made up of two houses: the
Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state
elects two members of the 100-member Senate; a
Senator's term of office is six years
The Judicial Branch is made up of Federal District
Courts (at least one in every state), 11 Federal Courts of
Appeals and, at the top, the Supreme Court. Federal
judges are appointed by the President with the approval
__________________________________________________________________72.
of the Senate; to minimize political influences, their
appointments are for life. Federal courts decide cases
involving federal law, conflicts between states or
between citizens of different states.
Every American citizen is allowed to vote from the
age of 18.
32. Science in 20th century
The 20th century began slowly, to the ticking of
grandfather clocks and the stately rhythms of progress.
Thanks to science, industry and moral philosophy,
mankind's steps had at last been guided up the right
path. The century of steam was about to give way to the
century of oil and electricity.
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, only 41 years
old in 1900, proposed a scientific basis for the notion
that progress was gradual but inevitable, determined by
natural law.
And everybody thought that the development would
continue in the small steps that had marked the progress
of the 19th century. Inventions like the railroad or the
telegraph or the typewriter had enabled people to get on
with their ordinary lives a little more conveniently.
No one could have guessed then that, in the century
just beginning, new ideas would burst upon the world
with a force and frequency that would turn this stately
march of progress into a long distance, free-for-all sprint.
Thrust into this race, the children of the 20th century
would witness more change in their daily existence and
environment than anyone else who had ever walked the
planet.
Assassinations in Sarajevo in 1914 lit a spark that set
off an unprecedented explosion of destruction and
death. The Great War did more than devastate a
generation of Europeans. It set the tone - the political,
moral and intellectual temper - for much that followed.
Before long the Great War received a new name -
World War I. The roaring 1920s and the Depression years
of the 1930s proved to be merely a prelude to World War
II. Largely hidden during that war was an awful truth that
called into question progress and the notion of human
nature itself.
But civilization was not crushed by the two great
wars, and the ruins provided the stimulus to build a way
of life again. To a degree previously unheard of and
perhaps unimaginable, the citizens of the 20th century
felt free to reinvent themselves. In that task they were
12_________________________________________________________
assisted by two profound developments - psychoanalysis
and the Bomb. 33. Sports in USA
Americans pay much attention to physical fitness.
Many sports and sporting activities are popular in the
USA. People participate in swimming, skating, squash
and badminton, tennis, marathons, track-and-field,
bowing, archery, skiing, skating etc. But the five major
American sports are hockey, volleyball, baseball, football
and basketball. Basketball and volleyball have been
invented in America.
There is a large choice of sports in America. This can
be explained by the size and variety of the country.
Another reason of the popularity of sports is the people's
love of competition of any kind. One more reason is that
Americans use sports activities for teaching socials
values, such as teamwork and sportsmanship. All this
explains why Americans have traditionally done well in
many kinds of sports.
Some Americans like active games and others like
quite games. I think that quite games, as golf and
crocket, intend for rich elite people. Most popular games
in the USA are hockey, American football, baseball,
basketball.
Opportunities for keeping fit and playing sports are
numerous. Jogging is extremely popular, perhaps
because it is the cheapest and most accessible sport.
Aerobic exercise and training with weight-lifting
machines are two activities which more and more men
and women are pursuing. Books, videos, and fitness-
conscious movie stars that play up the glamour of fitness
have heightened enthusiasm for these exercises and
have promoted the muscular, healthy body as the
American beauty ideal
American sports are becoming more competitive and
more profit-oriented. As a result, playing to win is
emphasized more than playing for fun. The obsession
with winning causes some people to wonder whether
sports in America should be such serious business
34. The USA court system
The courts are the overseers of the law. They
administer it, they resolve disputes under it, and they
ensure that it is and remains equal to and impartial for
everyone.
In the United States each state is served by the
separate court systems, state and federal. Both systems
are organized into three basic levels of courts-trial
__________________________________________________________________72.
courts, courts of appeal and High Court or Supreme
Court.
Trial courts bear the main burden in the
administration of justice. Cases begin there and most
instances are finally resolved there.
The trial courts in each state include: common pleas
courts, which have general civil and criminal jurisdiction
and smaller in importance municipal courts, country
courts and mayor's courts
The main job of courts of appeal is to review cases
appealed from trial courts to determine if the law was
correctly interpreted or applied.
The Supreme Court of each state is primarily a_ court
of appeal and the court of last resort.
The federal court structure is similar to the structure
of the state court system. The trial courts in the federal
system are the United States District Courts. The United
States courts of appeal are intermediate courts of appeal
between the district courts and the United States
Supreme Court.
The USA Supreme Court is the highest court in the
nation and the court of last resort. It consists of a chief
justice and eight associate justices, all of whom are
appointed for life by the President with the Advice and
Consent of the Senate. The duty of the Supreme Court is
to decide whether laws passed by Congress agree with
the Constitution. The great legal issues facing the
Supreme Court at present are Government involvement
with religion, abortion and privacy rights, and race and
sex discrimination.
35. Sports in Great Britain
National sports in Great Britain... It is a very
interesting question, because many kinds of sport have
taken the origin in England. The Englishmen love sports,
they are called sports-lovers in spite of the fact that
some of them neither play games nor even watch them.
They only like to speak about sports. Some kinds of sport
are professional in England. Many traditional sporting
contests take place in England, for example, cricket. It is
played from May till September.
Football, it has got a long history. Football was
played by the whole village teams in the middle ages in
England. Now football is the most popular game in
Britain. It is a team game. There are some amateur
teams but most of the teams are professional ones in
England. Professional football is a big business. Football
is played at schools too.
12_________________________________________________________
Rugby is a popular game in England. There are many
amateur rugby teams in this country. It is a game that is
played between two teams of players using an oval ball
that can be handled or kicked. The captain of the team
must be the oldest or best player.
There are some tennis clubs in England, but if you
play there it is necessary to pay money for it. Englishmen
like playing tennis but many of them prefer to watch this
game. Wimbledon it is the centre of lawn tennis.
Englishmen pay much attention to swimming, rowing
and walking. Usually the Oxford—Cambridge Boat Race
takes place at the end of March or at the beginning of
April. It is an interesting contest between the universities
of Oxford and Cambridge. It is usually held on the
Thames River. The first such race was held in 1820.
There were a lot of people watching this race. There are
some racing competitions in England. They are motor-car
racing, dog-racing, donkey-racing, boat-racing, horse-
racing. All kinds of racings are popular in England. It is
interesting to see the egg-and-spoon race. The runner,
who takes part in this competition, must carry an egg in
a spoon. It is not allowed to drop the egg. There are such
competitions as putting the weight, tossing the caber
and others.
The English are great lovers of sports.
36. History of Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland is a country of great history rich in important
events and entertaining legends connected with them.
It's not enough to write several volumes to tell the full
history of the country.
That's why we'll try to answer the question where the
British come from and who they are. After 800 BC the
Celts arrived from Central Europe and opened up a new
important page of the British history. The name «Britain»
comes from the name of a Celtic tribe known as the
Britons. Their influence was greatest in Wales, Scotland
and Ireland, as they were driven to these parts by the
invaders who followed them. That's why these parts of
Britain are very different from England in language,
customs and traditions. However quite soon it was
attacked by Germanic tribes: People began to call the
new land of the Angles and Saxons England. Wales,
Cornwall, the northern part of Britain and Ireland
remained unconquered and preserved Celtic culture. An
important event which contributed to the unification of
the country was the adoption of Christianity in England in
__________________________________________________________________72.
664. In the 9th century the Danes attacked England. It
was Alfred who defeated the Danes making them sign a
peace agreement.
The last of the invaders to come to Britain were the
Normans from France. The French language became the
official language of the ruling class for the next three
centuries. This explains the great number of French
words in English.
However the final unification of Scotland and
England took place in 1707 when both sides agreed to
form a single parliament in London for Great Britain,
although Scotland continued to keep its own system of
law, education and have an independent church.
Ireland was England's first colony, but even now
there are problems there connected with religion.
Recently, there have been many waves of immigration
into Britain. Now
Britain is a multinational society, which benefits from the
influence of different people and cultures. 37. William
Shakespeare
The last half of the 16th and the beginning of the
17th centuries are known as the golden age of English
literature. It was the time of the English Renaissance,
and sometimes it is even called "the age of
Shakespeare". William Shakespeare, the greatest and
most famous of English writers, and probably the
greatest playwright who has ever lived, was born on the
23d of April, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon. In sprite of his
fame we know very little about his life. At the age of six
he was sent to school, but had to leave it at the age of
13. His father, John Shakespeare, was a glove-maker,
and when he fell into debt, William had to help him
.When Shakespeare was twenty-one, he went to London.
We don't know why he left Stratford-on-Avon. There is a
story that Shakespeare's first job in London was holding
rich men's horses at the theatre door. But nobody can be
sure that this story is true. Later, Shakespeare became
an actor and a member of a very successful acting
company. It's highly probable that The Comedy of Errors,
Romeo and Juliet and some other plays by Shakespeare
were performed for the first time on this stage.
