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A Thesis
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RODELIO M. ALBA
March 2008
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APPROVAL SHEET
Public Administration.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researcher wished to convey his burning elation for the successful completion
of this study to all persons who had contributed in some way from groundwork to
To his adviser, Dean Adelwina M. Pineda, Ph.D., for her sympathy and affection,
her commendable counsel and supervision, her valuable time and innumerable endeavor
and for her deep concern and permission to conduct this study. Likewise, to the late Dr.
Lucila Manlutac-Madreo, initial preparation of this study was attributed to her for
To Dr. Danilo C. Galicia and Dr. Ariel A. Bongco, his panel of examiners for
their constructive analysis, suggestions and expertise they shared with the researcher;
Visitacion Velasco, St. Joseph College Instructor and to Ms. Karen Palmares, for their
technical assistance; to the Chief Librarian and school personnel of Advanced Studies of
Bataan Peninsula State University; likewise to the chief and personnel of the National
to the Mayor, Mr. Ricardo F. Otero, Jr. – Executive Secretary to the Mayor, Dr. Genaro
Egenias – MPDC Staff for their liberal mind in checking the questionnaire for relevancy.
City Planning Department for the permission to conduct the study; Mr. Ronaldo Manila -
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Personnel Department Staff, Honorable Rodel Cerezo – City Councilor and Mr. Robert
To the respondents, a large extent is owed to them who all cooperated in sharing
To his extended family, the St. Joseph Parish Catechists, namely Sr. Mary
Raphael Montevirgen, OSB, Cecile Advincula, Jasmin Cuajunco, Fatima Dalit, Lorie
Leguidleguid, Melanie Dubria, Racquel Oliva, Vangie Tinga, Irish Chicano, May
Corazon Morcilla and Ronald Trance; as well as to Msgr. Crisostomo Cacho and Rev. Fr.
Virgilio Monje – past director and current director respectively of the researcher for their
To his loving wife Cathy for her support and to their little angel, Kairos Luis for
Above all, the Almighty God who provided the knowledge, perseverance,
strength and everything that is being filled; to our Lord Jesus Christ, who acted as friend
-Rodel-
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DEDICATION
and
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ABSTRACT
This descriptive research is connected with the determination of the respondent’s
profile and the family related factors such as family ties, family status, family
responsibility and parental authority; also the management related factors such as policy
A total of 83 respondents were involved. The study assumed that the respondent’s
profile, family related factors and management related factors have no significant effect
groups.
The statistical tool used to test the hypothesis were the frequency, percentage,
The study discovered that the respondents profile such as educational attainment,
working experience have significant correlation with social values orientation, and the
salary have significant correlation with economic values orientation; the age, civil status,
gender and religion has no significant correlation to any values orientation. Further, the
study revealed that the respondent’s family related factors on family ties have significant
correlation with political values orientation, and the family status have significant
correlation with social values orientation; the family responsibility and parental authority
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values orientation; while the policy formulation, policy implementation and decision
On the similar conduct, the null hypothesis between the personal, family related,
family related, management related and values orientation of local government officials.
recommended. Family values must be strengthened as part of the training ground for
leadership and management in the field of public service. Policies and decision making
processes must be reflective of the people’s needs and aspiration to efficiently and
taught to city leaders and all other staff through government-related activities and
programs and further education may be advised. Values Orientation Workshops (VOW)
and development activities must be offered to the leaders, staff and sectoral groups so
that they will learn in strengthening the set of values needed. Also, other researchers may
replicate this study using other variables to refute or confirm results and findings therein.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
DEDICATION …………………………………………………………….. v
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….. vi
CHAPTER
Introduction ………………………………………………….. 1
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Table
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APPENDICES
Appendix Page
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CHAPTER I
Introduction
seriously taking time to urge Filipinos to look into the morals, ethos and values that may
community. People in all walks of life are summoned to partake in moral recovery
If ordinary people are expected to follow and observe morally upright actions and
activities, the more that it is a prerequisite for political leaders, national and local, to
chosen by people through the election process. One of the criteria that is silently set
among the electorate is the integrity of the candidates. Meaning, a voter would have
predilection for a candidate who has unblemished image and has shown honesty,
dedication and responsibility in the field of governance or in his personal, familial life.
Indeed, a sense of morality and set of values have to be brought to fore to screen
would-be leaders of the community. This study delved on the values orientation of local
leaders specifically the eleven (11) city councilors whose roles and responsibilities need
stable foundation based on their set of values. These values are paramount and crucial in
the way they decide for the community. Their orientation and framework of reference
have influence on the way they look at things, weigh things and decide on things. These
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things could be matter of life and death of the constituents; it could make or unmake a
citizen; and, it could be about laws and policies that may adversely affect the lives and
way of life of the Olongapeños. In other words, it is possible that the way these leaders
treat problems and concerns, and make decisions for their own families would be the
Looking at the values orientation of the leaders based on their own perceptions
and those who closely work with them and negotiate transactions with them, both
personal and business-wise would mean tangible information and data regarding the
principles, standards, morals, ethics and ideals of political leaders whose main role is to
This particular interest and focus emerged in the light of a national call for
national transformation; that even the church through the pope urged pilgrims to be
spiritual. A few numbers of national and local public officials and even from different
sectors of civil society are also clamoring for values transformation. This transformation
is not only political, economic and social change but also a change in heart and a
transformation of the very core of values formation. To borrow one of the slogans of
Senator Richard Gordon, it says ‘…is not a change of Man but a change in Man’. This
emphasizes that even if we change people who lead the community if they do not have
the right attitude and set of values, the community remains morally unstable, culturally
Cariño (2003), a person bestowed with a public office must at all time be
accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and
efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives. The right to hold public
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office is a public trust and not a natural right. Moral recovery may possibly be done and it
should start somewhere and with someone. If the government, national and local,
advocates for moral recovery and transformation, then it means that values orientation
This study prompted to look at the values orientation of local leaders. This is one
way of knowing if values that are needed to launch a moral recovery program among
individuals are embedded in the respondents and are actively operating in the light of
The major problem of the study is: How do person, family and management
related factors affect the values orientation of the local government officials in Olongapo
1. What is the profile of the elected local government officials in terms of:
1.2 age;
1.4 gender;
1.7 religion?
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4. What are the values orientations of the local government official in terms of
5. How do person, family and management related factors affect the level of
personalities.
Local Government Unit Officials. This study will give them much needed
change in their policy formulation, policy implementation and decision making to give
credence for their efficient provision of resources and reliable outlay of environment
policy that would encourage rapid growth within the community. Empower their
legislation function to enact ordinances consistent with the constitution of the land and
for the general welfare of their constituents. Also, this will make clear their management
or leadership style for good governance through effective delivery service, encouraging
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people’s popular participation and strengthening the social contract between the populace
they served and the government. The result will also provide as devices for advance
resources programs not only for the local government officials but for other government
offices and agencies as well; and most of all evaluate and strengthen their values
orientation.
Constituents. Constituents will benefit from this study and be given information
on the current state of public service and be able to comprehend that Policy formulation
and implementation should emanate from them. Policies were created at the onset of
people’s needs in governance and delivery of basic service. Constituents may realize the
magnitude of taking part in any policy actions drafted by lawmakers, and thus may
participate more actively in voicing out their sentiments that must be given credence and
ought to be considered and consulted during a public hearing; whatever sentiments and
Sectoral Groups. Outcome of this study will make the organization of people
understand that they have to take part in deliberations of policy that would benefit
directly their sector; and may possibly come across an encouraging substitute in helping
organization (POs) and other cooperative management may want to tapped LGU officials
to become active partners in the pursuit of local autonomy; and by entering into joint
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ventures in capability building and livelihood projects and to develop local constituents to
Prospective Researchers. This study ought to present the chance to put together
research problems that will look at the Public Administration of public officials in
provincial, regional or national scope. They may possibly put in or attempt new factors
and discover several significant data and evaluation in the light of efficient and effective
public service. At the national level, the senators and congressmen would be given
credence if their values orientation results in a favorable way; this will bestow upon them
the leadership and moral advantage as compared to the results of different social survey
This study was focused on the profile variable of the local government
official/respondents, the family, and management related factors as well. The researcher
delimited the respondents of the study to the 11 local government officials, with the 48
administrative staff and 24 individuals coming from different sectoral groups present in
Olongapo City to validate the local government officials’ values orientation; totaling to
83 respondents.
The administrative staff comes from the City Planning and Development Office,
City Legal Office, City Treasurer, Budget Office, Accountant Office, City Court, City
Prosecutor, Public Attorney’s Office, City Health, Social Welfare and Development, City
Sanitation & Management Office, Market & Slaughter House, Gordon College, City
Civil Registry, City Veterinarian, Convention Center Office, Public Utilities, Sports &
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Youth Development, Public Affairs Office, and from the Labor Center. While the
sectoral groups comes from the Youth, Differently-Abled Person, Academe, Church,
that they only hold office for a few months and majority of them or more than 75% were
This further examined the person, family and management related factors of the
local government officials and their values orientation on politics, economic and social.
On the person related factors, it includes the educational qualification, age, civil status,
gender, work experience, salary, and religion. On the family related factors it tackles the
family ties, family status, family responsibility and parental authority; while the
The statistical tools employed in this study were the frequency, percentage, mean
All facts, informations and findings were derived and collected by means of the
questionnaire and all conclusions which have been drawn applied to the total population
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Notes in Chapter I
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents the relevant theories, the related literature and studies, the
conceptual framework, the paradigm, the hypothesis and the definition of terms used.
Relevant Theories
This study was anchored on the following theories: Florence Kluckhohn and Fred
Organization as Cooperative Systems: The Human Relations (1938), and Charles Jones’
assumptions: The first one is "There is a limited number of common human problems for
which all people must at all time find some solution," and the second is "While there is
variability in solutions of all the problems, it is neither limitless nor random but is
definitely variable within a range of possible solutions," while the third is "All
alternatives of all solutions are present in all societies at all times but are differentially
preferred."
Local government officials has its own values orientation and each individual
differ from the other according to their culture and family upbringing, producing different
attitudes within the same work place and organization. It is generally understood that
values of an individual influence one’s work performance, even if these relationship have
not at all times been evidently confirmed in any scientific studies. This values orientation
theory seems to symbolize a deeply rooted set of culturally patterned and regulatory
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responses to the major environmental challenges facing human in every time and place,
coordinated personal activities of two or more persons,” held together by its capacity to
organization must provide satisfactions at such levels that members feel they are profiting
from their relationship with it. Thus, a major function of the executive is management of
The inducement on the part of the local government officials may be the social-
making,’ and a ‘satisfactions derived’ from working with people having similar values
orientations; all of which transformed into the community they served and belonged to.
Jones (1984) makes a number of general observations about public policy that
provide a good beginning point for consideration of policy analysis. The following are
the ‘propositional assumptions’ of Jones: First is, events in society are interpreted in
different ways by different people at different times; second is, many problems may
result from the same event; third is, people have varying degrees of access to the policy
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process in government; fourth is, not all public problems are acted on in government;
fifth is, many private problems are acted on in government; sixth is, most problems are
not solved by government, though many are acted on by it; seventh is, policymakers are
not faced with a given problem; eight is, problems and demands are constantly being
defined and redefined in the policy process; ninth is, policymakers sometimes define
problems for people who have not defined problems for themselves; tenth is, much policy
is made without the problem’s ever having been clearly defined; eleventh is, all policy
systems have a bias; and twelfth is, no ideal policy system exists apart from the
All stated theories are related to local government officials on their manner of
decision making, policy formulation, policy implementation and can be induced on their
personal enhancement, may interest them to use the past experience to predict the future
and uses the present situation to test the outcome of their policy. On the values
orientation of public officials, the theory can be a tool to modify their perceptions and
Related Literature
Values Orientation is vital to human thought, emotion and behavior. They are
Values Orientation. Azanza (2001) stated that beliefs of right and wrong in
society comprise their human values. What may be right and wrong in society is wrong in
another. In addition, there are instances when the values do exist in the belief system but
these are not observed. The stability of values orientation and observance in a particular
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culture is a research area. The value of marital fidelity is in place in the people’s culture
but its observance is at times in the breach rather than in compliance. Some political
values that is apparently present in Philippine culture is ‘utang na loob,’ this denotes a
somebody is willing to exchange for the object he desires and social values evolves from
constantly rewarding the child for good behavior and punishing the child for not doing
tends to punish antisocial behavior and conversely reward the child for not misbehaving.
