Tropnutricon Compendium II

International Tropical
Animal Nutrition Conference

Volume II
October 4-7, 2007

National Dairy Research Institute
Karnal, India
M. P. S. Bakshi
M. Wadhwa
Animal Nutrition Society of India

International Tropical
Animal Nutrition Conference
Volume II
Abstracts of the papers presented
October 4-7, 2007
National Dairy Research Institute

Karnal - 132001, India
M. P. S. Bakshi and M. Wadhwa

Department of Animal Nutrition
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Ludhiana-141004, India
ANIMAL NUTRITION SOCIETY OF INDIA

INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
CONTENTS
Session - I
Feed resource management for sustainable animal
production in tropics 1
Session - II
Animal nutrition education : Present status and future leads 93
Session - III
Biotechnological innovations in animal nutrition for
increasing animal productivity 94
Session - IV
Feed processing technologies for enhancing animal productivity 103
Session -V
Newer concepts in aquatic, pig and poultry nutrition
with economic implications 123
Session - VI
Pasture/nutritional management in relation to small
ruminant production 201
Session - VII
Feed quality assurance and feed marketing strategies 251
Session - VIII
Feeding strategies for livestock in relation to environment 257
Session - IX
Scope of GM feeds in animal nutrition 262
Session - X
Feed additives and supplements 267
Session - XI
Minerals and vitamins 303
TROPNUTRICON-2007
Silver Jubilee Year of Animal Nutrition Society of India
Session - I Feed resource management for sustainable

animal production in tropics
FR 1
Effect of feeding different levels of energy on nutrient utilization in
draught camels (Camelus dromedarius)
J. L. Chaudhary, Lokesh Gupta1 and G. S. Tiwari
AICRP on Increased Utilization of Animal Energy with Enhanced System Efficiency
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313001
A nutritional trial was conducted for a period of 60 days on nine draught camels to study the effect of
different levels of energy on dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility coefficient of the nutrients and nutritive
value of feeds. The camels were offered three different levels of energy concentrate mixture viz. T1-65%
TDN; T2-70% TDN and T3-75% TDN respectively in concentrate mixture along with ground nut straw
(Arachis hypogaea L) as a sole in the diet of camels. The dry matter intake (kg/d) and DCP intake (g/d)
per animal was non-significant (P<0.05), but total digestible nutrients intake (kg/d) differed significantly
(P<0.05) among the treatments. The digestibility coefficient of DM and CP were significantly (P<0.05)
higher in T3 group as compared to T2 and T1 groups. There was no significant difference of digestibility
coefficients of nutrients between T2 and T1 groups. The digestibility of OM, CF, EE and NFE was not
affected by different levels of energy. The voluntary water intake (l) and total water intake (l) were signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 group as compared to T3 group. There was non-significant difference in VWI
and TWI between T2 and T1 groups. From the results, it can be concluded that ad libitium feeding of
groundnut straw (Arachis hypogaea L) along with 75 per cent TDN level in the concentrate resulted in
improved nutrient utilization in draught camel.
FR 2
Metabolisable energy and total digestible nutrient values of some ruminant
feedstuffs estimated through in vitro gas production method
A. K. Srivastava1, M. R. Garg and A. Kannan
Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology Laboratory
National Dairy Development Board, Anand-388 001(Gujarat), India
1
New Generation Cooperative, NDDB, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh
Metabolisable energy (ME) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) values of commonly used ruminant
feedstuffs by the cattle feed industry like maize, jowar, broken rice, bajra grain, rice bran, deoiled rice
bran, wheat bran, cottonseed meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, groundnut meal, rapeseed meal, mus-
tard cake and guar korma were estimated through Menke‘s in vitro gas production technique. Two
hundred mg feed sample was taken in a glass syringe and 30 ml of mixed rumen liquor was added and
incubated in water bath at 39oC, for 24hrs. Gas produced in the syringe was recorded at every 4, 8 and
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24hrs. The net gas production in ml from 200 mg dry sample after 24 h of incubation along with chemical
composition of the sample were used for predicting the ME value of the feeds. The mean ME values (MJ/
kg DM) of maize, jowar, broken rice, bajra grain, rice bran, deoiled rice bran, wheat bran, cottonseed
meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, groundnut meal, rapeseed meal, mustard cake (expeller) and guar
korma were 13.00, 12.30, 12.20, 12.6, 10.98, 7.92, 10.40, 9.40, 12.73, 8.82, 10.40, 11.05, 11.96 and
12.90, respectively. The mean TDN values (in per cent) of maize, jowar, broken rice, bajra grain, rice
bran, deoiled rice bran, wheat bran, cottonseed meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, groundnut meal,
rapeseed meal, mustard cake(expeller) and guar korma were 79.90, 76.00, 75.40, 77.80, 69.00, 53.00,
65.70, 60.40, 78.40, 57.50, 66.10, 69.00, 74.30 and 79.20, respectively. The data generated could be
utilized by the cattle feed industry for routine feed formulation.
FR 3
Energy and protein deficiency in rural dairy cattle of Purulia and
Bankura districts of West Bengal
R. B. Singh, R. C. Saha, A. Chatterjee, M. K.Ghosh, and P. K. Roy
Eastern Regional Station
National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal
Feeding practices and nutritional status of dairy cattle maintained by the farmers of Purulia and Bankura
district under the agro-eco-region-13 have been studied. A dairy cattle nutrition survey was conducted in
some randomly selected areas of Purulia and Bankura districts and data on locally available feeds, feeding
practices, milk yield, body weight of animals etc. were collected following a standard questionnaire spe-
cially made for the purpose. The cows mostly thrive on grazing in fields, forests, cut grass, paddy straw,
kitchen wastes and some concentrate ingredients. The use of ready made concentrate mixture is very less.
Only a very few farmers cultivate green fodder and quantity is very less. Intake of DCP and TDN of cows
have been calculated and compared with the ICAR Feeding Standard. As far as protein deficiency is
concerned, in around 24 % of the population deficiency was nil or marginal(up to 10%), in 27 % the
deficiency was moderate (11-20%), in 21 % the deficiency was high(21-30%) and in around 28 % of the
population the deficiency was acute(above 30%). In case of energy deficiency the situation is little better.
In around 65 % of the population deficiency was nil or marginal(up to 10%), in 26 % the deficiency was
moderate (11-20%), in 9% the deficiency was high(21-30%) and for none of the animals the energy
deficiency was acute(above 30%).
FR 4
Determination of nutrient requirements of Nili-Ravi
buffaloes for pregnancy
S. S. Paul, G. Singh, N. V. Patil 1 and S. M. Deb
Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Sub Campus, Nabha-147 201, Patiala, Punjab
1
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
Thirty six pregnant Nili-ravi buffaloes (>2nd lactation) at 6th month of pregnancy were divided into six
equal groups on the basis of body weight, milk yield of previous lactation and utilized for the study. The
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buffaloes were fed equal diet as per requirement during the 6th month of pregnancy. On 7th month of
pregnancy the buffaloes were allotted to six different treatment groups comprising three level of energy
and two level of protein in 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments till calving. Energy and protein levels
represented levels both above and below the levels recommended by existing feeding standards. After
calving, all the buffaloes were fed ad lib fodder and limited concentrate based diet based on milk yield and
body weight as per feeding standards. Digestion trials were conducted at every change in diet. The study
indicated that energy requirement of pregnant Nili-Ravi buffaloes can be met with 55 % total digestible
nutrient (TDN) during 240-270 day of pregnancy and with 60% TDN during 270-308 day of pregnancy
and higher plane of energy did not improve conceptus growth, milk production or maintenance of body
weight in early lactation. However, pregnant buffaloes require at least 12% crude protein (CP) during
240-270 day of pregnancy and 14% CP during 270-308 days of pregnancy. Reduction in dietary CP
below these levels resulted in increase in loss of body weight and delayed postpartum estrus although milk
yield in early lactation is not affected.
FR 5
Synchronization of dietary energy and nitrogen release for improved
ruminal microbial protein synthesis in vitro
K. Ayyappan, K. K. Singhal and B. Singh
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001
Effects of synchronization of release of dietary organic matter (OM) and nitrogen supply to the rumen
microbes were assessed in vitro. On the basis of in sacco degradation kinetic parameters of the selected
feed ingredients including roughages, the quantities of OM and N degraded per 24 h were calculated,
which formed the basis of synchrony index (SI) of diets (R:C 60:40) based on several combinations of
feed ingredients. Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were designated as synchronous (S), medium
synchronous (MS) and asynchronous (AS) having the SI as 0.81, 0.68 and 0.54, respectively. The OM,
CP, EE, NDF and ADF of S, MS and AS diets were 92.51, 12.67, 1.92, 57.95 & 38.47; 92.40, 12.75,
1.85, 58.19 & 37.55 and 92.69, 12.06, 2.38, 59.80 & 36.46, respectively. Total gas (ml/200mg) pro-
duced during 24h from S, MS and AS diets was 33.67±0.27, 35.00±0.47 and 34.00±0.82, respectively.
