1

BapJw
hnZym- ` ymkcwKsØ hnhm- Z - ß ƒ°v Hcp ]™- h p- a n- √ mØ
\mSmbn amdp-I-bmWv tIcfw. hnhm-Z-߃ sImgp-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p
]n∂n¬ Hcp cmjv{Sobw Hfn-™n-cn-∏p-s≠∂v C∂p IqSp-X¬ IqSp-
X¬ hy‡-ambn hcn-I-bm-Wv.
hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ AeIpw ]nSnbpw am‰-W-sa∂ Bhiyw ]Xn-
‰m-≠p-If - mbn \mw tI´psIm≠n-cp-∂p. ASn-ÿm-\]
- c
- a
- mbn Hcp am‰w
1997 ¬ D≠m- b - t ∏mƒ AXns\ ]√pw \Jhpw D]- t bm- K n®v
FXn¿Øp tXm¬∏n-°m\pw ]cn-l-kn-°m\pw hnhm-Z-ß-fn-te-s°-
Sp-sØ-dn-bm\pw Xo{h heXv˛CS-Xp-]£ - ß- ƒ \S-Ønb {iaw Bcpw
ad-∂n-´n-√.
amdn h∂ k¿°m¿, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ ]n≥h-en®pw t{KUnßv
coXn am‰n sh®pw ]mTy-]-≤Xn Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-®p. hym]-
I-ambn I®-hS hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-߃ XpS-ßm≥ A\p-aXn
\¬In. s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßsf AS®p ]q´n C√mXm°m≥ {ian-®p.
Cu {]Xn-_‘ - ß
- sf F√mw AXn-Po-hn®v ]pXnb ]mTy-]≤ - X- n-bpsS
ASn-ÿm\ kao-]-\-߃ C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂Xv AXns‚
icn-a-bpsS {]Xy-£-amb sXfnhp Xs∂-bm-Wv.
tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sns‚ cq]o-I-c-WsØ XpS¿∂v tIc-
f-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn ho≠pw \ho-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hym]-I-
amb N¿®-Iƒ°pw `cW {]Xn-]£ ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn\pw Ah-k-c-
sam-cp°n Xøm-dm-°nb ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw XpS¿∂v Xøm-dm-
°nb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ NneXpw cq£-amb hna¿i-\-߃°pw
hnhm-Z-߃°pw Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
CØ-h-WsØ hnhm-Z-߃ 97 ¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw `n∂-am-Wv.
adbv°v ]nd-In-em-bn-cp∂ ]ecpw cwKØp h∂p Ign-™p. aX-i-
‡n-I-fp-sSbpw ÿm]nX Xm¬]-cy-°m-cp-sSbpw I®-hS i‡n-I-fp-
sSbpw Iq´-Øn¬ sk°p-e¿ P\m-[n-]Xy ap{Z-bp≈ cmjv{Sob
]m¿´n-Ifpw hnhm-Z-ß-fp-b¿Øn ]mT]pkvXIw ]n≥h-en-∏n-°m≥
ka-c-cw-K-Øm-Wv.
tZiob ]mTy-]-≤-Xnsb°pdnt®m AXns‚ `mK-ambn NCERT
Xømdm-°nb ]pkvX-I-ßsf°pdnt®m CØ-c-°m¿°v Hcp Adn-
2 3
hp-an-√m-™n-´-√. A¨ Fbn-UUv ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw CBSE kvIqfp-
I-fnepw 100% t]cpw SSLC °v hnP-bn-®mepw Ch¿°Xv {]iv\-a-√.
tIc- f - Ø nse s]mXp- h n- Z ym- ` ymkw sa®- s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ - X nte
Ch¿s°ms° thh-em-Xn-bp-≈q. s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-
fpsS ]pkvX-I-߃ A·n-°n-c-bm-°n-bm¬ apJy-]-{Xm-[-n]≥am¿°v
AXns‚ NqSv Xosc X´n-√. hna¿i-\m-h-t_m-[-ap≈ Hcp ]mTy-]-≤-
Xn-bpsS A\n-hm-cy-X-bn-te°v Xs∂-bmWv Cu kw`-h-߃ \sΩ
sIm≠p sNs∂-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
imkv{Xm-h-t_m[w P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
imkv{XsØ P\-Iob ka-c-ß-fpsS Bbp-[-am-°p-I-bpw sNøp∂
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ {]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-amb kwL-S-\-bmWv imkv{X-km-
lnXy ]cn-j-Øv. \ne-hn-ep≈ Adn-hp-Isf Xa-kv°-cn®p sIm≠-
√, Ahsb Xpd∂p hne-bn-cp-Øn-s°m≠pw tkmt±-i-]-c-ambn am‰n
adn®pamWv imkv{Xw CXp-hsc apt∂-dn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. imkv{Xo-b-amb
hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]mXbpw AXp-X-s∂-sb∂v ]cn-jØv Icp-Xp-
∂p.
"]mT-]p-kvXIßsf `-b-°p-∂-sX-¥n\v' F∂ Cu eLp-teJ
s]mXp-N¿®-bv°mbn P\-ß-fpsS apºn¬ ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv
4 5
\-Ωp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-k hy-h-ÿ Im-e-l-c-W-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂pw sIm-
tfm-Wn-b¬ s]m-Xr-I-Øn-s‚ ti-jn-∏m-sW-∂pw A-Xv km-aq-ln-I
\o-Xn \n-tj-[n-°p-∂-Xm-sW-∂pw h-tc-Wy-]-£-]m-Xn-Xz-ap-≈-Xm-sW-
∂pw A-[zm-\-ssh-ap-Jyw h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xm-sW-∂pw A-Xn-s‚ A-e-Ipw
]n-Sn-bpw am-t‰-≠-Xm-sW-∂p-ap-≈ hm-bv-Øm-cn tI-´p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-´v \m-
fp-I-tf-sd-bm-bn. ]-t£ A-Xn¬ Im-X-em-b H-cp am-‰-hpw H-cn-°-epw
D-≠m-bn-√. Cu km-l-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv 1997 ¬ Un.-]n.-C.-]n. tbm-S-\p-
_-‘n-®v ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-sb A-Sn-ap-Sn D-S-®p-hm¿-°m-\p-≈ {i-aw D-≠m-
b-Xv. ]-cn-j-Øv Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn-¬ \S-Ønb {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS
B¿-Pn-®n-cp-∂ A-\p-`-h-k-º-Øpw A-dn-hpw A-Xp kw-_-‘n-®v \-S-
Øn-b ]-co-£-Wßfpw H-c-f-hp-h-sc-b-¶n-epw B k-μ¿-`-Øn¬ ]-e-
cpw {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A-{X-bpw km-[n-®-Xn¬ ]-cn-j-
Øn-\p Nm-cn-Xm¿-∞y-ta-bp-≈q ˛ A-Xp ]-cn-]q¿-Æ hn-P-b-am-sb-t∂m,
]m-fn-®-Iƒ ]-‰n-bn-´n-s√-t∂m A-`n-{]m-b-sam-´n-√m-Xm-\pw. F-¶n-epw
ap-c-Sn-®p \n-∂ tI-c-f hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-K-sØ N-e-\m-fl-I-am-°m≥ A-
tXm-sS I-gn-™p.
]-t£, F-¥m-bn-cp-∂p A-Xp-b¿-Øn-b ]p-In-ev! tem-I _m-¶n-s‚
A-®m-cw hm-ßn cm-Py-sØ H-‰p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p F-∂p Nn-e¿. kz-Im-
cy hn-Zym-`ym-k ap-X-em-fn-am¿-°p-th-≠n s]m-Xp hn-Zym-`ym-k-sØ \-
in-∏n-®v H-‰p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p F-∂p a-‰p Nn-e¿. hn-Zym-`ym-k-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-
≈ ]-c-º-cm-K-X ^yq-U¬ k-¶-ev-]-ß-sf am-‰n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xn-ep-≈ tJ-
Z-hpw tcm-j-hp-am-bn-cp-∂ C-\n-bp-sam-cp Iq-´¿-°v. Xo-{h h-e-Xp-]-£-
hpw Xo-{h C-S-Xp-]-£-hpw ssI-tIm¿-°p-∂ A-km-[m-c-W {]-Xn-`m-
k-hpw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn ]-cn-jv-°-c-W hn-cp-≤ {]-Nmc-W-ß-fn¬ Im-Wm-
\n-S-bm-bn.