Azanza (2001) also mentioned that the Filipino subscribe to a set of human values
which tend make them behave in a certain way. The values have been transmitted across
the years from one generation to another. They are therefore part of the social and
cultural heritage of the people. Although external influences have been brought in by
commerce, communication, travel and education, the value system tends to persist. They
continue to be considered part of the identity of the Filipino. “The Filipino is one who has
One popular value that a Filipino has is the “pakikisama” or a relationship which
stresses smooth interpersonal relationship. One should identify with the group and should
empathize with them. It connotes loyalty to the group and its derivative values are
‘pakikiisa’ meaning being in one with the group. This value makes friendship a very
strong bond among the group but which may lead to excess among those who do not
consider that the relationship should only be for good. Carried to excess, pakikisama and
pakikiisa is damaging to family life because friends should not be held above the
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household. The second popular value is the “kapwa tao” or refers to a sense of fairness
and equitable treatment of fellow members of society. This value encourages and leads
the individual to avoid a posture or action of taking advantage of his neighbors lest his
from being self-centered and is urged to be accommodating to others when he has this
In this study, the values orientation of public officials would be examined, and the
two examples stated above are incorporated in the questionnaire under the management
and leadership factor, it will serve as a tool if the local government officials of Olongapo
City practice these values in terms of their decision making and policy formulation.
Varela (2003) stressed that the Filipino societal culture has shaped the political
significant values and features relevant to the administrative culture that can be discerned
Azanza (2001) stated that public administration is a process and body of policies
at the same time. Where the public sees the action of government, which is the process of
delivering the service. What underlies the action are the principles and policies that guide
and control administration. Sometimes, the whole structure that carries out the action is
government comprise public administration when services are delivered to the people. It
becomes necessary to clarify the relationship of the operation of the bureaucracy that
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does the service and the legislative, executive and judiciary branches of government.
Nigro and Nigro (1992) mentioned that any definition of public administration
must deal with how it is similar to, or different from, private administration. The
similarities are great, for administration as a process is by no means limited to the public
these and every human organization, the key to successful operation is the effective
utilization of human and physical resources. This is the work of administration or, as it is
organizations naturally vary. Furthermore, the problems of all public organizations are
not the same, just as the problems of private ones vary from company to company. Each
organization, public or private, must meet the challenges of its particular environment.
The exact form of administration varies according to the kind of undertaking. Because the
legislature and the general public are directly concerned with its actions, no public
business. Tax money is being used, so every citizen has the right to know how it is spent
and to criticize the decision of public officials. As has often been said, public officials
operate in a goldfish bowl; they are constantly subject to searching outside scrutiny.
Private companies want satisfied clients, and they are also increasingly subject to
business success. Nevertheless, companies still remain private in character, and their
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internal operations are to a large extent their own business and not that of the general
public.
This literature has an effect to this present study particularly in the manner of
local government officials has been actively visible in administering its policies and
rightfully spend the citizen’s taxes and most of all their dedication and commitment in
Personal Related Factors. The personal related factors used in this study
includes the educational qualification, age, civil status, gender, work experience, salary
and religion; it is the rationale of this study to establish if the variables cited has
individual for society; and in the existence of the individual, the most extremely and
broadly used social discipline is education. Azanza (2001) opined that immersion of the
person to the educative experience comes early in childhood and countries through
adulthood. Even after the formal stage of education, one goes through the training
programs which apply the teaching-learning principles of education. The contention that
education is a life-long continuing process has been widely accepted by social scientists
and based on some studies it has been found that educational level of an individual
Education is high on the priority list of every household in the use of their
resources. This is because education is deemed as the most effective means for the family
and its members to attain social mobility and to ensure their position in the socio-cultural
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milieu. In its plan for national development, the government sets aside a major chunk of
its effort and budget to education at all times, which is pronounced s the social
development has been emphasized by social scientists worldwide because the skills
education.
Storey (1994) mentioned that education contributes the foundation for scholarly
maturity of a person and advanced education presented the person with superior
person’s social relationship within the workplace will be more refined and acceptable.
Bustos and Espiritu (1996) claimed that, it is often maintained that the school
must be relevant to society. Some people blame the school for not providing the kind of
training and preparation that is needed by society. The fact that there are many graduates
irrelevance.
educated person is more probable to be more useful than those who have no formal
education at all. Education should serve best for the local government officials not only
life experiences.
Gender. During the Spanish era, politics or public administration has a place only
for male group of the society, even the right to suffrage was deprived to the female class.
But moving onwards in time, the right to vote was granted on them as well as running in
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public office. Since then, male and female public servants go hand in hand in serving the
land.
The words gender and sex are often used interchangeably, but sex relates
female at birth, whereas gender refers to the behaviors associated with members of that
Alfiler and Nicolas (2003) cited that the urban bias in the recruitment of
bureaucrats persists; Filipino civil servants are better educated than their predecessors. It
is observed that a growing number of younger women are joining the civil service. The
attributes came from the educational opportunities to which these women have access.
Their research examines the career movements of women public managers in Region VI.
Being career-oriented, women public managers believed they can fulfill their duties and
responsibilities with competence since they are highly educated, with adequate training
and their family life does not compete with their career since other household members
share in the housekeeping chores. Compared to their male colleagues, female managers
Doucet (2002) in her qualitative research with twenty-three British dual earner
couples; it explores theoretical issues of gender differences and gender equality as they
household work and parenting. It s argued that the relationship between women’s greater
contribution to household work and their relative inequality to men in employment and
public life referred to as the relationship between “the rocking of the cradle and the ruling
of the world” – remains the chief focus of research and analysis in the subject area of
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The researcher of this study relies on the above reference, that gender has
certainly performs a significant role in the problem under study to the values orientation
calculated on how long the person or thing existed, and normally counted in years. Birion
(2005) stated that, the higher chronological age of a person requires higher effort of
involvement to the society where they want assurance of satisfaction upon retirement.
The aim of correlation of the stated premise on age is on the milieu that the local
accountability rise high. On this point, the researcher will treat the variable of age.
Civil Status. Salcedo (2002) stated that separation, annulment, desertion, and
divorce may bring about the break-up of families. The ideal expectation of society is that
the marriage and family will endure until the death of one of the spouses; however,
certain circumstances may lead to maladjustments in marital relations and the only
solution acceptable is the break-up of the marriage and the family. When one of the
partners to the marriage deliberately severs his ties and leaves his family, the act is called
partially, although the marriage remains in force; the husband and wife either informally
or illegally, set up separate households. Annulment is the process which makes the
marriage contract null and void, decides that there was no marriage contract at all. The
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The Philippines does not recognize divorce; death alone dissolves the marriage
relation. However, the Family Code of the Philippines provides for legal separation as the
alternative to divorce. Salcedo (2002) cited that the main contributing factors in divorce
“are probably the various changes in women’s role, less disgrace attached to divorce, the
and parenthood, higher standards for married life, and the emotional immaturity of those
The relevancy of the literature to this study is that, the citizenry is extremely
anxious with the outcomes created with reference to the disbanding of families, outcomes
which are experienced mutually by the married couple and their brood; the public
officials as private individual has its own view and practice on his/her status; this study
would look into the civil status of a public official if a single person is more adept and
Religion. Sarason (2003) opined that religion allows people to know about and
communicate with supernatural beings - such as animal spirits, gods, and spirits of the
dead. Religion often serves to help people cope with the death of relatives and friends,
Peoples of many small band and tribal societies believe that plants and animals, as
well as people, can have souls or spirits that can take on different forms to help or harm
societies, people commonly believe that forest beings control the supply of game animals
and may punish people for irresponsible behavior by making animals outwit the hunt.
In larger, agricultural societies, religion has long been a means of asking for
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bountiful harvests, a source of power for rulers, and an inspiration to go to war. In early
civilized societies, religious visionaries became leaders because people believed those
leaders could communicate with the supernatural to control the fate of a civilization. This
became their greatest source of power, and people often regarded leaders as actual gods.
Many religions have detailed rules of purity that bear on every aspect of behavior. In this
God, Buddha nature, or the Tao—is acknowledged to be the true and proper basis of all
life.
Fajardo (1994) added that, during biblical times, materialism and the pursuit of
wealth were despised and discouraged. Similar attitudes were shown during the time of
the ancient Greek philosophers and the Scholastics led by Aquinas. In fact, the bible
contains many statements against wealth or materialism. For instance, it says that the
poor are blessed for they shall inherit the kingdom of heaven. Moreover, it is harder for a
rich man to enter the gate of heaven than for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle.
Such religious concepts and teachings against materialism are not favorable to economic
development. When people shy away from the pursuit of wealth, economic growth tends
to be slow and primitive. There is no need for them to work harder and to search for
The national government and different sectors of society and even churches of
society has been clinging to its teachings and traditions to realize this challenge. The
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elected public officials being member also of their respective church affiliation should
embrace the teachings and have clear grasp of its significance to be a better Christian. In
so doing, the point of relatedness of the above literatures lies on the elected public
official’s religious life and responsibilities as good public servants. Do they seek divine
intervention and divine graces for their family, in every decision making, and in policy
formulation and implementation, and most of all, does it have a significant relationship to
Family Related Factors. These are the variables on family ties, family status,
family responsibility and parental authority and the related literature gathered by the
Family Ties. Salcedo (2002) points out that a study of family systems in India,
China and Japan shows significant characteristics. The family is generally composed of
grandparents, married sons, their wives and children, and unmarried sons and daughters
living together in one household. In the Philippines, this traditional type of family is
found in the rural area, but, apart from those already mentioned, aunts and uncles, nieces
and nephews may also be found living in the same household. Characteristically, the head
of the family may be the oldest male with the highest status. As head, he has the final
authority; however, he may transfer his power and authority to the oldest son because of
his physical disability or old age, and by virtue of the son’s personality, ability, or
achievement. This type of family is the ‘extended family.’ The primary or elementary
family, composed of the father (husband), the mother (wife) and their children, is
Salcedo (1999) stated that the closeness of family ties has resulted in undermining
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the individual’s loyalty to the government. The family is real while the government is
something impersonal – an attitude that has its origin during the Spanish regime. There
was a time when government positions were for sale and naturally the office became a
source of graft and corruption in order to compensate for the money paid for the position.
The Filipino regarded the government as the means to oppress and abuse him, to harass
him, to suppress his freedom and to impose a lot of burden on him. It was an institution to
be avoided for its interests were contradictory to his welfare. This view of government
has persisted and even today vestiges of this idea still exist. Government is universalistic
while family is personalistic. Thus the family has become the rallying point.
When there is an overlap of the family and the office, irregularities like nepotism
Fajardo (1994) added that family members in western societies like the United
States are more individualistic and self-reliant. Adult children are financially independent
from their parents. They are free to pursue their economic inclinations anywhere.
Considering the security of the parents, their family obligations are minimized. Unlike in
the less developed countries, especially among Asians, the children have to take personal
care of their poor old parents. An extended family system, which is common in the
Philippines and other developing countries, is good in the sense that there is unity, and
the welfare of the old and the young members are protected by the stronger adult
members, usually the eldest sons. However, it has dominant features which are not
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favorable to economic development, and that is losing self-reliance for the over
dependent children. Another one is close family ties, this hamper labor mobility and the
choice of better economic opportunities. Their grandparents or parents do not like their
children to work in far places, especially if they are women. As obedient children, they
The related literature points out that family and politics are one and relative in a
manner as an organization, it will be the intention of this study to look the significant
variable.
Family Status. Ronquillo (1999) stated that the family is a place where one can
refuge from the anxieties and insecurities found outside the home. No wonder members
avoid leaving the security of the Filipino home. Mutual dependence and mutual sharing
specially of material goods are expected in the home. The success of a member means the
success of the whole family; conversely, his mistakes and misdeeds are reflected also on
all members of the family. Even when many have grown up and have raised their own
families, pressure is still extended by the parents responsible for the conduct of their
children. There is a continuing pressure on all members to keep brothers and sisters in
line. There is mutual dependence among the family members, financially and
emotionally. This dependence has prevented them from accepting more lucrative
positions and jobs if it will separate them from their families. However, nowadays
economic pressures have encroached on this dependence; many have learned to postpone
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immediate and present benefits for future financial security by accepting overseas jobs.