Shakespeare's experience as an actor helped him greatly
in the writing of his plays. His knowledge of stage and his
poetical genius made his plays the most wonderful ones
ever written. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays: 10 tragedies
(such as Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth), 17
comedies (such as As You Like It, Twelfth Night, Much
12_________________________________________________________
Ado About Nothing), 10 historical plays (such as Henry 4,
Richard 3). He also left 7 books of poems and sonnets.
Most of Shakespeare's plays were not published in his
lifetime. So some of them may have been lost in the fire
when the "Globe" burned down in 1613. Shakespeare
spent the last years of his life at Stratford, where he died
in 1616. He was buried in the church of Stratford. A
monument was erected to the memory of the great
playwright in the Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey.
38. New York
New York City is the capital of USA It is the most
populous city in the United States. For more
than a century, it has been one of the world's leading
business, financial and cultural centers and its influence
in politics, education, entertainment, sports,
media, fashion and the arts all contribute to its
status as one of the major global cities. As the home of
the United Nations, the city is a hub for international
diplomacy. Residents of the city are known as New
Yorkers.
New York has five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn,
Queens, Staten Island and the Bronx. The Bronx is
famous for a zoo, which is situated there.
Manhattan is the center of New York City. Near 1
million people live here, but over than 5 million come
here to work from all parts of the city every day. The
main street, Broadway, is also here. And there are a lot
of other famous streets which known nationwide. Wall
Street is famous for finance. Madison Avenue means
advertising, and Fifth Avenue is famous for world-class
shopping. There is a famous crossing Times Square. It
famous for Theatre district, there are more than thirty
theaters there, and every evening they play their plays.
Most of New York's skyscrapers are located on the
island of Manhattan. There are such buildings as Art
Deco Chrysler Building and there were twin towers of the
World Trade Center. One of the famous building in the
world is the Statue of Liberty. It was built in 1886. It was
a present from the people of France. It represents
America's symbol of freedom!
In 2005, nearly 170 languages were spoken in the
city and 36 percent of its population was born outside
the United States. New York is also known as "The City
that Never Sleeps," not least because its subway system
operates around the clock and because many
__________________________________________________________________72.
neighborhoods in Manhattan, such as Times Square, are
busy at all hours.
39. Australian culture.
Since 1788, the primary basis of Australian culture
has been Anglo-Celtic, although distinctive Australian
features had been evolving from the environment and
indigenous culture. Over the past 50 years, Australian
culture has been strongly influenced by American
popular culture (particularly television and cinema),
large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking
countries, and Australia's Asian neighbors. The vigor and
originality of the arts in Australia — literature, cinema,
opera, music, painting, theatre, dance, and crafts —
have achieved international recognition.
In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel
Prize in Literature, the only Australian to have
achieved this; he is recognized as one of the great
English-language writers of the 20th century.
Australian English is a major variety of the
language; its grammar and spelling are largely based on
those of British English, overlaid with a rich vernacular of
unique lexical items and phrases, some of which have
found their way into standard English. Sport plays an
important part in Australian culture, assisted by a
climate that favors outdoor activities; 23.5% Australians
over the age of 1 5 regularly participate in organized
sporting activities. At an international level, Australia has
particularly strong teams in cricket, hockey,
netball, rugby league, rugby union, and
performs well in cycling, rowing and swimming.
Nationally, other popular sports include Australian
rules football, horse racing, football (soccer)
and motor .acing. Australia has participated in every
summer Olympic Games of the modern era, and every
Commonwealth Games. Australia hosted the
1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the
2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and has
ranked among the top five medal-takers since
2000Televised sport is popular; some of the highest
rating television programs include the summer Olympic
Games and the grand finals of local and international
football (various codes) competitions
40. Edinburgh
Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland and one of the
most beautiful cities in Europe. It has been the capital of
Scotland
12_________________________________________________________
since 1437 and is the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It
lies on seven hills and goes down on those hills to the
sea. The highest hill is three hundred meters above the
sea. From the street in the centre of the city you can see
ships coming to Edinburgh from different countries of the
world.
Many great men have lived and worked in this
beautiful city. Robert Burns, the great Scottish poet
published his first book of poems in Edinburgh. There is a
monument to him in the city.
Walter Scott, the father of the historical novel in the
world literature, was borne in Edinburgh. The monument
to Walter Scott is in the main street of the city.
Robert Louis Stevenson, a famous English writer, was
born and lived in Edinburgh. He loved the city and wrote
about it his best novels.
Edinburgh is well-known for the annual Edinburgh
Festival, a collection of official and independent
festivals held annually over about four weeks from early
August. The number of visitors attracted to Edinburgh for
the Festival, is roughly equal to the settled population of
the city. The most famous of these events are the
Edinburgh Fringe (the largest performing arts
festival in the world), the Edinburgh International
Festival, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, and
the Edinburgh International Film Festival. In fact the city
is one of the most vibrant, cosmopolitan cities in Europe
and is regularly voted as one of the most desirable
places to live in the world.This is a city that knows how to
be both ancient and modern. And a fantastic place to
live.
CREATIVITATEA
Acest capitol contine 40 de teme libere inspirate de
realitatea inconjuratoare, din viata de fiecare zi.
1. Problems of the youth
Youth is the time when a person is trying to find his
place in the world
One of the problems is a generation gap. Every
generation is unique in its experience. It has its own
ideals and a system of values concerning every aspect of
human life. Adults always complain that the young are
not what they were. These words are repeated from
generation to generation. The young know what they
want. They prefer to make their own mistakes rather
than to listen to the warnings of the adults. The past
exists to help the young to avoid unnecessary blurs. But
__________________________________________________________________72.
they do want to have them. The young want to live their
own life. They want to overcome their own difficulties
without turning back. Unfortunately the life of the young
is frequently determined by the adults. The adults start
the war but the young die in it. And the solution to this
problem is that both the young and adults should be
tolerant and patient to each other.
Another problem of the youth is the relationship of
the young people with their friends and beloved.
The problem of love is very important for the young.
It is regrettable, but the young are not always ready to
have stable relations. For a happy family life two people
must understand and respect each other. It should be
said that the young have other problems as well. They
are concerned with education, money, employment,
hobby, spending their free time, communication, and the
like. And of course one of the most urgent problems is
the accommodations problem. Few young people in our
country have their own apartments. In the main they
share the apartments with their parents even after
getting married.
In general all the problems of the youth are linked with
the present rather then with the past or future.
2. City life-advantages and
disadvantages of living in
cities
Every now and then we ask ourselves whether it's
better to live in a city our in a countryside.
City life has its advantages and disadvantages. First
of all, it is easier to find work in the city than in the
country, besides, salaries are much higher and one has a
larger variety of jobs to pick from. Moreover, cities are
the centers of culture and social life. Living in a city one
has all sorts of museums, theatres, exhibitions, movie
theatres, pubs, restaurants at their command. Therefore
there are a lot more free time facilities than in rural
areas.
Cities are also centers of education. Many young
people move to cities because there are more
opportunities for continuing their education there.
Usually country's largest and best universities are
located in big cities.
Another advantage it better living conditions. In the
city people live in more modern houses which need less
work doing to them. That saves a great part of their time
and effort. Among the disadvantages there are crime,
pollution, high prices, enormous traffic jams and
12_________________________________________________________
overcrowded streets and subway and of course the
threat of the present - terrorism. From the point of view
of ecology cities are not the best place to live in.
Garbage and sewage are two major problems of cities as
well as air and water pollution.
Besides it's not safe in terms of crime. For example,
it is dangerous in big cities to walk back home late in the
evening. One can either get robbed of their purse,
jewelry or mobile phone or even get attacked, for
example. One has to watch out for pickpockets even in
the daylight. Of course city life has a lot of advantages
and disadvantages, but if you get tired of social life, it is
always a great pleasure to go to a country side with a
beautiful and green view The atmosphere of rural life is
also great as when you get there it seems that time goes
by slowly and there is no need to hurry.
3. A question of taste. Fashion
Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even
people, who say they don't care what they wear, choose
clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how
they feel that day.
However, we definitely get fashion ideas from music
clips, videos, books and television. Movies also have a
big impact on what people wear. For example it is known
that more sunglasses were sold in America after the
movie Man in Black.
Depending on their attitude towards clothes and
fashion, people can be divided in three groups:
- fashion slaves, spending all their money on the latest
clothes even if they don't look good in them;
J2Q________________________________________________________
necessarily mean that love no longer unites people. It just
means that love has different dimensions, different sides
that reflect our understanding of life.
But personally, I can't let myself be cynical about love.
Maybe I'm too young and inexperienced, but I believe it's
a great feeling. Some say that love is the true meaning of
our life, that love is all it's cracked up to be.
They also say that "love is the master key that opens
the gates of happiness". I can't but agree. Love is
something that makes us tender, and affectionate, and
caring...It's when another person's needs become more
important than yours and you don't see it as a burden. It's
when you do your best to make each other's lives
somewhat easier in this troublesome world...
__________________________________________________________________72.
-fashion fans, who enjoy wearing modern clothes but not
obsessed by them;
-people that just do not care the way they look;
Of course there are big companies tha< do not allow
people to come at work in what they want, they have to
respect the dress code, registered in the policy of each
big company. According to the dress code, an employee
is not allowed to wear certain items of clothing to work.