F¬.-Un.-F-^v. t]m-bn bp.-Un.-F-^v h-∂p. Un.-]n.-C.-]n. bv-°p ]-
I-cw F-kv.-F-kv.F h-∂p. hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-≈ hn-tZ-i ^-≠n-ßpw
\-S-Øn-∏n-se A-]m-I-X-I-fpw Xp-S¿-∂p. ]-t£ ]-g-b F-Xn¿-∏p-Im¿
am-f-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]p-Xn-b t_m-[-\ co-Xn-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn Xp-S¿-
®-bm-bn aq-ey-\n¿-Æb - h
- pw am¿-°n-\p ]-Ic - w t{K-Un-ßpw h-∂p. Im- I-fn-se `u-Xn-I km-l-N-cy-߃ sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬....- H-s° ho-
cy-am-b F-Xn¿-∏p-≠m-bn-√. A-[n-Im-c hn-tI-{μo-Ic - W - Ø - n-s‚ `m-Ka - m- gv-N-I-fp-≠m-bn-´p≠v. ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ t]m-epw ]-cn-j-
bn ]-©m-bØ - o-cm-Pv ÿm-]\ - ß- ƒ hn-Zym-eb- ß - f - n¬ {In-bm-flI - a- m- Øv ap-t∂m-´p h-® B-i-b-߃ ]q¿-W-am-bpw {]-Xn-^-en-°p-∂n-√.
b ]-¶p h-ln-°m≥ Xp-Sß - n. A-t∏m-gpw H-sc-Xn¿-∏pw D-≠m-bn-√. ]- aq-ey \n¿-W-bw C-\n-bpw F-{X-tbm sa-®-s∏-Sm-\n-cn-°p-∂p. C-°m-
t£ ho-≠pw bp.-Un.-F^ - n-\p ]-Ic - w F¬.-Un.-F^ - v h-∂t- ∏mƒ C- cy-ß-fn-ep-≈ G-Xp hn-a¿-i-\-hpw A-[n-Ir-X¿ {i-≤-tbm-sS tIƒ-
tX Im-cy-߃-s°-Xn-sc X-s∂ ho-≠pw i-‡a - m-b F-Xn¿-∏p-b¿-∂X - v °p-I-bpw ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bpw sN-ø-Ww F-∂p X-s∂-bm-Wv ]-cn-j-
{i-t≤-ba - m-Wv. ]-t£ C-Øh - W - a-s‰m-cp c-kI - c
- a - m-b hn-ti-ja - p-≠v. Øn-s‚ A-`n-{]m-bw. ]-t£ A-Ø-cw {In-bm-fl-I hn-a¿-i-\-߃ {]m-
]p-Xn-b ]mTy-]≤ - X- n-bn-se in-ip-tI-{μo-Ir-X˛- {- ]-hr-Øyp-∑p-J k-ao-]- tb-W Ip-d-hm-Wv. A-Xn-\p ]-I-cw Ip-‰w I-s≠-Øm≥ th-≠n am-{Xw
\-sØ h-{Io-Ic - n-®v ]-cn-lk - n-°p-Ib - pw ]p-—n-°p-Ib - pw sN-bvX
- n-cp-∂ Ip-‰w I-s≠-Øp-∂p. \-√ Im-cy-ß-sf-t∏m-epw t_m-[-]q¿-Δw h-f-
a-eb- m-f a-t\m-ca - t]m-epw B k-ao-]\ - s
- Ø C-t∏mƒ Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°p- s®m-Sn-°p-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ hn-a¿-i-\-ß-fm-Wv an-°-t∏m-gpw D-≠m-Ip-
∂p. ]mTy-]≤ - X- n ]-cn-jv° - c - W- Im-cy-Øn¬ tI-cf - w F≥.-kn.-C.B¿.- ∂-Xv. A-Sp-Ø Im-e-Øp-b¿-∂n-´p-≈ H-cp {]-[m-\ hn-a¿-i-\w imkv-
Sn. sb-°m-fpw H-cp ]-Sn ap-∂n-em-sW-∂p k-ΩX - n-°p-∂p. {X-km-ln-Xy- ]-cn-j-Øm-Wv Xn-c-»o-e-bv-°v ]n-∂n-en-cp-∂v C-Xn-s\m-
C-Xn¬ \n-∂v F-¥m-Wp a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv? s° Np-°m≥ ]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv F-∂m-Wv. hn-Zym-`ym-k-]-cn-jv-°m-c-߃
H-∂v: ]p-Xp-Xm-bn ap-t∂m-´p h-bv-°p-∂ hn-Zym-`ym-k B-i-b-߃ ]-cn-j-Øm-{K-ln-°p-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ ap-t∂m-´p sIm-≠p t]m-Im≥ I-gn-
B-i-b-ß-fm-bn \n¬-°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw B¿-°pw {]-iv-\-an-√. ]-t£ ™m¬ ]-cn-j-Øn-\p k-t¥m-j-hpw Xr-]v-Xn-bpw am-{X-ta D-≈q. A-
A-h {i-≤n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, {]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂p F-∂p tXm-∂p- Xp ]-t£ H-cp c-l-ky A-P-≠-sbm-∂p-a-√. I-gn-™ Im¬ \q-‰m-≠n-
tºm-gm-Wv F-Xn¿-∏p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. C-Xv ]p-Xn-b B-i-b-߃-°p-≈ te-sd-bm-bn hn-hn-[ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-epw {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-epw Iq-
Aw-Ko-Im-c-am-bn X-s∂ I-W-°m-°mw. sS ]-cn-j-Øv P-\-ß-fp-sS ap-ºn¬ h-®n-´p-≈ Im-cy-߃ X-s∂-bm-
c-≠v: ]-cn-j-Ø-S-°w ap-t∂m-´p h-® B-i-b-߃ bp.-Un.-F-^v. `- W-h. hn-⁄m-t\m-’-h-߃, A-£-c-th-Zn, kv-Iqƒ tImw-π-Iv-kv,
c-W-Im-e-Øv ]-cn-j-Øn-s‚ ap≥-ssI-bn-e-√m F-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ \-S- bp-do-°m hn-⁄m-\ ]-co-£....-Xp-S-ßn-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]-cn-j-
∏m-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A-{X F-Xn¿-∏p-≠m-Ip-∂n-√. a-dn-®v F¬.-Un.-F- Øn-t\m-sSm-∏w ]-s¶-Sp-Ø ]-cn-j-Øp-Im-c-√m-Ø A-t\-Iw A-≤ym-
^v `-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]-cn-j-Øp-Im¿ ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-fp-sS Np-°m≥ ]n-Sn- ]-Ic - pw Cu B-ib - ß
- ƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂X - v kzm-`m-hn-Iw am-{Xw. ]mTy-
°p-∂p F-∂ H-cp tXm-∂-ep-≠m-Ip-I-bpw F-Xn¿-∏p cq-£-am-Ip-Ibpw ]-≤-Xn ]-cn-jv-°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-epw sI.-kn.-F-^v N¿-®-bn-epw ]mT-]p-
sNøp∂p. A-Xv ]-cn-j-Øv k-aq-l-Øn¬ {i-≤n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, Aw-Ko- kv-X-I \n¿-Ωn-Xn-bn-epw ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-b A-≤ym-]-I-cn¬ ]-e-cpw C-
I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p F-∂p tXm-∂p-∂-Xn-ep-≈ A-k-ln-jv-W-X-bp-sS e- Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-cm-Ip-∂-Xv kzm-`m-hn-Iw am-{Xw. A-h-cn¬ an-°-h-cpw
£-W-am-Wv. A-Xv s]m-dp-°mw. A-Xn-\p a-cp-∂n-√. X-s∂ hn-hn-[ A-≤ym-]-I kw-L-S-\-I-fn-se {]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw B-bn-
aq-∂v: ]p-Xn-b ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-sb-∏-‰n-bpw ]T-\ t_m-[-\ co-Xn-sb- cn-°pw. (¢m- n¬ ]Tn-∏n-°-epw i-º-fw hm-ßn Ip-Spw-_w ]p-e¿-Ø-
∏-‰n-bpw aq-ey-\n¿-Æ-b-sØ-∏-‰n-bpw P-\-߃-°n-S-bn¬ a-Xn-∏p-≠m- epw A-√m-sX C-Ø-cw s]m-Xp Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xm-ev-]-cy-sa-Sp-°p-I-
Ip-tºmƒ F-Xn¿-°p∂-h¿ F-Xn¿-∏n-s‚ Zn-i -am-‰m≥ \n¿-_-‘n-X- bpw A-Xn-\p th-≠n k-a-bw sN-e-h-gn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ H-cp \yq-\-
cm-Ip-∂p. ]-£-Øn-s‚ X-e-bn-em-W-s√m C-Ø-cw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-߃ F-t∏m-
C-\n-bp-ta-sd Zq-cw t]m-Im-\p-≠v gpw h-∂p ho-gp-I.)