Since married overseas workers leave their families behind, the remaining parent
is left to raise the family. This results in temporary single parentage. Often, the emotional
strain, loneliness, and anxiety become major problems for both the husband and the wife.
The resultant increase in income may also lead to value disorientation. The household
standard of living rises appreciably and there is a tendency toward extravagance and the
Fontanilla (2002) mentioned that more and more women, many of them married
are entering the labor force. The earnings of these women make an important contribution
to family income and help a great deal in raising their standard of living. Most married
women try to supplement the meager incomes of their husbands. Today, more and more
The stated literature stressed that family status should be intact, and the relevancy
of the literature to this study are the prepared questionnaires which was attuned to each
other. It will be the researcher’s intention to explore the significant relationship of family
Parental Authority. Busto (2003) cited that the father and mother jointly
exercise parental authority over their legitimate children who are not emancipated. In
case of disagreement, the father’s decision shall prevail, unless there is judicial order to
the contrary. Children are obliged to obey their parents so long as they are under parental
power, and to observe respect and reverence toward them always. Recognized natural and
adopted children who are under the age of majority are under the parental authority of the
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father or mother recognizing or adopting them, and also the natural children by legal
fiction are under the joint authority of the father and mother. Grandparents shall be
consulted by all members of the family on all important family questions. Parental
especially among adolescent boys is the ‘barkada,’ a gang relationship. Though the
statistics are unreliable, drug use among low income teenagers as shown in various
bestowed good governance and used authority of office in delivering public service;
taking assertion of the above literature, this research will study the approach of parental
authority of the local public officials as how it reflected their authority of office.
Family Responsibility. Peralta (2002) point out that the traditional deep-rooted
authoritarian ideas that children should only be seen and not be heard, that the father has
the God-given right to rule and that the wife should be obedient to him as her lord and
master are difficult to eliminate. Hence, these concepts still persist in a modified form.
The emancipation of women and the assignment of important roles to the children and
young adults are very strong factors in the development of a cooperative family and each
individual personality is respected and given his due. This development is gradually
putting side the old autocratic concept of the father’s unquestioned authority. Today, the
children are heard and are given a chance to mature in their attitudes and ideas.
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Salcedo (1999) cited that within the family is some system of social security and
insurance. Parents give their all financial and emotional to the children to the extent of
borrowing or mortgaging their property for their education in order to obtain high paying
jobs and even supporting them including their wives and children if necessary. In old age,
Busto (2003) articulated the civil code of the Philippines particularly on Title IX,
article 290 of the Republic Act 386; family responsibility is indirectly referred to as
support, which states that: support is everything that is indispensable for sustenance,
dwelling, clothing and medical attendance, according to the social position of the family.
Support also includes the education of the person entitled to be supported until he
completes his education or training for some profession, trade or vocation, even beyond
the age of majority. Article 291 points out who among the members of the family should
give support, these are: the spouses, legitimate ascendants and descendants, parents and
acknowledged natural children and the legitimate or illegitimate descendants of the latter,
parents and natural children by legal fiction and the legitimate and illegitimate
descendants of the latter, and parents and illegitimate children who are not natural.
Brothers and sisters owe their legitimate and natural brothers and sisters, although they
are only of the half-blood, the necessaries for life, when by a physical or mental defect, or
any other cause not imputable to the recipients, the latter cannot secure their subsistence.
This assistance includes, in a proper case, expenses necessary for elementary education
In our local setting, it is very evident and part of our customs that a child who
became an adult is expected to help support the family, help educate their siblings, and
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care for the parents, especially as they age. This study will look into the values
orientation of the local government official if this is being manifested in their own belief
and practices.
policy implementation, decision making and leadership style and the researcher’s
selection of goals and the means of achieving them within a specified situation where
those decisions should, in principle, be within the power of those actors to achieve’.
Thus, Jenkins understands policy making to be a process, and not simply a choice.
Co (2003) added to the discussion that policy is ‘public,’ the people, upon whose
lives the policy has impact, have a role to play in shaping such policy. The other version
of public policy is that it is the domain of government institutions or officials who are
and perspectives, this article expounds the following arguments: first, public policy is
political and as such it is open to differing interests and stakes; second, stakeholders with
varied motives try to influence the outcome of the policy; third, one view on management
government and non-government – contribute to the shaping of policy; and fourth, public
policy formulation requires not only political savvy but also managerial smartness.
But policymaking is also a matter of theory and rationalizing an action that will
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affect the larger society. Determining a policy is about coming to an intelligent choice
Policymaking thus involves the two dimensions of power and rationality. Power
has its origins in office. In large organizations such as government, officeholders more
often than not, have the power of initiative not available to the rank and file. In
leadership. Authority and legitimacy are features of power that allow leaders to carve out
policies, or at least to initiate policymaking. The power to initiate policy centrally lies
However, there are also groups outside government, without coercive power but
relative rather than absolute power. And in many instances, influences can be competing.
The lines are not clearly drawn on the issue of whether public policy is a domain of
is the role, the style, and the power base of the manager who is required to develop
appropriate techniques for dealing with key policy legislators and with policy supporters
outcome.
Nigro and Nigro (1992) stated that, the general public is much concerned with
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government policies, as are legislators, administrators, interest groups, the media, and
others. The larger the scope of government, the more important the role of public policy,
and that scope is continually being enlarged. The public is better educated, better
policies. Government, like other contemporary institutions, possesses the knowledge and
means to influence human destinies greatly, with dangerous consequences if errors are
made in the policies adopted. Other writers have analyzed the role of pressure groups –
organizational form and policy preferences was documented, and the so-called Politics of
Citing on the literature, this study will take the importance of local government
values and their operation of policy formulation. It will take into account also the concern
and concept of the different public sectors or the citizenry on their role as influencer and
hand, is selecting one position or action from several alternatives. Oftentimes, the
changes in the organization. Others, however, would prefer the status quo, or would not
face the problem squarely. As such, it is important to know that inaction is an alternative
to the possible solutions to a management problem. Leveriza (1990) cited that, decisions
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basic and routine decision; and third is a programmed and nonprogrammed decision.
manner, his personal decision involves the organization. But in practice, it is very
however, to know that managers make both types of decision and that many decisions
decisions are routinary. As such, very few managers, except those belonging to top
management, are given the opportunity to exercise making basic decisions for the
organization.
Decisions are programmed to the extent that they are repetitive and routine and to
the extent that they are repetitive and routine and to the extent that definite, systematic
procedures have been devised so that each one does not have to be treated as a unique
case each time it arises. Decisions are nonprogrammed to the extent that they are novel,
Nigro and Nigro (1992) discussed that there are certain error in decision making,
theses are: one, cognitive nearsightedness; two, the assumption that the future will repeat
the past; three, oversimplification; four, overreliance on one’s own experience; five,
immediate needs and to brush aside doubts of their long-range wisdom. The hope is that
the decision will prove a good one for the future also, but the odds for such good fortune
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are poor. A tempting immediate solution may create infinitely greater difficulties for the
future.
Assumption that future will repeat past is that, in making decisions, officials must
forecast future conditions and events. In relatively stable periods of history, the
assumption can safely be made that employees, clientele groups, and the public in general
will behave much as they have in the past. The present period is, however, far from
stable; many precedents have been shattered, and people are behaving in surprising ways.
Strikes by government workers – many of them professionals – are one example; hard-
driving consumerism is another. Yet, despite all the evidence of great change in citizen
attitudes, too many public officials blindly assume that these are only deviations from
problem, rather than with its causes. Officials may reject such oversimplification but still
err in preferring a simple solution to a complicated one. It is easier for them, as it is for
others participating in the deliberations, to understand the simpler one; the simpler one is
more readily explained to others and therefore more likely to be adopted. Of course, in
some cases, the less involved solution may be better one. The point is that the decision
maker looking for any acceptable answer may take the first simple one, no matter how
weight on their own previous experience and personal judgment. Although the
experienced executive should be able to make better decisions than the completely
inexperienced one, a person’s own experience may still not be the best guide. Frequently
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someone else with just as much experience has a completely solution and is just as sure
that he or she is the one being practical. In truth, past success in a certain kind of situation
on the facts, in truth reflect the preconceived ideas of the decision maker. Such decision
making appears dishonest, and it is dishonest when the facts are doctored to justify the
decision. However, in many cases, officials are capable of seeing only the facts that
support their biases. Anything else is not credible and therefore does not qualify a fact.
Unwillingness to experiment may be put in this manner, the way to determine the
workability of proposals is to test them in practice on limited basis. Such testing has
taken place, but for various reasons the government environment has not in the past
exhilaration that may result from correct and successful decision and the relief that
follows the terminating of a struggle to determine issues is the depression that comes
from failure or error of decision and the frustration which ensues from uncertainty.
much more difficult. Managers find it hard to get all the information they need. In
addition, they consider how their decisions on hiring, firing, purchasing, and other issues
will affect their social relationships with other employees and business associates. Simon
claimed that under these circumstances, managers cannot always choose strategies that
will maximize profit. Instead, they tend to settle for what they consider reasonable gains
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The stated literature has its relevancy to the present study. Decision making is an
every minute and everyday task, be it simple or a much complex one and every person
has this charge to make. Public officials as administrators and policy makers have this
serious duty to decide, particularly on policy analysis. This study will look into the
manner on how does local government officials decide and its significance to their values
orientation.
Leadership. Legaspi (2003) stated that leadership is a quality a person may have.
One can categorize the exercise of leadership as either actual or potential: Actual - giving
guidance or direction, as in the phrase "the emperor has provided satisfactory leadership."
Potential - the capacity or ability to lead, as in the phrase "she could have exercised
term rather than of "leading" which in the action usually implies that the entities doing
Local government is an enabler if its role goes beyond the traditional role of direct
service provider; if it contracts out services; if it decides to privatize certain services and
doing things in order to meet the varied demands of the community. All these meanings
point out that the concept of enabling is synonymous to the development of methods of
doing things to respond most effectively to the needs of the community. Legaspi (2003)
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cited that, “enabling is coming to mean not adherence to any particular political
orthodoxy, but the development of different and more flexible ways of operating which
are both more suited to the many and varied demands now placed on local government
To understand better the concept of enabling, Legaspi (2003) spelled out some
government should have a grasp of the issues and concerns affecting the community to be
able to develop certain strategies to respond to such issues and problems. These strategies
should be integrated such that they take into consideration all the traditional, functional
and geographical boundaries. It could mean that the local government would develop an
working with the private sector, NGOs or voluntary groups, and with national
government agencies.
This strategic orientation ensures that the activities of the different agencies in the
policy arena are not fragmented. It also ensures that all local viewpoints are taken into
account within a wider policy context. This then require a well developed policy process
where opportunities and approaches are identified and selected and a strategic action is
defining strategies of action, local government should determine the various modes of
carrying out such strategies. These would include the following: Collaborating with other
financial assistance or grants; creating new structures or bodies for service delivery;
providing public information about services and programs; and providing a forum for
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discussion of community issues and concerns. In selecting the best mode of action, local
government should consider its strength and weaknesses. By doing so, it can determine
what action could add value and where it would be most effective.
performance would ensure the achievement of goals and objectives. Openness about
standards and the attainment of performance targets would help improve public
accountability. Local government should involve the public in directly defining standards
of service and the criteria of performance by which local government could be evaluated.
complex and challenging, local government has increasingly recognized the fact that it
has to work collaboratively with other existing public, private and voluntary organization
or agencies. Such collaborative mechanisms take various forms depending on the kind of
service or on the resource capacity of the local government. But what is important is the
development of more enduring kind of work relationships between the local government
and the other organizations. In other words, this requires a definition of specific roles of
each body or organization which would lead to the building up of long-term relationships
Although local government works within a wide legislative framework, it can ensure that
the framework is oriented towards local or community interests. Local government can
influence the structure of regulation at the policy formulation stage. It can lobby with
national government and act in collaboration with other agencies in the shaping up of
policy structures. Once a key role in disseminating the policy and in explaining the
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individuals and groups who are underprivileged and are at disadvantage due to poverty,
unemployment and other factors. There is also the value of involving users of services in
Alfiler and Nicolas (2003) stated that among the materials reviewed three stands
out for their efforts to search deep into our nation’s past and look into our historical
experiences and core values as a people, to establish the basic elements of the Filipino
concept of leadership. They examined how the relationship between rulers and followers
culture, religion and people in our history. Leaders no longer understand, communicate,
or empathize with the people they lead as they become separated by the use of a foreign
language, an unfamiliar ideology and notions of independence. It asserts that for pre-
colonial times, the Filipinos had a clear notion of the qualities they expected of their
leaders. He suggests, however, that to ensure that grassroots leaders are of and for our
people, they should be evaluated along the following set of criteria: Do their goals truly
promote national interest? Are their actions supportive of public welfare? Are they
known to be persons of unquestionable integrity? Are they not identified with other
interest which may conflict with public interest? And, do they communicate with the
people in a language through which the people can freely express their ideas, concepts,
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In the citation of Alfiler and Nicolas (2003) they added that, in a paper entitled
‘Ang Ulirang Pamumuno sa mga Pilipino,’ which drew from the mainsprings and
documents of the experience of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 and the EDSA People
Power phenomenon of 1986. They also reviewed the outcome of international scientific
surveys on human values, and analyzed about a hundred articles about Filipino values in
their attempt to establish core values and identify qualities which Filipinos want to see in
their leaders.
