MAINTENANCE GUIDEBOOK lil - PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE. CHAPTER TWO - PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES: SECTION A INTRODUCTION Provertive maintenance extends the useful lle of pavement. To accompish this, the pavements shoud be inspected and maintained, The basic step involve: + Inspecting pavements; + Reporting deficiencies; + Scheduling maintenance actviesissuing work onder; + Performing preventive maintenance/inspecting completed work: + Monitoring reeuts, ‘These stops shoud be performed in a continuous eyele fo guarantee the success ofa preventive pavement Imaintonance program. INSPECTION ‘mn accordance with the Pubic Housing Management Assessment Program (PHMAP) requirements, al Paved surfaces, including roadways, sidewalks, parking ts, dumpster pads, and play and game areas, ‘shouldbe inspected on an annual basis, For this purpose, a standard checklist should be developed (eo sample, page 2). Hf available, a personal computer (PC) should bo used. A checklist and a ‘copy ofthe development plan identtying all paved areas shouldbe taken along during the inapection. Detailed notes, sketches, and related inspection findings which complement and expand upon the ‘checlat should be made directly onthe development plan. Each annual inapection shoul ize & ‘new copy of the development plans so that the resus can be compared with previous inspections {Inaciion, a master copy ofthe development plan should noe all repairs and the reingpecton dates ‘when repairs and preventive maintenance were pesormed). An assortment of cffthe-shel sofware {snow avaiable for PC applications related to pavement-maintenance programs. 2. REPORTING Deficiencies noted during the inspection should be developed ito a repot which logically groups the various pavement types, ienties the deficiencies, and priortizes the necessary reps, The urgency rating for pring the repairs or preventive maintenance tasks may berated a folows: 5+ No repais are necessary. Schedule only anual preventive maintenance. ‘4- Schedule for maintenance next yea (minor deficiency), ‘3+ Schedule for murtenance tis year W PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE (894) 2-1 PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES2 Schedule for immediate maintenance. 11- Schedule emergency repairs (by maintonance sa or contractor (0 - Carnet be repaired without major contract 3. SCHEDULING ‘Based on the preventive-maintenance program andthe reporied deficiencies ofthe inspection a work ‘schedule should be developed. The schedule should take ito account the priory of maintenance and repaic actives, and the estimated time and costs for each, Scheduling should aloo take into coneideration seasonal factors uch as special measures required for working in extreme tomperatures, 4. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE Preventive maintenance requies a minimum amount of tine, money, and resources if completed on time Wincades: + Sealing joints and racks; + Applying # seal coat + Providing postive érsinage; + Mantsining edging or other structural supports which confine the pavement. 5, MONITORING. ‘This lnt stop i an essential pat of preventive maintenance, The HA evalutes the eficiancy of the program and its irplemontation, updates the related record, and plans for any necessary corrective ction and budgeting SECTION B_GENERAL PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR. All pavements require mainienance, Good maintenance practice involves preventive maintenance, with ‘an emphasis on taking timely action to repaie any deterioration. The iter of proventve maintenance Is to keep the pavement in the best possible condon in order to extend its Metime and avokd expensive repairs. Speci preventive maintenance activites include: + Sealing joints and cracks; + Proviing proper drainage: + Applying sea! coats ‘The eases! way fo assute thatthe pavement is maintained propery iso develop an annual program based TW PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE (84) «2.2 PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURESINSPECTOR NAME: DATE OF INSPECTION: PAVEMENT LOCATION: | GENERAL APPEARANCE CLEANLINESS BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT ‘Shrinkage and Localized Cracking Longituci nd Transverse Cracking Raveling/Abrasion/Piting Ruting T shoving 390 Failure Potholee/Pavement Failure Ponding/Poor Drainage Requires Sealing (CONCRETE. Longitudinal Transverse Cracking Spaling Sealing CrazingMap Cracking Failed/Disintegrated Areas ‘CONDITION RATINGS: 5: Exealant condition, o ootects 4. Very good condion, minor defcinci 3° Good contion, 10 "25% of pavement has minor ‘enoences 2+ Fair conditon 25 «50% of pavement has minor or ‘majr defences I PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE (a/04) 28 URGENCY RATINGS: s "No schedied repas necessary, only anual ‘prevents manterance sco ‘Schoaus for mantnance Next yar, mina setsoncy ‘Schedule for maintenance th your ‘Schedule for inmecite maitonance Schedule “emergency repairs (maintenance or concen Cannot be repaired without major contract PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES‘on inspections. Such a program should enable the HA to buxget the work to be done ether by the HA oF by @ contractor. A good program asures that