t\-c-tØ kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xp t]m-se ]mTy-]-≤-Xn ]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww-Ip-‰- A-X-√m-sX ]-cn-j-Øp-Im-c≥ F-∂ te-_-en¬ H-scm-‰ A-≤ym-]-
a-‰-Xm-sW-t∂m, ]m-fn-®-I-fn-√m-ØXmsW-t∂m ]-cn-j-Øn-\-`n-{]m-b- I-s\-bpw ]mT-]p-kvX - I
- \
- n¿-Ωn-Xn-bv°
- p-th-≠n-bp-≈ k-an-Xn-If - n¬ Ip-
an-√. A-≤ym-]-I-k-lm-bn-I-fpw a-‰v A-\p-_-‘ km-a-{K-n-I-fpw k-a-b- Øn-°-b-‰n-bn-´n-s√-∂v k-Xy-k-‘-am-bn X-s∂ D-d-∏n-®p-]-d-bm≥ I-
Øp e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xn¬, A-≤ym-]-I ]-cn-io-e-\w an-I-hp-‰-Xm-°p-∂- gn-bpw. A-≤ym-]-\-Øn-ep-≈ an-I-hn-s‚-bpw ]mT-]p-kv-X-I c-N-\-bn-
Xn¬, c-£m-I¿-Øm-°-sf hn-izm-k-Øn-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬, ¢m- p-ap-dn- epw A-\p-_-‘ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-ep-≈ Xm-ev-]-cy-Øn-s‚-bpw ap≥-
]-cn-N-b-Øn-s‚-bpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hy-h-ÿm-]n-X-am¿-§-ß-fn-eq-
6 7
sS-bm-Wv {]-kv-Xp-X k-an-Xn-Iƒ-°v cq-]w sIm-Sp-Ø-sX-∂m-Wv A-dn-
bm≥ I-gn-™n-´p-≈-Xv. kw-ÿm-\ I-cn-°p-ew I-Ωn-‰n-bn-se Aw-K-
ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn-epw C-Xp X-s∂-bm-Wv A-h-ÿ. A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂
hn-Zym-`ym-k hn-N-£-W-cpw Nn-¥-I-cpw km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpw B-Wv
A-h-scm-s°. A-h-cn¬ ]-cn-j-Øp ]-›m-Ø-e-ap-≈-h¿ c-t≠m aq-
t∂m t]¿ am-{Xw. C-ß-s\ hn-c-en-se-Æm-hp-∂ ]-cn-j-Øp-Im¿ ]mTy-
]-≤-Xn ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-hpw ]mT-]p-kv-X-I \n¿-an-Xn-bpw ssl-Pm-°v sN-
bv-Xp F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv {]-kv-Xp-X k-an-Xn-I-fn-se a-‰v Aw-K-ß-sf
A-]-am-\n-°-em-Wv F-t∂ ]-d-tb-≠q.
Cu Im-c-Ww sIm-≠p X-s∂ tI-c-f-Øn¬ \-S-∂p h-cp-∂ ]mTy-
]-≤-Xn ]-cn-jv-I-c-W {i-a-ß-sf-tbm A-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn \n¿-an-® ]mT-
]p-kv-X-I-ß-sf-tbm A-∏m-sS ]p-I-gv-Øn-∏-d-tb-≠ _m-≤y-X-bpw ]-
cn-j-Øn-\n-√. Ip-‰-ß-fpw Ip-d-hp-I-fpw Xo¿-®-bm-bpw D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ A-h ]-cn-j-Øp Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°m-dp-ap≠v. ]-t£
s]m-Xp-th Cu ]-cn-jv-°m-c-߃ i-cn-bm-b Zn-i-bn-em-sW-∂pw A-
Xp-sIm-≠p X-s∂ Cu Ip-‰-ß-fpw Ip-d-hp-I-fpw ]-cn-l-cn-®p-sIm-≠v
C-Xv ap-tºm-´p-sIm-≠v t]m-tI-≠-Xm-sW-∂pw ]cn-j-Øv I-cp-Xp-∂p.
A-tX k-a-bw X-s∂ Ip-d-hp-I-sf-bpw ]m-fn-®-I-sf-bpw s]-cp-∏n-®p
Im-Wn-®v sIm≠v Cu ]-cn-jv-°m-c-ß-sf X-In-Sw a-dn-°m-\p-≈ {i-a-
ß-sf Xp-d-∂p Im-´p-I-bpw F-Xn¿-Øp tXm-ev-]n-°p-I-bpw sN-tø-≠-
Xp-s≠-∂pw ]-cn-j-Øv hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p. ]-t£ A-Xv sN-øp-tºmƒ
X-s∂, A-]m-I-X-Iƒ Xn-cp-Øm-\p-≈ hn-\-b-hpw Xp-d-∂ a-\- pw A-
[n-Ir-X¿-°pw D-≠m-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. H-cp ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-\n¿-Ωm-W-hpw
Ip-‰-a-‰-Xm-Im≥ h-gn-bn-√. A-Xp sIm-≠m-Wv Ah Iq-sS°q-sS ]-cn-
jv-°-cn-t°-≠n h-cp-∂-Xp-X-s∂. ]-t£, ]mTy-]-≤-Xn ]-cn-jv-°-c-W-
Øn-s‚ Im-X-em-b km-cmw-i-Øn¬ hn-´p ho-gv-N sN-tø-≠ Im-cy-an-
√. B `m-Kw P-\-ß-sf t_m-≤y-s∏-Sp-Øn Ahsc Iq-sS \n¿-Øn-
sIm-t≠ C-Xv sN-øm-\m-hq. A-Xm-Wv C-∂p k¿-°m¿ G-s‰-Sp-t°-
≠ sh-√p-hn-fn.
]mTy-]-≤-Xn k-aq-l-\n¿-Ωn-Xn-°p-≈ D-]-I-c-Ww
H-cp ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpw iq-\y-X-bn¬ \n-ev-°p-∂ H-∂-√. G-Xp X-c-
Øn-ep-≈ H-cp k-aq-l-sØ-bm-tWm \mw \n¿-Ωn-°m≥ B-{K-ln-°p-
∂-Xv, A-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp {]-[m-\-s∏-´ D-]m-[n-bm-W-s√m hn-Zym-`ym-kw.