On this basis, they came up with three clusters of core Filipino values:
cluster; and pagkamasayahin or optimism cluster. They also established in a local survey
that at the barangay level, citizens expect their leaders to possess the following
malakas ang loob or courageous and strong willed; makatarungan, demokratiko, pantay-
pantay ang tingin sa lahat or fair and just; and magaling, marunong or intelligent and
capable.
These values for the core of the concept of ‘Pamathalaan’ which means
‘pamamahala kasama ni Bathala’ lies at the heart of the Moral Recovery Program of the
traditions which, if fully recovered, appreciated and lived, may provide the key to
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On political leadership Alfiler and Nicolas (2003) cited that “Leadership over
human beings is exercised when persons with certain motives and purposes mobilize, in
resources, so as to arouse, engage and satisfy the motives of followers.” Filipino leaders
organization, it identified four types of Filipino leaders: One, the Supremo is exemplified
by Andres Bonifacio who had a strong organization in the Katipunan and an ideology
contained in his Decalogue; two, the Visionary is a leader who has an ideology and a
weak organization. Jose Rizal is cited as an example of this type; three, the Organization
Man is a leader who has a strong organization but without an ideology. Agpalo cites Gen.
Fabian Ver as an example of this type; and four, the “Paradux” combines the Latin word
“dux” which means “leader” and a Greek prefix, “para” which can mean faulty, irregular
or disordered. This term applies to traditional Filipino politicians elected to either House
management of conflict. For all these aspects of stability, political leadership is a vital
enabling factor. The consistent and effective performance of the political leadership
“enhances the legitimacy of the government as the regime and increases the probability
of regime durability.” The political leadership also intervenes in all national conflicts,
thus, strong effective leadership can organize groups and institutions towards an
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acceptable consensus, thereby assuring stability and keeping conflicts within manageable.
Political. Salcedo (1999) stated some political values that are manifested
in Philippine culture, some are: ‘utang na loob,’ this denotes a sense of gratitude. This
someone; everyone also, in some way has done something for someone who therefore
owes him in return. Politicians usually take advantage of this agreement. Politicians
dispense favors and accept or even solicit sponsorship obligations or the ‘compadre
system’ from their constituents so they can depend on the support of the families who are
obligated to them. On the positive side, the network of ‘utang na loob’ may result in
may hamper the process of democracy and thwart the true will of the people. It is also a
Another value is ‘personalism,’ this emphasizes the importance of the person with
whom one has immediate face-to-face contact over the abstract rule of law of the
‘Pakikisama’ is yielding to the will of the majority or the leader of the group. It
could result in both positive and negative behavior such as going along with the group
and following what the group is doing whether he approves of the activity or not.
possible. It is the use of ‘white lies’ to please another person. One expresses what one
thinks the other person would like to hear, not what one reason would like to hear, not
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what one really thinks and believes. To the Filipino, this is a highly prized art. It has its
beginning within the family circle where the young may receive conflicting orders or
ideas coming from different members who have priority status such as parents,
grandparents, uncles and aunts. In order not to hurt anyone’s feelings, the child has
learned to express his views or behave in a manner that will bring no trouble or
misunderstanding within the family circle. This attitude is carried over to the larger
society.
‘Hiya’ makes a person sensitive to other people’s opinions thus he gives way to
‘pakikisama.’ Asking favors from another generally generates ‘hiya.’ If the favor is not
granted the person feels shamed. Too much importance is given to hiya when one
Economic. Salcedo (1999) pointed that every family in the Philippines would like
to raise its standard of living and that of his community. This is evident in the fact that
every political bigwig aims to improve his hometown above all other towns. When the
the Visayan areas. This is followed also by political dispensation and concentration of
improvement programs and projects. Success and economic progress are shared by his
The desire for personal success is achieved by education. Education has become
virtually an end in itself. It is about the only means toward upward mobility open to the
majority of people. Parents feel that education is the greatest legacy they can give to the
children. They would sacrifice comfort and spent their savings or even borrow money
just so the children can obtain an education. Many an older brother and sister would
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forego marriage in order to help pay for the education of the younger ones for as long as
possible.
Azanza (2001) stated that social classes in society are defined along economic
consideration in these times. In contrast, the social classes of the past were based on birth
right or the well-defined social strata which their parents had or were able to secure by
deeds and recognition. Social stratification, which is the assignment of groups to social
levels in society, when based on economic criteria becomes more easily understood than
in the traditional scheme because the income groups are better defined.
The classes are defined in relation to the ‘poverty’ line which separates those who
cannot afford the basic needs in life and those who are able to get along. The nine classes
are as follows: The ‘upper class consists of three levels, namely the upper-upper, middle-
upper and lower-upper. To these class levels belong the tycoons, business magnates,
industrialists and corporate taipans who own yachts, private planes, mansions, vacation
houses, controlling corporate stocks, bonds, tracts of land and foreign investments. They
are patrons of the arts, sports and charities. Among them are the rich and famous in the
mass media. They are supporters of political parties and sometimes get into politics
The next class is the ‘middle class’ with three levels, namely: the upper-middle,
the middle-middle, and the lower-middle. To these middle class levels belong the genre
scale transport unit operators, and inland fish farmers. The last of the classes is the ‘lower
class’ which is composed of three levels. They are the upper-lower, the middle-lower,
and the lower-lower. To these levels belong the marginalized groups that are immediately
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and slightly above and those below the poverty line. The three levels in this class include
hawkers, laundry workers, unskilled laborers, pedicab drivers, subsistence farmers, spear
fishermen and other people on hand-to-mouth livelihood. These groups have dismal
housing condition, little access to education, suffer from malnutrition and have high rate
of criminality. The most potent social mobility factor or means of improving ones social
class is through education and employment. For this reason, social mobility in economic
Social. Peralta (2002) Values need to be re-examined in order to sort out the
confusion and conflict among the Filipinos. The Filipinos need to identify the things they
value so that a more responsive “Filipino” may evolve. It has been observed that many
Philippine values are barriers to development. They are as follows: first is ‘paggalang,’
which means respect for elders. This value is related to two attitudes which are
considered negative, one is ‘pakikialam,’ it is under the pretext of guidance and wisdom,
elders meddle with the business of their children and subordinates, it also suppresses the
innate ability of the person to achieve more suspicion; next is ‘tungkulin ng panganay sa
pamilya,’ since the eldest child is next in rank to the parents, he or she is expected to act
and think like the parents, the elder is the one responsible for the younger members of the
family as well as the parents in their old age. This attitude curtails the growth of
this value as the tendency to regard highly the attainment of possessions. Land and other
material possession such as home and food supply are reflected in one’s value system as
‘pagpapahalaga sa sariling bahay,’ and ‘sa pagkain.’ Under this value, some negative
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pamilya.’ Children are highly valued; they are considered a source of strength and
stability as well as insurance in old age. Because of this value, parents are over-protective
and talent, the way one uses it for the society must determine the kind of success that
does not solely pertain to the person. This attitude distorts the purpose of education. That
is why many students want to become lawyers, doctors, and engineers. While the
the Filipino society. The family demands loyalty from its members and compels them to
the will of the majority; but to elevate pakikisama, the undesirable forms of which are
clannishness, pakiusap and pagtatakip must give way to nationalism, honesty, and self-
reliance.
Fourth is ‘bahala na’ or I-don’t-care and come-what-may attitude. This value rests
on a belief that man is governed by a set of forces beyond his control, and the
this is to leave initiative and action to higher authorities. The capacity to adapt and adjust
to misfortune is what it makes the Filipino possess a resilient attitude. And the fifth is
‘pagwawalang bahala’ which is related to bahala na. The same lack of responsibility is
behavior.
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Azanza (2001) maintained that a social class is a group that has been
differentiated from other groups by virtue of its economic and political power and social
‘stratification’ while the corresponding social significance is ‘status:’ first is, social
classes evolve which is the formation of social classes in accordance with common way
of life; economic, political and cultural status, as well as enjoyment of privileges and
power or influence, generally evolve over a period of time; second is, classes are defined
by culture, where there may be an invisible hand that makes it operate or it may be an
The categories and stratification of classes in society make up its class system;
third is types of class system, there are five class systems in anthropology. They are the
classless society, wealth distinction, the dual stratification, elite stratification, and the
complex stratification; and fourth is, caste system, which is a highly enforced
differentiation wherein the opportunity for movement is attached to the advantage of the
hereditary higher caste. A member of a caste must live within his or her level and the
child is automatically a member of that caste. The lower caste must yield to the higher
caste. However, the lower caste is autonomous in his economic and social life. This is the
The above literature on political, economic and social give credence for the
purpose of this study in a manner of looking into the values orientation of local
government officials. It is imperative for the LGU officials that as public servants they
still maintain the good values they caught in their family and imbibed in their schools. It
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will be determined in this study the correlation of their personal, family and management
Related Studies
Sajonia (1998), her study focused also on the relationship of values orientation
which utilized the secondary school teachers as her respondents. Her findings is that,
according to length in service; and no significant difference was noted in the values
educational qualifications and civil status. This will serve as comparison if the values
between selected rural youth and urban youth; also the similar study conducted by Rojas
(2001) on the perceptions of students and teachers on their values orientation and its
analysis of value orientation between the graduates of values orientation workshop and
non-graduates; she concluded that the Filipino public servants and the whole bureaucracy
is a potential of hope in changing its image. All public servants bring with them different
values orientation as they join public service. These values have been formed through
training, experiences and interactions with the environment. There is no guarantee that
anyone who joins public service will exhibit the necessary behaviors expected of a public
performance. All these three studies focused on values orientations having different set of
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respondents are related to this present study having the local government officials as
respondents.
is beneficial and similarly it is considered as a channel for social change for the reason
that it fits the person to their desired occupations or vocational opportunities. This
becomes a realization of one’s worth to the society, having full potentials to dispatch
their duties according to the challenge they met in the work place. It has been studied
before that those who have utilized their educational attainment has been evident of
Trinidad (2004) cited that those who had higher education are inclined to be more
efficient in his/her line of work than those who did not. It is also probable that those with
advanced levels of education are exposed to more information and input and as a result
Butaran (2007) cited the studied profile and performance of employees of local
government unit revealed that there is no significant difference between males and
Butaran (2007) added that married individuals are experienced people. Their
efforts are aimed at mastery, exceeding and giving beyond expectations and continuously
Stimpson (2001) found gender differences for a caring value orientation. It was
found that women considered the following adjectives to be more desirable than did men:
sensitive, tender, kind, happy, cheerful, yielding, understanding, affectionate, loyal, eager
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The studies support the idea that a value system oriented more toward caring, and
directed at people and relationships, is preferred by female. However, the study focused
mainly on married couples and women who are studying on universities ages 18 to 22.
