Study Of Constituents Of An Alloy

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

AIM- Study Of Constituents Of An Alloy

N3m0 —Souradip Sen

Board roll no- 5664184

Contents

PAGE NO

1. Acknowledgement                                                                        3/13
2. Introduction                                                                                                            4/13
3. Aim of the experiment                                                      5/13
a- General objective b- Specific objective

1. Materials Required                                                                      6/13

2. Theory                                                                                                                                    7/13
1. Details of procedure and 9/13 Observations
2. Conclusion                                                                                                        12/13
3. Bibliography                                                                                                  13/13
4. Signature                                                                                                                13/13
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Souradip  Sen of class  XLL -C express my gratitude to my school authorities for allowing me to undertake the project
titled

Alloy    Analysis I naturally could not have done justice to my delicate assignment, had I not been privileged to get the
animate guidance from Mr.T.N.Dey, Chemistry teacher of      Deepika E.M School.

I also express sincere thanks to my family who extended helping hand in completing this project.

Souradip Sen

fitudent        Internal  External

Examiner  Examiner

Introduction

An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and non-metal.

They are generally harder than their components with reduced malleability andductility. Alloys are prepared
to enhance certain characteristics of the constituent metals, as per requirement.

In this project, we shall qualitatively anayze the chemical composition of two alloys:

J$rass and J$ronze

Aim  of the Experiment

General objective:

This project is being carried out with a view to increase the appreciation of alloy-analysis as an important branch of
chemistry. The hands-on laboratory experience gained is highly beneficial in understanding the general procedure of
qualitative analysis of an unknown sample.

Specific objective:

In this project, we shall be analyzing the constituents of Brass and Bronze.

MATERIALS  REQUIRED

1)  BRASS AND BRONZE PIECES

2)  china  dishes

3))    FILTRATION APPARATUS

4)  NITRIC ACID

 5)  HYDROGEN SULPHIDE GAS

7))    AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

8))    POTASSIUM FERROCYANIIDE

9)  AMMONIUM SULPHIDE

10)  DIL HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Theory

Brass

Brass contains Cu and Zn . Both dissolve in nitric acid.

4Zn+ 10 HNO3=  4Zn{NO)i  + N2O + 5HO 3Cu + 8 HNO3=  3Cu(NO3)2  + 4HO+2NO

Further analysis is carried out for respective ions.

Cu dissolves in H2S to give black ppt. of CuS. It is filtered to get the soln of Zinc Sulphide. It precipitates out in the form
of ZnCl2  in an ammoniacal soln. of Ammonium chloride. The precipitate is dissolved in dilute HCl and then treated with
Potassium ferrocyanide to get a bluish-white ppt. of Zn2[Fe(CN)6].

Bronze

Bronze contains Cu and Sn. Their nitrates are obtained by dissolving the sample in conc. Nitric acid. The nitrates are
precipitated as sulphides by passing H2S through their solution in dil. HCl.

The CuS is insoluble in yellow ammonium sulphide, while SnS is soluble. The ppt. is separated by filtration.

The ppt. is dissolved in cone HNO3  and then Ammonium hydroxide solution is passed through it.Blue colouration confirms
the presense of Cu.

The filtrate is treated with conc. HCl followed by Zinc dust to obtain SnCl2  . Then HgCl2  solution is added. Formation of
slate-coloured ppt. indicates the presence of Sn.

SnS2  +HCl(conc)=  SnCh  + H2S

SnCl4  +Fe= SnCh+FeCh

SnCl2  + HgCl2  = Hg2Cl2  + SnCh

Detail of Procedure/Observations  Brass,:

1. 1.  A small piece  of brass was placed in a china dish and dissolved in minimum quantity of 50%conc.1¥UOs.
2. 2.  The soln. was heated to obtain a  dry residue. The residue was dissolved in Dilute H(?l.
gas  was passed and a black.ppt. was (observed. The soln. was filtered and the ppt. was dissolved in NH4OH soln. A blue
coloration observed indicates the presence  of Cu. 4.    The filtrate was tested for presence of Zn.

Ammonium hydroxide and chloride solutions  were added and then H2S  gas was passed. A dull grey ppt. was separated
and dissolved in dil. H(£l followed by addition of Potassium

ferrocyanide. A bluish white ppt. confirms the presense of Zn.