H-cp bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I k-aq-lw X-ß-fp-sS Ip-´n-I-fp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-Øn¬
G-‰-hpw ap-¥n-b ]-cn-K-W-\ sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv A-®-S-°w, A-\p-k-c-W,
hy-h-ÿn-Xn-tbm-Sp-≈ A-‘-am-b _-lp-am-\w, K-Xm-\p-K-Xn-I-Xzw, ]m-
8 9
c-º-cy-sØ I-Æpa-S-®v B-cm-[n-°¬ Xp-S-ßn-h-bm-bn-cn-°pw. F-∂m¬
]p-tcm-K-a-\m-fl-I-am-b k-aq-l-\n¿-an-Xn Imw-£n-°p-∂-h-cm-I-s´, A-
®-S-°-sØ-bpw A-\p-k-c-W-tb-bpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ X-s∂ A-
®-S-°w D-≈n¬ \n-∂p h-c-W-sa-∂pw kz-bw \n-b-{¥-W-am-Wv t]-Sn-
®v A-\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ D-Ø-a-sa-∂pw Ip-´n-I-sf a-\- n-em-
°n°m≥ {i-an-°pw. \n-e-hn-ep-≈ hy-h-ÿn-Xn-sb hn-a¿-i-\m-fl-I-
am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-Øm-\pw ]m-c-º-cy-sØ k-a-Im-en-I aq-ey-ß-fp-sS A-
Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]-cn-tim-[n-°m-\pw X-t≈-≠-h-sb X-≈m-\pw sIm-
t≈-≠-h-sb sIm-≈m-\pw, Iq-Sp-X¬ km-aq-ly \o-Xn-bpw Xp-ey-X-bp-
ap-≈ H-cp -k-aq-l-sØ-∏-‰n kz-]v-\w Im-Wm-\pw A-Xp km-≤y-am-
°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ X-S- -߃ F-s¥m-s°-bm-sW-∂pw A-h-sb F-ß-
s\ X-c-Ww sN-øm-sa-∂pw Nn-¥n-°m-\pw t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂ hn-Zym-`ym-
k k-{º-Zm-b-sØ-bm-Wv Ah¿ C-„-s∏-Sp-I. C-Xn-s\m-s° D-X-Ip-
∂n-s√-¶n¬ hn-Zym-`ym-kw H-cp hr-Ym-hym-bm-atam D-tZym-Kw In-´m-\p-
≈ Ip-dp-°v h-gn-tbm B-bn Np-cp-ßn-t∏m-Ipw. A-ß-s\ a-Xn F-∂p
I-cp-Xp-∂ H-cp hn-`m-K-hpw Xo¿-®-bm-bpw k-aq-l-Øn-ep-≠v. ap-sºm-
s° A-h¿ kv-Iq-fn-se-¥m-Wp ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv F-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n A-[n-
Iw th-h-em-Xn-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. F-s¥-∂m¬ "G-´n-e-∏-Sn, h-b-‰n-en-∏n-Sn'
F-∂ {]m-tbm-Kn-I-_p-≤n Ip-´n-I-fn¬ h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ A-h¿-°p
I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. kv-Iq-fn-e-ß-s\ ]-e-Xpw ]Tn-∏n-°pw. {]-]-t©m-Xv-]-
Øn-sb-∏-‰n-bpw ]-cn-Wm-a-sØ-∏-‰n-bpw ku-c-bq-Y-sØ-∏-‰n-bpw I-e-
≠¿ D-cp-Øn-cn-™-Xn-s\-∏-‰n-bp-sam-s° ]Tn-∏n-°pw. A-sXm-s° Im-
Wm-sX ]Tn-®p ]-co-£-sb-gp-Xn P-bn-®mte am¿-°pw dm-¶pw D-tZym-K-
hpw In-´q. A-Xp-sIm-≠v A-sXm-s° ]Tn-°-Ww. ]-t£ \n-Xy-Po-hn-
X-Øn¬ \-ap-°v kr-„n-hm-Z-hpw B-Zm-an-s‚ hm-cn-sb-√q-cn l-Δm-sb
D-≠m-°n-b-Xpw \-h-{K-l-tPym-Xn-j-hpw Cu-tc-gp-]-Xn-\m-ep tem-I-ß-
fp-sS kmw-K-Xy-hpw N-Xp¿-bp-K- Im-e-K-W-\-bpw H-s° hn-iz-kn-°p-
I-bpw A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v Po-hn-°p-I-bpw sN-ømw. ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬
a-lm-∑m-cp-sS Po-h-N-cn-{X-ß-fpw k-Zp-]-tZ-i-ß-fpw ]Tn-°mw. "a-X-ta-
Xm-bm-epw a-\p-jy≥ \-∂m-bm¬ a-Xn' F-∂p ]Tn-®v D-]-\ym-k-sa-gp-
Xn am¿-°v hm-ßmw. Po-hn-X-Øn¬ F-s‚ a-Xw am-{X-am-Wv k-Xyw
F-∂p hn-iz-kn-°mw. kv-Iq-fn¬ "H-cp Pm-Xn H-cp a-Xw' F-∂p ]Tn-∏n-
°mw. ho-´n¬ a-‰p Pm-Xn-°m-sc-∏-‰n ]p-—n-®v kw-km-cn-°mw.
C-Xn-ß-s\ Xp-S-cp-∂n-S-tØm-fw Im-ew kv-Iq-fn¬ F-¥p ]Tn-∏n-
®m-epw B¿-°pw hn-tcm-[w C-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]-t£ ]p-Xn-b ]mTy-]-
≤-Xn-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn hn-a¿-i-\m-fl-I t_m-[-\ co-Xn (Critical Peda-
gogy) Iq-Sn \-S-∏m-°p-∂p F-∂-dn-™-tXm-sS-bm-Wv A-h¿-°v B-[n
aq-Ø-Xv. ]mT-ß-fn-eq-sS In-´p-∂ hn-h-c-ß-sf- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-I-fpw kz-¥w
A-\p-`-h-ß-fp-am-bn H-Øp-t\m-°n hn-a¿-i-\m-fl-I-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-Øm-
\pw A-h tN¿-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂n-s√-¶n¬ F-¥p-sIm-≠v A-h hy-Xy-kv-
X-am-Ip-∂p F-∂v Nn-¥n-°m-\pw Ip-´n-sb t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂ H-cp ]T-\
t_m-[-\-co-Xn-bp-sS A-]-I-Sw A-h¿ s]-s´-∂p Xn-cn-®-dn-™p. A-ß-
s\-sb-¶n¬ kv-Iq-fn¬ \n-∂v In-´p-∂ A-dn-hv F-ß-s\-bp-≈-Xm-sW-
∂pw A-t\z-jn-t® Xo-cq F-∂-h¿ D-Xv-I-WvT-s∏-´p. ]-g-b a-´n¬, cm-
a≥ \-√-h≥. Im-e-tØ F-Wo-°pw. ]-√p-tX-bv-°pw. Ip-fn-®v A-º-e-
Øn¬ t]m-Ipw F-∂ a-´n-ep-≈ ]mT-ß-sf B-Im-hq. a-tX-X-c-Xz-Øn-
s‚ t]-cn¬, cm-a-s\m-∏w d-lv-am-s\-bpw tdm-bn-tb-bpw Iq-´p-∂-Xn-\pw
A-h-sc a-kv-Pn-Zn-epw ]-≈n-bn-epw A-b-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-h¿-°m¿-
°pw hn-tcm-[-ap-≠m-hn-√. A-Y-hm A-Xm-bn-cp-∂p A-h-cp-sS a-tX-X-c-
Xz k-¶-ev-]w. ]-t£ Iq-´-Øn-sem-cp Ip-´n tZ-hm-e-b-Øn-¬ t]m-Im-
sX-bp-s≠-∂pw B Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\v Po-hn-X-sØ-∏-‰n H-cp hy-Xy-kv-X
ho-£-W-ap-s≠-∂p h-cn-I-bpw, C-Ø-cw hy-Xy-kv-X ho-£-W-߃
F-ß-s\-bm-Wv k-aq-l-Øn¬ {]-Xn-^-en-°p-∂-sX-∂pw Iq-´n Nn-¥n-
®p Xp-S-ßp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xm¬ ]T-\-Øn-s‚ kz-`m-hw B-sI amdpw
F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ k-l-Pm-h-t_m-[-hpw {]m-tbm-Kn-I _p-≤n-
bpw Pm-Xn-a-X ta-[m-hn-Iƒ-°p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv k-aq-l-Øn¬ A-h-
cn-∂pw ta¬-t°m-bv-a ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v Xs∂ G-gmw
¢m-kn-se km-aq-ly-]mT-Øn-\v C-{X-tb-sd F-Xn¿-∏p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn¬
A-¤p-X-Øn-\-h-Im-i-an-√.