IVDMD and IVOMD of S diet were lower (P<0.05) (46.05±0.68 & 48.22±0.22) than MS (48.92±0.51
& 51.08±0.25) and AS (47.48±0.50 & 50.26±0.26) diets. S diet resulted in higher (P<0.05) Total N
and TCA ppt N (35.43 & 14.11 mg/dl) than MS (27.97 & 10.52) and AS (15.85 & 7.52) diets. NH3-
N (mg/dl) was lower in S diet (1.36±0.10) than diets MS (5.09±0.11) and AS (6.56±0.14). TVFA (mM)
and acetate to propionate ratio for S, MS and AS diets were 67.93±0.25 & 3.22±0.06; 60.57±0.66 &
3.13±0.02 and 52.23±0.23 & 2.93±0.17, respectively, and the variation among diets were significant
(P<0.01). Total bacterial N (mg/g DOM), based on purine bases determination, was higher (P<0.01) in S
diet (16.75±0.39) than in MS (3.71±0.02) and AS (3.63±0.14) diets. It is concluded that in spite of
isocaloric and isonitrogenous nature of the diets, the synchronized diet produced significantly higher mi-
crobial protein due mainly to optimum availability of energy and nitrogen for microbial growth.
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FR 6
Evaluation of UDP content of protein supplements by cud liquor
vis-a-vis near infrared spectroscopy method and IVAR method :
A comparative study
Gopal Krishna
Department of Animal Nutrition,
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
Common animal feeds viz. Rapeseed meal, Cottonseed meal, Soybean meal and Groundnut meal
were collected from 10 different locations for studying UDP content by cud liquor biodegradation vis-a-
vis Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIR) method and IVAR method. The data published by AFRC was
considered as standard for comparison purpose. It was observed that UDP data based on cud liquor
biodegradation were near to AFRC (1993) published values as compared to NIR and IVAR methods. It
may be concluded that newly developed process for preparing cud liquor (US Patent and Indian patent
application yield biodegradation data more or less comparable to NIR and IVAR methods. It may be
concluded that cud liquor is a suitable alternative of costly NIR method for studying UDP content of
protein supplements.
FR 7
Comparison of cud liquor based in vitro biodegradation
values with in vivo figures
Gopal Krishna
CCS-Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
Common animal feeds viz. Soybean meal, groundnut cake and fish meal were collected from different
locations for studying nitrogen degradability (%) estimates and data were compared with published values
based on in vivo studies. It was observed that cud liquor based in vitro biodegradation values were
found at par with in vivo figures, thereby confirm validation report of process developed for preparing
cud liquor enzyme complex using cud from cow and buffalo. It may be concluded that cud liquor could be
used as an alternative of rumen liquor and there is no need of rumen fistulation which support the direction
of Government of India.
FR 8
Casein crude protein disappearance percent in cud liquor vis-a-vis rumen
liquor and fungal cellulase: A comparative study
Gopal Krishna
CCS-Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
Replicate samples of raw casein and protected casein were incubated with cud liquor, rumen liquor
and commercial Fungal cellulase (Trichoderma viridi)-Cat No E-9422 for studying biodegradation po-
tential in terms of crude protein disappearance percent. It was observed that proteolysis potential of cud
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liquor was at par with rumen liquor and Sigma Fungal cellulase (Cat No E-9422) preparation; thereby
confirm validation report of process developed for preparing cud liquor enzyme complex using cud from
cow and buffalo. It may be concluded that cudliquor could be used as an alternative of rumen liquor and
there is no need of rumen fistulation which support the direction of Government of India
FR 9
Proteolytic potential of cud liquor vis-a-vis fungal cellulase based
on protein supplements incubation studies
Gopal Krishna
CCS-Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, India
Common animal feeds viz. Mustard cake (10 from India, 10 from Germany), Cottonseed cake (10
from India), Soybean meal (08 from Germany) were collected from different locations and incubated with
cud liquor and simultaneously with Fungal cellulase (Sigma E-9422). It was Observed that proteolytic
potential of cud liquor in terms of in vitro crude protein disappearance percent was at par with Fungal
cellulase (Sigma E-9422), thereby confirm validation report of process developed for preparing cud liquor
enzyme complex using cud from cow and buffalo. It may be concluded that cud liquor could be used as
an alternative of rumen liquor which support the direction of Government of India.
FR 10
Cellulolytic potential of cud liquor vis-a-vis rumen liquor and fungal
cellulase based on sigma cellulose, type 101, incubation studies
Gopal Krishna
CCS-Haryana Agricultural University, India
Sigma cellulose Type 101 (Cat No S-6790) was incubated with cud liquor in triplicate (Cattle /
Buffalo), rumen liquor (Cattle/ Buffalo), fungal cellulose (Sigma E-9422) and artificial saliva. It was ob-
served that figures of cellulose disappearance percent with cud liquor (Cattle / Buffalo) were at par with
rumen, liquor and Fungal cellulase (Sigma E-9422), thereby confirm validation report of process devel-
oped for preparing cud liquor enzyme complex using cud from Cow and Buffalo. It may be concluded
that cud liquor could be used as an alternative of rumen liquor which support the direction of Animal
Welfare Board, Government of India.
FR 11
Rumen fermentation pattern as effected by different
levels of fibre in the diet
Madhu Mohini,Veena Mani and A. K. Puniya
DCN Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal -132001, India
Three rumen fistulated steers weighing 280-350 kg were taken for conducting rumen studies. Three
rations, containing concentrate mixture and wheat straw in the ratio of 70:30 (I), 50:50 (II) and 30:70 (III)
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to get 40, 50 and 60% NDF, were fed to the animals in latin square design. DM intake (kg/ 100 kg Body
weight) was 2.03, 1.89 and 1.56 on the three types of rations. Rumen liquor samples were collected at 0,
2, 4, 6, and 7 hrs after feeding and were analysed for nitrogen parameters, TVFAs, protozoal number,
total, protweolytic, cellulolytic and methanogenic bacterial numbers. PH of the rumen liquor was not
different significantly. Total N (g/100ml SRL) decreased significantly from 96.20 to 65.79. There was
significant decrease in all the nitrogen parameters as well as TVFA concentration. Increase in fibre content
led to increase in acetate from 59.14 to 65.49% and decrease in propionate from 32.70 to 24.30%. Total
bacterial counts were not different in the three groups. Though there was increase in cellulolytic counts
from 6.10 to 12.48 X 104 and decrease in proteolytic counts from 12.69 to 9.01X104, the decrease was
not significant. Methnaogenic bacteria also increased with the increase in the fibre content in the diet.
FR 12
Effect of feeding standard, medium and low protein diets on
the performance of Murrah buffaloes during pre-patent
period of Fasciola gigantica infestation
P. Singh, A. K. Verma, Vinay Verma, S. C. Gupta* and U. R. Mehra
Division of Animal Nutrition
*Division of Parasitology Indian Veterinary Research Institute,Izatnagar-243 122
In order to study the effect of feeding standard, medium and low protein diets on the performance of
Murrah buffaloes during pre-patent period of Fasciola gigantica infestation, thirty male growing buffalo
calves (aged 8-12 months) were randomly divided into three groups of 10 each. They were fed isocaloric
diets having concentrate mixture (CM) varying in protein: standard protein (SP) as per Kearl (1982),
medium protein (MP) and low protein (LP). After a month the groups were further sub-divided into sub
groups; A & B. Animals in sub-group A under all the three treatments were served as non-infected con-
trol, while the animals in sub group B were infected individually with Fasciola gigantica metacercarie
(1000) through oral route. A metabolic trial on day 40 (post infection) was carried out to assess the intake
and utilization of nutrients in control and parasitized animals. All the nutrients were comparable in CM1,
CM2 and CM3 except CP content being 21.87, 19.09 and 16.69%, respectively. The dry matter intake
(g/d) did not differ significantly (P>0.05), however, intake of digestible DM, OM and ADF and intake of
ADF was significantly (P<0.05) higher in group 1 as compared to group 3. The intake (g/d) and digest-
ibility (%) of CP was significantly (P<0.01) higher in group 1 as compared to group 2 (MP) and 3. The
intake (g/d or g/kg W 0.75) of DM, OM, EE, NDF and digestibility (%) of DM, OM was comparable
(P>0.05) among groups and sub-groups. The digestibility (%) of EE, NDF and ADF was higher (P<0.05)
in group 1 compared to group 3, which was comparable to group 2. The DCP and TDN intakes were
also significantly different among groups but DCP intake was significantly (P<O.OOI) lower in infected
sub-groups compared to control groups. Intake and balance (g/d) of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus
were significantly higher in animals fed SP ration compared to LP ration. The blood biochemical values
were lower (P<0.001) for haemoglobin (%) and higher (P<O.OI) for ALT, AST and LDH (IU/L) in
infected sub-groups as compared to respective controls. The values of plasma albumin and A/G ratio
were significantly (P<0.05) higher in animals fed SP ration but plasma protein and glucose values were
similar among 3 groups. The values of urinary allantoin, creatinine and purine derivatives (mmol/d) were
significantly higher in animals’ fed LP ration. The PDC index was higher (P<0.05) in animals fed SP ration
and was also significantly (P<0.01) higher in animals of infected groups. The excretion of uric acid (mg/L
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and mmol/d) was significantly (P<0.001) higher in animals of infected groups as compared to control
groups. The average daily gain (ADG) of buffalo calves in SP, SPI, MP, MPI, LP and LPI was 333, 178,
356, 144, 222 and 144 g. respectively and was significantly (P<O.OJ) lower in animals fed LP ration as
compared to animals fed MP and SP rations. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (P<0.01)
higher in infected sub-groups as compared to respective control groups. From the results it is evident that
the performance of buffalo calves was adversely affected during pre-patent period of Fasciola giganlica
infestation irrespective of protein levels in the diet.