pavements wil be inspected atleast on an annual basis, ‘as required by the Public Housing Management Assessment Progam (PHMAP) of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, However, semiannual inpections are more desirable, especialy in ‘areas where there are seasons of extreme weather condone. Inthe later case, the inspection should be conducted before major seasonal changes. This wil allow time to make repairs such a sealing cracks ‘and corecting base failures. A second inspection shouldbe made as soon as possble aftr the seasonal change, in order to promply repair the pavement damages resutant fom extreme heat or cold. In ation to seasonal considerations, maintenance personnel should always be alert fo the Fit indication of any pavement detect (lor example, damage resutng tom excessive truck wheel cade) so that timely repairs ‘oan be made, 4, SEASONAL CONSIDERATIONS “The ime ofthe year when pavement maintenance work takes place has conshlerable bearing onthe procedures for making repairs, particulary patching. In summer even a coarse-textured asphalt patch wil gradualy sot under trafic and warm weather, whe the samo patch right fal within a day oF 0 if placed in treezing winter condtions. Iie easier to make and protect repairs of concrete pavement in warm woathor than during frzing wintor months. This does not moan that pavement failures should be ignoced in the winter. Whon a continuing series of freezing and thawing cytes cocur, be prepared to repair potholes. Potholes, which occur in both asphalt and concrete pavements inspite ‘of good maintenance practices, should be repaired inmediatoly, at least on a temporary basis. Several products are avalable to prevent progressive fares unil weather condtions permit permanent repairs 2, TYPICAL PAVEMENT STRUCTURE Before going info a detaled discussion of maintenance practices, the underying strengths or ‘weaknesses of pavement should be explained. Any pavement, whether bult for vehiciar, pedestrian, oF recreational purposes, consists of sutbese, base, and surface courses (see Figure 2-1). The ‘subbase's undisturbed or compacted sis, the base normaly consists of gravel or rushed stone, and the surface cours, called the wearing course, I the concrete or bluminous asphalt pavement bult ‘ontop ofthe base, Bituminous asphall pavement is oocasionaly comprised of a wearing and binder 1M PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE (8/04) 24 PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURESBITUMINOUS WEARING COURSE CrpenaL BINDER ieee amen eat on TOP. jp concrete: ea. ee GRANULAR BCE NATURAL Soi ce! COMPACTED Fill Ac BITUMINOUS. ASPHALT 5. conterere Figure 2-1: Sections of Typical Pavement SEPUCtOre 3. CAUSES OF PAVEMENT FAILURE ‘The most common cause of pavement fale isthe intrusion of wate below the pavement, which may result trom Inadequate drainage, Other causes may Inchude cracked or otherwise damaged Pavements, insuffclent base thickness, or an unstable subbase. Any break or crackin the pavement Permits watero saturate the subbase, whichis no longer able o suppor the loads. During periods of belowreezing temperatures, water and meiature become solid ie and, whie expanding, cause pavement faire, Therefore, itis necessary thatthe subbase be kept dey and wel drained inorder to rotain ts stabi ‘As scon as pavement begins showing signs of deterioration, auch as setlement and disintegration, an inspection shoudl be made to determine the cause, and proper actions shout be taken to correct the defects, MAKING A PERMANENT PATCH ‘patch should be made so that its strength, qually, and appearance wil equal tha of the remainder of the pavement. Specie patching materials are discussed in ler chapters for bituminous and ‘concrete pavements, as are deals or their placement. The sequence of steps in making patch ie itastrated in Figure 22 PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE (8194) 25 PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES‘4. Cleaning and Preparation ‘The secret ofa good repair jab is thorough cleaning ofthe aected area and proper preparation of 8 to receive the repair materials. Following are recommendations for preparing various components ofthe pavement, inclusing the subbase, base, and surtace. Replacing the Subbase Prior to replacing the subbase, al sof, wel, unstable, loose, and undesirable materais should be removed. New, dry svbbase material shouldbe installed and thoroughly compacted, Where is necessary to remove excess water from the subbase, appropriate drains shouldbe installed {e Replacing the Base Course ‘ter removing all unsuitable subbase and base course materials, Inusing rock and gravel, the surrounding base material should be cleaned and prepared so thatthe new base can establish ‘a good bond to the existing base. The new base course should match the existing base material (ether gravel, crushed stone, or concrete) and shoul be thoroughly compacted, ‘4. Replacing the Surtace Pavement ‘When replacing the surface or wearing course for ether biuminous or concrete pavements, the base shouldbe swept clean and toe of dst, dit, ose rock, gravel, or other unsutable material. The surounding vertical surfaces should be propery prepared to establish a good bond withthe ‘Rew material. The new surtace material may be concrete or @ bituminous material, depending ‘onthe pavement type. © Applying the Seal Coat Por to application of the seal coat or leveling court, the pavement should be thoroughly Closned. Al dit, dust, and loose material should be removed from the surface crack, and pits by swooping with a broom and then fusing with clean water or compressed alr, Oil and grease should be removed by scrutbing the afeced areas with a nonfoaming detergent such as ‘olution of trisodium phosphate (mixed 1 cup tisodium phosphate to 1 gallon water). The surface shouldbe hashed thoroughly with cloan water to remove alo the leaning solution During fushing, depressions nd low areas willbe filed vith water. Markthe edge ofeach puddle With chatk onthe pavement, These marks may be used for designating the finda of a levetng PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE (04) «2.6 PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURESHARK AND CUT Zoqss OF REMOVE UNSUITABLE REPLACE suBsase WE IN STRAIGHT “MATERIALS Fram Were Dey MATERIAL intastenitenel POTHOLE AND’ Trim ¢ aD cantency eo CLEAN EDGES OF EACH THOROLGHOY Buse 7 VERTICAL SURFACES. part TTT BITUMINOUS SURFACE PoTHOLE, GRAVEL. BASE SUBBASE Puce Pert ay con: Dien Sita Bake EN Ted conpaer iii ose irk STING ARS Troxcogney itso existing, sunrace PLY SON com Te Cae Aue JOINTS TE Figure 2-2: Steps in Making a Permanent Patch ‘cours. In ation, by measuring the depth of waer, the quantity ofl material required can be ‘estimated. The waler should then be swept from the pudde, a leveling course & to be installed, the area to be leveled should receive a “ack” cost, |W PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE (1/04) 2.7 PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES.copecialy# the leveling course ie thin, because thin asphat courses are very susceptible to delamination in the winter. The tack coat shoud be ver thin (logged) 5. LOW-TYPE PAVEMENTS AND DUST CONTROL In ation tothe ituinous and concrete pavements covered in this guidebook, some HAs may have lowsype pavements to maintain, & Low-Type Pavements ‘These are pavements in which natural colle, selected sol, and mineral aggregates are used ‘separately of ln combination. They may be classified by the ype of materials composing the ‘surface are, such ae natural sol. sand-clay, and coarse graded aggregate. Falluos of these ppavemens are due fo poor drainage, improper grading, inadequate compaction, and unsuitable materials, Repairs should be made prompt to correct ary ofthe above conditions by removing Unstable materia, filing depressions and other surface inegulariies with materials similar to ‘surlace material, compacting ito place, and smocthing and shaping the surfaces to drain. Dust Contra! During dry weather, dust from ow-ype pavements can be a nuisance. It can be controled by ‘requontly spraying wih water. The application of too much water, however, shoul be avoided, since it has a tendency to cause soft spots. Celcium chleide may also be applied. Calcium chloride ea chemical sal that atracts moisture rom the eit, and setes the dust. maybe used ithe in fake form or disolved in water. When used in flake form, it should bo spread evenly ‘over the surface atthe rate of approximately one pound per square yard, This may be done by hand or wih a mecharical sower such as a seed sower. Applied at night, calcium chloride absorbs moisture from the ale more quickly than by day When used in solution, a maximum of four pounds of calcium chloride dissolved ina galon of water is spread by sprinkling a the rate ofa pnt toa quat por square yard. tis best to moisten ry surfaces during daytime operations, Since its soluble in water, it may be washed away by rain, and neade tobe replaced periodically. Caleium chloride should not be used on sticky clay, since it makes a sippery messi the road sulace contain insufficient coarse aggregate PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE (2/94) 2-8 PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES& uTLTY curs Cuts made by uilty companies in pavement coned by HAS are necessary to allow access to uly lines, Howover, these cuts should be done following a process setup by the HA. The HA should Ident the location and epeciy the work to be done, the type of materials 1 be used, how the work 's 10.be done, the hours in which the work may be done, and how tai isto be managed. ‘The HA should ensure thatthe werk ls completed in accordance wih the established process and ‘sound construction practice, The cut inthe pavement and ts base should be approximately sx inches ‘wider than the uty trench on each side. Selected material shouldbe used for backfl, wich should bbe compacted in 6* ayers and brought upto the top ofthe subbase, Uy cuts are notorious for ‘setting even when the constuction has met all epeciications, Any setlement ofthe subgrade wil leave @ void under the patch. Heavy loads crossing over the patch wil cause i 10 crack and ‘eventually fall, Because sotiomert ie such a problem, some jureditions alow a uty cut in a ‘concrete road tobe patched wih bituminous material When the patch settles, Kis brought to grade level by adding more bituminous material, END OF CHAPTER TWO PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE (894 2.9“ PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES.