FLOWERING PLANTS

HYDRANGEA

Scientific Name : Hydrangea

macrophylla

Family : Hydrangeaceae

Common names : French

hydrangea, Big
leaf, Snowball and
Japanese
Hydrangea

Flowering : Summer
Period

Colour : Blue, Dark

Purple, white,
Green, Pink

Hydrangea is a shrub with large, medium to dark green, luxuriant foliage with
round ball shaped cluster of flowers. These shrubs are easy to grow and flowers
well in areas with mild winters. A native of Japan and Korea, the shrub has many
varieties and hybrids. One of the remarkable characteristics is that the same plant
can produce both pink and blue flowers depending on the ph factor or the aluminum
content of the soil-blue in acidic soil and pink in alkaline soil. The blooms stay long
as cut flowers.
Planting
The shrub can be propagated using cuttings which easily grows roots or through
dividing from old established plants. It can also be propagated by layering. Remove
one inch wide ring of outer bark from the middle section of a stem of a hydrangea
plant. Bend and insert this section of the stem in the soil. Let the upper tip of the
stem 6-12 inches remain uncovered with soil. Roots will start growing from the part
of the stem under the soil and the plant will be ready to be replanted within 6
months.
Hydrangea's can be replanted on the ground in a mass or even in a large container
in a mixture of composted organic leaf matter and soil, 8-10 inches thick. The top
of the root should be in level with the surface of the soil and should be watered
thoroughly. It grows well in rich moist but well drained soil. Partial shade to light
sun gives the best results. The plants gets established 4-8 weeks after
transplanting. After that several light application of a complete fertilizer is good
during its growing months.
Prune the stems and flowers heads and as soon as they begin to fade for splendid
foliage, but avoid pruning after August when the flower buds begin to form. Pruning
in late summer can reduce flowering in the next season.

WHERE TO PLANT HYDRANGEAS:

Sun or Shade

All hydrangeas will bloom and grow well in morning sun and afternoon shade.
This is especially true of the commonly grown Hydrangea macrophylla.
Macrophylla hydrangeas are the blue and pink mopheads and lacecaps.

The further north one lives the more sun hydrangeas need and can withstand.
While mophead hydrangeas can grow well in all-day sun in Chicago, they would
struggle to survive in afternoon sun in Atlanta. Some visitors to this site who live
in cooler climates such as the northeast or northwest report that their hydrangeas
do beautifully in full sun all day.

No hydrangea will do well in HEAVY shade, such as under a shade tree. The
blooms will be sparse and will not develop fully.

If your landscape is mostly sunny (and hot), you may wish to grow the PeeGee
(paniculata) hydrangea, which thrives in all day sun as long as it receives
adequate moisture. PeeGee hydrangeas actually need at least 5 hours of sun per
day to bloom well.

The Oakleaf hydrangeas will also grow in sun or shade, but the blooms last
longer if they get a little afternoon shade in hot climates. The leaves on the
Oakleaf hydrangeas will "color up" best in the fall if they receive some sun.

HOW TO PLANT HYDRANGEAS

● VERY IMPORTANT: Choose a location where your hydrangea can

reach its full size without pruning. For normal sized hydrangeas, expect
the plant to reach at least 4 ft. X 4 ft. Hydrangeas are almost impossible to
keep pruned to a smaller size than they ultimately wish to grow.
●
● Plant in well-drained soil! If soil is heavy, add roughage such as pine bark
mulch (Make sure it's ground BARK not ground WOOD).
●
● Do not over water, esp. in clay soil. This can lead to root rot.
●
● Do not plant too deeply. Plant at the same depth the hydrangea was
planted in the pot. (see diagram below)
●
● Plant in early summer or fall.
●
● Transplant a hydrangea when it has become dormant and has lost all of its
leaves (late fall or winter).
MORE TIPS FOR PLANTING
● Place the hydrangea in an area where it can get plenty of moisture.
Supplemental moisture is especially important the first year or two and
during droughts.
●
● Hydrangeas planted under a tree often fail to thrive. This is because
trees roots are very aggressive and are drawn to the rich, moist soil usually
provided for hydrangeas.
●
● No matter how many of the tree roots you remove to make room for the
hydrangeas (and be careful not to remove too many), the roots will all be
back within a year (unless you remove too many and kill the tree!).
●
● Also, as mentioned above, under large hardwood trees the light is often
insufficient for growing hydrangeas. If grass won't grow in the area,
hydrangeas probably won't either.
●
●
● The Oakleaf hydrangea is more temperamental about "wet feet"
than the other types. Make sure that the Oakleaf will get perfect drainage
in the area in which it is planted or the roots may rot. This is especially true
when it is first planted. After the Oakleaf becomes established, it is very
easy to grow.
●

BEST TIME TO PLANT HYDRANGEAS

Hydrangeas purchased from a garden center have been growing outdoors in a
pot. They can be planted at any time of the year. However, to get good results,
keep these considerations in mind:

● Although it is not always possible, purchase a hydrangea while it is in

bloom. This allows one to see how the plant will bloom. Hydrangeas are
often mislabeled, and even good nurseries have difficulties keeping
varieties separated when they are not in bloom. Twice I have planted
mopheads when I thought I had lacecaps. Additionally, 'Annabelle' doesn't
always bloom properly. You may get stuck with a plant that is labeled
"Annabelle" but the blooms turn out to be small and fuzzy.
●
●
● Whenever possible, plant in early summer or fall. Don't plant in early
spring when frosts are still possible. I've lost two leafed-out plants that
were killed when a late frost hit them.
●
●
● Don't plant a hydrangea during the hottest part of the summer
unless it can't be helped.
●
●
● After planting a hydrangea, DO NOT LEAVE IT ALONE. Too often we rush to
get our shrubs planted before we leave on vacation. Be on hand to give it
some TLC and to keep it well watered.
 GIFT HYDRANGEAS
(The Foil Wrapped Hydrangeas)

Hydrangeas that come wrapped in colorful foil are beautiful. These hydrangeas
have been grown in a greenhouse and are meant to provide a one-time, dramatic
display. Each year I purchase a few for the house. However, these hydrangeas
have special needs. Here is a page for more on "Foil-Wrapped
Hydrangeas"

TRANSPLANTING HYDRANGEAS
 Most people know that "transplanting"
means digging a plant up from one location and planting it in another.

Authorities agree that the BEST TIME to transplant hydrangeas is when they are
dormant, i.e. after most of the leaves have fallen off the hydrangeas. When I lived
in SC we transplanted hydrangeas in late November to late December, but if your
ground isn't frozen, January and February are fine, too.

TRANSPLANTING TIPS
● When digging a hydrangea to transplant, dig up as much of the rootball as
possible. Since the roots are fibrous and form a ball filled with soil, the
plant may be VERY heavy, so you might want to get some help with this.
●
●
● Replant the hydrangea in an area that is shaded during the afternoon. This
will not only help the plant to survive, but it is the preferred location for
hydrangeas, especially in the South.
●
●
● If you transplant while your hydrangeas are dormant (the best time), water
 them deeply one time. They may need no more water until spring when
warmer weather arrives.
●
● Hydrangeas must be kept watered very well the first and second summer
after they are transplanted.
●
●
● The best way to water is deeply. Use a hose to water rather than a
sprinkler system. However do not over-water. Watering every day can be
just as destructive as allowing the plants to dry out.
●
●
● If the leaves wilt and the soil is moist enough, mist the leaves each day
until they recover.
●
●
● If your soil does not drain well, do not allow it to remain soggy around the
hydrangeas. This is especially true for Oakleaf hydrangeas which will rot in
a heart-beat if they stand in soil that is wet when first planted.

Scientific Name : Impatiens

Wallerana

Family : Balsaminaceae

Common names : Common

Impatiens, Busy
Lizzy, touch-me-
not, jewel weed

Flowering : May until early

Season frost, throughout
summer

Colour : Multicolor

Impatiens, one of the popular flowerbed plants is the most dependable summer
annual. It is a native to the tropical forests of East Africa. These plants have thick
stems and leaves are usually medium green, but sometimes dark green or reddish
green, and with variegated forms. The flowers most widely available come in a
number of colours from red, salmon, orange, pink, white etc. They are also seen in
bicolours and double flowering forms. They are sometimes known as Touch-me-
nots. The 2-inch flower blooms from May until early frost.
Propagation and Care
Impatiens is an easy-to-grow plant from seed or cuttings. They are moderately
difficult to grow from seed. Seed are sown in a mixture of sand, loam and organic
matter (cow dung) in equal proportion. Seeds will germinate in one to two weeks.

Scientific Name : Anthurium spp.

Family : Araceae

Common names : Tailflower,

Anthurium,
Flamingo flower

Colour : White, Pink,

Red, Cream or
Green

Anthurium originally from Mexico, is a tropical perennial with big, heart shaped
flowers and shiny, dark green foliage. The blooms or spathe (modified leaf) seen in
white, pink, red, cream or green can last up to 8 weeks. This beautiful foliage plant,
blooms almost continuously in good conditions. It is an excellent plant for interiors
and as cut flower arrangements.
Planting
Plants are propagated by division from older or larger specimens or from a tissue
cultured plant. The plants are grown in pots and even on the trunk of tree ferns.
Plants require well-aerated medium (coarse soil mixes) with good water retention
capacity. However, good drainage is also essential and important as too much
water rots the roots and causes sudden yellowness of leaves. The medium of
planting can be (1) mixture of peat moss, perlite, pine bark in 1:1:1 ratio (2)
Coconut fibre, compost and soil best in summer(3) Gravel (grain sand), charcoal
and bits of brick. Semi shade is best for the plant. It requires warmth and humidity.
Care
Dead or rotted foliage at the base and any faded flowers should be removed. A
diluted liquid fertilizer can be fed every two weeks. Chlorinated water (Tap water)
and the use of insecticides is harmful. Re potting every year and use of rain water
is beneficial.
A solution of pressed neem seeds acts as a pesticide and fertilizer. A handful of
pressed neem seeds has to be soaked till you get a real foul smelling liquid. This is
strained and diluted more and sprayed. This natural pesticide / fertilizer is good for
all plants. on all the plants. Pests cant stand the bitter taste of neem. Spraying
diluted coconut water is great for flowers.

Scientific Name : Callistephus

Chinensis

Family : Asteraceae

Common names : Aster, China

Aster

Flowering : August-
Period September

Colour : Various

The family Asteraceae have an estimated 1,150 genera and a huge number of
species seen almost all over the world originating from North America, Europe,
China etc. The large China Asters are the most common form grown by florists and
gardeners. Native to Asia, this lovely flowering annual is worth the little extra effort
it takes for growing. It has a wide array of varieties and the height ranges from 6
inches to 3 feet. Most species of Aster are perennial and generally bloom in August.
They have daisy-like or star-like flower heads (4-6" in diameter) with a yellow
center on leafy, often tall, stems. Their colors vary from white to creamy yellow,
pink, blue, red and purple. They do well in beds, borders or pots and are a favorite
as cut flowers because of their longevity.
Propagation
Asters need fertile, sandy, well-drained soil and full sun. The propagation is through
seeds. Before sowing, sterilize the seeds with organic mercuric compounds to
prevent stem rot and damping-off. For sowing of seeds, it is best to use a shallow
flat. Add one-forth well rotted manure and enough sand to the soil to prevent the
soil from becoming hard. Fill the flat half or two-thirds full, water thoroughly, and
finish filling with soil just moist enough to handle nicely. Sow the seed in rows 2
inches apart, cover with fine sand and press firmly. The wet soil in the bottom will
furnish enough moisture so that the boxes will not have to be sprinkled until after
the seedlings are up.
The seeds will germinate in a little over a week. As soon as several true leaves have
grown, the seedlings should-be transplanted. Use rich soil in the bottom of the flats
and ordinary soil above as further protection against disease. Set the seedlings 3 to
9 inches apart depending on the variety. The plants will grow to a height of 6-10
inches to 3 feet and a width of 6-18 inches.
Care
Since they are prone to wilt disease, virus diseases, foot rot, root rot, and aphids,
avoid planting in the same location year after year. Pinch off faded flowers and
yellowing foliage regularly to encourage new blooms. Shading plants prevents
injury from the tarnished plant bug and yellows. If plants are badly diseased, burn
them and stop growing China-asters for a few years. Water well in dry weather.

Scientific Name : Centaurea

cyanus

Family : Composite

Common names : Bachelor's

Button,
Cornflower

Flowering : June-July
Period

Colour : Blue, White,

Pink, Purple, Red

A native to Europe, this annual plant is now found through out the world. The multi-
stemmed plant grows up to 1-3 feet with grayish green foliage and yields many
flowers through out the summer. The flowers commonly seen in blue are small
about 1 to 1 1/2 inches across with petals flaring out. Leaves covered with small
white hairs have a gray- green appearance. The blooms are excellent for dry flower
arrangements as they retain their colour when dried.
Planting
The plants are propagated through seeds. The seeds germinate better if they have
been kept in refrigerator for few days before sowing. Seeds can be sown indoors in
pots or outdoors in September- October or in March- April. The seeds take about
one and a half weeks to germinate. Seedlings can be transplanted 12 inches apart
in the garden in a mixture of soil and organic mix. The plant prefers full sun in
various soil types for best results. These flowers usually self-sow and come back
from year to year.
Scientific Name : Impatiens
Balsamina

Family : Balsaminaceae

Common names : Balsam, Garden

Balsam, Lady
Slipper

Colour : Varied

Native to Southeast Asia, this erect, sparsely-branched, tender annual plant is a

species of impatiens. These plants which grows upto 18inches tall have thick-juicy
stems and medium spiky edged light green leaves. Flowers can be single or double
around 2 inches diameter, bloom singly or in small clusters from the leaf axils, close
to the stem and the colour ranges from white, pink, rose, red, violet, bicolour etc.
Propagation and Care
Balsams can easily grown in evenly moist, organically rich, well-drained soils in full
sun to half shade. The seeds can be sown directly in the garden and it will sprout in
one to two weeks or they can be started indoors in small pots to stall full growth
and make them more compact and for earlier blooms. The plants may self-seed in
the garden. Enrich the soil with compost and transplant in ground 12 to 14 inches
apart or in pots. After transplanting the plants may wilt for a day or two. They
develop good root systems and may be transplanted even in full bloom, but
afterwards they should be well watered.
They can be planted as borders or low hedges. For balsams, there is no serious
insect or disease problems. For bushier growth, pinch back young plants and water
regularly. Remove weak shoots which form at the base of the plants. Plants with
three or four shoots bloom better than those with many shoots. Balsam does not
tolerate wet or cold weather. They can be placed indoors during heavy rains.
Scientific Name : Dicentra
Spectabilis

Family : Fumariaceae

Common names : Bleeding Heart,

Dutchman's
Trousers

Flowering : May-August
Season

Colour : Red, Pink, White

Native to Japan, Bleeding Hearts are excellent perennial for the shade garden and
they are very attractive with their light transparent green colour, deeply divided
and fern like foliage and blooms are borne on arching flower stems above the
foliage. Their 1 inch, heart-shaped flowers have rose pink, red or white outer petals
with strongly reflexed tips, and the inner petals are white and exerted. The
Bleeding Heart is fine for the border or margins of shrubbery. There is a variety
with white outer petals and an exerted red flower like inner petal.
Planting
Bleeding Heart requires average, medium wet, well-drained, organically rich soil in
part shade to full shade.
Bleeding Hearts are propagated from seeds, division of the roots or from young
shoots which start from the soil. Roots can be taken carefully by digging a section
of the plant from a mature plant, cutting through one side. These shoots or the
roots should be divided just before they start growth. It should be planted in an
area where trees or roots of other plants will not compete for moisture or nutrients.
Best growth is obtained when plants are spaced 2 feet apart and if planted in rows,
space rows 3 feet apart. The pH can range from 6.0-7.5 and feed lightly, 5-10-5
commercial fertilizer. The plant takes 2 years to mature and grows to an average of
2 to 3 feet long.
It can be grown as pot plants or on the ground and they do best if planted in well-
rotted manure or compost, with top dressing applied yearly.
Care
For the Bleeding Heart, there is no serious insect or disease problems. Organic
matter in the soil will supply all the protection the roots need. Foliage dies down in
the fall. Some susceptibility to aphid infestations. Occasionally stem rot appears but
this can be prevented by planting in clean soil.
Because Bleeding Hearts last for years, they will probably become overcrowded and
need dividing in 3-4 years. Dig up in early spring but be sure to handle the roots
very carefully because they are extremely brittle. Each piece of root division should
have an eye or bud however, the root need not be more than 3 feet long. New
planting locations should be well marked and cleaned removing dormant stems
remaining if any.