For example, men are supposed to wear ties and
business suits, and nobody is allowed to wear jeans,
except on Fridays. Women's clothes are not supposed to
be skintight, too short and too open. All of the shirts are
supposed to have collars. Clothes also can't be too
bright, the colors should correspond to the corporate
colors - dark blue and white.
4. Love means different things to
different people
The subject of love is one that has inspired poets,
writers, those lucky in love and those who have been
passed over by Cupid...Love has been defined as wise,
silly, profound, bitter, funny...It seems as if each and one
of us has a different understanding of love, or at least
the attitude to love varies greatly from person to person..
It may be a surprising revelation to some of us, because
love has traditionally been considered to be something
that unites people( at least that's what I've been
taught).And yet, there's no use denying the fact that love
has as many definitions as there are human beings on
this planet. And it doesn't
Love is a feeling that makes you stronger and helps
you get through a crisis. It's something I can't imagine my
life without.
5. Books in our lives
Despite the increase in TV watching and the
developing of World Wide Web, reading is still very
important. So I don't think books need to be rescued.
Reading both entertains and educates people. Books help
us to discover new things and explore new ideas.
The book is the surest way to bring nations together.
It gives us an insight not only into the past, but also into
the future. The book is a faithful and undemanding friend:
it can be put aside and taken up again at any moment.
Reading is the perfect way to relax and spend your free
time. Books portray life in its richness, so they develop
reader's imagination and arouse curiosity, admiration.
12_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________72.

Sometimes they even can help to solve difficult problems exercises at home every morning and on the other hand
of life. it is not comfortable to do exercises in our school clothes.
I become very keen on literature early in life. This I think too many pupils study in every
probably happened because we had a very good and class. Most of them sit far from the blackboard. And
widely read library in home. Books stirred my imagination, sometimes they can't
expanded the boundaries of the familiar world and filled Keep your wrists in a natural, unforced, straight
my life with great expectations of joy and happiness position
I'm fond of reading and I've read a lot of books of 11. A Child
different genres. And certainly I have my favorite book. It A child is the charming, creature. He is the sense, of
is QUI life. We cannot imagine our being without him and
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------________________91 therefore we guard him by day and by night. But who
the story by Agatha Christie - "The murder of Roger knows what vices can be grown up in this innocent soul.
Ackroyd". Some critics say that Agatha Christie introduced It's possible him to be a great misfortune or even a
a novelty in this work, because the murder is a storyteller. disaster.
In the "The murder of Roger Ackroyd" the main characters There a lot of such experience
and environment are typical for 1920th in England. The No, I'm not talking about the children becoming
action takes place in a country house. The author shows criminals but about the "normal" children making life with
us its owner with his habits, relatives and neighbors. All them completely intolerable. They bother, disturb, shout,
this is presented vividly and brightly. One of the main cry, run around you don't giving even a minute for rest.
heroes of the book Hercules Poirot gets over a lot of Their curiosity and plays could cause the terrible
problems before catching a murder. consequences.
Excitement, suspense, horror, revenge, and The electricity often attracts children. They like to
extraordinary talent, astounding calmness of Hercules shove fingers into the socket, to cut the wires, to shake
Poirot fill this book. "The murder of Roger Ackroyd" has the lustres, to twist the electrical lamps, etc. "Daddy,
made a great impression on me. And nowadays it makes Show me how computer works", - said the son shoving by
really unforgettable impressive reading. screwdriver into the system block. "What have you done?
6. Things I dislike in my school It costs a small fortune", - cried poor daddy looking at the
I like my school very much because I have spent the black clouds of smoke rising above the system block. "He
best years of my short life there. But in spite of it I is just a child", -explains mother her son's behavior.
dislike the whole system of education. Everything starting by deodorants and finishing by
What concerns my school the pupils are not the video's remote control presents a danger in children's
free in their choice of the subjects. And they are hands. It seems for them that everything what they see is
forced to study the subjects they are not interested in and the toys and of course want to play.
it takes them too much time to learn the subjects But the "toys" sometimes could be by no means
unnecessary for their future life. They could spend this harmless. For example, mentioned above deodorant can
time working on the subjects which will be needed for explode in the fire or just in the strong sun and cause the
their future profession. severe injures. By paper, by simple paper a child can cut
Besides, every day we have two breaks of 1 0 minutes his soft flesh and cause the hemorrhage. Because of that
and two breaks of 1 5 minutes at school. But 1 5 minutes we have to protect them from theirs own curiosity.
is not enough to have a lunch for the pupils. They are Prevent a misfortune! That should be our device.
always in a hurry eating their lunch. It causes diseases After all a Woman and a Child are only for which is
connected with stomach. It should be mention that our worthy to live
lessons start at 8 o'clock. But the pupils have to 12. Role of woman in society
come to school ten minutes to 8 to do The ongoing changes in social, political and economic
morning exercises. I think there is not necessary to spheres of the country entails not only the raise of
do them because on the one hand some pupils do such women's role in society, in addition they are accompanied
by breaking of stereotypes to treat human beings by sex
12_________________________________________________________
that had been shaping through decades. Free economic
relations and temcsatvrato. of. aU. sj^xejcea. at Ivte,
cw&te $ft basis, eventual equal social rights for any
human being regardless of six-foot both of men and
women.
'From a tegar potnr of view, a man ancf a woman r'n
our country are equal. However, in practice, there are no
real mechanisms of women's rights fulfillment as well as
for their active participation in social life.
Housework, chores and raising children are generally
considered to belong to a woman's domain. Despite the
fact that birthrates in the country have been falling,
children are obstacles in the labor market. It is
understandable that women decide to defer having
children later or do not have children at all. Along with
that, there is a lack of knowledge about modem
contraception and a correspondingly large number of
abortions. However, the number of women taking part in
the country's political, economic and civic life shows that
women are restricted in the spheres of politics and
government. Women's salaries are on average lower than
men's, and women are likewise far more likely to fall
victim to violence and unemployment
So, the main goals are protection of women's rights
and elimination of discrimination in society; widening
women's participation in policy decision-making processes
on the local, regional and national levels; support for
cooperation between women's organizations on the
national and international arenas; widening access to
international resources and experience of women's
organizations on an international level.
13. It is science that does us good or does
it bring disaster?
To answer the question whether science does us good
or does it bring disaster isn't a simple task. We should
take into consideration many facts. On the one hand a lot
of outstanding discoveries made the life of the people
more comfortable and pleasant. Without scientific
discoveries and inventions no progress would be possible.
Thanks to
Recent evidence has shown that heavy and even
moderate drinking during pregnancy can cause serious
damage to the unborn child: physical or mental
retardation, or both; a rare but severe expression of this
damage is known as fetal alcohol syndrome
9. Homeiessness
__________________________________________________________________72.
Homelessness is a huge problem in the whole world.
In poor countries, so called "third world countries" you
can meet homeless people on every corner. That's why
government of "third world counties" tries to solve this
problem by building more homes and shelters.
Ministry of Health encountered with many strange
diseases caused by unsanitary conditions of living.
Homeless people eat from dirty waste, drink from not
clean creeks or even puddles. Huge wave of sickness
grabbed streets of India, Nigeria, Nepal, Somali and
many, many other "third world countries"
Unfortunately diseases and viruses is not only
problem caused by homelessness. Statistic shows that
level of crimes is much higher in those countries and
cities where the major issue is homelessness. So
homeless people don't have places to work, government
pays not enough money for living. Charities and
donations also to not enough to live a good life, that's
why homeless people go the wrong way to get some
money for living. People steel money from those who's
richer than they are. Sometimes robberies end up with
serious injuries or even homicide. Crime is another
problem caused by homelessness and homeless people.
Government has all power to help homeless people
and solve the problem with homelessness. Government
doesn't have to make more charities for homeless people,
but it should make more activities, which involves
homeless people themselves. Build more houses and
shelters or even temporary places of living, it'll help to
solve the issue with living place. It is for sure that civil
volunteers will help with money and many other
activities.
I don't know. But problem of homelessness must be
solved! People must not loose their conscience and help
their brothers and sisters on the streets.
10. Computers and Health
Within the past two years, substantial media attention
has been directed at potential adverse health effects of
long-term computer use. People that spend most of the
time working at computers should pay attention at the
following factors:
Light and glare- Eyestrain, headaches, and impaired
vision are often a product of improper illumination
resulting in glare, which is light within the field of vision
that is brighter than other objects to which the eyes are
adapted.
12_________________________________________________________
A NIOSH study recommends 200-500 lux for general
office work; other sources suggest 500-700 lux for light
characters on dark monitors and somewhat more for dark-
on-light. If documents are not sufficiently illuminated, desk
lights are recommended in preference to ceiling lights,
which increase reflections from video screens
Breaks and exercises- Working in the same position
for too long causes tension buildup and is thought to
increase the risk of repetitive motion injuries, such as
carpal tunnel syndrome. Remedies include changing
postures frequently, performing other work interspersed
with computing (some studies recommend a 1 0 - 1 5
minute break from the keyboard every hour), and doing
Keep your wrists in a natural, unforced, straight
position
11. A Child
A child is the charming creature. He is the sense of
our life. We cannot imagine our being without him and
therefore we guard him by day and by night. But who
knows what vices can be grown up in this innocent soul.