The findings have implied that the gender difference is largely biologically based. If so,
one would expect it to be present at younger ages. On the other hand, if the caring value
orientation is primarily learned, then it may not appear until late adolescence. It is
concluded on their work that there is a large percentage of females whose value
forgive others; a higher priority for children; an emphasis on feelings; wanting to know
what people are like inside; enjoying people; getting along with others; and having
Hill and Lynch (2003) developed the ‘gender intensification hypothesis,’ which
asserts that the gender domestic/public split becomes more pronounced for females and
gender-specific orientation on forgiveness and friends as they get older. This is when
definitions of sex and gender, history of gender and gender around the world, gender in
and Family, Gender and Labor, Gender and Politics, Gender in Language and Culture.
The course consisted of theoretical and practical parts, therefore it was taught
through lectures, discussions, case studies, and role-plays. Students got assignments to
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gather oral stories from their mothers and female relatives about their lives, opinions
regarding topics and questions raised in discussions. Students told their findings on
seminars. The stories had been discussed in class and brought to hot debates among the
students. Thus, some students decided to continue the work on gathering oral stories. It
was decided to support this initiative and work out a questionnaire and assist students in
the promotion of the project. It is worth mentioning that the course was conducted for the
first time in Armenia, hence students weren’t supposed to have preliminary knowledge of
gender issues of any kind. As it has been mentioned before, it was very innovative since
The major goal of the project was to highlight for students an introduction to
gender issues across the social realm. The long-term goal of the project was to create a
continuous and sustainable gender education curriculum in Armenian. This course was
designed as a basis for development of similar courses in other Caucasus countries. Upon
completion the course students got a comprehension of the basic concepts of gender and
conceived the importance of these issues in the university curriculum. Students learned to
recognize the problem and its social value; they raised a lot of interesting questions. It
was interesting to observe the change of attitude, which had been demonstrated on
examples students selected to illustrate their own ideas. Thus at the initial stage most of
the students intended to prove the priority of patriarchal values in Armenian Society and
This study and the stated set of values is closely related to associated desires and
centered on relationships rather than things, which is termed as the personal related factor
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and family values to the development of a coastal community. Some of the variables
cited were also given emphasis at this current study which chooses the elected city
officials of Olongapo City as the respondents, the variables which has the same
importance are the family ties, parental authority, morality and spirituality, and
economic.
concerning marital conflict, parental attachment, and attitudes. Results indicated that
intimacy was negatively correlated with parental conflict and divorce. Divorce and higher
levels of conflict were associated with lower levels of intimacy in students’ romantic
relationships.
Fifty percent of American marriages end in divorce. Perhaps those most affected
are children, with more than one million experiencing the divorce of their parents each
year. Parental loss through divorce is a disruption of one of the most significant
formed later in life. Adult children of divorced parents are themselves more likely to
divorce than are those from intact families of those who suffer parental loss through
death.
Nelson (2007) highlighted their studies on children, which parental conflict was
found to be detrimental to many areas of development and continued until their adulthood
if not managed well by their guardians. It further states that those children with parents
who constantly fight have been found to be worse off than children from families in
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Booth (2004), their research has suggested that the parent’s relationship has
families have been found to be sexually active at an earlier age, to have more sexual
partners, to be more likely to cohabitate, and to be more apt to marry at an earlier age.
They also found that children from divorced families and those from intact but poor
Amato and Booth (2004), a good relationship with at least one parent seems to
offset the negative effects of parental conflict. Their study also found that children who
became distant from their parents following divorce exhibited more problems than did
those who maintained a close relationship with their parents. It noted that those who had
a close relationship with their parents after divorce did not differ significantly from
children who came from happily intact families in terms of psychological and social
adjustment. It seems that while children of divorce parents are more vulnerable to
negative outcomes, it is not necessarily the divorce itself that affects adjustment; rather, it
observed by their teachers. It cited several moral practices of children which this study
has the same receptiveness, although the intended respondents are the elected city
officials of Olongapo City. The formation of moral values begins at early stage on the life
of a person; considering there are more than a few dysfunctional behaviors get something
done at an early age; expect their values orientation being distorted if not blocked.
Santos (2006) stated that her study focused on the utilization of development fund
of a certain municipality which also lead to policy formulation, the variable cited that has
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the same inclination to this study are the politics, economic and social. The financial
funds which the municipality opted to spend are intended for different development
project, these are the social development, infrastructure development and administration
development.
Philips (2004) pointed out the ‘quality function deployment’ which focuses on
customer needs and expectations and methodically deploys them through product design,
parts selection, process planning and production planning, leading to shorter design times
deployment’ techniques can also improve the procedures that are used to formulate
indicator of problems that have to be faced if one wants to improve towards more
Pentti (2004), the survey they conducted charted the use of the balanced scorecard
elected officials in the local and regional authorities participating in the study. Topics
included the activity and state of the work community, performance measures, visions,
Relating to the activity and state of work communities in their local or regional
authority, the respondents were asked to give their opinions on co-operation, trust, and
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institutions, and different parties. These features were examined by presenting the
respondents with statements covering the degree of trust and co-operation between these
groups. The respondents gave their opinions on the chances of influencing various
matters related to their jobs and decision making, as well as the degree of support
The use of performance measures was charted by asking the respondents whether
activities and services were assessed on a regular basis in their work unit, and whether
they received enough feedback based on these assessments. In addition, they gave their
views on what employees thought about the use of the balanced scorecard indicators,
whether employees and elected officials had received enough information on the model,
and whether using it had improved performance measures. Further questions covered
how the information received from the assessments was being used at that time, how it
should be used in the future, whose interests it served at that time, and whose interests it
should serve in the future. Some questions pertained to how performance in political
decision making was measured in local and regional authorities at present, and how it
The importance of visions and strategies was studied at the work unit, sector, and
local/regional authority level. The respondents were asked whether any visions or
strategies existed at each level, how well they knew these visions and strategies, how
much these visions and strategies influenced their work, and whether they had had the
One topic explored how well the respondents knew the annual targets of work
units, whether the targets were clear, whether the respondents had had the chance to
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participate in defining the targets, and whether the information received from the
activities had changed the annual targets. Views on personnel strategies or personnel
reports used in their local/regional authority was charted. They were also asked whether
The respondents were presented with statements on briefing for new employees,
employment; time served in current elected office, total time served in elected offices in a
government or board.
ability or even necessity to inspire. A Leader, one who can instill passion and direction to
an individual or group of individuals, will be using psychology to affect that group either
inspire groups without really knowing the strategies or tactics used are considered
Charismatic Leaders. The conscious Leader on the other hand applies a variety of
psychological tactics that affect the “reactions” of a group to the environment they exist
in.
differences in other regarding preferences - the concern for equality and joint outcomes -
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The first part of the study examines the longitudinal stability of social value
orientations, showing that the stability coefficient of a linear measure of social value
orientations in a panel survey over 19 months is only .22, correcting for measurement
errors. Second part of the study shows that the degree of altruism displayed in
Butaran (2007) cited that local government officials without a set of policies and
guidelines will flounder aimlessly in its operation. These policies and guidelines shall
establish the relations between the local government officials and the general public.
They should not be one-sided and oppressive just because local government officials are
in public service.
wise and practical move on the part of the local government officials to make a careful
study of local condition, make comparison with other local government unit and be in
Conceptual Framework
This study concentrates on the family and management related factors of the
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IV DV
Educational qualification
Gender
Age
Civil Status
Working experience
Salary
Values Orientation
Religion
in terms of:
Policy formulation
Policy implementation
Decision Making
Leadership Style
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It also set its restriction through the use of independent variable and dependent
variable model. Independent variables include the personal, family and management
related factors.
The personal related factors are the educational qualification, age, civil status,
gender, work experience in the government, salary and religion. The family related
factors are the family ties, family status, parental authority and family responsibility. The
management related factors are the policy formulation, policy implementation, decision
making and leadership style. While dependent variables concern on the values orientation
Null Hypothesis
Definition of Terms
To assist in more appreciation of this study, the following terms have been
independent of other kinds of choice similar to buying a house, selecting a meal from a
menu. In more formal terms, decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental
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reach a level of acceptance on both sides. Every decision making process produces a final
possessing values. Such a value is generally determined via an exchange rate, that is,
what somebody is willing to exchange for the object in question. Monetary systems are
based on this material-value property or objects. An object may be more or less valuable
to one individual than to others because of its relation to his or her need. The final
a basic social unit which public policy cherishes and protects; as a family home it refers
to as the dwelling house where a person and his family reside, and the land on which it is
situated.
These are people or group of people living together and functioning as a single
household, usually consisting of parents and their children. A group of people who are
closely related by birth, marriage, or adoption. Also, denotes a domestic group of people,
originally referred to relations by blood, many anthropologists argue that the notion of
"blood" must be understood metaphorically; some argue that there are many non-Western
societies where family is understood through other concepts rather than "blood." In this
study, it shall delve on the concept of family ties, family status, family responsibility and
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to as support. Busto (2003) cited the Title IX, article 290 of the Republic Act 386, which
states that: support is everything that is indispensable for sustenance, dwelling, clothing
and medical attendance, according to the social position of the family. Support also
includes the education of the person entitled to be supported until he completes his
education or training for some profession, trade or vocation, even beyond the age of
majority.
Leadership. Someone able to inspire another associate with a dream into reality.
One who can instill passion and direction to an individual or group of individuals. It is a
product of awareness and command of the reactions and influences of a group on the
individual as well as the individual on the group. Leadership can have a formal aspect or
an informal one.
official as the elective or appointive governing body of the local government unit in
performing different functions within its territory, such as substantial control over local
affairs, including the power to impose tax. In this study, local government officials are
business; the organizing and controlling of the affairs of a business or a particular sector
group of one or more people or entities for the purpose of coordinating and harmonizing
them towards accomplishing a goal. Management often encompasses the deployment and
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natural resources. Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the
formulation, policy implementation, decision making and leadership style of the local
Parental Authority. Busto (2003) cited Republic Act 386, to which it defined
parental authority as function of father and mother jointly exercise parental authority over
Personal Related Factors. Azanza (2001) stated that personality factors are the
determinants that influence the formation of an individual’s personality. They are the
genetic factors and the non-genetic factors. The genetic factors convey the biological
characteristics already determined for the individual in terms of what his parents pass on
factors are the ‘environment and training’ which exert influence on the person’s behavior.
The collective behavior of a group is the effect of environment and training through their
They are factors in this study like: educational qualification, gender, age, civil
spending priorities, and choosing among them on the basis of the impact they will have.
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Political Values. Espiritu et al (1999) stated some political values that are present
in Philippine culture, this are: ‘utang na loob,’ this denotes a sense of gratitude,
achieving its functions of public service and governance. Leveriza (1990) defines public
the people. It is also an effective instrument of the government’s serving the citizen as
well as the vehicle for spurring their participation in the administration of the
Social Values. Peralta et al (2002) described social values as values arising from
interpersonal relations. There are two types of social values, namely: (a) prescriptive or
‘Thou shalt’ values and (b) proscriptive or ‘Thou shalt not’ values. The conduct of some
others are prone to behavior which is primarily antisocial such as dishonesty. Some
parents follow a prescriptive child-rearing practice by constantly rewarding the child for
good behavior and punishing the child for not doing what is appropriate or expected.
Other parents, favoring a proscriptive orientation; tend to punish antisocial behavior and,
individual or a group. Based on the assumption that individuals pursue different goals
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when making decisions for which the outcomes affect others. It is generally distinguish
between five types of value orientations: first is altruistic: desire to maximize the welfare
individualistic: desire to maximize own welfare with no concern of that of the other;
fourth is competitive: desire to maximize own welfare relative to that of the other; and
fifth is aggressive: desire to minimize the welfare of the other. The main difference
between each category is the extent to which one cares about his or her own payoffs and
that of the other in social dilemma situations. A value is an ambiguous concept that
governs human behavior. A set of values may be placed into the notion of a value
orientation. Values are considered subjective and vary across people and cultures. Types
Sajonia (1998) defines values orientation as basic convictions that a specific mode
referred to the values on political, economic and social as practiced by the local
and social values orientation of the local government officials, and the pertinent literature
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Notes in Chapter II
Patrick Alain Azanza, “Human Behavior and Society,” National Book Store,
Mandaluyong City, 2001.
World Health Organization, “Global Strategies for All by Year 2000,” Geneva,
2003.