FR 13
Effect of feeding standard, medium and low protein diets on the
performance of murrah buffaloes during post-patent
period of Fasciola gigantica infestation
A. K. Verma, P. Singh, Vinay Verma, S. C. Gupta* and U. R. Mehra
*Division of Parasitology Indian Veterinary Research Institute,Izatnagar-243 122
In order to study the effect of feeding standard, medium and low protein diets on the performance of
Murrah buffaloes during post-patent period of Fasciola gigantica infestation, thirty male growing buffalo
calves (aged 8-12 months) were randomly divided into three groups of 10 each. They were fed isocaloric
diets having concentrate mixture (CM) varying in protein i.e. standard protein (SP) as per Kearl (1982),
medium protein (MP) and low protein (LP). After a month the groups were further sub-divided into sub
groups; A & B. Animals in sub group A under all the three treatments were served as non-infected control,
while the animals in sub group B were infected individually with Fasciola gigantica metacercarie (1000)
through oral route. A metabolic trial on day 40 (post infection) was carried out to assess the intake and
utilization of nutrients in control and parasitized animals. All the nutrients were comparable in CM1, CM2
and CM3 except CP content being 21.58, 19.57 and 16.56%, respectively. The dry matter intake (g/d)
but digestible DM, CP and EE and total DM intake and its intake through wheat straw was significantly
(P<0.01) higher in group 1 as compared to group 3. The digestibility of DM. OM, EE, NDF and ADF
was lower (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in infected groups as compared to control groups. The intake (g/d) and
digestibility (%) of CP was significantly (P<0.01) different among 3 groups and was the highest in group 1
followed by group 2 and 3. The intake of DM (% of body weight or g/kg W 0.75), DCP and TDN (g/d or
g/kg W 0.75) was higher (P<0.01) in animals fed SP ration. However, DCP intake (g/d or g/kg W 0.75) was
lower (P<0.01) in infected groups compared to control groups. Intake and balance (g/d) of nitrogen,
calcium and phosphorus was higher (P<0.01) in animals fed SP ration compared to LP ration. Moreover,
balance of N, Ca and P and balance as % of intake and absorbed of N and Ca were significantly
(P<0.01) lower in infected groups as compared to control groups. The blood biochemical values were
lower (P<0.01) for haemoglobin (%), creatinine (mg/dl) and A/G ratio and higher (P<0.01) for protein,
globulin and LDH (IU/L) in infected sub-groups as compared to respective control groups. Plasma glu-
cose, protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, ALT, AST and LDH values were significantly different among
3 groups. The excretion of allantoin and purine derivatives (mg/L, mrnol/L and mmol/d) was significantly
higher in infected animals compared to control animals. The PDC index was also significantly (P<0.01)
higher in animals fed SP rations and infected with Fasciola gigantica. The urinary excretion of uric acid
and creatinine was comparable in animals of infected and control groups and animals fed SP, MP and LP
rations. The average daily gain of buffalo calves in SP, SPI, MP, MPI, LP and LPI was 194, -200, 178,
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-156, 111 and -78 g, respectively and was significantly (P<0.01) lower in animals fed LP ration as com-
pared to MP and SP ration fed animals, however, it was negative and significantly (P<0.01) lower in
infected animals as compared to control groups. Moreover, during recovery phase when animals were
drenched with fasciocidal drug, the ADO in SP, SPI, MP, MPI, LP and UPI was 111, 420, 78, 221, 133
and 294 g, respectively and was significantly (P<0.01) higher in fasciocidal drug treated groups. Signifi-
cantly higher (P<0.01) compensatory growth, and lower (P<0.01) FCR was recorded in treated animals
fed SP ration as compared to other rations. The FCR was higher (P<O.OI) in infected animals irrespec-
tive of levels of protein intake. The values of overall FCR was significantly (P<0.01) higher in animals fed
on LP ration as compared to SP and MP rations. The loss of body weight in sub-groups (SPI, MPI and
LPI) was –200, -156 and -78 g/day. respectively during 90 days post infection
FR 14
Effect of plane of nutrition on growth and nutrient utilization of
Fasciola gigantica infected crossbred calves
S. L. Ingale, P. Singh, A. K. Verma, U. R. Mehra and K. Y. Deshpande
Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly
Present study evaluated the effect of plane of nutrition on growth performance, intake and digestibility
of nutrients in Fasciola giganlica infected crossbred (Bos indicus x Bos taurus) calves. Fifteen cross-
bred calves (12 months age; 184.5±6.75 kg BW) were randomly divided into three equal groups. Groups
I and II were fed with 100 % of’NRC (1988) requirement, whereas animals of group III were fed with
75% of NRC requirement. Animals in groups II and III were infected orally with 500 metacercariae of F.
gigantica whereas animals in group I served as un infected control. A metabolic trial of six days duration
was conducted 105 days post infection when there was appearance of F. gigantica eggs in faeces. Dry
matter intake of infected groups II and III was significantly (P<0.01) lower than control group I. Average
daily gain (g) in infected groups II (214.5) and III (47.17) was significantly (P< 0.01) lower than control
group I (487.0). Feed conversion efficiency in infected groups were declined significantly (P< 0.05) from
60 days post infection. Digestibility of nutrients did not vary significantly among three groups except ether
extract, which was significantly (P<0.05) lower in infected groups II and III compared to control group I.
Study revealed that Fasciola gigantica infestation in crossbred calves exhibited reduction in feed intake,
average daily gain, feed conversion efficiency and digestibility of ether extract.
FR 15
Effect of quality protein maize based calf starter on the
growth of young crossbred calves
A. K. Tyagi, S. S. Thakur and K. K. Singhal
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001
Besides other amino acids, lysine methionine and cystine in QPM was about 129, 6 and 45% higher
than those in conventional maize grains. QPM was containing higher protein and ether extract contents
than conventional maize, however, their fiber content was similar. To compare the performance of young
calves on calf starters based on conventional maize and QPM as energy sources, two calf starters were
formulated containing conventional or QPM at similar level (maize/ QPM 50, groundnut cake 28, wheat
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bran 20, mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 part) and fed to two groups of 10 each new born cross-
bred calves after 5 days of birth following group feeding practice. Average birth weight of calves in group
I (control) and II was 29.0±1.99 and 28.4±2.39 kg, respectively. Both groups were fed on whole milk
for 30 days of age, which was gradually replaced thereafter by skim milk as per NDRI schedule. DM
intake through milk and calf starter was recorded daily during an experimental period of 85 days. Initially,
calves in each group were offered calf starter @1 kg/ day/group for one week, and thereafter increased
gradually up to 7 kg/ day/ group. Chaffed maize fodder was made available to all the calves, which was
also increased gradually from one kg to 3 kg/day to each group. The body weight of calves was recorded
at fortnightly intervals. Both the calf starters were having almost similar level of nutrients, and CP content
of calf starter of group I and II was 21.82 and 22.75 %, respectively, on DM basis. The average DM
intake from calf starter, milk and forage in crossbred calves of group I and II was 0.98 and 0.99 kg/ day
and the variation between groups was not significant.
Body weight gain in group II (576±44.18 g/ d) was higher (P<0.05) than in group I (522±43.82 g/
d).Feed efficiency (feed intake/ kg body weight gain) in group II (1.71) was also higher than in group I
(1.87), however, variation between the groups was not significant. CP intake in both the groups through
various sources (milk, calf starter and roughage) was similar, however, CP intake/ kg body weight gain in
group II (427 g/d) was lower than in group I (465 g/day), obviously due to the higher availability of
essential amino acids and energy from the QPM based calf starter. It was concluded that replacement of
conventional maize grain with QPM in calf starter resulted in significantly higher weight gain in crossbred
calves.