It's possible him to be a great misfortune or even a
disaster.
There a lot of such experience
No, I'm not talking about the children becoming
criminals but about the "normal" children making life with
them completely intolerable. They bother, disturb, shout,
cry, run around you don't giving even a minute for rest.
Their curiosity and plays could cause the terrible
consequences.
The electricity often attracts children. They like to
shove fingers into the socket, to cut the wires, to shake
the lustres, to twist the electrical lamps, etc. "Daddy,
Show me how computer works", - said the son shoving by
screwdriver into the system block. "What have you done?
It costs a small fortune", - cried poor daddy looking at the
black clouds of smoke rising above the system block. "He
is just a child", -explains mother her son's behavior.
Everything starting by deodorants and finishing by
the video's remote control presents a danger in children's
hands. It seems for them that everything what they see is
the toys and of course want to play.
But the "toys" sometimes could be by no means
harmless. For example, mentioned above deodorant can
explode in the fire or just in the strong sun and cause the
severe injures. By paper, by simple paper a child can cut
his soft flesh and cause the hemorrhage. Because of that
we have to protect them from theirs own curiosity.
__________________________________________________________________72.
exercises such as tightening and releasing fists and
rotating arms and hands to increase circulation.
In summary we may say that we hear a lot about
hazards associated with working with computers, and
learn from experience that long hours at the keyboard
can bring on eyestrain and various aches and pains.
Fortunately, there are measures that really do work:
Use the minimum force necessary to press the keys.
Vary your tasks during the day to avoid sitting in one
position for several hours or performing the same hand
motions without interruption.
Take periodic breaks.
Prevent a misfortune! That should be our device.
After all a Woman and a Child are only for which is
worthy to live
12. Role of woman in society
The ongoing changes in social, political and
economic spheres of the country entails not only the
raise of women's role in society, in addition they are
accompanied by breaking of stereotypes to treat human
beings by sex that had been shaping through decades.
Free economic relations and democratization of all
spheres of life create the basis for eventual equal social
rights for any human being regardless of six-foot both of
men and women.
'From a legal point of view, a man and a woman in
our country are equal. However, in practice, there are no
real mechanisms of women's rights fulfillment as well as
for their active participation in social life.
Housework, chores and raising children are generally
considered to belong to a woman's domain. Despite the
fact that birthrates in the country have been falling,
children are obstacles in the labor market. It is
understandable that women decide to defer having
children later or do not have children at all. Along with
that, there is a lack of knowledge about modern
contraception and a correspondingly large number of
abortions. However, the number of women taking part in
the country's political, economic and civic life shows that
women are restricted in the spheres of politics and
government. Women's salaries are on average lower
than men's, and women are likewise far more likely to
fall victim to violence and unemployment
So, the main goals are protection of women's rights
and elimination of discrimination in society; widening
women's participation in policy decision-making
12_________________________________________________________
processes on the local, regional and national levels;
support for cooperation between women's organizations
on the national and international arenas; widening access
to international resources and experience of women's
organizations on an international level.
13. It is science that does us good or
does it bring disaster?
To answer the question whether science does us
good or does it bring disaster isn't a simple task. We
should take into consideration many facts. On the one
hand a lot of outstanding discoveries made the life of the
people more comfortable and pleasant. Without scientific
discoveries and inventions no progress would be possible.
Thanks to discovery of electricity we can listen to the
radio, watch TV, see films, people learned how to produce
steel and metal alloys -now we use railways and
airplanes.
Development of chemistry led to new synthetic fibers
and people got more clothing and food. People learned to
use scientific achievements in curing incurable earlier
diseases.
But on the other hand such outstanding discoveries
of the 20th century as atom fission led to creation of the
weapons of mass destruction. We should say that science
has a potential for both good and evil.
Alfred Nobel invented a new explosive (dynamite) to
improve the peacetime industries of road building, but
saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow
men.
His greatest wish, however, was to see an end to
wars, and thus between nations, and he spent much time
and money working for this cause, until his death in
1896. His famous will in which he left money to provide
prizes for outstanding discoveries in Physics, Chemistry,
Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial
to his interests and ideals.
Medical men use laser to cure and investigate
diseases and the same time laser can be used for
destruction.
Achievements of biology and chemistry are also used
to cause damage to people.
All this shows that science can take good forms and
evil forms. What form does it take depends on the way
people work with science. It is impossible to stop
progress, to stop people to investigate and explore the
world. But people should care it wouldn't be led in wrong
direction.
__________________________________________________________________72.
14. Global Warming
"Global warming" has been introduced by the
scientific community and the media as the term that
encompasses all potential changes in climate that result
from higher average global temperatures. Hundreds of
scientists from many different countries are working to
understand global warming and have come to a
consensus on several important aspects. In general,
Global warming will produce far more profound climatic
changes than simply a rise in global temperature.
An analysis of temperature records shows that the
Earth nas warmed an average of 0.5°C over the past 100
years.
For the past 1 5 0 years, though, the atmospheric
concentrations of these gases, particularly carbon
dioxide, nave been rising. As a result, more heat is being
trapped than previously, which in turn is causing the
global temperature to rise. Climate scientists have linked
the ncreased levels of heat-trapping gases in the
atmosphere to luman activities, in particular the burning
of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and
electricity; gasoline for transportation), deforestation,
cattle ranching, and rice "'arming.
As the Earth's climate is the result of extremely
complex nteractions, scientists still cannot predict the
exact impact on the earth's climate of these rising levels
of heat-trapping gases over the next century. The
current best estimate is that f carbon dioxide
concentrations double over preindustrial levels,
according to the scientific possible scenarios, an
atmospheric doubling of carbon dioxide could occur as
early as 2050.
15. Advantages and disadvantages of TV
and Advertisements
We talk to various people from different countries
about their attitudes about TV and advertisement. Does
TV educate or stimulate? Or it is a drug or tranquilizer
used to control the population. TV is a very expensive
medium and many countries don't have the technology
and the money to make their own television programs.
The result is that most countries are dependent on TV of
Britain and America. How do people usually answer the
question: "What are you going to do tonight?" or "What
are you going to do at the weekend?" In other words how
do people spend their free time?
12_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________72.

Some 20 or 30 years ago the usual answers used to

be "We are going to the theatre" or "We are going to the
party" or "We are having some friends round". Now you
are very often hearing "We are going to stay at home and
watch the television".
 JU2____________________________________________________ ±03_

ma. Jfll
Modern TV offers viewers several programs on Another not so popular, but a very interesting group is
different channels. In addition to regular newscasts you people who prefer romantic and detective stories. And
see plays and films, operas and ballets and watch all the last group is people who like to read non-fiction
kinds of contests, quizzes and sporting events. You can literature. There are many other small groups, but those
also get a lot of useful information of the educational three is bigger than others.
channels. In the conclusion we may say, TV most 17. Smoking
definitely plays a very important part in people's life, but Smoking is a big social issue in many countries
is this a good thing or a bad one? Don't we go out less nowadays widely discussed in newspapers, radio and TV-
often, and then we used to? Don't we read less? shows.
What are the functions of advertisements? The first The practice of smoking tobacco originated
one to mention is to inform. among Native Americans in eastern North
The second function is to sell. The products are America, where tobacco is native. It was adopted by
shown from the best point of view and the potential many Europeans following the colonization of
buyer, on having entered the store, unconsciously the Americas.
chooses the advertised products. One buys this washing According to the World Health Organization,
powder or this chewing gum, because the colorful TV it is most common in East Asia, where as many as
commercials convince him of the best qualities of the two-thirds of all adult males smoke tobacco.
product. Because of concern over the health effects of
Thus despite our dissatisfaction when being tobacco smoking, the practice has rapidly declined
bombarded by all the advertisers' information we must in recent years in the United States, Canada and
admit that they do perform a useful service to society, western Europe. However, statistics show that at
and advertisements the same as TV are an essential part least a quarter of people even in these regions
of our everyday life. continue to smoke, and there is no indication smoking
16. Books will go away completely.
Except for a living man there is nothing more Tobacco may be smoked in several forms, the
wonderful than books. They teach us and open their most common being the cigarette, the cigar, and the
hearts for us. We learn many things by reading books. pipe. Cigarette smoking is the most common. Pipes and
They make the world much larger for us. They tell us how cigars are
great and wonderful man is. Books expand the
boundaries of the familiar world for us.
Some books arouse our interest, delight, feelings of
curiosity and admiration, some make us think which is
very important and demand great erudition on the part
of the readers, some entertain, amuse us giving pleasure
and delight. We can hardly read some books and stories
for laughing and some dramas and romances for tears.