Scientific Name : Bougainvillea

Glabra

Family : Nyctaginaceae
(four-o'clock
family)

Common names : Bougainvillea,

Paper flower

Flowering : March to May

Season

Colour : Red, orange,

yellow, pink,
white, purple,
scarlet, lavender

Bougainvillea, a native of Brazil is a deciduous (leaf losing), climbing woody vine.

Tiny white flowers usually appear in clusters surrounded by colorful papery bracts,
hence the name paper flower. Single and double flower forms are available. The
woody trunk tends to be twisted and the thin stem have sharp thorns and dark
green leaves. Bougainvilleas can be easily grown as a hedge, an arch or a tree on
the ground and in pots. Bougainvilleas available in a variety of species, is ideal for
bonsai.
Planting
Bougainvillea may be grown from root cuttings and branch cuttings. Cuttings can
propagate plants easily. Cuttings should be planted in a shady area until they form
roots. The shoots, a few inches in length, can be replanted in sandy soil with
bottom heat and moisture. Half-ripened or old woodcuttings in six to twelve inch
lengths may be rooted April to June. Bougainvillea does best in dry conditions. They
need full sunlight light, warm weather and well drained soil to flower well.
Scientific Name : Dianthus
Caryophyllus

Family : Caryophyllaceae

Common names : Carnation,

Divine flower,
Clove pink, Gilly
Flower

Colour : Various

Native of the Eurasia, Carnations; the most popular garden plant is one among
some 300 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs in the genus Dianthus.
There are hundreds of more hybrid varieties. Dianthus in Greek means 'Flower of
Zeus' or Divine flower.
Carnations will grow from 2" to 3 feet high, most garden varieties grow 10 to 20
inches tall. The plants have grayish-green foliage and fragrant, semi-double rosy,
purple or white flowers. There are many hybrid varieties in a variety of colours and
sizes with no fragrance. They bloom mainly during cool times of the year, especially
early winter. They are great plants to grow in gardens and can be used as cut-
flowers. If properly treated, carnations will last up to a month.
Planting
Carnations require fertile, slightly alkaline, neutral, well-drained soil and 4-5 hours
of full sun each day. They should be planted 12-18 inches apart. Propagation can
be done by seeds, cuttings, layering or division.
Seeds can be sowed, 1/8 inch deep in a well drained mix in spring or early summer.
Make sure the compost is moist but not wet. Mist spray occasionally and keep it
moist. The seeds will germinate in 2 to 3 weeks. Transplant in pots or on the
ground when large enough to handle and the plants will bloom in 6 - 9 months or a
year.
Cuttings can be taken off any carnation, but the best shoot come from cuttings off a
year-old plant after it has bloomed. In fact, the flower stem is often the only place
where a carnation will form a stalk long enough to take a cutting from. It is best to
take carnation cuttings in early Fall. They will root at the swollen node hidden
beneath each leaf. Cut at an angle just below a node, and trim off the top, leaving
1 node for roots at the bottom and one at the top for the growth to come out of.
Poke into well-drained soil in pots or in a seedling tray.
Layering is the easiest way to propagate carnations and the plant will do this
themselves once mature. Observing a mature clump of carnations, seek out sturdy
stems pointing away from the centre of the clump. If you look at the bottoms of
these stems they will often be rooted, and if they are not yet, you can promote
rooting by bending them down to touch the soil. Keep them pinned down with a
rock, a stick, or whatever else. Cut off any flowers that are growing on that
particular stem. Within a few weeks you will see your new plant rooting. Once the
roots seem 4 to 5 inches long, cut this new plant away from the mother plant and
repot in well-drained soil.
They can also be propagated by division. Dig up the whole non productive clump of
an old plant. Gently and carefully separate the plant segments with your hands or
gardening fork. Replant each new division in a well drained mix and keep it moist.
Care
Carnations need some hours of full sun each day and should be kept moist. Avoid
over-watering as it may tend to turn the foliage yellow. For continued blooming
feed lightly every 6 to 8 weeks with an all-purpose (10-10-10) liquid fertilizer.
Spent flowers should be removed promptly to promote continued blooming.

Scientific Name : Acalypha

Hispida

Family : Euphobiaceae

Common names : Red Hot Cat's

Tail, Chenille
Plant

Flowering : Throughout the

Season year

Colour : Red

Probably from Australia or Malaysia, Acalypha Hispida is very attractive with its
bright green leaves toothed on the margin and long, hairy tail like crimson drooping
red flower clusters. This perennial shrub may reach a height of 2 to 3 meters. The
flowers can reach up to 10-50cm long and are usually red, but there is a white form
called 'Alba'.
Planting
Acalypha Hispida requires bright light, well drained soil and warm conditions. It
grows rapidly with good water and fertilizer. This plant can be propagated from
cuttings and needs great care. The cuttings can be planted in a sandy potting mix
with adequate bottom heat. It can be grow in a standard potting mix or on the
ground. Fertilizer can be added for best results.
Care
Careful pinching and pruning is necessary to keep Acalypha Hispida from becoming
too tall and untidy. Dead flowers should be removed. Watering should be minimal in
winter to avoid sogginess. Red spider mites, scales and mealy bugs can be a
problem, when the plant is kept inside.

Scientific Name : Dahlia

Family : Compositeae

Common names : Dahlia, Dalia

Flowering : July- October

Season

Colour : Varied

Dahlia is a flowering plant from Mexico. Genus of about 30, 000 species with some
20, 000 cultivars. Plants come in a wide array of sizes/ forms from as low as 12
inches to as tall as 6-8 feet with flowers ranging from half-inch to giant sizes. The
blooms are curvaceous, spiky with single or double forms. Colours range from white
to red, orange to yellow, pink to dark purple and shades thereof. Dahlias last long
as cut flowers.
Dahlias can be annuals which flower the first year from seed or perennials which
take longer to mature and flower. It is easy to grow except in cold conditions or
extreme hot dry weather.
Propagation and Planting
Dahlias can propagate or multiply from seeds, root division or cuttings. Single-
flowered dahlias produce lots of seed. It is from seed that new varieties are
produced. Seeds can be sown 1/2 inch deep in a well drained medium in a
container, indoors or outdoors (in warm regions) usually during March/April. They
need moist soil and indirect light. The seeds will sprout in 7-21 days. When the
sprouts have two or more sets of true leaves (about five weeks) transplant them to
three-inch pots and plant them outdoors.
To obtain a same variety of a particular dahlia, propagation should be done by
cuttings or tuberous roots. Perennial dahlias are generally purchased as tuberous
roots. Annuals, form tuberous roots the first year. These tuberous roots can be
saved for use next year. In March or April divide the clumps of the tuberous roots
with a sharp knife and take care that each division has a part of the crown that has
a bud. The tubers can be planted horizontally with the eye upward (the new growth
bud) 3 to 4 inches deep in light soil or sand and should be spaced 6 to 36 inches
apart depending on the ultimate size of the plant. For tall plants, once the plant
attains sufficient height, it can be secured loosely to a stake so that it stands
steady.
Dahlias can be propagated from cuttings to increase the number of plants. When
the third or fourth set of leaves forms, plant the cuttings in clean, moist sand. In 2
or 3 weeks, the cuttings will root and you can replant them in pots or in the garden.
Care
A light loose sandy soil with organic matter i.e., manure or peat moss or bone meal
or by adding vegetative refuse such as leaves etc is the ideal medium for planting
Dahlias. Dahlias need full sun and appreciate steady moisture and regular feedings
until the flowers start to appear. Watering deeply once a week or everyday in hot
weather should be ideal. A fertilizer in the ratio 0-20-20 can be applied around the
hole where each tuber is planted. The plant may take 6 -to 8 weeks before any
growth becomes visible above ground level.
Pruning and disbudding is necessary if good blooms are to be grown. For a bushier
plant, pinch out the growing shoot after plants have produced 4 to 6 pairs of good,
strong leaves. A number of buds will appear at the top of the stems. To get
maximum sized flowers, some of these buds should be pinched out. If only one bud
is allowed to develop, the largest possible flower will be produced. It takes about 6
weeks from the time buds are removed until another series of buds is formed and
about three weeks longer for the buds to open.

Scientific Name : Crossandra

infundibuliformis

Family : Acanthaceae

Common names : Firecracker

flower

Flowering : Throughout the

Season year

Colour : Coral/Apricot,
Orange

Native to South India and Srilanka, firecracker is a small evergreen shrub

commonly used as a flowering houseplant. This tropical perennial shrub with
attractive dark green leaves and bright salmon-orange flower will grow up to 3 to 4
feet tall. The lustrous pointed leaves are 3 to 5 inches long and the flowers bear 4
to 6 inch long spikes, have slender corolla tubes about an inch long and a spreading
three to five lobed lip. The flower shades range from the more common orange
shade to red and yellow. It can be grown in pots or containers and as a hedge
plant. It is cultivated in fields
Propagation and Care
Firecracker flower prefers light, organically rich, medium wet, well-drained soils in
part shade. It is a shade and water loving plant but can tolerate full sun.
The propagation is through seed or stem cuttings in summer (March). The seeds
will germinate after 3-4 weeks and over a period of a couple of months depending
on the freshness of the seeds. The planting compost should consist of equal parts of
loam and peat moss with sand added for drainage.
It is an insect and disease free plant and blooms throughout the year. It should be
kept moist but not overly wet. Fertilize twice a month with a balanced fertilizer
diluted to half the strength recommended. Trim the plants regularly to keep a
compact form. Plants are vulnerable to cold and frost, can be kept indoors during
frost.

Scientific Name : Haemanthus

Multiflorus

Family : Amaryllidaceae

Genus : Scadoxus

Common names : Foot ball lily,

African Blood Lily,
Powder puff Lily

Flowering : April to May

Period

Colour : Red, Pink

This lily with its peculiar round shape is also known as powder puff or globe lily. A
native of Africa, this plant grows well in all tropical places. It comes in pink and red
shades. There is another in white colour known as Haemanthus virasense. The
blooms are big with red/ pink spikes and yellow specks at the ends and lasts for
about a week. The leaves are smooth and dark green in colour and fresh ones
appear after flowering. The plant grows to a height of 12-18 inches and blooms only
once a year.
Planting
Bulbs or saplings can be planted during February / March in pots filled with equal
parts of sand, gravel and dried cow dung powder. Its lifecycle completes in two
stages. The plant grows in the first stage till November/December. The fully grown
leaves die off in winter and the bulbs remain dormant. With the help of the food
stored in these bulbs, the flowers bloom in the second stage. Needs more sun while
blooming. Fresh leaves start appearing after the flowering stage.
Manure made of dead leaves gives the best results. There is no need for chemical
fertilizers. The dormant bulbs should be lightly watered once in a while. Plants can
be propagated by scoring the base of the bulb to promote new bulb-lets and by
sowing seeds. Seeds should be sown as soon as it is collected as they does not
store well.

Scientific : Gerbera jamesonii

Name

Family :
Asteraceae/Compositae
(Daisy Family)

Common : Gerbera, African

names daisy, Transvaal daisy,
Barberton daisy

Flowering : All year round

Period

Colour : white, red, cream,

orange, pink, purple &
yellow

Gerbera flowers comes in vibrant colours adding beauty to your garden. It has
around 40 species spreading from Africa across to Madagascar into tropical Asia and
South America. Gerbera are plants with a height up to 18 to 24 inch and 4 to 10
inch diameter flowers. There will be more than ten leaves in a plant, medium green
in colour spread out in a circle parallel to the ground. These plants can be planted
in gardens, mixed containers and pots. Its cut flowers last long and gives colour
and beauty to any room. There are many hybrids that come in white, cream,
yellow, orange-pink, purple or violet. These plants are usually grown in
greenhouses and are used for cut flowers. Gerbera flowers all year round.
Planting
Propagation may be achieved through seeds, basal cuttings or through dividing.
Basal shoots or cuttings from the parent plant should be taken in summer (March-
April). Seeds are sown or cuttings can be inserted in sandy soil until the saplings
become an inch tall or the cuttings form roots. Plants grown from seeds can differ
from the parent plant and seeds which do not germinate within about twenty days
are likely not to germinate at all.
Replanting is done in April. The saplings (germinated seeds) and the cuttings can
be replanted in pots filled with a mixture of sand, dried organic mix, loam. When
repotting ensure the crown of the plant is above the level of the soil. Until the
plants settle, they should be kept in shades and sprinkled with water. After that no
shading is necessary. The settled plants lasts for 3 to 4 years. After that flowers will
lessen and the growth of the plant will get stunted.
For best results the plants need a liberal amount of sun and water. Half day of
direct sun and half day of partial shade and remaining slightly moist at all times is
ideal. High source of light can give an abundance of flowers. Healthy Gerberas are
rarely bothered by pests. Fungus and stem rot is a common problem with over
watered plants. Remove old leaves regularly to prevent fungus infections.

Scientific Name : Galphimia

Glauca

Family : Malpighiaceae

Common names : Golden Thyrallis,

Gold Shower,
Rain of Gold

Flowering : Throughout the

Season year

Colour : Bright yellow

Native to the tropical areas extending from Mexico to Guatemala, Thyrallis makes a
great background plant for perennial beds. This evergreen tropical shrub which
grow to a height of 4 to 6 feet has a dense amount of foliage and slender stems
covered with red hairs. The short-stalked, ovate to elliptic, glossy 1 to 2 inch leaves
are light green in colour and the small 3/4 inch wide yellow flowers are held in
clusters at the stem tips. Flowers are followed by three part seed capsule. This
plant is excellent for low hedges and can also be used as borders and in pots.
Propagation and Care
Thryallis are easy growing plants and blooms almost all year around. It is easily
grown in fertile, medium wet, well drained soil in bright sunlight to part shade.
Grows best in bright sunlight and can be trimmed into compact shapes.
The propagation is through seeds and also by stem cuttings taken in summer.
Seeds are sown or cuttings can be inserted in sandy soil. Enrich the soil with
compost and transplant in ground 4 to 6 feet apart or in pots. Water regularly and
fertilizer can be added for best results.
Thryallis does not need specific care and there is no serious insect or disease
problems. The plants grow more wild in shady areas. Occasionally remove leggy
stems to keep the plant from looking unruly.
The only problem is its vulnerability to cold conditions. But thryallis grows so fast
and blooms through out the year, that it is worth using it as an annual in cold
conditions and replanted in the garden in spring after last frost date.

Scientific Name : Ixora coccinea

Family : Rubiaceae

Common names : Flame of the

Woods, Jungle
Flame, Jungle
Geranium

Flowering : Rainy season

Season

Colour : Red, White,

Pink, yellow

Ixora is a common flowering shrub said to be a native of Asia. There are about 400
species of Ixora and its flowers look delightful in gardens. They differ in leaf size,
plant height, flower size and flower color. This plant which blooms throughout the
year is easy to grow. The flowers are found in a wide range of colours. Plants are of
two types- large; with height around 1 meter and dwarf or miniature plants.
Miniature ones have small leaves and are bushy. Ixora flowers last well when
picked and put into a vase with water, making an attractive home arrangement.
Planting
Miniature types can be grown in pots and the large ones on the ground. Take a
mixture of sand, cow dung with equal quantity and fill this mixture in a polythene
bag. Plant 6 inch length stems in the mixture. Although it grows in any climate the
best time to grow is in the rainy season.
The sap lings can be replanted into pots with 1feet radius filled with a mixture of 2
parts gravel, 1part soil and one part dried cow dung powder. Manure like 100g
oilseed extracts (Neem) and 100g Bone meal can be used for 1 feet mixture. When
you plant on the ground, dig 8 inch wide holes, put the above said mixture and
plant the saplings.
Plants will grow and flower in shade, but most ixoras do best in full sun, acid soil
and well drained moist organic mix. Water once every day. Keep adding 2tsp of a
mixture of cow dung, bone meal and oilseed extract once every two months for
best results. Always use acid forming fertilizers.