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Arellano V. Busto, “An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the
Philippines, Republic Act 386,” A. V. B. Printing Press, Manila, 2003.
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CHAPTER III
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This chapter presents the methods and techniques of the study used by the
researcher in order to acquire, examine and translate the data needed in this study. It will
also include the population, research instruments, construction and validation of the
To come up with necessary facts and figure regarding the values orientation of
local government officials of Olongapo City, the descriptive method of research is used.
population census studies, public opinion surveys, fact-finding surveys, status studies,
task analysis studies, questionnaire and interview studies, observation studies, job
presented facts and circumstances of the values orientation of the local government
The study tried to look at the following variables on: profile of the local
and values orientation of local government officials on political, economic and social.
The first part of the questionnaire regarding the profile of the local government
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qualification, age, civil status, gender, working experience, salary and religion. The
family related factors which are the second part contained the following variables on:
The management related factors which are the third part contained the following
style.
The values orientation of local government officials which are the fourth part
local government officials, 48 administrative staff, and 24 from different sectoral groups,
Table 1
As shown in the table, the researcher employed the universal population of local
government officials on the city level because a very limited numbers is involved. The
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(1996) defined sampling as the process of getting a representative part of the population
being studied; and it is chosen among the 41 departments and 82 sub-departments of the
city hall using the simple random sampling or fishbowl technique. Birion (2005) stated
that the simple random sampling is strong because it is the method in which each element
in the population has an equal, known and non-zero chance of being selected, and it is
bias free. Also the population from the sectoral groups was chosen using the fishbowl
technique among the 40 identified sectors present in Olongapo City, the selected groups
disabilities, labor, church, lawyers, medical practitioner, education, youth and business.
Research Instruments
this study. It consists of four (4) parts. Part I consist of the profile of local government
officials which include: educational qualification, age, civil status, gender, working
Part II includes the family related factors such as family ties, family status, family
responsibilities and parental authority. Part III contains the management related factors
on policy formulation, policy implementation, decision making and leadership style. Part
and social. The questionnaire was presented for validation to the adviser and panel of
The following scales were used to qualify the responses of the values orientation
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A Always - The event/item happens all the time or 100% of the time
VO Very Often - The event/item happens most of the time or 99%-67% of
the time
O Often - The event/item happens every now and then or 66%-32%
of the time
S Seldom - The event/item happens rarely or 31%-1% of the time
N Never - The event/item never happens or 0% of the time
dissertations, journals, magazines, newspapers and featured articles, electronic data and
internet. The researcher also interviewed some individuals who practice public
administration and local government officials. From these various sources, the researcher
The final draft was submitted for dry-run to some local government officials of
Subic, Zambales. The dummy-respondents were asked to comment on all the items in the
questionnaire, if they find it interesting and significant in the study, and for revision.
After clearly commenting and checking, the questionnaire was reproduced and
from the Dean of Graduate Studies of Bataan Peninsula State University and Dean of St.
Joseph Graduate Studies to administer the instruments, the researcher furnished a letter of
permission to the Office of the City Mayor of Olongapo, upon acceptance and receiving
endorsement it was coursed to the city councilors during their regular session; also, the
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administrative staff and sectoral groups was given questionnaire, when necessary it is
The researcher was responsible in furnishing the respondents questionnaire with the
assistance of an individual from city hall who engender coordination to all secretaries or
Collected data was organized and undergo statistical treatment to respond the
detailed problem mentioned in the study. It employed the frequency, percentage, mean
The computation and bases of analysis of the personal related factors were
described by using frequency, percentage and average weighted mean. The family related
factor, management related factor and values orientation of the local government officials
were assessed using the average weighted mean and Pearson product-moment
correlation.
assembles individual data items in order to gain comprehensive messages about the
cause and effect relationship. If there is a high correlation between two variables, this
does not imply one variable is the cause of the other and the other is an effect. You
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when the items or cases or subjects who got low in one variable also got low in the other
variable and those who got high in one variable are also those who got high in the other
variable. If it is the reverse, the correlation is negative, that is, those who got high in one
factor are the ones who got low in the other factor and those who got low in one factor
Fraenkel and Wallen (2006) articulated the same thought on partial correlation, it
isolates the specific effect of a particular independent variable controlling for the effects
recognizing the relationship with other variables. Multiple correlations combined the
Pearson correlation is used when there are two sets of scores and would like to
find if the two sets are correlated. The correlation is called co-variation because analysis
is concentrated mainly on how the two determine the relationship between two variables
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Maximiano M. Rivera, Jr. and Roela Victoria Rivera, “Practical Guide to Thesis
and Dissertation Writing,” Katha Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 1996.
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CHAPTER IV
This chapter presents the main results from the data gathered regarding the values
orientation of the local government officials. This also includes the analysis and
holder, but two (2) or 18% respondents were full-fledged master’s degree holders with
doctoral units. Three (3) or 27% respondents had completed masteral courses. Four (4) or
37% respondents were college degree holders while one (1) or 9% respondent was
graduate.
Table 2
Noticeably, the respondents had at least college education except for one who was
an undergraduate. This means that generally, the respondents are qualified to assume
description.
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According to Age. One (1) or 9% respondent was between 18-27 years old while four (4)
or 36 % respondents had age between 28-37 years old. Four (4) or 36 % respondents
Table 3
Two (2) or 19 % respondents belonged to ages 58-67 years old. Evidently, the
respondents had not reached the age 50. Meaning, they are assumed to have that energy
and sense of direction in terms of doing their jobs. It is good that only two (2) of them are
between 58-67 years old, but this is not to say that they are no longer capable. In fact, at
their age, they are still entrusted to assume government post to serve the clients.
Table 4
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Two (2) or 18% respondents were single while nine (9) or 82% respondents were
married. None of them was a widow or separated. Most of the respondents have family
responsibilities. The singles could have familial concerns but they were not disclosed in
According to Gender. There were seven (7) or 64% male-respondents while there were
Table 5
The respondents assumed government posts regardless of gender. This means that
since there was a presence of both sexes in the workplace, there is an equal opportunity
Three (3) or 27 % respondents had worked for the 1st term without previous
government post while four (4) or 37 % respondents served for the 1st terms also with
previous government post. Three (3) or 27 % respondents had worked for 2nd term.
Lastly, one (1) or 9% respondent worked for his 3rd and last term. The data shows that the
respondents work on the basis of term of office as city councilors. Only one (1) had its
last term.
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Table 6
Working Experience
1st term w/o previous gov’t post 3 27
1st term w/ previous gov’t post 4 37
2nd term 3 27
3rd/last term 1 9
Total 11 100
According to Salary. One hundred percent (100%) of the respondents received a salary
between 20,100-30,000. Generally, this means that the respondents had standard
code of government service. It could be gleaned here the socio-economic status of the
respondents and the lifestyle they could afford to have, given the amount of salary they
receive.
Table 7
According to Religion. Seven (7) or 64 % respondents were catholic while four (4) or 36
% respondents had not revealed their religion. They however clarified that they preferred
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Table 8
Item 7 had the highest man of 4.97 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff and 3.23
or ‘Often’ from the sectoral group. This means that both respondents believed that the
local officials have the habit of introducing their family members to their co-workers.
This familiarizes the family members and establishes association with co-workers. This
also signifies a strong sense of family on the part of the LGU respondents.
Item 3 had the lowest mean of 4.58 or ‘Always’ from the LGU respondents. This
may be the lowest mean but this also speaks of the LGU respondents’ sense of family
extended to their relatives. The mere fact that they accept relatives to stay in their house
means that they have a sense of compassion and the virtue of charity and generosity with
This is a value that Filipinos are known for. This is seemingly embedded in the
culture of Filipinos and even a highly urbanized city like Olongapo City, there seems to
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Table 9
5. Offers generous time for family leisure. 4.88 Always 2.67 Often
On one hand, Item 10 had the lowest mean of 2.54 or ‘Seldom’ from the sectors.
Seemingly, the family members are hands-off in the planning activities of the LGU
officials. This is due to the fact that political decisions are exclusive concern of the local
officials. The family members stay at the background so as not to influence the decision
of the respondents.
Overall, the average mean was 4.80 or ‘Always’ from the respondents and 2.82 or
‘Often’ from the sectors. It could be said that the LGU and staff had shown a sense of
family ties since this was also observed by the sectors. The manifestation of familial
affiliation was strong enough to be perceived by the sectors and the LGU and staff
themselves.
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Item 7 had the highest mean of 4.95 or ‘Always’ from the LGU staff. The
respondents prove that they have high regards for the sacrament of marriage. That is
obvious since most of them are married and are rearing up children. On one hand, Item 8
Table 10
Divorce is their last resort if ever a couple can no longer reconcile differences.
They explained in one of the casual interview that the couple should have exhausted all
options like counseling and therapy. They added that divorce should come as an ultimate
solution, but in betweens, efforts to settle or patch up marital predicaments must be taken
into consideration.
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On the other hand, Items 3 and 8 had the highest mean of 3.50 or “Very Often’
from the sectors. This only means that they have reasons to believe that the LGU staff has
marriages; likewise, they manifest the idea that mothers should stay home to care for the
family rather than come to office for work. Item 5 had the lowest mean of 2.75 or ‘Often.
This is about step parents who are capable of rearing up step children. They have a
positive notion that the LGU staff would recommend parental responsibility of step
parents to their step children. They explained that it is better for the children to have an
adult companion at home and in whatever activities they are involved in so that parental
guidance and supervision is ensured. They said that it is important that children are given
attention and supervision to undertake their tasks at home, in school and in the
Overall, the average mean was 4.05 or ‘Very Often’ from the LGU staff and 3.22
or ‘Often’ from the sectors. It is important that both groups of respondents see the value
of the family status of their leaders. Meaning, their perspectives and concepts of ideal
family life are observed and manifested in their interaction with people in the workplace.
These perceptions are valuable in terms of their identity and image as leaders in the
community.
Item 4 had the highest mean of 4.97 or ‘Always’ from the LGU staff. This speaks
of the priority and preference of the respondents on education. They contend that sending
the children to school means preparing them for the future. This is also equipping the
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children with basic knowledge for further education. The respondents said that it is
important that their children have education. Like them, they want their children to
achieve significant in the future. Items 3, 5, 7 and 8 had the lowest mean of 4.86 or
Table 11
They would offer money for ‘Often’. Divorce is their last resort if ever to their
married siblings; and, give advice even if the other party does not ask for it. They
explained that they offer unsolicited advice because they feel oblige in supporting the
family members.
On the other hand, Item 5 had the highest mean of 3.50 or ‘Very Often’ from the
sectors. Apparently, this item was also the highest mean from the LGU staff. This means
that there was this general impression that the LGU staff were into prioritizing education
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and schooling. Item 3 had the lowest mean of 2.67 or ‘Often’. The sectors believed that
the LGU officials were helpful enough to provide relatives in need. Thy said that if they
could do it to their relatives, it only shows that they are also capable of demonstrating
Overall, the average mean was 4.89 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and 3.17 or
‘Often’ from the sectors. Again, in terms of family responsibilities, both respondents
perceived the LGU officials to be oriented and focused on their duties and functions as
member of the family. This sense of responsibility signifies a sense of duty and effective
Respondents’ Family Related Factors in Terms of Parental Authority. Item 9 had the
highest mean of 4.97 or ‘Always’ from the LGU. The respondents explained that children
and other family members must be guided to be God-fearing and obedient to the moral
and spiritual standards of the community. Meaning, they expect that each member of the
activities.
Item 1 had the lowest mean of 4.19 or ‘Very Often’. This could be the lowest but
this suggests that the respondents had the tendency to believe that they are superior or
better than the other family members. They explained that they do not deliberately project
such image. They said that it goes with the kind of job they have where strong leadership
is required.
On the other hand, Item 9 had the highest mean of 3.83 or ‘Often’ from the
sectors. Evidently, this is the same with the LGU. This confirms the contention of the
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local officials that they are into constant guidance with their children regarding their
obligation to God.
Item 5 had the lowest mean of 3.33 or ‘Often’. This signifies the authority of the
LGU in doing and observing what has been agreed on in terms of house rules, family
Table 12
Often’ from the sector. This means that in terms of parental authority the LGU had
always exude the strong personality in terms of decision making and in giving a sense of
This attests to the fact that they too are leaders in the community. Meaning, they
could use parental authority in leading their constituents. The firm decisions they make
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while they compromise on one end could be a potent standard for leadership and
authority in general.