Books arouse different emotions in us; they
penetrate deep into our souls and hearts. We love and
suffer, feel sympathy or indignation, cry or laugh,
struggle and reach success together with the characters
of the books. Books have a great impact on our
characters. We are influenced by good examples, they
add to molding of our characters and forming our moral
values. Books give food for our mind and warmth for our
soul. We should love books as they are the sources of
knowledge and can make us strong, intelligent, and well
educated.
There are different kinds of books, which appeal to
different kinds of readers. They are science-fiction and
fantasy stories, detective and spy stories, tales and fairy-
tales, books about animals and nature, adventure books
and Dooks about travels, humorous stories, historical
dramas, Diographies and autobiographies, essays. It's so
nice to read ooems which gradually are unfolding and
revealing their rich inner self, as one reads them again
and over again.
Readers can be divided into some groups. The most
popular group is people who read fantastic stories.
less common, and some stereotype these as exclusively
for men. The hookah or water pipe is used in the Middle
East.
Medical research has found that smoking is a
major contributing factor towards many
human health problems, especially lung cancer,
heart attack, and other disorders. Smoking is not
supported by many people in the world, for the most part
by the non-smokers.
In addition, in many countries some jurisdictions
impose restrictions on where smoking is
allowed. Several European countries such as the
Republic of Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Italy,
Spain and Scotland have legislated against smoking
in public places, often including bars and restaurants.
Still, many people continue smoking. People start
smoking for different reasons. Some say they smoke in
order to relax, rest and distract from their daily stress. I
think that most of the minors smoke in order to be like
everybody else, to be cool and become a grown up.
I am very tolerant towards smokers as long as they
don't smoke in my presence and it's of no harm to me. Of
course it's very harmful for them, but it's their own life
and their own choice.
18. The younger generation knows best
Old people are always saying that the young are not
what they were. The same comment is made from
generation to generation and it is always true. It has
never been truer that it is today. The young are better
educated. They have more money to spend and enjoy
their freedom. They grow up more quickly.
The old always assume that they know best from the
simple reason that they have been around a bit longer.
They don't like to feel that their values are being
questioned or threatened. And this is precisely that the
young are doing. They take leave to doubt that the older
generation has created the best of all possible worlds.
What they reject more than anything is conformity.
Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than
enforced slavery. Would not people work better if they
were given complete freedom and responsibility? And
unflattering conclusions about your character. Think of
the curfews, the martial law, the times you had to go
early to bed, do as you were told, and eat disgusting
stuff that was supposed to be good for you. Remember
how "gentle" pressure was applied with remarks like "if
you don't do as I say, I will..." and a dire warning would
follow.
what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the
world should wear dull grey suits and short haircuts? If
we turn our minds to more serious matters, why have the
older generation so often used violence to solve their
problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in
their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitious
and the desire to amass more and more material
possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race?
Haven't the old lost touches with all that it is important in
life?
These are not questions the older generation can
shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or
so hasn't been exactly spotless. Traditionally the young
have turned to their elders for guidance. Today the
situation might be reversed. The old- if they are prepared
to admit it - could learn a thing or two from their
children.
One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that
enjoyment is not "sinful". Enjoyment is a principle one
could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to
enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed
restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to life in the
present rather than in the past or future.
19. Childhood is certainly not the
happiest time of your life
It's about time somebody exploded that hoary old
might about childhood being the happiest period of your
life. Childhood might certainly be fairly happy, but its
greatest moments can't compare with the sheer joy of
being an adult. Who ever asked a six- year old for an
opinion? Children don't have opinions, or if they do
nobody notice. Adults choose the clothes their children
will wear, the books they will read and the friends they
will play with. Mother and father are kindly but absolute
dictators.
For all the nostalgic remarks you hear, which adult
would honestly change places with a child? Think of the
years at school: the years living in constant fear of
examinations and school report. Every movement you
make, every thought you think is observed by some
critical adult who may draw
What a relief it is to grow up. Suddenly you regain
your balance; the worlds open up before you. You are
free to choose; you have your own place to live in and
your own money to spend. You do not have to seek
constant approval for everything you do. You are no
longer teased, punished or ridiculed by heartless adults
because you failed to come to some theoretical kind of
standard.
 And if on occasion you are teased, you know how to
deal with it. You can simply tell other adults to go to hell:
you are on yourself.
20. TV in my life
TV is very important thing in our life. We can say that
TV is our eyes because TV helps us to know more about
the world, about the others counties, about the events
that happened in the world. TV even helps you to know
more about yourself. I like to watch TV very much. I can
do that all day, that's why sometimes my mother makes
me turn off TV. We have a lot of TV channels, they are:
NTV, MTV, ORT, TVR1, TVM, PROTV and others. I also
have few KOSMOS TV's channels, for example: Cartoon
network, Discovery channel, TVE, and BBC. I like some of
them and hate others. So here are some words about the
channels that I like. So, my favorite channel is MTV. MTV
is a music channel. 24 hours a day of music, can you
believe it? I like to listen music very much, and
sometimes I even make myself the music, that is why I
enjoy watching MTV. I also like NTV. I also like several
foreigner channels, especially Euro sport. And you know
why! Cartoon network is not bad, but I think that it's
better for children - not for me.
I think that all teenagers of my age like to watch MTV
or other entertainment channels. But I have to say that I
like also the channels that show news, I watch also in
order to get informed with all that is happening in my
country but also abroad. I think that adults usually like to
watch more informational channels rather than channels
with cartoons or music...
Usually adults like Euro news or BBC channels, which
is one of the best information's channels in the whole
world. The Bush house is a headquarters of the BBC
World Service. Form this building the BBC broadcasts
radio programmers to the whole world. All news in the
BBC are checked at least twice before it is broadcasting.
That's why the World Service is not always popular with
governments.
Cause of our different tastes, sometimes my family
has a problem with choosing channels. Somebody thinks
that TV is bad, but I don't think so. I believe that in the
future TV will be better and everyone will like it.
21. Medicines and health.
You have a sound mind in a solid body, as an Old
Latin saying goes. The English proverb "Sickness in the
body brings sickness to the mind, expresses the similar
idea, but from the different point of view.
Physical exercises are good pastime. That is true that
good health is better than the best medicine. If you do
early exercises you feel refreshed you have a good
posture and that makes you felled so pay attentions to
the way you stand waken sit. Here some rules for good
health.
1. Take long walks in the open air as often as you
can.
2. Keep your body clean.
3. Keep your teeth clean.
4. Wear clean clothes.
5. Sleep with your window open.
There is nothing more unpleasant than being taking
ill. If you are running a temperature, have a splitting
headache feel dizzy or cough you go and see a doctor or
send for him at once. Certainly, he or she will prescribe
some medicine which you can get made up at chemists
[drug-store] At chemist's shop you can get different
kinds of medicines: pulls, tablets, ointments and many
other things. I remember one of my most serious
illnesses. It was four years ago.
JflS__________________________________________________________________
Illness started unexpectedly. Early in the morning I woke
up and felt dizzy and feverish. I had a splitting headache
and terrible cough. My nose was running. I was sneezing
all the time. I could hardly recognize my own voice.
Besides I was running a high temperature. The doctor
asked me to strip to the waist, then sounded my lungs,
felt my pulse, examined the throat. I had phenomena
and I was to be taken to the hospital. I had to stay for a
month there and obliged to get a lot of penicillin
injections. In the long run I recovered of course. But most
of all I'm afraid of visiting a dentist. Toothache can't be
compared with anything else. Extracting a tooth or
having a tooth field is quite common things but now
painful.
22. Nature protection
Computers project that between now and the year of
2030 we are going to have increase of the average
temperature between 1,5—4,5 Degrees C. Sea levels
would rise by several meters, flooding coastal areas and
ruining vast tracts of farmland. Water contamination
could lead to shortages of safe drinking water. It looks
like the end of civilization on the Earth. For hundreds of
thousands of years the human race has thriven in Earth's
environment. But now, at the end of the 20th century,
we are at a crucial turning point. We have upset nature's
sensitive equilibrium releasing harmful substances into
the air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial waste
and tearing up the countryside to accommodate our
rubbish. These are the consequences of the
development of civilization. United Nations Environment
Program (UNEP) concentrates its activities on these
issues. Acid Measures are to be taken. We have only a
few years to attempt to turn things around. We must
review our wasteful, careless ways, we must consume
less, recycle more, conserve wildlife and nature, act
according to the dictum «think locally, think globally, act
locally».
To my mind, we are obliged to remove factories and
plants from cities, use modern technologies, redesign
and modify purifying systems for cleaning and trapping
harmful substances, protect and increase the greenery
and broaden
10
7 I think that our education becomes richer when you
ecological education. These are the main practical
measures, which must he taken in order to improve the
ecological situation. Some progress has been already
made in this direction. 159 countries-members of the
UNO have set up environmental protection agencies.
They hold conferences discussing ecological problems,
set up environmental research centers and take practical
urgent measures to avoid ecological catastrophe.
There are numerous public organizations such as
Greenpeace that are doing much to preserve
environment. The 5th of June is proclaimed the World
Environmental Day by the UNO and is celebrated every
year.
23. Traveling.
Modern life is impossible without traveling.
Millions of people all over the world spend their
holidays traveling. Such people are very fond of traveling
and have the sense of adventure. They travel to see
other continents and countries, modern cities and the
ruins of ancient towns. They travel to enjoy picturesque
places or just for a change of scene. It's always
interesting to discover new things, different ways of life,
to meet different people, to try to different food, to listen
to different musical rhythms.
People travel by boat, by train, by plane or on foot.
All means of travel have their advantages and
disadvantages. And people choose one according to their
plans and destinations. If we are fond of traveling we see
and learn a lot of things that we can never see at home,
though we may read about them in books and
newspapers, or on TV. Traveling by air is more popular in
our days than other ways of traveling. You can see many
continents and oceans, countries and rivers, cities and
lakes.
I enjoy staying at a hotel. It is more comfortable to
stay there. You can enjoy being alone, to take a hot
shower, to sleep in warm bed and many other
advantages. Some people enjoy camping in tents. Of
course, the weather must be good for that. There is
nothing worse than camping in rain. If you want to travel,
first, you must look through some advertisement. Some
people like to go on one place and
108________________________________________________________
spend their holidays there. The place may be an
interesting city, a picturesque village or some other
attractive place. Others believe in seeing as much as
possible in the time they have.
travel, meet new people, because you can see new
things which you never seen in your life before and
besides by traveling and sightseeing we can get to know
the world around us.
24. My favorite holiday
Every nation has its own customs and long-lived
traditions. There is a great number of exciting events
which are held in every country throughout the year.
Such events of national importance unite people, make
them feel proud of their nation. Each family is like a little
country with its own traditions. So we celebrate all
holidays in a very special way and it keeps our family
together in spirit. Our most favorite holiday is Christmas.
We celebrate it on the 25th of December. Preparation for
Christmas are always pleasant: buying gifts, sending
Christmas cards and decorating Christmas tree with
small, bright-colored lights and small colored glass
ornaments. The cookies and cakes are very special not
only because of the cream but also because of their form
and color. For example, they look like Christmas-trees,
funny smiling faces, or teddy-bears. When the meal is
ready the real Christmas comes with the big family
dinner, gifts, candles, sweets and illumination. In our
family this dinner is very important, all the members
should be present. I believe that on this day if you make
a wish staying next to the Christmas tree it will
undoubtedly come true, just because it is Christmas.
Usually we celebrate this holiday in a family circle but
sometimes we invite our relatives and close friends to
the party. Next morning after Christmas we all are
looking for the sweets which the Santa puts into the
Christmas stoking. I don't really believe in Santa but I
believe that Christmas is a very unusual holiday when
the wonders happen and all dreams may come true. My
 family strongly believe in rules and traditions. All my life
is filled with
_________________________________________________________________
ma.
traditions which have been set by my grand-grand
parents long ago. We have traditions in fashion, in food,
in behavior and in all other aspects of life
25. Ecological problems
The Earth is the only planet in the solar system
where there is life. If you look down at the Earth from a
plane you will see how wonderful our planet is. You will
see blue seas and oceans, rivers and lakes, high snow-
capped mountains, green forests and fields. But now the
situation changed..
One of the most important pollution problems is the
oceans. Many ships sail in the ocean water- fishing ships,
some ships carrying people, some carrying oil. If a ship
loses some of the oil in the water, or waste from the
ships in put into the ocean, the water becomes dirty.
Many sea birds die because of the polluted water. Many
fish are dying in the sea, others are getting
contaminated. Fishermen catch contaminated fish which
the new millennium. It's a symbol of the resurgence of
hippie values in their culture.
In the '60s, without warning, hippies turned fashion
upside down and inside out. They brought a tsunami of
new styles and colors into fashion like never before. From
the Haight-Ashbury to London to Katmandu, the hippies
took fashion on an eye-popping psychedelic journey.
Many new fashions emanated from San Francisco and
London to some extent. The fashion leaders were the
icons of our day. Rock 'n roll stars like Jimmy Hendrix and
The Beatles appeared in public and on record albums in
all sorts of colorful costumes. The elements that went
into the hippy wardrobe were only limited by their
psychedelic imaginations. Bellbottoms ruled the day,
from striped, to blue jeans to patchwork, to hip huggers,
even leather pants were popular. Women wore saris from
India and sarongs from Bali and Java. Velvet, leather,
batik, denim, Indian cotton and silk were all popular
fabrics. Accessories included love beads, bandannas,
leather vests, jackets with frills, and granny glasses.
Jewelry, especially if made of silver from Mexico, India or
Morocco was essential. The typical hippy vehicle was a
VW bus or van or bug. Small campers and even school
may be sold in markets, and people may get sick from
eating them.
Another important problem is air pollution. Cars and
factories pollute the air we use. Their fume also destroys
the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the
dangerous light of the Sun. The other problem is that our
forests are dying from acid rains. Deforestation,
especially destruction of tropical forests, affects the
balance of nature in many ways. It kills animals, changes
the climate and ecosystem in the world.
What can be done to protect nature? I believe that
environment disasters can be avoided if people broaden
ecological education and every person understands that
the beauty of nature is extremely fragile and people
must obey the unwritten laws of nature. Governments
must be prepared to take action against pollution. Air
pollution could be reduced if plants and factories were
made to fit effective filters on chimneys and car
exhausts.
26. Hippie fashion
Today, the fashion world has once again discovered
the wonderful styles from the '60s. We've come full circle
and clothes are not the only part of hippie Dom to
resurface for
m
buses were converted into living space for one to a
dozen people. These were often painted .Food is an
important part of every culture. Hippies developed their
own cuisine, a mishmash of Indian, American, Middle
Eastern, Mexican, Italian and Asian with an emphasis on
vegetarian. Hippies influenced not only clothes but a
wide range of ideas and attitudes thus changing society
in the process.
27. The philosophy should meet the
challenge of the new millennium.
Everyone lives his own life relying on some ideas,
thoughts and some beliefs. Some people call such ideas
"philosophy" of life. Even if a person says that he doesn't
live according to some rules or ideas, he defines himself
as a follower of such "never-care" philosophy.
Throughout the history people have got to know
famous people, called philosophers, who "taught" people
how to live.
The main thing for people became choosing which
"philosophy" to follow. They missed one thing: the main
thing was to choose which philosophy was RIGHT.
Today we see many different people who live in
different places, in different cultures, belonging to
different groups following different teachings. Each of
such people believes that he follows the right philosophy
and those who live differently are wrong. Very few of
them try to understand others' philosophy of life. Most of
them try to criticize others' ideas, claiming that only
theirs are true.
The philosophy should meet the challenge of the new
millennium...
The new millennium is not so much different from the
old one. People are still quarrelling, killing, lying and
dying. People are still in need of the most essential thing
to rely on: they are in need of LOVE, the only thing that
will save the world. The philosophy must teach people to
love each other. Not that love that Sigmund Freud told us
about, I'm talking about REAL LOVE, when people don't
even think about quarrelling, deceiving, killing and
envying just because they love each other. People today
are not aware of that enormous lack of love in their
hearts - they are too busy living their life full of hatred
and rudeness. The philosophy should meet the challenge
of the new millennium...
There should be at least one person to start living
according to "new" philosophy, one day he will be noticed
and taken for example. Who is that person?
28. Identity. I am who I am.
Personal identity-it deals with questions about
ourselves qua people (or persons). The most common
question is what it takes for us to persist from one time
to another. What is necessary, and what is sufficient, for
some past or future being to be you? But there are other
questions of equal interest and importance. Many are
familiar thoughts that occur to everyone at some time:
What am I? When did I begin? What will happen to me
when I die? Philosophical discussions of personal identity
go right back to the origin of
112_______________________________________________________
the discipline, and most major figures have had
something to say about it.
There is no one problem of personal identity, but a
range of loosely related problems. Discussions that go by
the name of personal identity are most often about
questions like these: Who am I? - We often speak of one's
"personal identity" as what makes one the person one is.
Your identity in this sense consists roughly of those
attributes that make you unique as an individual and
different from others. Or it is the way you see or define
yourself. Your individual psychological identity is a
property that you might have for a while and then lose.
You could acquire a new identity, or perhaps carry on
without one.
Person hood- What is it to be a person? What is
necessary, and what is sufficient, for something to count
as a person, as opposed to a non-person? What would it
take for a chimpanzee or a Martian or an electronic
computer to be a person, if they could ever be?
What matters- What is the practical importance of
facts about our identity and persistence? Imagine that
surgeons are going to put your brain into my head, and
that neither of us has any choice about this. Will the
resulting person (who will think he is you) be responsible
for my actions, or for yours? Or both? Or neither?
That completes our survey. Though these questions
are related, they are different, and it is important not to
run them together. What they have in common that
makes them all questions about personal identity is
difficult to say.
29. Tastes differ
The word "taste" has several meanings. One of them
is a physical sense of perception, as, for example, in "It
tastes so sweet, try it!"
Taste may also be defined as aesthetic feeling
towards something or understanding, for example "she
developed a taste for music" - which means that she
became fond of music.
We often hear people say "this thing is tasteful or
tasteless" or "this person has good taste" or "his taste is
bad".