Scientific Name : Jasminum

Officinale

Family : Oleaceae

Common names : Poets Jasmine,

Common White
Jasmine

Flowering : April to
Season September

Colour : White

Jasmine or Jessamine, the sweet -scented white flowers belongs to the genus
Jasminum. It is an evergreen semi-vining shrub native to tropical areas of
southeast Asia, Africa and Australia. This seasonal plant contains about 150
species. Flowers are about 1 inch and plant height is about 6 or 8 feet or 10 to 15
feet if grown as a vine. The oval rich green leaves have five to nine leaflets, each
up to 2½ inches long.
Grown all over the world for its fragrance, Jasmine flowers are used to flavour
jasmine tea and other herbal or black teas. The flower oil extracted from the two
species Jasminum Officinale and Grandiflorum is used in high-grade perfumes and
cosmetics, such as creams, oils, soaps, and shampoos. In Asia, flowers are stringed
together to make garlands. The flowers of one of the double varieties are held
sacred to Lord Vishnu and are used as votive offerings in Hindu religious
ceremonies. Several types of jasmine are used as ornamental plants.
Propagation and Planting
Jasmine is propagated by cuttings of nearly ripe wood in summer. Cuttings are
planted in 3-inch pots within 4 weeks, then to 6-inches when pot is becoming filled
with roots. The potting soil should consist of 2 parts peat moss or cow dung to 2
parts loam to 1 part sand. Keep the soil moist but well drained for optimum growth.
When growth slows in winter, hold back on watering. If planted on the ground, set
them at least 8 feet apart to help them bush out.
Jasmine can be grown as a wine or a shrub. Frequent pruning is required to grow it
as a shrub of desired size. Pruning also helps keep an abundance of flowers, since
flowers are produced on new wood. When grown as a vine, its arching branches
have to be supported on a mesh or trellis. Jasmine can be produced on almost any
soil type, with sufficient water supply and intermediate to warm temperatures. It
grows in full sun to partial shade. Fertilize monthly with a balanced fertilizer. The
common jasmine grows at the rate 12 to 24 inches a year.
Seeds don't need stratifying, and can be planted immediately. Full production
begins after grafting in the second year. Flowers are picked in the early morning,
since they are the most fragrant at daybreak. When in flower a single plant will
strongly scent an entire room or patio on a still summer's eve.

Scientific Name : Nelumbo

nucifera.

Family : Nymphaeaceae

Common names : Chinese

Arrowroot, Lotus
Bean, Sacred
Lotus

Best Season : March to May

(planting)

Colour : White, Pink

Lotus, known as flower of purity is the National Flower of India. This water plant is
very easy to grow. Flowers in pink and white, have a large number of petals and
large circular thick leaves. The leaves are sometimes, and the flowers always,
raised above the water surface. This beautiful and fragrant flower blooms only for
one day. Lotus is considered sacred by the Hindus and the Buddhists.
Planting
Lotus can be planted in tanks around 2 1/2 feet deep. Make a mixture of compost,
cow dung and sand. Spread a layer of 3 inches thickness at the bottom of the tank.
Sunlight is a must for the lotus plant to flower. So tanks should be placed where
there is plenty of sunlight. The best time to plant is from March to May.
Usually tubers or bulbs are used for planting, seeds can also be used to make new
seedlings. Tuber should be planted at 2inches depth inside the sand compost
mixture in the tank. Fill the tank with water at a level of 6-8 inches above the
tuber. As the plant grows you can fill the tank with more water. You can grow fish
in the tank to control pests.
Scientific Name : Tagetes spp.

Family : Asteraceae

Common names : Marigold

Colour : Varied

Marigold is a fast growing annual herb which grows to almost 6-12" tall and
produce single, semi double, fluffy double or crested flowers, depending on the
species and variety. The pinnate leaves with toothed, lance-shaped leaflets are
aromatic. This bushy plant with around 20 to 30 species, have a long flowering
period and the colours range from orange, yellow, gold, cream to apricot. French
Marigold (large flower heads) and African Marigold (small flower heads) are the two
common species. They are often used as a bedding plant, as well as for edging,
backgrounds, and as cut flowers. Marigold is a common garden plant found
throughout the world.
Planting
Marigolds can be easily grown in all climates and require a well drained soil and
good sunlight. It can propagate or multiply from seeds or tender cuttings. The
seeds can be sown directly in the garden anytime except winter or they can be
started indoors for earlier blooms. Space the plants 8-16 inches apart depending on
the variety. The plants will spread out and become bushy. Water deeply and
regularly, especially in hot weather. It can be grown in an informal border on the
ground or in pots in a equal mixture of sand, soil and compost. Mulching (spreading
a mixture of wet leaves to enrich the soil) between plants will help to conserve
moisture. If given an early start, they will bloom throughout summer and autumn.
Care
Marigolds does not need specific care. They are rarely disturbed by insects or
diseases and can tolerate dry conditions and full sun. Pinch young plants to
promote bushy growth. Deadheading of spent flowers and faded leaves greatly
enhances the plant's appearance during flowering. If growing as cut flowers, pinch
out terminal buds to encourage laterals. Water well during dry weather. The plant
can be kept indoor during heavy rains as too much water will wilt the plant.
Scientific Name : Nerium
Oleander

Family : Apocynaceae

Common names : Oleander, Kaner

Flowering : April-September
Season

Colour : Red, White,

Pink, Light Yellow

Oleander is a large fast growing evergreen shrub, native to Asia and the
Mediterranean region. This plant with glossy, 4 to 10 inch long narrow dark green
leaves and funnel-shaped flower clusters, single or double can reach 3 to 20 feet
tall. There are different varieties with varying heights and flowers in some varieties
are delightfully fragrant. This dense plant which flowers abcan be used as borders,
hedges, backgrounds and tall screens. Dwarf varieties are suitable for container
gardens.
Propagation and Care
Note : All parts of this plant are poisonous if ingested. Plant saps can cause
allergic skin reactions in some people so always use gloves while tending them.
Smoke from burning plant material can also be quite toxic.

Oleander is an easy growing plant in most conditions, especially in dry warm

climates. It grows well in average, medium wet soils in full sun to part shade. The
shrub can be trained or pruned to a single or multi stemmed tree.
Propagation is through vegetative cuttings. This species commonly produces many
side shoots which can be replanted in their own pots in a standard mix of well
drained sand and peat. In the ground, the plant can be spaced 5-9feet apart
depending on its variety. When in growth water often and allow plants to remain
moist. When not actively growing, water plants sparingly and allow to dry out
between watering. Yellowing of new leaves indicates over watering. Fertilize
regularly during the growing period.
Prune the tips of young plants to help stimulate the production of new branches and
prune grown plants to control size and shape. Promptly deadhead spent blooms to
prevent formation of non-ornamental seed pods. No serious insect or disease
problems. Aphids, mites, bacterial gall and scale may be a problem. Black deformed
flowers, splitting branches etc are the symptoms. Infected parts of plant must be
cut away and disinfected with a solution of equal mix of bleach and water. Remove
and destroy any leaves damaged by leaf spot. Caterpillars may chew on the foliage.
Oleanders have a tendency to become leggy and should be pruned as needed to
maintain a nice shape. By removing suckers at the base of the plant, and leaving
just a few stems, oleander can be formed into very attractive small trees.
Orchids, one of the most fascinating, beautiful and peculiar variety among the
flowering plants, have always been considered difficult to grow. But given the right
climatic and cultural conditions, they can thrive anywhere and will flower regularly.
These plants belongs to the Orchidacae family, with all the difference in size, shape,
colour, scent or lack of it. They are the most rapidly changing group of plants on
earth with over 880 genera and 28,000 species.
Once the cultural needs of these fascinating plants are understood, growing orchids
is relatively simple. It becomes a deeply satisfying and therapeutic activity. If given
the right climatic and cultural conditions, they can thrive anywhere and will flower
regularly. Some species of orchids may flower two or three times a year and some
flower annually.
Orchids are divided into two basic growth types, namely monopodial and sympodial.
Monopodial orchids have a central stem which grows continuously from the tip.
They have no pseudobulbs, but produce new growth from the crown of the plant.
Flowers are produced from the stem between the leaves, usually alternately from
side to side. Sympodial orchids possess a rhizome which sends out a shoot. This
develops into a stem and leaves and eventually produces flowers. In time, from the
base of this growth, a new shoot develops and so on in a continuous cycle. The
buds are often, though not always, protected by a sheath.
According to their different growth habits, orchids are generally divided into three
main categories namely epiphytes, lithophytes and terrestrials. Epiphytes are suited
for home culture and are grown perched high in the trees clinging to branches or in
the trunk apex of the tree. They derive their nutrients from the air, rain, and any
decaying vegetation which the roots can contact. They have specialised aerial roots
which have a white spongy layer of cells called velamen. This protects the inner
root tissues and absorbs water. These roots will also often dangle free in the
atmosphere. Lithophytes can be seen covering the bases and forks of trees or filling
crevices in rocks. They can absorb a maximum supply of nutrients from decaying
mosses, humus and washed down soil. Terrestrials are soil loving plants growing in
the ground, having a symbiotic relation with a special fungus. This fungus invades
the cells of the root's outer layer, providing the plants with the nutrients and is
essential for the seed germination of most orchids. It is the lack of this fungus that
prevents many terrestrial orchids from surviving when removed from their natural
environment to an alien one.
Varieties
Hobby growers should try growing hybrids of Phalaenopsis, Paphiopedilum,
Dendrobium, Oncidium, Vanda and Epidendrum.
ORCHIDS