On Management-Related Factors
mean of 5.00 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff. This speaks of the value of accurate
and verified information that the respondents acquire. The respondents explained that an
accurate data would be crucial in determining issues and needs that they need to decide
upon. Without accuracy, there is a danger of planning the wrong programs and activities
for the community, or it is possible that they are responding to information that is short of
veracity and authenticity. If those happen, then the decisions and programs will be futile
Item 5 had the lowest mean of 3.95 or ‘very Often’. The respondents said that
they needed some ideas and assistance from foreign experts in order to better plan
programs and projects. The models, they said would give them time to analyze their
expediency and feasibility in the local community. They added that these are ideas that
have to be studied and should not be immediately adopted; lest, the development models
On one hand, Item 4 had the highest mean of 3.63 or ‘Very Often’ from the sector
group. This is somehow similar to the LGU and staff group on accuracy of data because
the item was on the identification of sources of information. This process requires
accuracy too. In other words, the sectors believed that it is the attitude of the leaders and
staff to verify the credibility of the source of information. Credibility and authority in
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areas requiring expertise is important so that the leaders won’ be misled by wrong
information. The sectors contend that this is a positive attitude on the part of their local
leaders. This ensures them that the people are given truthful and accurate data for
Table 13
Item 8 had the lowest mean of 3.13 or ‘Often’. Again, the sectors saw the
confidence of the LGU and staff on the ideas and insights of other experts as indicated in
Item 5. Item 8 suggests that the leaders have been seeking professional opinion to come
up with good projects, programs and policies that are meant to serve better the people.
Overall, the average mean was 4.71 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff and 3.32
or ‘Often’ from the sectors. This only shows the competence of the leaders when it comes
to policy formulation. This means that the leaders understood the purpose of formulating
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policies. Generally, they said, the policies are meant to better the life of the people. The
policies are sometimes used to protect the people from harm like the children and women
from violence and abuse; or the homeless from being evicted in the squatter’s area, and
so on. In other words, the leaders have a broad idea as to the criteria or factor that hev to
the highest mean of 5.00 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff. The respondents believed
that in order for a policy to work effectively in the community is to explain the benefits
therein and its effect to the people’s lives. For instance, an ordinance on non-smoking,
In this way, the people will follow and observe the said policy. On one hand, to
ensure full implementation of the policy, coordination with sub-units and related
departments shall be utilized and mobilized for faster results. In this way, the policy gets
Items 2 and 6 had the lowest mean of 4.75 or ‘Always’. This suggests that the LGU and
staff are into serious business in terms of implementing the policy, but still take into
policy.
On one hand, Item 2 had the highest mean of 3.38 or ‘Often’ from the sectors.
The sectors had the perception that their leaders are generally prone to exhausting all
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possible options to execute the policy they formulated. This is to mean that the sense of
urgency and stern belief on the positive outcome of the said policy always emerges.
Table 14
Item 6 had the lowest mean of 3.13 or ‘Often’. Similarly, the sectors agreed with
the LGU and staff on the value of funding to realize the policy that has to be
projects for that matter, money always is a requisite to get some results. The money shall
mobilization activities. Without funds, the policy stays in black and white, so to speak.
Overall, the average mean was 4.88 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff and 3.27
or ‘Often’ from the sectors. This only shows the knowledge of the leaders regarding the
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professional consultation and networking were included as part of the plan in realizing
mean of 5.00 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff. The respondents are confident that
their decisions whenever they make them are effective in the light of providing better
options for their constituents. This only means that they recognize the value of their
they have in the light of making decision is crucial in giving directions to the people they
govern.
Item 10 had the lowest mean of 2.41 or ‘Seldom’. This confirms the decisiveness
of the leaders. It only means that in making decisions they are able to consider all factors
that can affect whatever decisions they come up with. Having the perspectives of the
issues and concerns they are confronted with, it becomes easier for them to take
On the other hand item 1 had the highest mean of 3.46 or ‘Very Often’ from the
sectors. This means that the group finds their leaders to be diplomatic and comprising
because they follow the consensus of the party mates. This goes to show that decisions
made by them are not meant to argue with other people but see the point of view of other
parties. In this way, decisions are made objectively without looking at the personalities,
instead issues or the agenda is given focus and attention. When issues are analyzed rather
than the proponent of the decisions, it is easier to objectively analyze the pros and cons of
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the decision. The decision becomes solid and stable as it will benefit the constituents.
Item 3 had the lowest mean of 3.99 or ‘Often’. Political as it may be, decisions
made by the leaders needed spiritual guidance too. The leaders are often found to be
considerate of the fact that more than the political will, there is a need for enlightenment
Table 15
Overall, the average mean was 3.86 or ‘Very Often’ from the LGU and staff and
3.3 or ‘Often’ from the sectors. The results suggest that the LGU and staff have the
ability to consider aspects of decision-making to better serve their constituents. This also
signals the leadership skills of the LGU and staff because decision making requires stable
and strong leadership qualities in order to weigh information on hand prior to final stage
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of decision making.
4.97 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff. The respondents believed that they are capable
of putting up strategies and techniques to implement their policies, programs and projects
as part of their management job. They said that it is important to be able to device
approaches for better delivery of management because people need to know the programs
they are involved with and from them benefit in a lot of ways, be it economically or
socially.
Table 16
Item 2 had the lowest mean of 4.34 or ‘Always’. The respondents deem it
important also to be always prepared to any kind of challenge so that they will be able to
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respond with haste. Being open to challenges, for them, means that they are prepared for
whatever issues or problems they may encounter while they assume their post.
many political issues and concerns. As such, they need to strengthen their ability to adapt
to the challenges.
On one hand, Item 2 had the highest mean of 3.46 or ‘Very Often’ from the
sectors. Notice that this Item is the lowest mean from the LGU and staff. But then again,
the descriptive rating still suggests that the sectors see their leaders to be open for
challenges. This means that the sectors found their leaders to be prepared and alert for
Item 6 had the lowest mean of 3.17 or ‘Often’. Again, the sectors believed that
their leaders have the initiative to establish networks with other departments. This means
that the affiliations created with other departments mean faster access to their policies,
programs and projects. People will definitely benefit from their projects because other
departments are mobilized to accommodate related tasks and serve the people.
Overall, the average mean was 4.67 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff and 3.3
or ‘Often from the sectors. This only means that the respondents have good leadership
style as indicated by the descriptive ratings that surpassed seldom or never. The
impression from both the groups of respondents was positive. The value of leadership
On Values Orientation
Values Orientation in Terms of Political. Item 4 had the highest mean of 4.95 or
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‘Always’ from the LGU and staff. This clearly signifies that the leaders have no intention
of abusing their powers; instead, they use their offices to serve the people. This means
that the value of service and commitment to work is heightened by the contention of the
leaders that they must be able to serve the people in order to give back the trust they gave
during election period plus the vote of confidence they gave to their staff.
Table 17
Item 7 had the lowest mean of 2.25 or ‘Seldom’. The respondents contend that
they seldom employ relatives as office staff. However, this item had the highest mean
from the sectors with 3.71 or ‘Often’ rating. There is a contradiction on the perceptions
between the LGU and the sectoral group. Seemingly, there is a need to clarify if the
current office staffs are relatives by affinity or consanguinity. Both groups said that
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nepotism should not be observed in government offices. There is a need to value public
trust and vote of confidence. The value of fairness must be maintained so that everybody
Items 1 and 6 had the lowest mean of 3.13 or ‘Often’ from the sectors. The
respondents believed that their leaders generally obey existing rules and policies but have
the tendency to think that political investment or patronage will be used as support and
trust. The danger would be premised on the reality that political patronage may be used
Overall, the average mean was 4.36 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff and 3.29
or ‘Often’ from the sectors. Politically, the respondents had an impression that the leaders
are doing well with their political obligations except for the impression that they hired
relatives as office staff. The leaders need to clarify this issue because generally the
Values Orientation in Terms of Economic. Item 3 had the highest mean of 4.63 or
‘Always’ from the LGU and staff. As mentioned earlier in Table 3, Item 4, the leaders
had prioritized education as one of their major responsibilities. This item proved that they
really are focused on sending children to school because they save money for the
children’s schooling. They said that the priority on education is their way of keeping their
children literate and will serve as their greatest legacy for the children.
Item 9 had the lowest mean of 2.17 or ‘Seldom’. Relative to sending children to
school and saving money for the said purpose, the respondents had little inclination in
sending their children abroad. For obvious reason, their salary would not suffice the
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financial requirements for education abroad. The schooling would be very expensive.
With the high inflation rate and fall of dollars, it would be difficult on their part to sustain
children’s education expenses abroad unless relatives and friends would support them.
On one hand, Item 10 had the highest mean of 3.79 or ‘Very Often’ from the
sectors. The impression that was imprinted on the sectoral group was that their leaders
are into buying clothes and accessories as part of their personal grooming and external
appearance when dealing with their constituents. Again, this is a matter of indirect
observation on the part of the sectors. They based their evaluation on their daily
Table 18
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Item 5 had the lowest mean of 2.54 or ‘Seldom’. The sectors believed that their
leaders are not into recycling materials. This means the value of thriftiness and
resourcefulness was not observed by the leaders, according to the sectoral group.
Overall, the average mean was 3.33 or ‘Often’ from the LGU and staff and 3.32
or ‘Often’ from the sectors. Economically, the respondents believed that their leaders
need to look into the economic values they showed. Most of the items were given high
rating which means that they have been very expensive and unmindful of cost-cutting
Values Orientation in Terms of Social. Items 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 and 9 had the highest mean of
5.00 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff. The respondents believed that the value of
respect for oneself and others is one of the most important virtues of a person and a
leader. They have reasons to believe that they are generous and helpful because they give
attention to the needy. They also believe that they are accommodating and approachable.
They explained that being approachable would give the people to easily see them for
Item 3 had the lowest mean of 1.91 or ‘Seldom’. The respondents thought that
they are warm and approachable to people. They abhor the idea of ignoring their
constituents because they recognized the fact that they are in their offices to serve people
Item 10 had the highest mean of 3.67 or ‘Very Often’ from the sectors. This may
come as a surprise but according to the respondents, they had the impression that their
leaders do not trust them or other people. The trust issue could be attributed to the fact
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that many people come to the offices of the leaders and ask for assistance which is
sometimes not true and unverified. Meaning, there were also bogus people who get
money or any form of assistance. Distrusting attitude is just a mechanism to check the
Table 19
On the other hand, Item 9 had the lowest mean of 3.00 or ‘Often’. This confirms
the perception of the LGU group when they said that they are approachable. The sectors
also believed that their leaders are approachable despite the fact that they have an attitude
Overall, the average mean was 4.20 or ‘Always’ from the LGU and staff and 3.38
or ‘Often’ from the sectors. Socially, the leader-respondents had generally shown good
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demonstrated were positive and appropriate for people who assume offices in the
government.
On Significant Relationship
values orientation (-.71, HR). This means that the education and training of a person
affects his social interaction with other people. The approach and treatment to people is
Table 20
Moreover, working experience correlated also with social values orientation (-.57,
MR). This could be attributed to the fact that the workplace redefines the kind of
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people who are the major clientele in the city government offices.