________________________________________________________
111
This means that all of us have some kind of a taste,
which is determined by the way we were brought up, by
the time when we were growing. It also depends on the
culture we are living in, on our age and on the people we
are surrounded by. Moreover, it depends on the social
class we belong to and even on our profession.
People are so different and what we suppose is good
for us, what seems beautiful and tasteful to us, may be
just the contrary for other people. Therefore it is said
"Tastes differ".
Tastes differ even within one country. Each of us
perhaps remembers quarreling with one of our friends
over what tastes better: fried potatoes or macaroni with
meat, chocolate or ice-cream, porridge or omelet
Tastes differ even among people belonging to
different sex. Recently American medical journal
Psychology and Behaviour published the results of a very
interesting research. They used the Web to survey 277
male and female participants in order to find out what
kind of food they prefer. They found that women are
more prone to eat comfort foods high in fat and sugar,
such as cakes and ice-cream. Men, on the other hand,
are more likely to turn to soups, pasta and steaks.
It is obvious that every country and nation has its
own taste and way of thinking but to my opinion that
makes each nation special and interesting in the
meantime!
30. Learning foreign languages
It is necessary to learn foreign languages. That's why
pupils have got such subject as a foreign language at
school. Everybody knows his own language, but it is
useful to know foreign languages somebody said:
"English is a language that came from nowhere to
conquer the world..." These words are really true! The
most important contribution was made by William
Shakespeare. Shakespeare's influence on everyday
English speech is great, people all over the world quote
Shakespeare. The English language arrived in Britain on
the point of a sword. That is why there are so many loans
in English language. Now I would like to tell you about
Standard English and Regional accents. Received
29
pronunciation is the form of British English pronunciation
used by many educated people in every part of Britain. It
is thought of a standard form and is often used by the
BBC. It is also used in teaching English in many parts of
the world. Accent is the sound of a person's
pronunciation of the language. It shows where a person
comes from and what class he or she belongs to.
Cockney is the way of speaking English and it is known
as the London dialect. Rhyming slang is a way of
speaking, ordinarily popular among cockneys in which a
rhyming phrase, or a part of it, is substituted for a
standard word. There is a standard form of the language
and some dialects in our country too. To my mind, every
country needs a standard form of the language because
of the contact between people of this country. But there
are a lot of loanwords in every language nowadays.
Every day for example in advertisements we can hear
and see new, incomprehensible, bad words, and they
become widespread among the population. In conclusion
I would like to say that now there are more than 60
countries that speak English as the dominant or official
language. My purpose is to show you why the English is a
world language. The present day world status of English
is the result of two factors: the expansion of British
colonial power, which peaked towards the end of the
19th century, and the emergence of the US as the
leading economic power of the 20th century. English is
the chief language of international business and
academic conferences, and the leading language of
international tourism. English is the main language of
popular music, advertising, home computers and video
games. Most of the scientific, technological and academic
information in the world is expressed in English.
31. Problems of unemployment
I think that the problem of youth employment is very
actual and must be solved as quickly as possible. They all
go to institutes or universities and even academies, in
order to get a degree and serve to the society. The most
serious problem is that of finding working places for such
a great number of specialists. Every year thousands of
students graduate the high schools but uncertain of their
future, as very few of theme do find a good paid job with
good conditions .When students enter the high schools
they all want for sure to become good specialist and all
want to work and give the best from theme in order to
help the society to become richer, better and that people
be grateful to theme. But after graduating and finding a
Hi
job is very hard most of theme are very disappointed and
prefer to go abroad and work instead staying here. The
Federal Government should do something about this
problem. Creating those places for young people is the
burning question now. There must be a lot of new plants,
factories, hospitals and other enterprises to give jobs to
all the graduates. But there is one more problem when
people who leave one or institutions are not satisfied
with the working conditions and work as other specialists.
As a result they have only their diplomas but they do not
work according to their professions. And it is also very
bad. But these students are glad to find a job and work
even if it has nothing to do with the specialty they learn
five years for in our country young people are still a little
suppressed, they have complexes but abroad the life is
quite different. Young people begin to work very early
from the point of view of age, get more and more
experience out of their work and have more possibilities
to realize themselves.
I think that our state has to give more attention to
educational system and the employment system if we
want to achieve better results and get to be seen at
international level. All this can be achieved only with
good specialists and professionals
32. World of jobs
It is certain the fact that every person since child
dream to continue the studies and enter a good
University, to graduate it and apply the knowledge
accumulated. We spend great part of our lives at our
jobs, so choosing a right career is one of the most
important decisions you will make in your life. Many
students finish high school and begin college without a
clear idea of what they want to do in future. Part of the
problem is the size of the job market itself. With so many
kinds of jobs (2000) how can you tell which will interest
you? Some of occupations are already overcrowded. In
old industries there may be little need for new workers,
while new and growing industries will offer jobs now and
in the future. Therefore, it is extremely important to
explore your choice of occupations from every angle,
collect as much information as you can. But above all you
must evaluate yourself. Find out where your interests
and talents lie. First start with you, make a list of your
interests, talents and abilities. Most people have a lot of
these, but at the beginning they are undeveloped and
may not seem outstanding. By concentrating on a few, or
30
on one you may surprise yourself at how good you can
get.
Unemployment especially hits poor and working
class families the hardest, not because this people are
more likely to be unemployed, but because they don't
have financial resource to fall back on. Unemployment
exists primarily for two reasons: first - the existence of
millions of unemployed people tends to present most of
those working from asking for higher wages since they
can be replaced easily, second -in their search for profits,
corporations are interested in finding the cheapest labor.
The problem of unemployment is also connected with the
economic crisis in our country. And I think when this
crisis comes to an end the problem of unemployment will
not be so urgent. But on the other hand if you studied a
lot during school and high school years then you will find
a good, well paid job for sure as society need and will
need always good specialists in every sphere of activity.
33. The importance of English language.
English is a West Germanic language
originating in England, and the first language for
most people in Australia, Canada, the
Commonwealth Caribbean, Ireland, New
Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United
States of America (also commonly known as the
Anglosphere. Modern English is sometimes described
as the global lingua franca. English is the
dominant international language in
communications, science, business,
aviation, entertainment, radio and
diplomacy.
English is one of six official languages of the Nations.
Over 309 million people speak English as their first
language, as of 2005. English today is probably the
third largest language by number of native speakers,
after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. The countries
with the highest populations of native English speakers
are, in descending order: United States , United Kingdom,
Canada, Australia , Ireland, South Africa ,and New
Zealand Countries such as Jamaica and Nigeria also
have millions of native speakers of dialect
continuums ranging from an English-based
creole to a more standard version of English. Of those
nations where English is spoken as a second language,
India has the most such speaker's .Following India is the
People's Republic of China. Because English is so
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widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a
"global language", the lingua franca of the
modern era. While English is not an official language in
most countries, it is currently the language most often
taught as a second" language around the world.
Among non-English speaking countries, a large
percentage of the population claimed to be able to
converse in English in the Netherlands , Sweden ,
Denmark Luxembourg, Finland , Slovenia ,
Austria , Belgium , and Germany Norway and
Iceland also have a large majority of competent
English-speakers. Books, magazines, and newspapers
written in English are available in many countries around
the world.
34. Highway to happiness
Most of us want to be happy. But what is happiness?
Is it something that you feel at a fleeting moment or does
it has to last a certain amount of time before it can
officially be called "happiness"? While the thought of
blazing through the sky after jumping out of a plane may
spell utter bliss for some, others may shiver at the mere
mention of it. What one person defines as something that
keeps them smiling may be just the thing that makes
another person miserable.
Experts say that happiness is an emotion, and just
like any emotion, it comes and goes. Also like any
emotion, some people simply seem to experience it more
than others. It is even believed by some that everyone
has a "happiness baseline." If this is true, then no matter
what happens in our life, we will always return to our
original level of happiness after a certain amount of time.
Of course, there are many other things that can
contribute to our happiness other than those listed
above. Although this may come as a surprise to many,
money does not account for much when it comes to
happiness. Once people accumulate wealth, they are not
any more satisfied with their life than those who can only
afford to meet their most basic needs.
In the search for happiness, we often look to others
to make us happy. Then when we find ourselves anything
less than pleased, we play the blame game and hold
them responsible for the cause of our feelings. However,
only we can be held accountable for our own happiness
because only we have the power to change the situation
we are in.
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When it comes to achieving happiness, it's important
not to forget the small stuff. By concentrating too much
on being happy, you may be missing out on the "little
things" that are right in front of you every day that can
cause enjoyment. Simply appreciating the little things in
life and learning to love, forgive, laugh, and live can lead
to lifelong satisfaction. Now that we're armed with the
map to happiness, we may be wondering where to start.
As with anything, happiness does not magically appear
overnight.
35. Importance of money in modern
society.
ONE: 'You shall have no other gods before Me.' This
is the first commandment of God's 1 0 Commandments.