Nn-¥n-°p-∂ Ip-´n, tNm-Zyw tNm-Zn-°p-∂ Ip-´n
Nn-¥n-°p-∂ Ip-´n-sb, A-kp-J-I-c-am-b tNm-Zyw tNm-Zn-°p-∂ Ip-
´n-sb ap-Xn¿-∂-h¿-°p `-b-am-Wv. A-—-\pw Ip-´n-bpw _- n¬ I-b-dp-
∂p. A-—≥ Ip-´n-°v A-c Sn-°-‰p tNm-Zn-°p-∂p. "Ip-´n-s°-{X h-b- m-
bn?'' "H-º-Xv' A-—-s‚ D-Ø-cw. ""A-√-—m, F-\n-°p ]-{¥-≠p I-gn-
™-t√m'' F-∂p Ip-´n ]-d-™m¬ ho-´n¬ sN-√p-tºmƒ A-Sn D-d-∏v.
Ip-´n ¢m- n¬ l-cn-›-{μ-s‚ I-Y ]Tn-°p-∂-Xpw A-Xn-s‚ Kp-W-]mTw
Ir-Xy-am-sb-gp-Xn am¿-°p-hm-ßp-∂-Xpw A-—-\p- k-t¥m-jw X-s∂.
]-s£ l-cn-›{- μ-s‚ k-Xy-\n-jvT Po-hn-XØ- n¬ ]-I¿-Øp-∂Xn\p≈-
X-√ F-∂-Xm-Wv Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ \n-∂p Ip-´n ]Tn-°p-∂ ""tem-°¬
sS-Iv-Ãv''. C-Xn-s‚ ⁄m-\-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b km-t¶-Xn-I-X-sbm-∂pw
a-\- n-em-bn-s√-¶n-epw G-sXm-cp bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I k-aq-l-hpw hn-Zym-
`ym-k-Øn-s\ C-ß-s\-bm-Wp Im-Wp-I. hn-Zym-`ym-k-tØm-Sp-≈ D-]-
I-c-Wm-fl-I-am-b k-ao-]-\w. hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚ D-∂-X-e-£y-ß-fpw
10
A-Xn-\p kz-`m-h-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-epw hy-‡n-Xz hn-I-k-\-Øn-ep-ap-≈
{]m-[m-\y-hpw F-√mw C-ß-s\ Im-Wm-sX ]Tn-®v D-]-\ym-k-sa-gp-Xn
]-co-£ ]m- m-Im-\p-≈ A-`ym-k-ß-fm-W-h¿-°v. A-Xn-e-∏p-dw t]m-
Im-Øn-S-tØm-fw Im-ew kv-Iq-fn¬ F-¥p ]Tn-∏n-®m-epw A-h¿-s°m-
∂p-an-√. ]-t£ {]-hr-Xyp-∑p-J ]T-\-hpw ⁄m-\ \n¿-Ωn-Xn-bpw hn-
a¿-i-\m-fl-I t_m-[-\-hpw H-s°°q-Sn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ I-fn- Im-cy-am-
hpw F-∂-h¿ `-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬
\n-jv-I-f-¶ \n-cp-]-{Z-h {]-kv-Xm-h-ß-tf ]m-Sp-≈q F-∂-h¿ B-h-iy-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. G-Xv A-g-sIm-g-º≥ {]-kv-Xm-h-sØ-bpw Po-hn-X-K-‘n-
bm-°n am-‰m-\pw km-aq-ly hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-\p-≈ I-cp-hm-°m-\pw H-c-
≤ym-]-I-\p I-gn-bp-sa-∂-h¿-°-dn-bm-bv-I-b-√. ]-t£ C-ß-s\-bp-≈
A-≤ym-]-I¿ Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-hm-sW-∂pw F-Æ-Øn¬ `q-cn-]-£-ap-
≈ F-bv-U-Uv kv-Iq-fp-I-fn¬ A-h¿-°v aq-°p I-b-dn-Sm≥ F-fp-∏-am-
sW-∂pap-≈ ss[-cy-a-h¿-°p-≠v. ]-t£ C-Ø-cw hn-a¿-i-\ Nn-¥
]mTy-]-≤-Xn hy-h-lm-c-Øn-s‚ X-s∂ `m-K-am-°p-tºmƒ, aq-ey-\n¿-
Æ-b-Øn-epw A-Xp- I-S-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ, A-kp-J-I-c-am-b N¿-®-I-fpw
tNm-Zy-ß-fpw A-]q¿-Δw F-∂-Xn-\p ]-I-cw kvYn-cam-Im-\m-Wp km-
≤y-X. km-[m-c-W A-≤ym-]-I-cpw Ip-´n-I-sf C-Ø-c-Øn¬ Nn-¥n-°m-
\pw tNm-Zy-ß-fp-b¿-Øm-\pw t{]-cn-∏n-°m≥ \n¿-_-‘n-X-cm-Ip-∂p.
C-Xm-W-h¿-°v k-ln-°m-Ø-Xv.
C-Ø-cw D-Xv-I-WvT- t]m-epw ]-c-ky-am-bn D-b¿-Øm-\pw Xp-d-∂
N¿-®-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-°m-\pw A-h¿ H-cp-°-a-√. F-s¥-∂m¬ A-Ø-
c-sam-cp N¿-® hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚-bpw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bp-tS-bpw b-Ym¿-
∞ [¿-Ω-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b H-cp kw-hm-Z-Øn-te-°p
k-aq-l-sØ sIm-≠p t]m-Im-\n-S-bp-≠v. A-Xpw A-h¿ `-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
A-Xn-\p-]-I-cw ""a-Xw A-]-I-S-Øn¬'', ""I-Ωyq-Wn-kw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p'',
""cm-{„o-bw I-e¿-Øp-∂p'', Xp-S-ßn-b ssh-Im-cn-I ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-ß-fp-
b¿-Øn, kz-bw Nn-¥n-®p-\n-e-]m-sS-Sp-t°-≠ km-≤y-X-bn¬ \n-∂v Im-
Wn-I-sf hn-ap-‡-cm-°n, A-h-cn¬ k-a-cm-th-iw B-fn-°-Øn-°m-\m-
Wv a-X-ta-[m-hn-Øw {i-an-°p-∂-Xv. hn-hm-Z-]mTw F-¥m-sW-∂p t]m-
epw hy-‡-am-°m≥ ap-Jy-Zn-\-∏-{X-߃ Iq-´m-°n-bn-s√-∂-Xv A¿-∞-
K¿-`-am-Wv. tI-c-f-Iu-ap-Zn, P-\-bp-Kw, tZ-im-`n-am-\n F-∂n-h-bm-Wv ""a-
X-an-√m-Ø Po-h≥'' F-∂ ]mTw B-Zy-am-bn ]q¿-W-am-bpw {]-kn-≤o-
I-cn-®-Xv. B-fp-I-f-Xv hm-bn-°-s´, hm-bn-®v N¿-® -sN-ø-s´. F-∂n-´-
Xn¬ a-X-hn-izm-k-Ø-\p `o-j-Wn-bm-bn F-s¥-¶n-epw D-t≠m F-∂p
11
Xo-cp-am-\n-°-s´ F-∂-√ a-X-ta-[m-hn-I-fpw am-[y-a-Ip-Ø-I-I-fpw Nn-
¥n-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xv A-]-I-S-I-c-am-sW-∂v ""D-Ø-c-hm-Z-s∏-´-h¿'' Xo-cp-
am-\n-®p I-gn-™p. C-\n a-X-i-{Xp-hn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈ t]m-cm-´-Øn¬
A-Wn tN-cp-I F-∂ tPm-en-tb P-\-߃-°p-≈q. C-Ø-cw B-lzm-\-
Øn-\p sN-hn-sIm-Sp-°m≥ C-°m-e-Øpw B-fp-Iƒ D-≠v F-∂-Xp X-
s∂-bm-Wv ]p-Xn-b ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bp-sS B-h-iy-I-X t_m-[y-am-°p-∂-
Xv. Im-cy-߃ kz-bw ]-cn-tim-[n-®p ]Tn-®p t_m-≤y-s∏-´p kz-bw
Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ P-\-ß-sf {]m-]v-X-cm-°p-∂-Xpw A-Xn-\p-≈ A-
h-Im-i-Øn¬ D-d-®p-\n¬-°m≥ A-h-sc t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw ]p-Xn-b
]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bp-sS e-£yw X-s∂-bm-Wv.