Salary correlated significantly with economical values orientation (.66, MR). The
reason is obvious. The spending and allocation of budget for education, social functions
and the like are dependent upon the amount of salary they earn monthly or annually. This
means that the economic responsibilities of the leaders are affected by the amount of
Table 21
Legend:
±0.01 - ±0.20 Negligible Correlation (NC)
±0.21 - ±0.40 Low Relationship (LR)
±0.41 - ±0.70 Moderate Relationship (MR)
±0.71 - ±0.90 High Relationship (HR)
±0.91 - ±0.99 Very High Relationship (VHR)
±1 Perfect Relationship (PR)
(.39, LR). The family is like a political organization. Each member has a position to
assume. The parents dictate the norms and standards observed in the house. House rules
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on accepting visitors/relatives and the like are set to define clearly the behavior and
Family status correlated with social values orientation (.69, MR). This could be
attributed to the fact that family status is concerned with beliefs and perspectives on
rearing up of children by in-laws, step parents and the like. Meaning, family status is
concerned with the social responsibilities such as marriage, divorce, rearing up children
and Values Orientation of LGU. Lastly, leadership style in management related factors
correlated significantly with political values orientation (.50, MR). This is so because
leadership style embraces political concerns such as roles and responsibilities, delivery of
services, decision making, resources and networking. This means that the leadership style
is concerned with political responsibilities especially that the main respondents are
Table 22
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CHAPTER V
This chapter presents the summary of the findings based on the gathered data
relative to the problem cited in Chapter 1 of this study. This also includes the
conclusions, which were derived from the findings and the recommendations for the
Summary
The major problem of the study is: How do personal, family & management
related factors affect the values orientation of the local government officials in Olongapo
1. What is the profile of the elected local government officials in terms of:
1.2 age;
1.4 gender;
1.7 religion?
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9. What are the values orientations of the local government official in terms of
10. How do person, family and management related factors affect the level of
11. What is the implication of the findings of the study to public administration?
Findings
Educational Attainment. The respondents had at least college education except for
one who was an undergraduate. Generally, the respondents are qualified to assume posts
Age. The respondents had not reached the age 50. Meaning, they are assumed to
have that energy and sense of direction in terms of doing their jobs. It is good that only
two (2) of them are between 58-67 years old, but this is not to say that they are no longer
capable. In fact, at their age, they are still entrusted to assume government post to serve
the clients.
Civil Status. Most of the respondents have family responsibilities. The singles
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could have familial concerns but they were not disclosed in any of the unstructured
means that since there was a presence of both sexes in the workplace, there is an equal
Working Experience. The data shows that the respondents work on the basis of
salary standardization law and as prescribed by the code of government service. It could
be gleaned here the socio-economic status of the respondents and the lifestyle they could
respondents had not revealed their religion. They however clarified that they preferred
Family Ties as an indicator was “Very Strong”. It could be said that the LGU and
staff had shown a sense of family ties since this was also observed by the sectors. The
manifestation of familial affiliation was strong enough to be perceived by the sectors and
ideal family life are observed and manifested in their interaction with people in the
workplace. These perceptions are valuable in terms of their identity and image as leaders
in the community.
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Family Responsibility as an indicator was “Very Strong”. The LGU officials were
oriented and focused on their duties and functions as member of the family. This sense of
responsibility signifies a sense of duty and effective delineation of their real roles in the
family.
Parental Authority as an indicator was “Very Strong”. This means that in terms of
parental authority the LGU had always exuded the strong personality in terms of decision
making and in giving a sense of direction to their families. This attests to the fact that
Policy Formulation was “Very Well Managed”. This means that the leaders
understood the purpose of formulating policies. Generally, they said, the policies are
meant to better the life of the people. The policies are sometimes used to protect the
people from harm like the children and women from violence and abuse; or the homeless
from being evicted in the squatter’s area, and so on. In other words, the leaders have a
broad idea as to the criteria or factor that they have to be considered in the formulation of
policies.
Policy Implementation was “Very Well Managed”. This only shows the
knowledge of the leaders regarding the discharge and execution of policies. Meaning, all
Decision-Making was “Well Managed”. The results suggest that the LGU and
staff have the ability to consider aspects of decision-making to better serve their
constituents. This also signals the leadership skills of the LGU and staff because decision
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making requires stable and strong leadership qualities in order to weigh information on
generally shown good relationship to other people. The interaction and community
responsibility they demonstrated were positive and appropriate for people who assume
respondents had an impression that the leaders are doing well with their political
obligations except for the impression that they hired relatives as office staff. The leaders
need to clarify this issue because generally the sectors had positive impressions with their
political-related tasks.
Economically, the respondents believed that their leaders need to look into the economic
values they showed. Most of the items were given high rating which means that they have
been very expensive and unmindful of cost-cutting procedures and generally adopting a
simple lifestyle.
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experience was related with social values. Salary correlated with economic values.
Family ties were significantly related with political values. Family status was related with
pursuing the public good by enhancing civil society and social justice. Though public
Given the results however, it is imperative that the City Government looks into
the management related factors used in this study so that clarity of leadership and
governance perspectives may also be understood by the public or the constituents so that
is not enough; immersion and exposure must be provided in the form of community
caucus, dialogues and meetings and the like. The people must be clarified that there is
nepotism in the city; that luxurious lifestyle is never a priority of the leaders. These
aspects are emphasized here because these. So far, were the negative results that surfaced
multiple objectives, some of which may be conflicting or poorly defined in law. Electoral
cycles and the brief tenure of many political executives make it difficult for career public
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managers to argue the salience of the longer range future. Stakeholders are more diverse
and contentious and public managers must deal with them in the "fish bowl" of public
scrutiny. In governments designed to limit executive authority, the heads of even the
largest government agencies have less decision making authority than does a typical
corporate CEO. Not surprisingly, the political circumstances of some public agencies
Public sector strategic management theory has wisely emphasized the need to take
political contexts into account. This is done by "meta-planning," the design of planning
What is important here is that public administration must explore all possibilities
to better serve the people. There is no exact formula for this. The context within which
leaders operate must be taken into consideration to come up with effective, best decisions
Conclusion
Recommendations
1. Family values must be strengthened as part of the training ground for leadership
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nation-building.
3. Leadership concepts must be taught to the city leaders and all other staff through
offered to the leaders, staff and sectoral groups so that they will learn together in
5. Other researchers may replicate this study using other variables to refute or
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
Alfiler, Ma. Concepcion P. and Nicolas, Eleanor E., “Leadership Studies in the
Philippines: A Review of the Literature,” Introduction to Public Administration
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Azanza, Patrick Alain, “Human Behavior and Society,” National Book Store,
Mandaluyong City, 2001.
Birion, Juan C., De Jose, Elmer G., Dayrit, Benjamín C., and Mapa, Griselda C., “Thesis
and Dissertation Writing Without Anguish,” Mega-Jesta Prints, Inc. and Mutya
Publishing House, Inc., Valenzuela City, 2005.
Busto, Arellano V., “An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the
Philippines, Republic Act 386,” A. V. B. Printing Press, Manila, 2003.
Co, Edna Estifania A., “Management of Policy Formulation: The Generics Act of
1998,” Introduction to Public Administration in the Philippines: A Reader. NJP
Printmakers, Inc. Philippines, 2003.
Legaspi, Perla E., “The Enabling Role of Local Governments,” Introduction to Public
Administration in the Philippines: A Reader. NJP Printmakers, Inc. Philippines,
2003.
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Nigro, Felix A. and Nigro Lloyd G., “Modern Public Administration, 7th edition,”
Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1992.
Rivera, Maximiano M. Jr. and Rivera, Roela Victoria “Practical Guide to Thesis and
Dissertation Writing,” Katha Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 1996.
Salcedo, Lucila L., Peralta, Ana Maria R., Ronquillo, Adelaida A., and Espiritu, Socorro
C., “Social Issues,” Katha Publishing Co., Inc., Quezon City, 1999.
Salcedo, Lucila L., Peralta, Ana Maria R., Ronquillo, Adelaida A., and Fontanilla, Ofelia
L., “Current Issues, 3rd Edition,” Katha Publishing Co., Inc., Quezon City,
2002.
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1994.
World Health Organization, “Global Strategies for All by Year 2000,” Geneva, 2003.
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Sabado, Ma. Cecilia “Factors Related to the Moral Values of Children of Working
and Non-Working Mothers,” Masteral Thesis, Bataan Polytechnic State
College, Balanga, Bataan, 2001.
Sajonia, Lily Marlyn Docejo “Job Satisfaction of Secondary School Teachers: Its
Relationship to their Values Orientation,” Faculty of the Graduate School,
University of Iloilo, 1998.
C. Journals
Amato, P. R. and Booth, A. “Consequences of Parental Divorce and Marital
Unhappiness for Adult Well-Being,” Social Forces, 69, 895-914, 2004.
Nelson, W. L., Hughes, H. M., Handal, P. Katz, B. and Searight, H. R., ”The
Relationship of Family Structure and Family Conflict to Adjustment in
Young Adult College Students,” Journal of Adolescence, 2007.
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Stimpson, D., Neff, W. L., Jensen, C. and Newby, T. “The Caring Morality and
Gender Differences,” Psychological Reports, 69, 407-414, 2001.
D. Electronic Sources
Ensign, Julie, Scherman, Avraham and Clark, Jennifer J. “The Relationship of Family
Structure and Conflict to Levels of Intimacy and Parental Attachment,”
http://findarticles.com, 2007. 5 August 2007.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A
Dear Sir:
This is to request permission from your good office to allow the undersigned to
propose his questionnaire to the municipal councilors and their staff for a dry run. This
seeks to ask if all the items were simple to comprehend, if the queries are appealing and if
it were significant to the research.
Your assistance will contribute to the achievement of this study. Rest assured that
responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Thank you very much.
Noted By:
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APPENDIX B
Graduate Studies
Content Validity
Items stipulated therein were found sufficient, accurate and in order to the
study being checked.
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APPENDIX C
February 4, 2008
Dear Sir:
This is to request permission from your good office to allow the undersigned to
propose his questionnaire to your office, likewise to the vice mayor office, the councilors
and their staff.
Your assistance will contribute to the achievement of this study. Rest assured that
responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Thank you very much.
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APPENDIX D
Directions: Please put a check in the box that corresponds to your answer.
MS/MA units
Baccalaureate Degree
College Undergraduate
Age: __________
Married
Widow//Widower
Separated/Annulled/Divorced
Gender: Male
Female
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2nd term
1,000 – 10,000
10,100 – 20,000
20,100 – 30,000
30,100 – 40,000
40,100 – 50,000
50,100 – 60,000
Protestant
Aglipayan
Iglesia ni Kristo
Muslim
PART II
A - Always - The event/item happens all the time or 100% of the time
VO -Very Often - The event/item happens most of the time or 99%-67% of the time
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O - Often - The event/item happens every now and then or 66%-32% of the
time
S - Seldom - The event/item happens rarely or 31%-1% of the time
N - Never - The event/item never happens or 0% of the time
Family Related Factors A VO O S N
Family Ties
1. Celebrates anniversaries/birthdays.
2. Prays together.
3. Accepts extended family to live at no definite time.
4. Attends religious affair together.
5. Offers generous time for family leisure.
6. Demonstrates humor and happiness.
7. Introduces family members to co-workers.
8. Motivates siblings to become closer to grandparents and other
relatives.
9. Tolerates closeness of children to their ‘barkada.’
10. Manifests the helpfulness of family in every plan.
Family Status
1. Regards father should work abroad.
2. Accepts in-laws to raise siblings.
3. Deems the absence of mother for work is good.
4. Supposes siblings be raised in intact unmarried parent.
5. Considers step-parent could bring-up step-children.
6. Nurtures by distant relative as parent were divorce.
7. Regards marriage as bond of love.
8. Believes at divorce as way for irreconcilable couple.
9. Allows relative to care for siblings since parent were working
remotely/abroad.
10. Recognizes oneself be cared for by adopted family.
Family Responsibility
1. Provides whatever needs & wants of family.
2. Arranges household chore distribution.
3. Endows assistance to relatives in time of needs.
4. Sends siblings to school until college.
5. Prioritizes health needs.
6. Considers family above everything.
7. Offers monetary help to married siblings.
8. Presents unsolicited advice.
9. Assumes responsibility to influence family in their collective
decisions.
10. Regards savings as reward for future use.
Parental Authority
1. Thinks always superior in the family.
2. Commands should be carried away at all time.
3. Punishes who do wrong.
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RODELIO M. ALBA
Researcher
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CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
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HONORS/AWARDS/MERITS RECEIVED
SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED
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Participant Catechetics II
St. Columban Parish
Olongapo City
August 26, 2007
WORK EXPERIENCE
ORGANIZATION
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Board of Director
St. Joseph Multi-Purpose Cooperative
Olongapo City
Senior Adviser
Commission on Youth Apostolate
Diocese of Iba
Iba, Zambales
Vicarial Coordinator
St. Joseph Vicariate Catechetical Apostolate
Olongapo City
Founding Member
Torch Alliance - St. Joseph Youth Ministry
Olongapo City
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