In my opinion this would be the hardest commandment
to follow in a modern society that is so enamored with
money. The power of a dollar is a leading concept in a
modern society. Many organizations and businesses in
modern society revolve around money. It's almost to the
point where money can be seen as its own entity which
would place itself above God in many cases. Money is
something that everyone, atheists and religious leaders
included, are able to see eye to eye on. The importance
of money in today's society is rather large. Money finds
itself everyone across society. I've personally seen many
relationships go sour over disputes involving money.
Cash has the ability the transform even the best people
into greedy savages. Modernity is a society that lusts
Women constitute half of the society and in some
societies the proportion exceeds that percentage, as is
the case in our Yemeni society. Nevertheless, it is found
even among the intellectuals that some of them do not
recognize her importance other than a housewife raising
children and taking care of them and the entire
household. The family as the most important component
of the society, and the most significant establishment in
it, the major role in running it is upon the shoulders of the
woman. And the man is incapable to have the same
patience and endurance the woman entertains in running
the affairs of the family. In addition to that sacred role
the woman also plays a recognized role outside the
family sphere as she proved to be successful teachers,
doctors, engineers and in other areas of social
development activities. She is the mother of the society
and does more than one role; her job as a housewife and
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money. Money determines many things in society. People
got through many years of schooling with the hope that
they will graduate making six figures. Money determines
ones social position in society. The more money you have
the easier life is for you. Those born in money seem to
have to work less than those bom without it. We turn on
the television and wonder what celebrities like Paris
Hilton, and Nicole Ritchie do for a living. And the answer
is nothing. They don't have to work because they were
lucky enough to be born with money. The thought of the
"easy life" ties hand in hand with the power of a dollar
and people in a modern society fight for that life.
So it is very difficult to live out the first
commandment in a modern society. Money is too
powerful of a tool for it not to diminish the morals and
values of many Americans. It is held too high in society.
In a modern society, money is the equivalent to the air
we breathe. Everything depends on money. It's the one
thing the majority of society will agree they couldn't live
without. Money is the god that many place above God.
36. Man and Woman in the society
The relationship between man and woman in the
society has always been subject to a longstanding
controversy, particularly in the society. It is the majority
of the ordinary people that hold wrong ideas about the
role of both man and woman in the society and those
ideas are the cause of the imbalanced relationship
between man and woman in the society.
her role in the development of the society whereas
man's role is mainly outside the family sphere.
Moreover ever the successes scored by man are
imprints of women who help in their ideas and
encourage them in the accomplishment of those
successes. And thus in many cases she is behind his
success. Her great responsibility in providing stable and
happy life inside the family is in itself an effective factor
in man's success. She is an indispensable energy
possessing an indispensable role.
Our glorious history has abundance of examples of
great women successful in various aspects of life; in
politics, religion, education and fighting beside their
brother's men.
The intelligentsia and sociologists have to do their
hardest job in enlightening the society about the mutual
role played by both men and women in building an
32 Hi

advanced society where both men and women are equal 38. Curriculum
in importance and roles played in life. Vitae
IAVORSCHI ARINA
37. The impact of migration on the 21.10.1990______
society
Immigration is a highly sensitive political issue in all Ismail street 16/3 fl.14
the Member States of the European Union. Politicians and Chisinau, Republic of
society in general need to accept the fact that the Moldova Tel: (373)
majority of EU Member States have become immigration 069112222, (373 22) 127911
destinations. Large-scale migration will continue to have E-mail: arina@yahoo.com
profound economic, political, social and cultural
consequences within the EU. Migration has a profound STUDIES
impact on people's everyday life, but also strongly 1996 Theoretical Lyceum " Dante
influences the economical and political arena more than Alighieri",
ever before in the modern era. Immigration will not only Chisinau, Moldova
continue, but will also increase inside the Union.
Multidimensional consequences in the social economic, ABILITIES
political and cultural area of receiving societies maximize Languages: Romanian (native), Russian (fluently),
the demand for effective and comprehensive policies on English (fluently), French (medium).
immigration and integration of migrants. The progressive
establishment of a common EU framework for the Utilisation PC: MS Office, Internet Explorer, Microsoft
integration of migrants has therefore become a top
priority. At official level, the successful integration of Excel. Personal experience:
legally residing third-country nationals, and their
descendants, is seen as a paramount goal for the benefit 2001- Olympiad at Mathematics
of EU social cohesion and economic welfare, as well as 2002- English Language debates
the Lisbon Strategy. At present, the nature of integration 2003- Olympiad at English Language
programs and the type of integration measures that
should be provided are heavily being debated. Another
Preferences: Dancing, painting, canto
key issue is whether such measures should be mandatory
or not, and if non-compliance might lead to legal and
Hobby: Jogging, reading, swimming.
financial consequences, including a possible impact on
the migrant's residential status. Migration is a sensitive
Future plans: Studying in an USA high school
subject among populations in general. Politicians should
be very clear in explaining their ideas to the wider public Society problem: One of the most ardent problems of
and the beneficial effects that immigration brings to our the society is unemployment. Most of the young people
that graduate high schools cannot apply the knowledge
societies. Migration has always remained a delicate topic.
as the government cannot assure a stable place of work.
Especially in periods of economic recession migrants are
When the government will solve this problem, our
an easy scapegoat. They are often seen as 'those others
society will stop fighting against such problems as
invading our economies, looking for our jobs'. In the past,
migration, poverty, corruption.
most migrants were unskilled workers who took up rough
Ideal lyceum: Ideal place of study is the place where
poorly paid jobs which local workers refused to do. But
pupils go with pleasure, where the labs are provided with
this situation has been complicated further by the
the necessary tools. The teachers are pleasant and ready
increasing immigration of high-qualified people. People
to give the best from their knowledge to the young
might see this as a threat to their own situation and
generation. And of course where pupils do all possible to
safety.
33
study and become good citizens ready to serve to the
society.
39. Violence is a part of every child
Violence is a part of every child's life. Violence
originates in many places-self, family, peers, the
community and the media-and violence affects children
and youth at every age, even newborn. Children and
youth are witnesses and victims, and some become
perpetrators. All are affected, though not all are affected
equally.
Media Violence
Most children are exposed to media violence at some
level on a daily basis through television, video games, or
music
Children in middle childhood watch more television
and are therefore, presumably, more exposed to
television violence than children who are younger or
older.47 Rates of reported physical abuse are about the
same for children in middle childhood as for younger
children.
Domestic violence
Many children who live in household are often
exposed to domestic violence. Compared with children in
other households, children who have been exposed to
domestic violence often suffer from insomnia and have
trouble with bed-wetting. They also are more likely to
experience difficulties in school and to score lower on
assessments of verbal, motor, and cognitive skills. Also,
they are more likely than other children to exhibit
aggressive and antisocial behaviour, to be depressed and
anxious, and to have slower cognitive development.
Violence at teenagers.
Many people believe that violence towards children
reaches its peak in the lives of teenagers. While this is
true for some of the more extreme forms of violence,
other types of violence actually begin to recede during
the teenage years.
The risk of being a victim of sexual assault,
aggravated assault, and robbery also increases as teens
get older.
In conclusion it can be said that most of the policy
and data collection related to violence in children's lives
tends to focus on a single type of violence (such as child
abuse or media violence), a particular social context
(such as the family, school, or neighbourhood), or a
particular group (such as teens or inner-city children).
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But the main responsibility it lies of course on
parents, the ones that are the most indicated to take
care and protect their children and assure all good
conditions in order to grow up good and elevated
citizens.
40. Health care in Republic of Moldova
According to the latest researches estimates, a
person born in the Republic of Moldova in 2003 can
expect to live 67 years on average: 71 years if female
and 63 years if male. Life expectancy in the country is
about 1 1 years lower than the Europa average of 79
years. However, despite being the second poorest
county in the European Region, the life expectancy
estimate is 2-5 years higher than similar estimates for a
number of considerably richer regional countries.
As the length of life increases, older people can
respond with lifestyle changes that can increase healthy
years of life. Correspondingly, health care systems need
to shift towards more geriatric care, the prevention and
management of chronic diseases and more formal long-
term care. Since people are living longer, measures to
improve health and prevent disease need to focus on
people of working age.
Health outcomes of Republic of Moldova are
influenced by various factors that operate at individual,
household and community levels. Obvious factors are,
for example, diet, health behavior, access to clean water,
sanitation and health services.
Education tends to enhance an individual's job
opportunities. In so doing, it can improve income, which
in turn affects health positively. Education can also give
more access to knowledge about healthy behavior and
increase the tendency to seek treatment when needed. A
lower level of education - independent of individual
income - is correlated with the inability to cope with
stress, with depression and hostility and with adverse
effects on health.
There is an income gradient affecting health: the
poor generally suffer worse health and die younger than
people with higher incomes. For instance, the latter are
better able to afford the goods and services that
contribute to health, for example, better food and living
conditions.
People are considered to be in
absolute poverty if their incomes
are not sufficient to purchase
very minimal goods and services.
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In these conditions the migration
increases and a lot of people go
abroad to earn money in order to
assure the normal level of life.
And it is the Government's task
to ensure good life and health
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conditions to the citizens. As long
as we will be confronted with
these problems, we will have to
fight against poverty, diseases
and migration.