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Legumes can be used as a green manure, a with green manuring. In order to benefit fully
general term used for plants that enrich soil from cereal‐legume rotations, farmers need to
fertility. Green manuring with legumes involves maximize the productivity of the legume crop in
growing the plants, then slashing the crop and addition to the cereal crop.
leaving it on the soil surface. Leaving the crop
on the soil surface has additional benefits, as it Leguminous shrubs can also improve soil
also reduces soil erosion and conserves soil quality. One option is to grow the shrubs in
moisture. rotation with the cereal crop, cutting the shrubs
to produce mulch and fodder. However, this
A drawback with green manuring is that it alternative does involve the loss of a growing
involves the loss of a growing season, especially season. A second option is to grow leguminous
in areas where there is only one short growing shrubs as hedgerows either within or around the
season, since the grain is not harvested from the field. When the bushes are pruned, the clippings
legume and it displaces the cereal crop. Also, can be applied as mulch to the soil surface. An
because the grain is not harvested, growing added advantage of these shrubs is that farmers
legumes as green manures does not provide the can also produce honey during the flowering
benefits to human diets. However, when soil period.
quality is low and fertilizer prices are high,
green manuring is an option for farmers to It is important to choose the legume carefully,
consider, especially in regions with longer taking the cereal crop into consideration. For
growing seasons. example, soybeans, pigeon peas and mungbeans
are recommended as relay crops within rice
To overcome the loss of a full growing season, cropping systems. As intercrops with wheat,
intercropping or relay intercropping with lathyrus, lentils and chickpeas are
legumes is a good alternative. With recommended. In maize, pigeon pea, sunn hemp
intercropping, alternating rows of the cereal and cowpea have positive effects, but vigorous
crop and legumes are planted at the same time. climbers such as velvet bean can choke the
However, in some cases the legume may maize plants and make harvesting difficult.
compete with the cereal crop for water and Extension specialists can assist by making
nutrients, reducing the yield of both crops. With recommendations of crop combinations.
relay intercropping, this competition for
resources is reduced: the cereal crop is sown Constraints to legume production
first, followed by the legume a few weeks later. • Legume production presents new diseases,
In this scenario, both the grain yield and the pests, and weeds, which farmers will need
nitrogen content have been found to improve. to learn how to control.
• Low soil pH, high salinity, flooding, and
Legumes can also be grown in rotation with nutrient deficiencies can negatively impact
cereal crops. This system is intended to provide the nitrogen fixation process, preventing the
the farmer with a useful harvest while at the legumes from improving soil fertility to their
same time improving the fertility of the soil. full potential.
However, since part of the legume crop is • Legumes are often expected to grow in
harvested (and thus removed from the field), the existing soil moisture conditions. Reduced
effect on soil fertility, equivalent to 5‐15 kg/ha of or non‐existent irrigation may lead to
nitrogen fertilizer, is not as high as when the drought stress.
entire legume crop is left on the soil surface, as
This fact sheet was prepared as part of the IRRI‐CIMMYT alliance ‐ Cereal Knowledge Bank
(knowledgebank.cimmyt.org) • Developed with input from J.Jones, A.L.MacRobert, M.Chandiramani