Cymbidium Orchid

Common names : Cymbidiums

Colour : White, yellow,

orange, red,
purple

Cymbidiums are the best known and most widely grown of all orchids which will
survive in almost any place. They contain around 44 species, the large flowered
types which come from the higher regions of the Himalayas and the Orient require
cool conditions to flower well.
These semi-terrestrial orchid have narrow, fleshy, leathery, strap shaped leaves.
These excellent cut flower which last ups to six weeks, have irregular, waxy, almost
translucent petals with entire margins. Center is often a contrasting color. Flowers
are very showy and can be as many as 20-30 blooms or more on a single spike.
The blooms vary in size and this reflects their labeling. Standard cymbidiums have
large flowers of 4 to 5 " width and reach 4-feet high. Miniature cymbidium varieties
produce smaller flowers of 1 to 3 " width. The blooms come in many different colors
like white, yellow, orange, red, purple and even green.
Cymbidiums are not difficult to grow if the needed requirements are provided to
them. It is propagated by rhizome division and are well grown in bright indirect
light. Without enough light many cymbidiums will not bloom. They prefer open
compost of fine orchid bark with a little humus or course peat mixed in it.. The
bark-based compost will reduce any risk of rotting. Do not allow them to dry-out
completely between watering. Cymbidiums prefer daytime temperatures of 60 to 90
degrees and 40 to 50 degree temperatures at night. They need high humidity.
Fertilize them until they are through blooming. When new growth appears, fertilize
with a bloom-booster fertilizer. Simply feed them year round with a liquid 20-20-20
blend. This should create a plant that grows and blooms very well. It can be grown
outside year round, where the temperatures do not get below freezing. While they
are in bloom, place them in a shaded area because the sun will fade the pretty
blossoms.
Cymbidiums can be repotted every alternate year or more frequently if the plant
has deteriorated due to fungal infections or if rotting has occurred with over
watering. A cymbidium plant may sometimes becomes fairly large and it may be
divide or split. However larger the plant, the more flower spikes you can expect.

Dendrobium Orchid

Common names : Dendrobium

Colour : Pinks,
lavenders, reds,
yellows, orange

Dendrobium hybrids are the largest group of orchid sub-tribe which contain more
than 1,500 species and possibly thousands of hybrids. They are found from the
orient and tropical Asia down to Australia. Dendrobium plants vary in size, some
being smaller than a matchbox, others large, robust specimens measuring over 1
meter. They are epiphytic by nature and require good light and ventilation. Some
dendrobiums are deciduous while others are evergreen. Some have pseudobulbs
and others have jointed stems resembling canes. Because of the complexity of this
genus, some varieties may prove to be shy to flower.
Dendrobium can be propagated by cutting the old canes between the sections and
laying them on fresh, damp compost. Plantlets will quickly develop at the nodes.
Dendrobium prefer open compost of either tree-fern fibre and perlite or bark-based
peat. Whichever medium is used, it must be open enough to maintain some air
around the roots. They cannot tolerate wet, soggy composts, which will inevitably
damage and rot their wiry roots. Occasional misting on the foliage will help any
moisture loss occurring during very warm days in tropical and sub-tropical climates.
They can stand temperatures from 45° to 95° F (7°-35° C), the ideal temperatures
are 60°-85° (16°-30° C).
Dendrobiums are one of the few types of orchids that will bloom from the old
pseudobulbs/canes, and they also bloom from the new growth. The flower spikes
can be over two feet tall with over twenty blooms on them. The flowers last for 6 to
8 weeks and they make excellent cut flowers. The blooms are all the colors of the
rainbow - pinks, lavenders, reds, yellows, oranges and many mixed color
combinations. Lavender or white flowers are borne in profusion on a well-grown
plant and are long lasting. They are a prolific group in which offset plantlets are
frequently produced on the cane. When each offset has produced several aerial
roots, it can be cut from the parent plant and will frequently flower after one year
of growth.

Epidendrum Orchid

Common names : Poor man's

orchid

Colour : Varied

Epidendrum hybrids, sometimes called the poor man's orchid, is one of the most
prolific groups and one of the easiest orchids to grow. These Mexican natives
require very little attention. There are at least four hundred species of epidendrum
orchids. The tall, thin, reed-like growths constantly put forth new plantlets. They
are free flowering and the colours range from white to yellow, pink, orange and
purple, and all shades in between. It has an upright, clumping growth habit with
roots emerging from the base of the stems, at or below soil level. They are
relatively free of insects and flowers reliably throughout the year.
The leaves of epidendrum orchids which grow up the cane are leathery and the
small, beautiful one inch mini cattleya shaped flowers appear in a globular heads of
30 to 40 flowers at a time. The long-lasting blooms are borne at the top of a long
spike. Many species have a fragrance. After flowering, the spike may be left on the
plant and it will generally flower again in a few months. The spike is also prone to
producing a keikis (baby plant) after flowering. Once these keikis develop their own
2- to 4-inch-long roots, they can be detached and planted individually.
Epidendrium are easily propagated, yielding many plants from one stem and they
are tolerant of a wide range of growing conditions, including outdoors. They are
propagated by plantlets that form after flowering. These sun loving orchids needs
bright light and can be grown in any fine-textured orchid mix. They are best grown
in a compost consisting of bark, tree fern fiber and sphagnum moss. They can
tolerate wide range of temperatures and are able to stand temperatures in the 100º
range without suffering. During the growing season they require plenty of water
and fresh air. Don't let the plants completely dry between watering. Epidendrium
orchids require copious amounts of fertilizer. Fertilize every two weeks with a
diluted orchid food. When fertilized regularly they respond immediately with denser
flower spikes, greener, stronger leaves and more robust roots.
To keep the epidendrium plant tidy, remove old flower spikes and stems down to
the base by snapping them clean with your fingers or cutting with sterile clippers.
Plants grown in low light may need to be staked, while those growing in full sun are
usually self-supporting.

Ground Orchid

Scientific Name : Spathoglottis Plicata

Family : Orchidaceae

Common names : Ground Orchid

Flowering Period : Throughout the year

Colour : White,
Violet/Lavender, Light
pink, Orange-Yellow

Spathoglottis plicata or Ground orchid, native of Southeastern Asia to the

Philippines, is the common species of Orchid which blooms round the year. This
easily grown terrestrial herb has pretty, arching broad leaves with prominent
parallel veins and a few or large cluster of small flowers at the end of a long stalk
as tall as 1 metre arising from a basal leaf axil. The flowers are seen from the
morecommon purple to white, yellow, peach, pink and magenta shades. and The
leaves emerge from round pseudo bulbs that become increasingly multiple and
larger as the orchid matures. Ground orchids can be grown as potted plants and
also do well in beds and borders.
Propagation and Care
It is an easy to grow, extremely adaptable orchid which blooms round the year.
Propagation of Spathoglottis plicata is by division. Many plants can be separated
from the large clump and can be planted in individual pots or in ground 3 to 6
inches apart. Before planting, enrich the soil with a mixture of garden soil, dried
cow dung and leaf mould. Addition of broken bricks and charcoal makes the
growing medium loose for roots to spread easily.
Heavy watering is essential during the growing season but allow the plant to get
almost dry before watering again. Some good fertilizer can be used to enhance its
growth. The plant requires medium shade to full sun and should be watered
regularly. In warm places, partial shade is ideal.
Cut off the flower stems after it finishes blooming. Remove dead or rotted foliage
regularly.