Bronfe:

1. 1.  The  sample was dissolved in 50% HNO3  and then heated to obtain nitrates.
2. 2.  The nitrates were dissolved in dil. H(£l and then precipitated as sulphides by passing H2S
gas.

1. 3.  The  precipitates were treated with yellow amm.sulphide when a part of it dissolves. The soln. was filtered.
2. 4.  The  ppt. was tested for Cu as in the case of
brass.

5.  The filtrate  was treated with conc.

HCl followed

by  Fe dust.
 6.  Then  HgCl2  soln. was added. Formation of a
slate-coloured ppt. confirmed the presence of
Sn.

Conclusion

Brass contains Copper and

Bronze contains Copper and Tin.

Bibliography

1. 1. Comprehensive practical Chemistry- Class 12.

2. Inorganic Chemistry by

3. www.niton.com

1. 4. VMw.alloyanalyzer.niit.edu
Signatures:

fitudeni  Internal  External

Examiner  Examiner

Brass
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Brass (disambiguation).

Brass die, along with zinc and copper samples.

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying

properties.[1] In comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.[2] Despite this distinction some types of brasses are

called bronzes and vice-versa.[3] Brass is a substitutional alloy. It is used for decoration for its bright gold-like appearance; for

applications where low friction is required such as locks, gears, bearings, doorknobs, ammunition, and valves; for plumbing and

electrical applications; and extensively in musical instruments such as horns and bells for its acoustic properties. It is also used

in zippers. Because it is softer than most other metals in general use, brass is often used in situations where it is important that

sparks not be struck, as in fittings and tools around explosive gases. [4]

Brass has a muted yellow color, somewhat similar to gold. It is relatively resistant to tarnishing, and is often used as decoration and

for coins. In antiquity, polished brass was often used as a mirror.

Although forms of brass have been in use since prehistory,[5] its true nature as a copper-zinc alloy was not understood until the post

medieval period because the zinc vapour which reacted with copper to make brass was not recognised as a metal.[6] The King

James Bible makes many references to "brass".[7] The Shakespearean English form of the word 'brass' can mean any bronze alloy,

or copper, rather than the strict modern definition of brass.[citation needed]The Apostle Paul makes the only Biblical reference to brass at 1

Corinthians 13:1. The earliest brasses may have been natural alloys made by smelting zinc-rich copper ores.[8] By theRoman period

brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this

method continued until the mid 19th century.[9] It was eventually replaced by speltering, the direct alloying of copper and zinc metal

which was introduced to Europe in the 16th century.[8]

Contents

 [hide]

1 Properties

2 Lead content

3 Applications

4 Season cracking

5 Brass types

6 History

o 6.1 Early copper zinc alloys

o 6.2 Brass making in the Roman World

o 6.3 Brass making in the Medieval Period

o 6.4 Brass making in Renaissance and Post

Medieval Europe

7 See also

8 References

9 External links

[edit]Properties
Microstructure of rolled and annealed brass (400X magnification)

The malleability and acoustic properties of brass have made it the metal of choice for brass musical instruments such as

the trombone, tuba,trumpet, cornet, euphonium, tenor horn, and the French horn. Even though the saxophone is classified as

a woodwind instrument and theharmonica is a free reed aerophone, both are also often made from brass. In organ pipes of the reed

family, brass strips (called tongues) are used as the reeds, which beat against the shallot (or beat "through" the shallot in the case of

a "free" reed).

Brass has higher malleability than bronze or zinc. The relatively low melting point of brass (900 to 940°C, depending on

composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the

properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses. The density of brass is approximately 8400 to 8730

kilograms per cubic metre[10] (equivalent to 8.4 to 8.73 grams per cubic centimetre).

Today almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled.[11] Because brass is not ferromagnetic, it can be separated from ferrous scrap by

passing the scrap near a powerful magnet. Brass scrap is collected and transported to the foundry where it is melted and recast

into billets. Billets are heated and extruded into the desired form and size.

Aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of aluminium

oxide (Al2O3) to be formed on the surface that is thin, transparent and self healing. Tin has a similar effect and finds its use

especially in sea water applications (naval brasses). Combinations of iron, aluminium, silicon and manganese make brass wear and

tear resistant.