FR 16
Influence of mustard (Brassica juncia) seed cake supplementation
on milk production of Rathi cattle in its home tract
B. K. Mathur1, J. P. Singh, R. K. Beniwal, N. V. Patil1 and A. C. Mathur2
Regional Research Station, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Bikaner-334001
1
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342003
2
K.V.K. Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342003
Although from last few decades this arid region has become mustard growing area, but mustard seed
cake feeding to cattle is not being practiced by arid region farmers, in spite of its readily availability at a
relatively cheaper rate. An attempt was made to demonstrate the use of mustard (Brassica juncia) seed
cake as a protein source replacing the commercial concentrate mixture. In a five months feeding trial
twelve (12) lactating Rathi cows were divided into two groups forming control (T1)and treatment groups
(T2) having 6 animals in each group. Animals in both the groups were at similar stage of production and
parity, however three animals in each group was suffering from gynecological disorders like prolapse of
uterus and or cervicitis . Treated these disorders and as preventive measure vitamin-mineral mixture was
added in the concentrate @ 1%. All the animals were daily allowed for about 7 hours grazing on Lasiurus
dominated pasture, and watered ad-libitum twice daily. The cows of both the groups were offered con-
centrate in the form of pelleted cattle feed (20% CP and 70 % TDN) @4.5 kg/ani./day However, in the
treatment group 25% of the pelleted cattle feed was replaced by mustard seed cake(29% CP and 74%
TDN) on nitrogen basis. The initial and final body weights of T1 and T2 group animals during experimen-
tation were 310.4 ±20.29, 310.6± 12.87 and307.33 ±23.0, 303.0±11.12 kg respectively. The T1 group
animals maintained higher average body weights up to 13 th week but the weekly milk average of T1 group
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was significantly lower The average milk yield /cow/day for 145 days trial was 3.92 and 4.27 kg. in
T1and T2 groups respectively and was 8.9% higher in mustard fed group Therefore, the cost of feeding
concentrate was reduced in T2.Study showed higher milk yield can be obtained by inclusion of mustard
seed cake in the concentrate ration of Rathi cows and milk produced had no pungent odor of the mustard
seed cake as was feared by the farmers.
FR 17
Augmentation of reproductive efficiency in post partum crossbred cattle by
additional energy supplementation in transient period- A field study
P. S. P. Gupta, S. Selvaraju and G. Ravikiran
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore- 560030.
Nutritional management during the transient period is very important and it influences postpartum
fertility in cattle. Cross bred Holstein-Friesian cows (24 no) belonging to small live stock farmers of an
adopted village, which are in advanced pregnancy were employed. Body weights based on body mea-
surements and Body conditions scores (BCS) were recorded once in fortnight from eighth month of
pregnancy. At the time of calving the animals were grouped in to two groups i.e ragi (Finger Millet) grain
(1-2 kg. / day / animal) was fed from 7th day of calving to 30th day of calving in addition to normal
lactation ration in the treatment group (12 cows) and the other group that was not fed ragi stood as
control group (12 cows). Milk samples were collected starting from day 7 of calving to two months after
their conception. Milk progesterone was estimated by Radioimmunoassay. There was abrupt and steep
decrease in the body condition score in the control group of animals compared to the treatment group.
Among treatment group of animals, 25% of them exhibited luteal activity (>1 ng/ml of milk progesterone)
compared to only 11% in the control group. The mean day of occurrence of first postpartum estrus was
lesser in treatment group than that of control group (71 days vs 81 days). In control group, there was an
inverse relationship of BCS and day of occurrence of first heat, on the other hand in the treatment group
the two parameters had a direct relationship. The percentage of repeat breeders was less in treatment
group compared to that of control (18 % vs 22%). No animal could conceive before three months of
postpartum in control group, whereas 20% of the animals conceived in treatment group during this period.
By six months postpartum 60% of the treatment group cows conceived but only 44% of the control group
could conceive by this period. It was concluded that additional energy in the form of Ragi grain improved
postpartum fertility in cross bred Holstein-Friesian cattle in the village condition.
FR 18
Effects of limiting amino acid rich supplements in the ration on nutrient
utilization and milk production of buffaloes in early lactation
S. S. Dahiya1, S. Chandersekriah2, M. L. Sharma1, A. Thulsi2,
B. S. Punia1 and K. T. Sampath2
1
. Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar
2
. National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Banglore
The effects of feeding limiting amino acid (lysine and methionine) rich protein sources on nutrient
utilization, quality and quantity of milk produced were studied in early lactation. Eighteen buffaloes in 2nd
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and 3rd lactation were divided into three groups on the basis of their previous lactation yield and current
milk yield. All the animals were given wheat straw ad lib and green fodder 10-15 kg as per seasonal
availability. Rest of the requirements were met by feeding of concentrate mixture. The protein source in
concentrate mixture in control group was GNC while in groups II and III GNC was replaced by soy bean
cake (SBC) and cotton seed cake (CSC), respectively. All three-concentrate mixtures were isonitrogenous
and isocaloric. A digestibility trials was conducted to study the nutrient utilization. The total DM intake
(kg/head) was 12.59, 12.84, and 12.54 in control, SBC and CSC groups, respectively. The digestibilities
values were DM 62.72, 59.77, 63.65; OM 64.46, 60.21, 64.56; CP 59.07, 58.00, 61.29; CF 63.89,
62.23, 62.41; EE 64.71, 61.61, 61.13 and NFE 63.46, 61.19, 65.39 in control, SBC and CSC groups,
respectively. The nutritive value of the total ration was DCP (%) 6.57, 6.89, 7.09; TDN (%) 57.87,
55.36 and 59.12, respectively in control, SBC and CSC groups. Average milk production (kg/day) was
highest in CSC (9.31), followed by SBC (9.07) and lowest in control group (8.72). The increase was to
the tune of 4.01% in SBC and 6.77% in CSC groups as compared to control. The fat percentage in-
creased in all the animals with the progress of lactation and it remained highest in CSC group (7.33%) as
compared to SBC group (7.04%) and control groups ((6.77%). Similarly protein and total solids content
of milk remained highest in CSC group as compared to other two groups. In conclusion feeding of limiting
amino acid rich protein source enhanced the milk production and fat percentage without affecting the
nutrient utilization in buffaloes in early lactation.
FR 19
Effects of limiting amino acid rich protein supplements on nutrient
utilization and milk production of buffaloes in mid lactation
S. S. Dahiya1, S. Chandersekriah2, M. L. Sharma1, A. Thulsi2,
B. S. Punia1 and K. T. Sampath2
1
Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar;
2
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Banglore
Eighteen lactating buffaloes in 2nd and 3rd lactation, used in early lactation studies were continued in
mid lactation to see the effects of feeding limiting amino acid (lysine and methionine) rich protein sources
on nutrient utilization, quality and quantity of milk produced. All the animals were given wheat straw ad lib
and green fodder 10-15 kg as per seasonal availability. Rest of the requirements were met by feeding of
concentrate mixture. The protein source in concentrate mixture in control group was GNC while in groups
II and III GNC was replaced by soy bean cake (SBC) and cotton seed cake (CSC), respectively. All
three-concentrate mixtures were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. A digestibility trials was conducted to study
the nutrient utilization. The digestibilities values were DM 60.74, 59.26, 60.03; OM 60.31, 59.29, 59.88;
CP 60.77, 58.98, 56.38; CF 56.78, 60.03, 57.01; EE 63.35, 62.54, 64.30 and NFE 62.90, 60.92,
63.49 and the nutritive value of the total ration was DCP (%) 6.33, 6.39, 5.89; TDN (%) 54.95, 54.12,
54.64, respectively in control, SBC and CSC groups. Average milk production (kg/day) was highest in
CSC (7.50), followed by SBC (7.21) and lowest in control group (6.52). The increase was to the tune of
10.58% in SBC and 15.03% in CSC groups as compared to control. The fat percentage increased in all
the animals with the progress of the lactation and it remained highest in CSC group (7.81%) as compared
to SBC group (7.27%) and control groups (7.23%). Similarly protein and total solids content of milk
remained highest in CSC group as compared to other two groups. All the buffaloes became pregnant in
the experiment. In conclusion feeding of limiting amino acid rich protein sources enhanced the milk pro-
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duction and fat percentage without affecting the nutrient utilization in mid lactating buffaloes. However,
with the progress of the lactation i.e in late lactation, the increasing effect in milk and milk fat was not so
marked.
FR 20
Effect of dietary crude protein levels on milk yield in crossbred cows
K. Ally, A. D. Mercy and T. V. Viswanathan
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Agricultural University
A study was conducted to assess the influence of level of dietary protein on early lactation using
eighteen crossbred cows within one week of their lactation. These animals were grouped into three and
fed with concentrate mixtures having 26.6 (T1), 20 (T2) and 16.9 (T3) per cent CP on DM basis and
paddy straw, in the ratio 70:30 of total DM intake. The total dry matter intake (DMI) of animals in the T1
group was lower (P<0.01) than that of the other two groups. There was no significant difference in the
milk production, milk composition or blood parameters except blood urea nitrogen, among the groups.
The blood urea nitrogen levels of the 50th day collection was significantly higher (P< 0.01) in the T2 group
than that of the T3 group. Rumen pH and lactic acid content were higher (P< 0.05) in T1 group while
NH3-N concentration was lower (P< 0.05) for the animals fed T3 ration. The digestibility coefficient of
EE, CF, NDF and ADF were significantly higher (P< 0.01) for the T1 ration. The cost of producing one
kg milk was Rs. 7.79, 7.91 and 7.71 for the three groups, respectively. Results of the study suggested
that CP level of 16.9 per cent in the concentrate mixture (13.2 per cent in the total ration) was sufficient
to meet the requirements of cows in early lactation, producing a peak of 10 kg milk per day.