""h-ep-Xm-hp-tºmƒ A-h-\v a-Xw th-W-sa-∂p tXm-∂p-tºmƒ C-
„-ap-≈ a-Xw sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s´'' F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂ A-—-\-Ω-am-cp-sS
hn-im-e-a-\-kv-I-X-bpw am-\-hn-I-X-bpw F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv \-Ωp-sS a-
X-ta-[m-hn-I-sf hn-d-fn -]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv? X-\n-°v, a-c-Wm-\-¥-cw, a-X-
]-c-am-b N-S-ßp-I-sfm-∂pw ]m-Sn-√ F-∂ P-h-l¿-em¬ s\-lv-dp-hn-
s‚ hn-e-°v Ip-´n-Iƒ N¿-®- sN-øp-∂-Xn-s\ F-¥n-\m-Wv \-Ωp-sS bm-
Ym-ÿn-Xn-I i-‡n-Iƒ `-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv? Pm-Xn-bp-sS-bpw hn-izm-k-ß-
fp-sS-bpw t]-cn¬ a-\p-jy¿ X-Ωn-e-Sn-°p-∂ k-μ¿-`-߃ Nq-≠n-°m-
´n, b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ a-X-߃ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv kv-t\-l-hpw k-ln-jv-
W-pX-bpw km-tlm-Z-cy-hp-am-Wv F-∂v Hm¿-an-∏n-°p-∂ Cu ]mT-sØ
F-¥n-\m-Wv ]-≈n-°m-cpw ]-´-°m-cpw F-Xn¿-°p-∂-Xv.
Z-fn-X¿-s°-Xn-cm-b hn-th-N-\w ]-≈n-I-fn¬ \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p F-
∂ kq-N-\-bm-Wv ]-≈n-°m-sc sNm-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Z-fn-X-cn¬ \n-∂p-
≈ a-X-]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w \-S-∂p h-∂ 19-˛20 \q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Cu hn-th-
N-\w \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p F-∂v kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ [m-cm-fw tc-J-Iƒ e-`n-
°p-∂p-≠v. Z-fn-Xv ss{I-kv-X-h¿-°v B-\p-Iq-ey-߃ t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-
\m-bn ]-≈n-°m¿ \yq-U¬-ln-bn¬ {]-I-S-\w \-S-Øn-b-Xv Cu-bn-sS-
bm-W-t√m. Cu hn-th-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bn t]m-cm-Sn-b {]-Xy-£-c-£m
ssZ-h-k-`-sb-°p-dn-®v ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-°-cp-Xv F-∂m-
tWm ]-≈n hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. A-ß-s\-sb-¶n¬, A-Xp hy-‡-am-bn ]-d-
bm-\p-≈ B¿-÷-hw t]m-epw F-¥p-sIm-≠v ]-≈n Im-Wn-°p-∂n-√?
Pm-Xo-b-hpw a-X-]-c-hp-am-b hn-th-N-\w k-aq-l-Øn¬ \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-
∂p F-∂ km-am-\y-am-b h-kv-Xp-X -t]m-epw a-X-t\-Xm-°ƒ A-k-
ln-jv-Wp-X-tbm-sS Im-Wp-I-bpw A-Ø-cw ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-sf I-Ωyq-Wn-
k-sa-∂pw \n-co-iz-c-hm-Z-sa-∂pw {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ hn-Nn-
{X-am-b Im-gv-N-bm-Wn-∂p-≈-Xv. N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ am-{X-a-√ hn-⁄m-\-
12
Øn-s‚ t]m-epw \n-cm-k-am-Wn-Xv.
]m-c-º-cy-sØ F-ß-s\ t\-cn-S-Ww
km-aq-ly ]mT-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈ a-s‰m-cp hn-a¿-i-\w A-Xv {]-
km-Zm-fl-I-a-√, km-Xzn-Ia-√, k-aq-l-Øn-se ]p-gp-°p-Øp-I-sf A-an-
X-am-bpw A-S¿-Øn-sb-Sp-Øpw D-b¿-Øn-°m-´p-∂p, A-Xv Ip-´n-I-fn¬
hn-tZz-j-Øn-s‚-bpw hn-`m-Ko-b-X-bp-sS-bpw hn-Øp-]m-Ip-∂p F-s∂m-
s°-bm-Wv. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ \-Ωp-sS ]m-c-º-cy-sØ-∏-‰n s]m-Xn-™p-
h-®-Xpw sh-≈-]q-in-b-Xpw "B-sc-bpw {h-W-s∏-Sp-Øm-Ø-Xpw' B-b
H-cp hn-h-c-Ww ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn-eq-sS \-ev-In h-f¿-Øn-b-Xp-sIm-
≠m-Wv C-∂-sØ X-e-ap-d-bn-se bp-hm-°ƒ-°v `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b
Pm-Xn-kw-h-c-W-Øn-s‚ {]-k-‡n a-\- n-em-Im-sX t]m-Ip-∂-Xpw, A-
Xv X-ß-fp-sS A-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-am-sW-∂v k-h¿-W-bp-hm-°ƒ I-cp-
Xp-∂-Xpw. ap-Xn¿-∂ X-e-ap-d-bn¬ s]-´ s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-s°-¶n-
epw ]-g-b Hm¿-Ω-I-fpw Xn-cn-®-dn-hp-I-fpw A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xp sIm-
≠m-Wv C-sXm-cp Xp-d-∂ kw-L¿-j-Øn-te-°p t]m-Im-Ø-Xv. ]-g-b-
Im-e-Øn-s‚ \-∑-I-tfm-sSm-∏w A-Xn-se Xn-∑-I-sf-°q-Sn Ip-´n-Iƒ-°p
]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw A-Xn-s\-bpw h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-am-bn ]-cn-tim-
[n-°m-\pw hn-e-bn-cp-Øm-\pw A-h-sc {]m-]v-X-cm-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xm¬
am-{X-ta N-cn-{X-Øn¬ \n-∂p \-ap-°p ]mTw ]Tn-°m≥ I-gn-bq. c-
≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\p Im-c-W-°m-sc-∂p hn-P-bn-Iƒ hn-[n-
sb-gp-Xn-b P¿-a-\n-bn-se-bpw P-∏m-\n-se-bpw kv-Iqƒ- Ip-´n-I-sf bp-
≤-Øn-s‚ N-cn-{Xw F-ß-s\ ]Tn-∏n-°-Ww F-∂-Xv h-en-sbm-cp {]-iv-
\-am-bn-cp-∂p. H-Sp-hn¬, X-ß-fp-sS A-∂-sØ cm-jv-{So-b t\-Xr-Xz-
Øn-\p ]-‰n-b sX-‰p-Iƒ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-am-b
hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en-te-°p Ip-´n-I-sf \-bn-°-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ Im-cy-߃
hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-Wv Cu c-≠p cm-Py-ß-fpw Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv. F-{X
lr-Z-b-t`-Z-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww A-h¿-°v Cu Xo-cp-am-\w F-∂v B-
tem-Nn-®p-t\m-°q. A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv A-h¿-°v bp-≤-°p-‰-ß-fp-sS t]-
cn¬ tJ-Zw {]-I-Sn-∏n-°m-\pw am-∏p-tNm-Zn-°m-\pw ]n-∂o-Sp I-gn-™-
Xpw. bp-≤-Øn¬ F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂ cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn ]n-∂o-Sv k-
Jy-ap-≠m-°m≥ A-h¿-°p I-gn-™-Xpw ]-g-b sX-‰p-I-sf -ap-J-Øp-
t\m-°n t\-cn-Sm≥ A-h¿-°p I-gn-™-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.
A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂, aq-∂p \m-ep X-e-ap-d-bv-°p-ap-ºv, kzm-an hn-
13
th-Im-\-μ≥ {`m-¥m-e-b-sa-∂p hn-h-cn-® tI-c-f-Øn-se ]-®-bm-Ym¿-
∞y-߃ Ip-´n-I-fp-sS ap≥-]n¬ A-tX-]-Sn \n-c-Øn-b-Xp-sIm-≠v A-
h-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ kv-]¿-≤-bpw ssh-cm-Ky-hpw h-f-cpw F-∂p I-cp-Xp-
∂-Xv au-Vy-am-Wv. t\-sc-a-dn-®v. F-¥p-sIm-≠v Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw hn-Zym-`ym-
k ]n-t∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpw C-t∏m-gpw Nn-e Iq-´-cp-sS C-S-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X-
em-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p F-∂-Xn-s‚ N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b ]-›m-Ø-ew a-\-
 n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-Xn-\p-≈ Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-b ]-cn-lm-c-am¿-§-ß-sf
Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\pw C-Xp k-lm-bn-°p-I-bm-Wp sN-øp-I. hn-a¿-i-
\m-fl-I ]T-\-Øn-s‚ co-Xn A-Xm-Wv. G-Xm-bm-epw C-Ø-cw Im-cy-
߃ N¿-®-sN-øm-sX hn-Sp-∂-Xpw, aq-Sn-s∏m-Xn-™v, "A-hn-sS-bpw C-
hn-sS-bpw sXm-Sm-sX' A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw Kp-Ww-sN-øn-s√-∂v C-
Xn-\-Iw hy-‡-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
C-°m-cy-Øn¬ tI-c-f-Øn-s‚-b-{X-X-s∂ ]p-tcm-K-Xn ssI-h-cn-
®n-´n-√m-Ø a-‰p Nn-e kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \-S-∂ (C-t∏mgpw \-S-°p-
∂) Nn-e kw-`-h-߃ (s]m-Xp-In-W-‰n¬ \n-∂p sh-≈-sa-Sp-Ø-Xn-\p
Z-fn-X-s\ Np-´p-sIm-∂p) Ip-´n-I-fp-sS {i-≤-bn¬ sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv \-
ap-°p-Np-‰pw Im-Wp-∂-Xp-am-{X-a-√, C-¥y-bn¬ \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv F-∂v A-h-sc Hm¿-an-∏n-°p-∂p. A-h¿ kv-Iqƒ A-kw-ªn-bn¬
]-Xn-hm-sb-Sp-°p-∂ {]-Xn-⁄ ("....-F-√m C-¥y-°m-cpw F-s‚ k-tlm-
Z-co k-tlm-Z-c-∑m-cm-Wv) A-Xn-t\m-Sp tN¿-Øp-hm-bn-°p-tºmƒ A-
Xn-s‚ A¿-∞-X-e-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bpw kq-N-\-I-sf-∏-‰n-bpw B-g-Øn¬ Nn-
¥n-°m≥ A-h-sc t{]-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-Xn-\p ]-I-cw bm-
{¥n-I-t_m-[-\-Øn-epw A-Xp-h-gn e-`n-°p-∂ D-b¿-∂ t{K-Up-I-fn-
epw Du-∂p-I-bpw Ip-´n-I-fp-sS a-t\m-`m-hw bp-‡n-cm-ln-Xy-Øn-epw
A-‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fn-epw A-[n-jvTn-X-am-b hn-izm-k-{]-am-W-ß-fn¬ X-
s∂ \n-e-\n¬-°p-sa-∂v D-d-∏p h-cp-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xv a-X-i-‡n-
I-fp-sS ÿm-]n-X Xm¬-]-cy-am-Wv.
km-aq-ly-]mTw ap-gp-h-\pw Pm-Xn-˛-a-X ]-cm-a¿-i-߃-sIm-≠v I-
ep-jn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p F-∂ hn-a¿-i-\-Øn¬ I-g-ºn-√m-Xn-√. ]-t£
A-Xv k-a-Im-en-I-tI-c-f-Øn-se km-aq-lym-h-ÿ-bp-sS {]-Xn-^-e-\w
X-s∂-bm-Wv. Pm-Xn-bp-sS t]-cn-ep-≈ hn-th-N-\w \n-b-aw aq-ew \n-
tcm-[n-®n-´pw a-tX-X-c-`-c-W-Iq-Sw \n-e-hn¬ h-∂v c-≠p-X-e-ap-d -I-gn-
™n-´pw C-∂pw \-Ωp-sS k-aq-l-Øn¬ Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-bpw a-X-am-’-cy-
14
hpw sIm-Sn-Ip-Øn-hm-gp-I-bm-Wv. C-Xp-I-≠n-√ tI-´n-√ F-∂ a-´n¬
"E-jy-irw-K≥'-am-cm-bn-´m-tWm \mw \-Ωp-sS Ip-´n-I-sf h-f¿-tØ-≠-
Xv? A-tXm Cu A-h-ÿ-sb h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-am-bn hn-a¿-i-\-_p-≤n-
tbm-sS ]-cn-tim-[n-®p ]-cn-lm-cw tX-Sm≥ A-h-sc {]m-]v-X-cm-°p-I-
bm-tWm th-≠-Xv? Xo¿-®-bm-bpw G-gmw ¢m- p-Im¿ ]p-Xn-b ]mTy-]-
≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS C-Xn-\p ]-cn-lm-cw I-s≠-Øpw F-∂ aq-V-hn-izm-k-
sam-∂pw B¿-°p-an-√. ]-t£, A-h¿ h-f¿-∂p h-ep-Xm-hp-tºm-sg-¶n-
epw C-Xn-\p ]-cn-lm-cw I-s≠-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ Cu {]-iv-\-ß-sf A-h-
bp-sS N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Im-Wp-∂ io-e-hpw A-Xn-\p-
≈ ]-cn-io-e-\-hpw C-t∏m-tg In-t´-≠-Xp-≠v. A-Xn-√m-sX t]m-b-Xp-
sIm-≠m-Wv a-Wv-U¬ I-Ωo-j≥ dn-t∏m¿-´n-\pw `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-
Xn-°p-sa-Xn-sc B-flm-lp-Xn sN-øm≥ ]Tn-∏pw hn-h-c-hpw D-≈ bp-
hm-°ƒ H-cp-ßp∂Xv. A-h-X-c-W-Øn¬ A-]m-I-X-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ Xo¿-
®-bm-bpw A-Xp Xn-cp-Øn- sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A-Ø-cw \n¿-
t±-i-߃ A-[ym-]-I-¿-°p \-ev-In-bm¬ a-Xn-bm-Ipw. A-Xn-s‚ t]-
cn¬ ]mT-]p-kv-X-Iw ]n≥-h-en-°p-I-tbm am-‰p-I-tbm sN-tø-≠ B-h-
iy-an-√.
C-t∏mƒ km-aq-ly-im-kv-{X -]m-T-]p-kv-X-I-Øn-t\m-Sp-≈ F-Xn¿-
∏n-s‚ cm-jv-{So-b-X-e-hpw ]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. 1978 ¬ _n-]n≥-
N-{μ, B¿ F-kv i¿-Ω Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿ F-gp-Xn-b F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
]mT-]p-kv-X-I-߃-s°-Xn-cm-b F-Xn¿-∏v B¿.-F-kv.-F-kp-Im¿ D-b¿-
Øn-b-Xv A-h ""I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv'' ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fm-sW-∂v ]-d-™m-
Wv. km-{º-Zm-bn-I co-Xn-°-∏p-dw I¿-j-I-k-a-c-ß-fpw sXm-gn-em-fn k-
a-c-ß-fpw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p, C-¥y≥ kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-h-i-
ß-sf-∏-‰n ]-d-bp-∂-Xn-\v ]-I-cw tZm-j h-i-ßtf-bpw D-b¿-Øn-°m-
Wn-°p-∂p F-s∂m-s°-bm-Wv A-h¿ {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv. C-Ø-cw ]mT-]p-
kvX- I
- ß
- ƒ tZ-io-b hn-cp-≤a- m-sW-∂v A-h¿ {]-Nc - n-∏n-®p. tI-cf
- Ø
- n¬
\-Ωp-sS {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv ]-d-bp-∂-Xv G-gmw ¢m-kn-se ]mT-]p-kv-
X-Iw cm-Py-t{Zm-l-]-c-am-Wv F-∂m-Wv. H-∂n-e-[n-Iw th-Zn-I-fn¬ A-
t±-lw A-Xv B-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. cm-Py-t{Zm-lw {In-an-\¬
Ip-‰-am-Wv. cm-Py-t{Zm-lw sN-bv-X- B-sf tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ I-b-‰mw. ]-
s£ F-¥m-Wv G-gmw-¢m-kv ]mT-]p-kv-X-Iw X-øm-dm-°n-b-h¿ sN-bv-
X cm-Py-t{Zm-l-°p-‰w? Km-‘n-Pn-tbbpw s\-lv-dp-hnt\bpw Iq-Sm-sX
15
`-K-Xv-kn-ßn-t\-bpw ]o¿-ap-l-Ω-Zn-t\-bpw im-¥n-tLm-jn-s\-bpw kzm-
X-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-s‚ B-Jym-\-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXm? a-e-_m¿
I-em-]-sØ a-e-_m-dn-se kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-am-bn {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®-tXm? P-
h-l¿-em-en-s‚ H-ky-Øn-s‚ `m-K-߃ F-Sp-Øp sIm-Sp-Ø-tXm? `-c-
W-L-S-\ D-d-∏p \¬-Ip-∂ a-X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v kz-¥w Po-hn-X-Øn¬
a-Xw sX-c-s™-Sp-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw F-∂ A¿-∞-hpw D-s≠-∂v
kq-Nn-∏n-®-tXm? A-tXm Ip-´n-I-sf sh-dpw- ]-T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fm-bn
Im-Wm-sX N¿-®-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw kw-hm-Z-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw A-h-cp-sS A-
dn-hpw A-h-t_m-[-hpw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂ hn-[-Øn¬ ]mT-߃ k-÷o-
I-cn-®-tXm? -A-sX-¥m-sW-∂v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ _m-[y-X {]-Xn-
]-£-t\-Xm-hn-\pw ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-sØ F-Xn¿-°p-∂ a-‰v i-‡n-Iƒ-
°p-ap-≠v. k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ h-f¿-®-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn I-S-∂p- t]m-∂ h-gn-
I-fn-se s\-√pw ]-Xn-cpw Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\p-≈ I-gn-hv Ip-´n-°p-≠m-°p-
∂-Xv C-∂-sØ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ A-dn-hn-s‚ hn-Im-k-Øn-s‚ e-£-
W-am-Wv. P-∑n-k-{º-Zm-bw, Pm-Xn-hy-h-ÿ, ssew-Kn-I-hn-th-N-\w ap-
X-em-b-h A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-® ]p-gp-°p-Øp-Iƒ F-¥m-sW-∂v Ip-´n Xn-cn-
®-dn-bW- w. A-hb - vs
- °-Xn-cm-b t]m-cm-´ß
- f
- p-sS Po-h 
- p-‰ k-μ¿-`ß
- ƒ
Ip-´n a-\-kn-em-°-Ww. At∏mƒ am-{X-am-Wv C-∂-sØ k-aq-l-Øn-
se Zq-jy-h-i-ß-sf Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\pw \-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\-bpw I-cn-
°p-e-hpw hn-`m-h-\w sN-øp-∂ sk-°p-e¿ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-k-aq-lw kr-
jv-Sn-°m-\p-≈ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sm-\p-ap≈ k-∂-≤-X-bpw
{]m-]v-Xn-bpw Ip-´n ssI-h-cn-°p-I. CXv cm-Py-t{Zm-l-°p-‰-am-sW-∂v
B-t£-]n-°p-∂-Xv ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-tØm-Sp am-{X-a-√ C-¥y D-b¿-Øn-
∏n-Sn-°p-∂ a-tX-X-c -P-\m-[n-]-Xy k-¶¬-∏-tØm-Sp-≈ sh-√p-hn-fn-bm-
Wv.
Cu P-\m-[n-]-Xy k-¶¬-∏-sØ-bm-Wv ]m-Xn-cn-am-cpw \m-b¿
t\-Xm-°-fpw ap-…ow a-X-ta-[m-hn-I-fpw ""I-Ωyq-Wn-k-''sa-∂pw ""\n-co-
iz-c-hm-Z-''sa-∂pw B-t£-]n-°p-∂-Xv. F-√m a-X-ÿ¿-°pw a-X-an-√m-
Ø-h¿-°pw H-cp t]m-se Po-hn-°m-\p-≈ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b A-h-
Im-i-sØ-bm-Wv C-h¿ tNm-Zyw sN-øp-∂-Xv Np-cp-°-Øn¬ B¿.-F-
kv.-F-kp-Im¿ 1978 ¬ sN-bv-X-Xn-t\-°mƒ lo-\-hpw \o-N-hp-am-b cq-
]-ß-fn-eq-sS (Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v A-h-Im-i-s∏-´ ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-߃ Xo-
sh-®p \-in-∏n-°p-I C-Xn-sem-cp cq-]w am-{X-am-Wv.) P-\m-[n-]-Xy-k-
16
aq-l-sØ ap-gp-h≥ sh-√p-hn-fn-°p-I-bm-Wv C-°q-´¿ sN-øp-∂-Xv. Cu
Ip-’n-X X-{¥-ß-sf F-Xn¿-Øp tXm¬-∏n-°p-I tI-c-f-Øn-se P-
\m-[n-]-Xy k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-]n-\v B-h-iy-am-Wv.
im-kv-{X-t_m-[w P-\-ß-fp-sS C-S-bn¬ {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw im-
kv-{X-sØ P-\-Io-b k-a-c-ß-fp-sS B-bp-[-am-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ {]-
h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬ {]-Xn-⁄m-_-≤-am-b kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv im-kv-{X-km-
ln-Xy ]-cn-j-Øv. \n-e-hn-ep-≈ A-dn-hp-I-sf X-a-kv-°-cn-®p sIm-≠-
√ A-h-sb Xp-d-∂ hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en-\v hn-t[-b-am-°n-bpw tkm-t±-iy-
am-bn am-‰n-a-dn-®p-am-Wv im-kv-{Xw C-Xp-h-sc ap-t∂-dn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. im-
kv-{Xo-b-am-b hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚ ]m-X-bpw A-Xp X-s∂-bm-sW-∂v
]-cn-j-Øv I-cp-Xp-∂p. k-aq-ly-\o-Xn-bpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw a-tX-X-c-
Xz-hpw D-d-∏p h-cp-Øp-∂-Xpw a-X-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ-°pw A-√m-Ø-h¿-°pw
H-cp t]m-se Po-hn-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-ap-≈-Xp-am-b k-aq-lw \-Ωp-
sS e-£y-am-Wv. im-kv-{Xo-b hn-Zym-`ym-k ]-≤-Xn-°p th-≠n-bp-≈
]-cn-{i-a-sØ a-X-i-‡n-I-f-S-°-ap-≈ ÿm-]n-X Xm¬-]-cy-°m-cpw bm-
Ym-ÿn-Xn-Ic - pw F-Xn¿-°p-∂X - v ]-cn-jØ- n-\v ]p-Øc - n-b√
- . ]-≈n-°m¿
C-d° - n-b e-Lp-te-JI - f
- n-epw C-Sb- t- e-J\
- ß
- f - n-epw ]-cn-jØ- n-s\ t\-
cn-´v ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂-Xv C-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn am-{X-sa R-߃ I-cp-Xp-
∂p-≈q. F-∂m¬ sk-°p-e¿ P-\m-[n-]-Xy ap-J-ap-{Z-bp-≈ cm-jv-{So-b
]m¿-´n-I-fpw C-h-tcm-sSm-∏w hn-Zq-j-I th-jw sI-´p-∂-Xv R-߃ Ku-
c-h-Øn¬ Im-Wp-∂p. km-aq-ly-\o-Xn-°pw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\pw im-
kv-{Xo-b-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\pw th-≠n-bp-≈ t]m-cm-´w Iq-Sp-X¬ i-
‡n-tbm-sS ap-t∂m-´p sIm-≠p t]m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ ]-cn-j-Øv {]-Xn-⁄m-
_≤-am-Wv. Cu k-a-c-Øn¬ ]-¶v tN-cp-∂-Xn-\v a-tX-X-c-Xz-Øn-epw
km-aq-ly-\o-Xn-bn-epw k¿-tΔm-]-cn a-\p-jy-Xz-Øn-epw hn-izm-k-ap-≈
G-h-tcm-Spw R-߃ A-`y¿-∞n-°p-∂p.
Ggmw ¢mknse kmaq-ly-]m-T-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
hnhm-Z-am-°nb `mK-߃ XpS¿∂v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p
17
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22 23
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26 27
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