Oncidiums Orchid

Common names : Dancing dolls

Colour : yellow

Oncidiums, commonly, referred to as dancing dolls, are easy to grow and are over
750 species and have thousands of hybrids. These dainty yellow and brown, or
white and brown flowers are suitable if used alone or in combination with other
orchids. The blooms resembles a girl, in full ruffled skirts, tiny hands and hats.
When they are in a breeze, it looks like they are dancing. The flower spikes can
grow over four feet in height and can be covered with hundreds of blooms. Each
bloom will last only a couple of weeks but, with many species, the flower spikes are
so long that it could take weeks for all the blooms to open. They come in many
shades of colors and have flowers that can be solid in color, spotted or barred.
Oncidiums are not hard to grow, but their culture will vary according to the species.
Some of them like to be grown mounted on cork bark instead of planted in a pot.
They like plenty of bright light and the roots need to have a dry period between
watering. They require good air movement and humidity between 40% and 60%.
Watering should always be done in the morning to ensure total evaporation from
the leaves by nightfall. Be sure to allow the plants to become totally dry between
watering.

Common names : Moth Orchid

Colour : white, pink,

lavender, yellow

Phalaenopsis or Moth orchid is the most popular orchids which are excellent for
beginners. Phalaenopsis orchids are pest free, require little maintenance, and thrive
in the low light conditions of the modern home. There are about 50 species in this
genera with flowers of various shapes and colors. This warm growing species
demand plenty of heat and moisture. Moth orchids like bright but indirect sunlight.
The ideal temperature is about 60 degrees at night and between 75 to 80 degrees
during the day. They should be watered thoroughly and not watered again until the
media is nearly dry. The medium should never be allowed to dry out completely.
Never let water touch the flowers or stand in the centerfolds of the leaves as doing
so may cause rot.
Phalaenopsis plants are very easy to grow and have beautiful flowers of vivid
colours including white, pink, lavender and yellow. The blooms open along a long
flower spike that is sometimes two feet in length. They do not have a smell and
may produce up to 15 or more flowers per spike. The flowers measure up to four
inches, are long lasting with individual blooms, may remain open for six weeks or
longer. The long arching sprays of flowers are thought to resemble a flight of pale
moths in moonlight earning the plant the common name of Moth Orchid. The most
popular colors are the soft whites with yellow or red lips, and the glowing pinks and
blushes. The other shades of this orchid are deep red, vibrant orange and spotted
and striped.
Potting of Phalaenopsis is done in late spring or early summer after blooming has
completed. The plants must be potted in quick draining mixes, such as fir bark, tree
fern fiber, chunky sphagnum peat, charcoal, perlite or combinations of these. Root
rot will occur if plants are allowed to sit in an old, soggy medium. Young plants
should grow fast enough to need repotting yearly and should be potted in a finer
grade medium to allow good root contact. Mature plants are potted in a coarser
medium may stay in the same pots for years, provided that medium is changed
when needed.
To repot, remove all old medium from the roots, trim off rotted roots, and spread
the remaining roots over a handful of medium in a pot. Fill the rest of the pot with
medium, working through the roots, so that the junction of the upper roots and the
stem is slightly below the medium. Be careful not to leave large air pockets in pots.
Use a stick to push the medium in between the roots. Keep plants in shade and
wait for one to three days before watering.
To extend the blooming season, count out 3 nodes (only the fleshy green nodes)
from the base of the spike and cut the spike one inch above the third node. If the
plant is healthy and it's not too late in the blooming season, this process will wake
up one or two of the nodes and it may produce a new spray of fresh blooms.
Frequently when a spike is cut, a secondary spike will develop on the old stalk
below the original flower head, thus extending the blooming season.

Common names : Vandas

Colour : Yellow, orange,

scarlet, deep
purple

Vandas (Vandaceous Orchid) are becoming popular among orchid growers and most
of these are monopodial in habit, with aerial roots appearing along the stem. They
have about 50 species from which the many hybrids are derived from the tropics-
Asia and the orient as far down as Australia. The inflorescences appear from the
axis of the leaves. Flowers are long lasting and appear in a cluster along the spike.
The wide range of colors which includes some fairly good blues and browns has
added greatly to their popularity. Yellow, orange, scarlet, deep purple and bright
fuschia are all part of the vandaceous color palette. They vary in size and some
flowers sport exotic markings or can be covered with spots or stripes. Many Vandas
have a powerful fragrance. Many of the orchids in these groups have nicknames like
Scorpion Orchids or Spider orchids.
Vandas like warm temperatures with plenty of air movement. Potting should be
done in a very open media to allow for rapid drying of roots. They prefer coarse
media such as fir bark, charcoal, tree fern fiber, coconut chips or any fast draining
material. They will continue to grow anytime of the year if given warm
temperatures and plenty of sunlight. Vandaceous orchids are fast growing and
therefore prefer high light levels, high humidity and frequent watering. They may
grow to be very large plants, sometimes 10 to 12 feet high. They normally grow
best suspended in wooden baskets and require warm growing conditions with
plenty of bright light. Vandas are often grown outdoors in hanging baskets during
the summer months. Vandas are heavy feeders and should be fed a balanced
fertilizer often.

Miltonia

Common names : Pansy Orchid

Colour : Red, white,

pink, yellow

Miltonia's are sometimes called the Pansy Orchid because their flat-faced, open
flowers resemble pansies in shape and markings. They are named in honour of Earl
Fitzwilliam and Viscount Milton. Growers have divided the Pansy orchids into two
groups, Miltonia and Miltoniopsis. Miltonias are warm-growing orchids which come
from Brazil and Miltoniopsis, come from Columbia, are moderate temperature
growers from the foothills. These charming irresistible plants bloom profusely. The
richly colored, fragrant flowers are borne on slender arching stems and can reach to
sizes of 2-3 inches in width. Flowers vary in colors - Red, white, pink with different
colored markings and yellow. Although they may last for up to a month, their bloom
time is as short as that of a cut flower.
Miltonias may be a little difficult to grow, but if necessary temperature and lighting
requirements are provided, they can be grown in the home or greenhouse.
Miltonia's like an open compost that does not hold excessive amounts of water. It
prefers tree-fern fibre mixed with perlite and bark composts. The day temperature
for Miltoniopsis type is 85°F, while the night temperature is 50 to 60°F. For
Miltonias, day temperature is 70 to 85°F and night temperatures 55to 65°F.
Miltonia grow throughout the entire year and must be kept evenly moist. Depending
upon the temperature, Miltonias should be watered twice a week. Water carefully
and do not allow water to stand in the leaves or soft rot may occur. Miltonia enjoy
moist air, requiring a minimum of 55 to 65% humidity. An increase in humidity is
needed to reduce the stress on the plants when the temperature and lighting
intensity increases. Miltonias must be fertilized on a regular basis. Fertilize
approximately twice per month when new growth is developing. They should be fed
regularly with half-strength nitrogenous fertilizer.
The leaves on the miltonia plant should be light green. If the leaves are dark green,
increase lighting. If the leaves turn yellowish green or reddish, increase shading.
Repot the miltonias at least once every 2 years or when the potting medium begins
to decay. Common pests associated with Miltonias are scale, spider mites and
aphids. X-Clude, an encapsulated pyrethrum time-release insecticide, and Neem Oil
are the most efficient methods of pest control.

Paphiopedilum Orchid

Common names : Lady Slipper

Colour : white, marron,

yellow, red, pink,
green

Paphiopedilums are one of the best orchid groups to grow under artificial lighting.
They make super house plants with their flowers being long lasting. There are many
spectacular hybrids available, and are about 60 species from Asia- India and New
Guinea. Paphiopedilums prefer filtered light. They require humidity in the range of
40 to 60 percent. Paphiopedilums are curious plants which are often thought to be
carnivorous because of the intriguing pouch that forms part of the flower. They are
not fragrant, but have very interesting and colorful "lady slipper" shaped flowers.
Their cultural requirements are not that hard to obtain making these orchids quite
easy to grow in your home.
Paphiopedilums are shade-loving plants which will not tolerate excessively high light
levels. They can only be raised from seed or division. They require a potting mix
that will keep their roots moist. They can be grown in a variety of media, ranging
from bark mixtures, coconut chunks and fibres to peat concoctions, chopped
sphagnum moss, osmunda fibre and tree-fern fibre. They will grow successfully in
almost any compost which is free-draining and retain enough moisture. Sandy
loams and garden soil are not recommended for growing paphiopedilums because
they are semi-terrestrials. They do not possess pseudo-bulbs like many other
orchids. They use their fleshy leaves for storing nutrients. Therefore, the media
around the roots should be kept moist and should not be allowed to get completely
dry. High concentrations of fertilizers are likely to be detrimental to paphiopedilums
in cultivation, as they will tolerate only very weak solutions of feed at frequent
intervals.
Paphiopedilums come in a myriad of colors. The blooms can be white, maroon,
yellow, red, pink, green and the new "vinicolor" which is almost black. Many have
hairs, warts, stripes and other markings which make the blooms very interesting in
appearance. The top sepal (petal) stands high and full above the pouch, and the
two side petals sometimes hang down past the bottom of the pouch. The blooms
have a waxy texture and will last six weeks or longer on the plant. Most plants will
have one or two blooms measuring 2" to 5" across. There are some species and
hybrids that do form a spike and have more blooms. The leaves grow like a fan and
the blooms raise up from the new growth.

FERNS

Ferns

Order Filicopsida

Types of Ferns
 Boston Northen
Maidenhair

Christmas Southern
Maidenhair

Spleenwor
t

Ferns are flowerless plants of the order 'Filicopsida' with beautiful green foliage.
This ancient family of plants existed long back, around two hundred million years
ago, much before the evolution of flowering plants. These garden plants with more
than 12,000 species have long life spans and some of them are good indoor
growers as well. Ferns vary in texture, height, shape and range in sizes from the
tiniest button fern to the large Boston fern. Some of them forms a low spreading
mound, while others create a bold upright clump. Many fern species shed its leaves
annually, dying back to the ground for winter. Others are evergreen, providing
attractive winter foliage in the garden, or are excellent for cut-flower arrangements.
They are vascular plants i.e plants with well developed internal vessels or vein
structures that promote the flow of water and nutrients. The large divided leaf of
the fern is known as frond and they can be lacy or feathery, plain green or
variegated. The fronds vary from simple undivided ribbons to intricately divided and
subdivided masses of tiny leaflets and these leaflets that make up the whole frond
are called pinnae (leaflet). These pinnae is attached along a long central stem
called rachis. On the underneath of a fern frond, there are small clumps, spots or
patches which are stuck onto the under surface of the pinnae. These are called
spores and they grow inside casings called sporangia. The sporangia are tiny and
may clump together into what are called sori. (sorus-singular). They are the
reproductive structures of the fern. Some ferns protect their sporangia with thin
semi-transparent membranes called indusia. Sometimes the sporangia are tucked
under a curled-over part of the margin of the pinnae.

Boston Fern
Species : Nephrolepis exaltata
Family Bostoniensis
Genus : Nephrolepidaceae
Common names : Nephrolepis
: Boston Fern, Sword
Fern, Wild Boston Fern

Boston, the most common and favourite fern, has several varieties and is relatively
easy to grow. It is a large variety having upright, graceful green foliage with long,
elegantly curved fronds divided into small leaflets (pinnae). The foliage arising from
underground stems called rhizomes can grow up to 6 feet tall. The 3-5 feet long
fronds are variously cut and the individual pinnae are about 3" and narrow.

The round sori (clusters of spore-bearing organs) occur in two

rows near the margins on the underside of the pinnae.
Boston fern is usually grown in moist, shady areas. It looks beautiful in hanging
pots or on pedestals and can also be used as an indoor plant. Like the other ferns,
it likes a moist but not soggy soil, rich in organic matter and high humidity. It
requires only indirect lighting and should be watered regularly. Propagation can be
done from spores or by division. During their growing season, the fern requires
regular fertilization. When roots fill the pot, the fern should be repotted.
Only moderate care is needed for its healthy growth. Although they are considered
generally pest free, aphids, mealy bugs and mites are the most common insect
problems. A good spray with water will usually dislodge any insects on the plant.
Root rot may be a problem and adequate drainage should be provided to avoid the
condition.

Christmas Fern

Species : Polystichum
Family acrostichoides
Genus : Dryopteridaceae
Common names : Polystichum
: Christmas Fern, Canker
Brake, Dagger Fern

The evergreen Christmas fern which resembles Boston fern, has rich green leaves
that grow in bouquet-like clusters. The leaves that cascade from the central roots
are spiny toothed which makes them more decorative. They look charming in the
shade garden and can be planted in pots and on the ground. They are widely used
for floral arrangements.

Christmas ferns have 12 to 18 inches fountain like clumps of

fronds with leathery, dark green, lance-shaped leaflets. The fronds of these ferns
vary in length from 2 to 3 feet. This fern does not spread, however clumps will
increase in size over time. Sori (clusters of spore-bearing organs) appear on the
undersides of the pinnae only at the ends of the fronds.
Christmas ferns can be propagated through division and spores. It is done by
replanting the divided rhizomes just below the soil. It prefers humus-rich, loamy,
moist but well-drained organic soil in part to full shade. They will tolerate a fair
amount of sunlight if the soil is kept reasonably moist.
There is no serious insect or disease problems.
 Spleenwort Fern

Species : Asplenium Trichomanes

Family : Aspleniaceae
Genus : Asplenium
Common names : Maidenhair Spleenwort
Fern

This hardy evergreen fern grown in clusters is usually found on limestone but may
also sometimes be found on other rocks. It somewhat resembles Northern

Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum).

Spleenwort fern has sterile fronds 3-6 inches long that are flat and spread from the
center. It has dark purple-brown, wiry stiff rachis (stem) and each front is divided
into numerous pairs of oblong to oval pinnae (leaflets), toothed on the top and
outer edge. The pinnae are perpendicular to the rachis and lie opposite to each
other. The pinnae are about 5 mm wide and entire-margined below, but shallowly
lobed toward the tip. Spores (sori) are borne in 1-4 clusters arranged along the
veins on the underside of the pinnae, and are partially covered by the flap-like
indusium.
It prefer well-drained, moist, limy loam in partial sun. It needs shade and excellent
drainage. Propagation is done by spores or division.

Northern Maidenhair Fern

Species : Adiantum Pedatum
Family : Pteridaceae
Genus : Adiantum
Common names : Northern Maidenhair
Fern

This pretty, dainty and delicate fern with vivid bright green leaves on thin and wiry,
shiny black or dark brown petioles (stem) will reach up to a height of 12-18 inches.

The fronds which are feathery and circular , grows outward in a flat,
fan-like position; each frond or leaflet has 15 to 35 opposite pairs of smaller leaf
segments with jagged margin along upper edge. Clusters of spore sacs are found
on the underside of leaflets.
Northern Maidenhair ferns are well grown in moist, humus-rich, loose, well-drained
soil in part to full shade. Plants can be propagated by dividing the creeping
rhizomes and planted them just below the surface.
They can be grown as an ornamental fern. They thrive in litter under trees and are
favourites of shade gardens. They are relatively easy to grow and there is no
serious insect or disease problems.

Southern Maidenhair Fern

Species : Adiantum Capillus -
Family Veneris
Genus : Adiantaceae
Common names : Adiantum
: Southern Maidenhair
Fern

Southern Maidenhair is a small, slow-growing evergreen fern found throughout the

world. This deciduous (leaf shedding) beautiful and graceful fern reaches 10 to 15
inches tall, growing in stands from its creeping rhizome bearing very-fine textured
fan shaped leaves up to 50 cm long. It can be grown as an ornamental plant.

It has clustered fronds (leaves) 10-60cm long which may be erect

or spreading. The underground stem is creeping and short, the stalks (rachis) long
and slender, dark brown to purplish-black with a smooth, polished appearance.
Pinnules (leaflets) are 7-15 mm wide, ovate, slightly asymmetrical with wedge-
shape bases and rounded outer edges. They often have deep and irregular finely-
toothed lobes. The spores are contained in sporangia which are clustered into sori
(clusters of spore-bearing organs).
Southern Maidenhair Fern prefer highly organic soil in full shade to partial shade or
partial sun. Requires an abundance of moisture in the air and in the soil.
Propagation is carried through spores or division. Spores are best sown as soon as
they are ripe, on the surface of a humus-rich sterilized soil. Keep the compost
moist, preferably by putting a plastic bag over the pot. Germination should take
place within 6 weeks. Pot on small clumps of plantlets as soon as they are large
enough to handle and keep them damp until they are well established. Do not plant
outside until the ferns are at least 2 years old. When planting outside they should
be kept a very well sheltered position.
Division can be done in spring or autumn but early spring is the best.