FR 21
Efficacy of feeding whey-based calf-milk replacers on the
performance of neonatal dairy calves
M. Yahya1, A. Tyagi2 and K. K. Singhal2
1
Bonilait Proteines, B.P.2-86361, Chasseneuil-Du-Poitou Cedex, France
2
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 Haryana, India
Neonatal calves of below three months of age are dependent on liquid milk feeding as their digestive
system are not ready for 100% solid feed intake. Fresh mother milk is the most natural and suited for the
calves. However, a calf milk formula or replacer almost always will be cheaper than feeding saleable
whole milk. Using calf milk replacer (CMR) provides flexibility of storage, day-to-day constancy of prod-
uct, and conduciveness for the control of diseases in the calves. Nonetheless, CMR come in many quali-
ties due to different production techniques and ingredients used. Some CMR are manufactured using
spray drying and with homogenised vegetable-fat and whey protein blending. Examples of such technical
CMR are Vodor One (VO) manufactured by Bonilait Proteines of France. In present trials, the aim was
to evaluate the efficacy of feeding VO-CMR on the performance of calves in comparison to feeding
whole milk. Two feeding trials were conducted. The first trial (E1) was performed at a government dairy
farm in Air Hitam, Malaysia, which used 24 male and 24 female Fiesian-Sahiwal calves as the experimen-
tal animals. The second trial (E2) was conducted at the Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India, which
used five to six Karan-Friesian calves of each sex. These numbers were equally and randomly alloted to
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three or two dietary treatments consisting of (1) whole milk (E1 &E2), (2) alternative CMR (E1), and (3)
VO-CMR (E1 & E2).The calves were selected from their respective parent herds. All calves were iden-
tified with neck or ear tag numbers, and birth weights were recorded as soon as possible after birth. The
calves were allowed to drink from their mothers’ colostrum within 48 hours before they were separated to
individual pens (E1) or group pens (E2). Day-to-day management of the calves, the personnel involved in
the experimental handling and procedures were kept as constant as possible. Both the fresh milk and
CMR were fed twice daily at about 10% body weights, once in the morning and once in late afternoon
until they are weaned at 12th (E1) or 13th week. The CMR were dissolved with warm water of 60o C, at
1:7 recommended dilution rate. Individual birth weights, weekly (E2) or every fortnightly (E1) body weights,
daily intakes of fluid, calf concentrate and chopped fodder were recorded. Data were computed using
Statistical Analysis System (Version 9.1) and analysis performed by general linear model to determine
LSD between means. A difference between a pair of means of more than two standard error of the means
was considered statistically significant (P<0.05). In the trial E1, the final weights at 12th week, total gains,
ADG and fluid intakes were: 70.5, 60.7 and 62.9 kg; 45.1, 34.2 and 36.3 kg; 0.59, 0.44 and 0.47 kg/
day; 4.7, 4.7 and 5.1 liter/day for treatments (1), (2) and (3), respectively. For trial E2, the average
parameters were: 77.0 and 67.7 kg; 48.5 and 36.7 kg; 0.59 and 0.40 kg/day; 5.0 and 4.6 liters/day for
treatments (1) and (3), respectively. In conclusion, the feeding of whole milk for both the trials resulted in
higher final weights of 11-12% compared to feeding the VO-CMR, while the alternative CMR showed
slightly lower performance. As expectedly shown in trial E1, the VO-CMR feeding achieved a cost shav-
ing of 28% compared to the whole milk feeding. This was, nevertheless, based on the price of these items
at the time of the trial. As reported in other similar trials, these levels of differences in the calves’ perfor-
mance are acceptable trade offs for the CMR feeding.
FR 22
Effect of replacement of barley grain energy with
babul pods on in vitro nutrient utilization
Mayank Tandon and S. N. Rai
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, NDRI, Karnal, Haryana
Barley grain in concentrate mixture was replaced with Babul pods (Acacia nilotica) at 0, 40, 60, 80
and 100 % levels of energy and a TMR was prepared using concentrate to roughage ration of 50: 50 with
oat green and wheat straw (33:17). Inclusion of barley grain was 20% in the concentrate at zero percent
replacement level, while it was 12, 8, 4 and 0 % in the concentrate at 40, 60, 80 and 100 % replacement
levels. Various TMRs were evaluated for chemical composition, in vitro dry matter and organic matter
digestibility as well as gas production over 48 h. The organic matter for different TMRs ranged from
85.15 to 86.02 percent in various levels of replacement with babul pods. The crude protein contents for
TMRs were 13.19 to 14.46 percent, while crude fibre content was 21.30 to 23.11. Ether extract percent
was in the range of 2.43 to 3.0 in TMRs. NDF content was 58.98 to 62.09, while ADF content was
between 30.38 to 37.23 percent respectively for 0, 40, 60, 80 and 1000 % replacement levels in TMRs.
The in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility at 0, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % replacement levels in
TMRs were as 59.90, 57.76, 62.46, 61.36 and 58.74 percent, and 62.48, 61.75, 62.77, 63.25 and
61.57 percent respectively. Total gas production of various TMRs during 48 h were 185.05, 182.23,
183.00, 182.14 and 175.63 ml/g TMR and the rate of gas production (ml/h/g) was 3.85, 3.79, 3.81,
3.79 and 3.65 respectively for 0, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % replacement levels of barley. The values of
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IVDMD and IVOMD were remained similar with each other. It is concluded that Barley energy can be
replaced at 100 percent level with Babul pods energy without affecting nutrient utilization.
FR 23
Effect of replacement of sorghum grain energy with babul pods
on in vitro nutrient utilization
Mayank Tandon and S. N. Rai
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, NDRI, Karnal, Haryana
Sorghum grain in concentrate mixture was replaced with Babul pods (Acacia nilotica) at 0, 40, 60,
80 and 100 % levels of energy and a TMR was prepared using concentrate to roughage ration of 50: 50
with green oat and wheat straw (33:17). Inclusion of sorghum grain was 20% in the concentrate at zero
percent replacement level, while it was 12, 8, 4 and 0 % in the concentrate at 40, 60, 80 and 100 %
replacement levels. Various TMRs were evaluated for chemical composition, in vitro dry matter and
organic matter digestibility as well as gas production over 48 h. The organic matter for different TMRs
ranged from 85.55 to 88.73 percent in various levels of replacement with babul pods. The crude protein
contents for TMRs were between13.25 to 14.35 percent, while crude fibre content was 20.24 to 24.53
percent. Ether extract percent was in the range of 2.8 to 3.35 in TMRs. NDF content was 59.59 to
61.82 percent, while ADF content was between 35.96 to 39.08 percent respectively for 0, 40, 60, 80
and 100 % replacement levels in TMRs. The in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility at 0, 40,
60, 80 and 100 % replacement level in TMRs were as 52.60, 57.25, 54.97, 50.67 and 49.98 percent,
and 56.03, 62.44, 59.17, 57.08 and 55.25 percent respectively. Total gas production of various TMRs
during 48 h were 186.07, 217.67, 204.85, 200.15 and 189.34 ml/g TMR and the rate of gas production
(ml/h/g) was 3.87, 4.53, 4.26, 4.17 and 3.94 respectively for 0, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % replacement
levels of sorghum. The IVDMD values differed significantly between control and 40 % energy replace-
ment while other values remained similar to each other. It is concluded that Sorghum grain energy can be
replaced at 100 percent level with Babul pods energy without affecting nutrient utilization.
FR 24
Effect of balanced feed on the performance of milch cows-
A comparative study
S. K. Upadhyay and Kavita Sharma
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kangra-176 001, India
Generally dairy farmers are not aware of balanced feeding to their milch animals. Though they have
started rearing crossbred cows but due to imbalance in feeding, health of milch cattle could not be main-
tained thus leading to poor productivity and infertility problem. Hence the present study was conducted to
know the effect of balance feed on the performance of milch animals in comparison to farmers used feed.
In this study, six dairy farmers were selected. Balanced feed comprised of maize/ wheat 40, cotton seed
cake 15, mustard cake 15, wheat bran 27, mineral mixture 2 and Salt 1 kg each and fed to two groups
of HF cows and two groups of (Jersey x HF) cows for 90 days. Feeds were fed at the rate of one kg per
2.75 1 in Jersey x HF cows and 3.5 1 in HF cows in addition to maintenance ration per day. 30 kg green
fodder and 10 Kg dry fodder were also fed to the animals per day. Progressive increase in milk yield was
observed in the cows fed with balanced feed. During last week daily milk yield was 20.75 to 21.27 l /d,
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which was 18 1 initially in HF cows. In crossbred (J x HF), during last week, milk yield was 15.5 1 and
initially it was 12.5 1. In other group almost same milk yield was obtained throughout the trial period i.e.
18 1 and 12.5 1 respectively, in two trials. The health and the reproduction performances of the balanced
feed fed groups improved and there was control of deficiency diseases.
FR 25
Effect of supplementation of wheat straw with graded levels of mustard
cake on in vitro fermentation and nutrient utilization in crossbred steers
K. Sharma, Narayan Dutta, A. K. Pattanaik, M. Singh, A. K. Patra and A. Singh
Center of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition
Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar-243 122, India
A study was conducted to ascertain the effects of supplementation of wheat straw with graded levels
of expeller pressed mustard cake (MOC) on in vitro and in vivo nutrient utilization. Graded levels of
MOC (0, 10, 20, 30. 50, 60, 70 and 100%) with wheat straw were used to study the substrate degra-
dation by in vitro gas production technique. Rates of gas production (c) and TDOMR increased (P<0.05)
and half time (t1/2) of asymptotic gas production decreased (P<0.05) with increasing levels of MOC
inclusion. MBP and EMP were significantly (P<0.05) high due to supplementation, however, optimum true
supplementary effect on in vitro fermentation was evident at 10% level. Subsequently, twenty crossbred
steers (2.5 yrs of age and 218±13.3 kg BW) were fed graded levels of MOC at the rate of 0, 10, 20,
and 30% of total diets. Supplementation of MOC to wheat straw was found to exert significant (P<0.05)
positive effect on DMI (% BW or g/kg W0.75) by steers. Intake of wheat straw improved significantly
(P<0.05) up to 20% level of MOC supplementation, however, substitution effect was pronounced be-
yond this critical level. Digestibility of DM, OM and CP increased significantly (PO.05) due to supple-
mentation although digestibility coefficient of fibre fractions exhibited improvement significantly (P<0.05)
by MOC supplementation at 10% dietary level with out any further increase beyond this level. Nutrient
intake and density of composite diet in term of DCP and TDN and N-retention improved significantly
(PO.05) from 10 to 30% levels of MOC. However, intake of DCP and TDN was sufficient at 10%
dietary level of MOC to meet their nutrient requirement. It may be concluded that supplementation of
expeller pressed rapeseed-mustard cake at 10% level may be effective as critical supplement for optimi-
zation of straw use and improving the performance of crossbred steers in the prevailing socio-economic
conditions of the farmers.
FR 26
Effect of supplementing wheat straw with pulse by-products (chuni):
In vitro fermentation characteristics and metabolism study
with crossbred steers
Narayan Dutta, K. Sharma, A. K. Pattanaik, M. Singh, A. K. Patra and A. Singh
Center of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, India
The study was carried out to examine the effect of supplementation of wheat straw with graded levels
of lentil (Lens culimaris) and black gram (Vigna mungo) by-products (chuni) on in vitro and in vivo
nutrient utilization. Graded levels of lentil or black gram chuni (0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 70 and 100%) with
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
wheat straw were used to study the substrate degradation by in vitro gas production technique. Gas
volume produced in 24 h, TDOMR, MBP and EMP were significantly (P<0.05) high due to supplemen-
tation, however, true supplementary effects on in vitro fermentation were evident at 20% level. Twenty
crossbred steers (2.5 yrs and 215±15.0 kg BW) were fed lentil chuni at 0, 15, 25, and 35% levels in
Exp. 1, and black gram chuni at 0, 15, 25 and 35% levels in Exp. 2. Supplementation of chunies to wheat
straw was found to exert significant (P<0.05) positive effect on DM I by steers. Intake of wheat straw
improved significantly up to 15% level of supplementation, however, substitution effect was pronounced at
35% level in both the chunies. Similarly, digestibility coefficient of various nutrients improved significantly
(P<0.05) at 15% level and no additional beneficial effect was evident beyond this level in both the chunies,
except for higher CP digestibility at 25% level. In general, N retention increased (P<0.05) with increasing
levels of supplementation. Intake of DCP and TDN by steers was sufficient at 15% level to meet their
nutrient requirements. Various target blood biochemical parameters remained within the normal range at
different levels. Supplementation of lentil and black grain chuni at 15% level appears to be effective to
achieve optimum true supplementary effect and overall performance of crossbred steers in prevailing
feeding systems.
FR 27
Chemical composition of local feeds and fodder in
Kumaon region of Uttaranchal
N. Raghubanshi¹, O. P. Singh and A. Dey²
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying,
Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, U.P.
A study was conducted to analyze the chemical composition of locally available feed resources in
Kumaon region of Uttaranchal. For this purpose two district namely Nainital and Almora and in each
district two blocks and in each block two villages situated at various altitudes were selected. Feeds and
fodder samples were collected from the selected households. The study revealed that locally available
roughages like paddy, wheat and bhatt straw (pulse straw) and minor millets straw (jhungra and mandua
straw), local grass hay, Bhimal and Timil leaves and mixed green grasses are being used for feeding of
livestock. The CP content was found highest in Bhimal leaves (19.20%) followed by Timil leaves (13.50%).
Hay made of local grasses had more CP percent (8.5%) than straw. The EE content of tree leaves and
local grasses was observed higher in winter season ranging between 2.08 to 3.77 %. Organic matter
content was higher in hay (6.83 %) and bhatt straw (6.95 %) than other roughages. In case of concen-
trate, maximum crude protein content was found in soybean (41.88%), bhatt grain (33.75%) while in
wheat, barley, maize and minor millet grain the content was observed at 10.50, 11.30, 12.25 and 6.88%,
respectively. The content of EE was found higher in whole soybean (9.40%) followed by bhatt grain
(5.76%). Therefore, the soybean was found better in all respect of nutritive value of feeds in livestock
feeding followed by bhatt grain. In case of tree leave, Bhimal leaves were found better for animal feeding
in hill region.
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FR 28
Effect of feeding broom grass (Thysanolaena maxima) to dairy cattle as
lean season green forage in the north eastern region
P. B. Reddy* and J. J. Gupta
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103 (India)
Paddy straw generally forms the sole source of roughage for feeding dairy cattle in NE region of
India in winter season due to non-availability of green fodder leading to decrease in milk yield. Therefore,
an experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding broom grass (Thysanolaena maxima) as
green fodder to dairy cattle during lean (winter) season. Three animals were fed with paddy straw as sole
source of roughage and three animals were fed with 50% broom grass and 50% paddy straw. An average
milk yield of 7.71 litres per day per animal was recorded when paddy straw was fed as sole roughage
(40% of total DM intake) and it increased to 8.38 litres when 50% of paddy straw was replaced by
broom grass. This indicated that broom grass, which grows well in this region when other greens are not
available, could be used as potential alternative to maintain milk production in dairy cattle during lean
season.
FR 29
Replacement of green maize by whole sugarcane in the
ration of “phule triveni” heifers
Y. G. Fulpagare, R. J. Desale, D. K. Deokar, S. V. Kale and S. P. Kalhapure
Research Cum Development Project on Cattle
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri -413 722 Dist- Ahmednagatr, India.
Phule Triveni crossbred heifers (16) of almost similar age and weights were divided into four treat-
ment groups. The total DM was provided as 1 /3 through concentrate and 2/3 through roughages. The
DM provided through roughages was splitted as 1 part through Lucerne, 1 part through Jowar kadbi and
remaining 1 part through Maize (T0). The Maize was replaced by whole sugarcane at the rate of 50%
(T1), 75% (T2) and 100% (T3), respectively. The experimental feeding was continued for 3 months, then
the digestion trial of 7 days duration was continued for estimation of digestibility of proximate nutrients.
The results revealed that the average daily dry matter intake was 1.78, 1.73, 1.74 and 1.72 kg and gain
in body weight was 0.421, 0.417, 0.443 and 0.409kg, in T0, T1, T2 and T3 treatment groups, respectively.
The treatment wise body measurements were observed to be increased with increase in body weight. The
digestibility of DM, CP, CF, EE and NFE ranged between 67.31 to 71.62, 59.01 to 64.81, 67.30 to
70.91, 46.28 to 49.03 and 69.22 to 71.22 per cent, respectively which shows decreasing trend with
increase in whole sugarcane level. The non-significant differences were noticed for daily DM intake, gain
in body weight, and body measurements. However, there was numerical increase up to 75% replacement
of maize by whole sugarcane. Therefore, from the results it can be concluded that the green maize can be
replaced by chopped whole sugarcane up to 75% in the ration of Phule Triveni crossbred heifers.
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FR 30
Prediction of dry matter intake of grazing lactating
cows in arid tract of Western Rajasthan
N. R. Chowdhry and Shiv Prasad
Dairy Cattle Breeding Division
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
A study was conducted on ten lactating Tharparkar cows to predict the dry matter intake under
grazing (August-September, 2006) in the field area of arid western Rajasthan. Double indicator method
was used to predict the dry matter intake. Acid insoluble ash (AIA) and chromic sesquioxide (Cr2O3)
were taken as internal and external indicators, respectively. Twelve grams chromic sesquioxide was drenched
daily for 7 days and grabbed dung samples were collected on 6, 7 and 8th days at morning and evening.
The collected dung samples were digested in triple acid mixture and the chromium concentration was
measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometery. AIA was measured in representative feed and grabbed
dung samples of experimental cows. The mean recovery of chromium in dung was 0.28 g per cent (0.23
- 0.34 g %). Average predicted dry matter voided in dung was 2.93 kg day-1 (2.43 - 3.64 kg/day). The
average concentration of AIA in feed and dung samples was 2.58 and 9.30 per cent, respectively. The
mean of predicted dry matter intake per 100 kg BW, per kg BW0.75 and kg cow-1 day-1 was 3.40 kg
(2.95 - 3.74 kg), 0.14 kg (0.12 - 0.16 kg) and 10.53 kg (8.62 - 12.15 kg), respectively. High DM intake
was attributed to good availability of green grasses during rainy season.
FR 31
Seasonal variations in grazing resources of western arid region
and strategies to combat the pro blem
N. R. Chowdhryand Shiv Prasad
Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
Animal husbandry is the major source of livelihood of people in the western arid region, where
common rangelands are main feed input resource for the livestock. An investigation on the seasonal fluc-
tuations in grass cover of rangelands was carried out in two locations of Barmer and Jaisalmer districts
during 2006-07. The average number of seedlings per quadrate (1m x 1m) of rangeland was 201, 28 and
6 in rainy, winter and summer seasons, respectively. The annual and perennial green grasses during rainy
season were available only as dried stubbles and litter in winter and summer. The pasture was dominated
by the moderately palatable grass species for cattle dominated by Indigofera cordifolia, Aristida
adscensionis, Cenchrus biflorus and Cenchrus ciliaris contributing 58.18 per cent seedlings in rainy
season. However during winter and summer seasons the seedlings of unpalatable grasses/shrubs of mainly
Crotalaria burhia and Aerva pseudotomentosa were predominant with proportionate contribution of
59.89 and 78.95 per cent, respectively. Thus the grass cover of rangeland steeply declined from moderate
grazing value in rainy season to near zero grazing value in summer. The gap of fodder scarcity in lean
period was moderated by farmers by feeding grass hay and straws stocked during flush season supple-
mented with feeding limited quantity of feed to the animals, short distance migration of unproductive stock
and sale of surplus stock. In case of recurrence of drought a frequent problem in the arid region, the only
options available to the livestock keepers are long distance migration of herd, purchase fodder from other
sources beyond economical means, letting loose the cattle, especially unproductive ones, on the mercy of
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God, or rearing them in cattle relief camps financially supported by state government under famine relief
programme.
FR 32
Evaluation of nutritive value of local grass of
Kumaon Himalaya in crossbred calves
A. Sahoo and R. K. Mahapatra
Division of Temperate Animal Husbandry
Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Mukteswar Campus-263138 (Uttarakhand)
The present experiment is planned to assess intake and utilization of nutrients in six crossbred cattle
calves (age 12-18 mo and average live weight 174 kg) fed solely on local mixed green grass. The princi-
pal component grass species, viz. Bimalsiya (Pennisetum orientale), Kumeria (Heteropogon contortus)
and Kikiyu (Penesetum clandestinum) in the local mixed grasses were identified and analysed for proxi-
mate and fiber constituents. The feeding trial was continued for a period of 3 weeks followed by a
digestibility trial of six days duration for collection of feed and faeces sample. The three grass species had
a wide range of CP content (% of DM) ranging from 6.1 in Kumeria to 20.9 in Bimalsiya and that of
Kikiyu was 10.9. The acid detergent lignin content (% of DM) was high in Kumeria (7.4) followed by
Kikiyu (6.3) and Bimalsiya (2.8). All the three grass species had high NDF content (73.1-77.4%), but
ADF was low in Bimalsiya and thus it had high hemicellulose (44.8%) and low cellulose content (27.7%).
The Kumeria grass had a low total ash (8.1%), but it had high acid insoluble ash (4.45%) followed by
Bimalsiya (2.71%) and Kikiyu (1.93%). On the whole, the local mixed grass had CP 6.6 %, NDF
80.2%, ADL 13.2%, ash 12.0% and AIA 5.23%. The intake of DM, CP, DCP, TDN and ME was
averaged at 4.70 kg, 310 g, 182 g, 2.79 kg and 10.06 Mcal, respectively. The digestibility of DM, OM,
CP, NDF and ADF were 64.0, 65.8, 58.9, 67.5 and 61.8 %, respectively. Thus the major nutrient
composition of local grass with respect to DCP, TDN and ME was 39 g, 595 g and 2.14 Mcal per kg
DM. Feeding of local mixed grass as a sole diet was thus observed to be deficient in CP and DCP to
meet the requirement of crossbred calves (approx. 200 kg BW) with an average daily gain of 300 g.
However, a high proportion of Bimalsiya grass could definitely ameliorate the deficit due to its high CP
content.
FR 33
In vivo assessment of nutrient utilization in indigenous cattle heifers
reared on a basal diet of local grass hay and oak leaves at
Kumaon regions of Himalaya
V. K. Paswan, A. Sahoo and R. K. Mahapatra
The in vivo experiment was carried out at Animal Nutrition Shed of Indian Veterinary Research
Institute, Mukteshwar located at 2250-2350 m above sea level in the Kumaon regions of Himalaya in the
Uttarakhand Province (28o 53’ 24”-31o 27’ 50” N and 77o 34’ 27”-81o 02’ 22” E) of India. The experi-
ment was conducted in two stages, viz. stage-I involved evaluation of three different feeding practices in
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six native hill cattle heifers (18-24 mo age and average body weight 101.5 kg) in a partial switch-over
design; and during stage-II, concentrate mixture (CM) was supplemented to local grass hay (GH) so as to
meet the major nutritional requirements as prescribed in the feeding standard (NRC, 2001). The three
different dietary treatments were GH (G1), GH + low level of oak leaves (OL) (G2) and GH + high level
of OL (G3). The switch over feeding trial involving two animals each for a treatment continued for a
period of forty days including a digestibility trial towards the end and the dietary treatments were switched
over in three different periods. The study on CM supplementation to GH (G4) was conducted in all the six
animals at the end of the switchover trials. The GH contained OM 92.4, CP 5.9, TCHO 84.7, NDF 81.5
and ADL 10.9. The DM content of OL was 65.4% and it contained CP 10.1, EE 6.0, NDF 63.1, and
ADL 21.6. The concentrate mixture had OM 89.3, CP 18.6 and EE 3.23. The GH contained a higher
percentage of AIA (4.76). The DM intake (kg/d) was relatively higher (19%) in G3 (3.52) than G1
(2.96), but the group differences were statistically non-significant, the intake in G2 and G4 being 3.11 and
2.99 kg/d, respectively. The intake of other nutrients (OM, TCHO, NDF, ADF, HC and C) followed a
similar trend, but the intake of TCHO and fiber components was low in G4. While comparing the effect of
OL supplementation at two dietary levels, a linear but non-significant increase in DM and OM intake was
seen in G2 and G3, but the trend in intake of TCHO and fiber components was different. There was a
significant (P<0.001) increase in CP intake in the OL and concentrate mixture fed groups compared to G1
fed on only the GH. The CP intake was 175, 243, 306 and 292 g/d in G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively.
The intake of both CP and EE revealed a linear increase in G2 and G3 fed on increasing levels of OL. The
EE intake in G4 was comparable to that in G1. The DM digestibility (%) was lowest (P<0.001) in G1
(49.4), which increased linearly in G2 (55.3) and G3 (61.1) fed on OL in addition to GH. The DM
digestibility in G4 (57.6%) was comparable to G2, but higher than G1. Similarly, the digestibility of OM,
EE, TCHO, and ADF was highest in G3 followed by G2 or G4 and was lowest in G1. The CP digestibil-
ity (%) was highest in G4 (70.3) followed by G3 (66.8), G2 (58.6) and G1 (43.9). The digestibility of
fiber components except ADF showed non-significant difference between the groups. The effect of OL
feeding in G2 and G3 showed a linear trend with respect to digestibility of OM, CP, EE, TCHO and
ADF. Thus, the diet of G1 contained 59.1g CP, 25.9g DCP, 0.49 kg TDN and 1.75 Mcal ME per kg
DM. The nutrient content of the diet linearly increased with additional OL and was highest in G3. How-
ever, the CP and DCP content were higher in GH+CM diet in G4 than GH+OL diet in G3 (98.3 vs 86.5
for CP and 69.1 vs 57.8 for DCP). The group receiving lower level of oak leaves (G2) had an interme-
diate level of CP, DCP, TDN and ME content (between G1 and G3) i.e. 77.9g, 45.6g, 0.56kg and 2.02
Mcal per kg DM, respectively.
FR 34
Replacement of mustard cake with green berseem in sorghum
stover based rations of growing buffalo calves
L. K. Karnani, S. K. Mahanta, S. B. Maity and G. H. Pailan
Plant Animal Relationship Division
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute
Jhansi-284 003 (U.P.), India
Bundel Berseem-2 has been developed at this institute through mass selection from indigenous germplasm
and released in the recent past for cultivation in central and north-west zone of India. It has excelled
existing national check ‘Wardan’ by a margin of 7.9%, 7.3% and 10-15% for green fodder, dry matter
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
and crude protein yields, respectively. Growing Bhadawari buffalo calves, divided into 3 groups (G1 to
G3) of 5 each, were offered a mixed ration of sorghum stovers and green bundel berseem-2, replacing
mustard cake as protein source to record their feed intake and utilization. Buffalo calves under G1 group
were fed mustard cake to meet the protein requirements, while mustard cake was replaced with green
berseem at 50 and 100% on CP basis in animals under G2 and G3 groups, respectively. All the experi-
mental calves were offered sorghum stovers as basal forage. Average daily dry matter intake (DMI) was
4.47, 4.81and 4.65 kg in buffalo calves of G1, G2 and G3, respectively and the differences were non-
significant. When DMI was calculated as kg/ 100 kg body weight or g per kg W 0.75, then it varies from
1.81 to 1.91 kg and 71.68 to 75.84 g, and also was comparable among the groups. Similarly digestibility
of DM was maximum (53.23%) in calves of G3 group, followed by G2 (51.72%) and G1 (48.86%).
Average CPI and TDNI were comparable among the groups and varied from 462 to 547 g/d and 2.11 to
2.38 kg/d, respectively. This showed that without any adverse effect on feed intake as well as nutrient
utilization, mustard cake could be replaced completely with green Bundel berseem-2 in sorghum stovers
based diets of growing Bhadawari buffalo calves
FR 35
Evaluation of dual-purpose wheat for grain and fodder production
and the nutritive value of wheat fodder
K. K. Singhal, H. P Tripathi, B. Singh and A. S. Harika
Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition
A field experiment was conducted in split plot design with three varieties of wheat (VL 829, VL 616
and PBW 343) in main plots and four treatments of cutting for fodder and nitrogen application (no cut
120 kg N, one cut 120 kg N, one cut 150 kg N and one cut 180 kg N/ ha) in sub plots replicated four
times. The crops, sown on Nov. 11, 2005 in lines at a spacing of 22.5 cm between the rows using 100 kg
seed/ ha were harvested for fodder 60 days after sowing leaving stubble height of 10 cm. In a feeding
trial, 12 crossbred calves, divided in two groups of 6 each, were fed ad lib. on wheat fodder from dual
purpose varieties (VL 829 and VL 616) and oat fodder, grown under identical conditions without chop-
ping and a metabolism trail was conducted after 21 days of experimental feeding to determine the nutritive
value of both the fodders. Fodder yield of VL 829, VL 616 and PBW 343 was 120.2, 134.2 and 131.8
quintals/ ha, respectively, and the variation among the varieties and N levels was not significant. Straw
yield of dual purpose varieties was similar (about 72 q/ ha) but higher (P<0.05) than that from PBW 343
(67 q/ha). Grain yield from the varieties VL 829, VL 616 and PBW 343 without harvesting them for
fodder was 32.90, 32.15 and 49.58 quintals/ ha, which was increased by 13.7, 11.63 and 3.91 percent,
respectively after harvesting them for fodder purpose, however affect of N application beyond 120 q/ ha
was not significant. CP content of wheat fodder, irrespective of the variety, was in the range of 32 to 35
per cent on DM basis and ADF content varied in the narrow range of 19.20 to 20.88 per cent. Wheat
fodder was richer in CP and EE than oats fodder on DM basis; however, both fodders were having
similar fiber content. Hemi-cellulose and lignin contents in wheat fodder were lower than in oats fodder.
DM intake/ 100 kg body weight in crossbred calves was higher (P>0.05) on feeding oats fodder (2.32
kg) than on wheat fodder (2.10 kg). Nutrient digestibility of wheat fodder except that of EE and NFE was
higher (P<0.01) than that of oats fodder. Higher N intake and its excretion through urine in wheat fodder
fed calves than those on oats fodder resulted in higher N balance on feeding of wheat fodder in compari-
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son to oats fodder. DCP and TDN value of wheat fodder was 18.45 and 69.58 %, respectively and
corresponding value for oats fodder was 8.85 and 67.03%. These results showed that wheat fodder can
replace concentrate mixture in the ration of dairy animals.
FR 36
Effect of supplementation of sugarcane tops with two different
levels of oat and berseem in voluntary intake and nutrient
utilization of growing crossbred heifers
Jyoti Sharma , Mahendra Singh and Ripusudan Kumar
G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145, India
Availability of feeds and fodder throughout the year is one of the biggest problems for livestock
sector. To mitigate the shortage of feeds and fodder and to make animal production viable and profitable,
attempts have been made to improve the utilization of various poor quality crop residues and non-conven-
tional feeds and fodders. Among the various crop residues, sugarcane tops are available in large quantities
in tropical countries. Sugarcane tops are one of the usable crop residues as animal feeds suitable for
ruminants. Sugarcane tops can be used as animal feed, particularly during the sugarcane-harvesting sea-
son, which covers almost 6-7 months of year from Oct. to April Though sugarcane tops are highly palat-
able with good intake characteristics but at present they are being utilized partially because of being low in
protein, digestibility of nutrients and poor mineral content. The supplementation of Sugarcane tops based
diets should not only satisfy the need of rumen microbes for fermentable nitrogen (ammonia) and trace
nutrients but also provide the source of protein, glucose precursors and long chain fatty acids. Addition-
ally, as a source of bypass nutrients, fermentation is required to balance the need of animal production. In
this study efforts were made to mitigate the problem of severe scarcity of feeds and fodder by using
different combinations of non conventional source of feed stuff with seasonally available crop and to find
out the best combination among them. As Berseem and Oat are abundantly available in Rabi season, so
this study was done for better utilization of sugarcane tops with these two crops and sugarcane tops were
supplemented with different ratios of oat and Berseem to find out the suitable ratio at which it gives better
performance. The study was carried out to study effect of sugarcane tops supplementation with two
different levels of oat and Berseem on the voluntary intake and nutrient utilization. Four different treat-
ments, T1 (SCT:Oat::50:50), T2 (SCT:Oat::75:25), T3 (SCT:Ber::50:50), T4 (SCT:Ber::75:25) were given to
sixteen crossbred heifers. Chemical analysis of all treatments revealed that among all the four groups CP
and Ash % was highest in T3 group. The DMI and live weight gain (kg/day) was significantly (p<0.05)
higher in T3 than T2 and T4. Digestibility of T3 was highest in terms of DM, OM, CP, EE, ADL, cellulose
and hemicelluloses. It was concluded that 50% berseem with 50% SCT gave the best results among all
four combinations and 50% oat supplementation could be as good as 25% berseem with SCT.
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FR 37
Effects of feeding broccoli fodder on nutrients utilization
and milk production in cross-bred cattle
B. S. Tewatia, K. R.Yadav and S. Dhankar
Deptt. of Animal Nutrition
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (India)
Ten cross-bred lactating cattle were divided into two groups of five animals each. Animals in the first
(T1) and second group (T2) were offered equal dry matter from berseem and broccoli fodder, respec-
tively. Animals were also offered calculated amounts of concentrate mixture to meet the nutrients require-
ment. Wheat straw was offered ad lib to all the animals. Berseem and broccoli fodder on dry matter basis
contained 20.2 and 23.4% crude protein, respectively. Total feed intake did not vary between the groups
indicating that broccoli fodder was as palatable as berseem. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter,
crude protein and NFE was 61.2, 66.4, 64.5 and 63.1% in the broccoli fodder fed group. The corre-
sponding figures for berseem fed group were 58.6, 63.2, 60.8 and 62.3%. Total milk production was
higher in the group fed broccoli fodder (12.1) than those fed berseem fodder (10.65). Milk composition
did not vary significantly between the groups. Milk urea nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration was 12.4 and
14.55 in T1 and T2 group, respectively. Efficiency of milk production in terms of DM intake per kg milk
production was better in animals fed broccoli fodder. Results of the present study clearly indicate that
broccoli fodder is highly palatable and its feeding resulted in higher and efficient milk production in cross-
bred cattle.
FR 38
Nutritional assessment of new cultivars of sorghum fodder in calves
Sajjan Sihag, V. S. Panwar and D. S. Dahiya
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (India)
Fifteen female buffalo calves were divided into three equal groups. Fodder of sorghum variety HC-
308 and new cultivars S-540 and S-541 was solely fed to the animals in respective group. After 20 days
of feeding, a digestion trial of 7 days duration was conducted. The CF, NDF, ADF and cellulose content
of check variety HC-308 were higher as compared to new cultivars, while NFE content was higher in
newly developed cultivars. Total dry matter, digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients intake
were higher in calves fed cultivars S-541 as compared to other groups fed HC-308 or S-540. however,
Dry matter intake per 100 kg body weight and per kg metabolic size (W0.75) did not differ significantly
among animal groups fed cultivars S-541 or S-540. The digestibility coefficients of DM and cellulose
were significantly (P <0.05) higher in calves groups G-II (S-540) and G-III (S-541) as compared to G-
1 (HC-308). Digestibility of CP, CF, NDF and ADF were significantly (P<0.05) highest in experimental
animal group fed fodder of new cultivar S-541 over other variety / cultivar. Nutritive values in terms of
DCP and TDN was also better in new genotypes S-541 over check variety and cultivar S-540. Hence, it
may inferred that the newly developed cultivars of sorghum fodder S-541 is nutritionally better in terms of
intake, palatability, digestibility and nutritional value than popular variety HC-308 and cultivar S-540.
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FR 39
Comparative chemical composition and in-vitro dry matter digestibility
of some promising strains of berseem
D. P. Chaudhary, B. L. Bhardwaj, Manoj Sreevastava and Ajaib Singh
Deptt. of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Egyptian clover or berseem Trifolium alexandrinum (L.) is one of the most important rabi fodder
crop of Northern India. In Punjab berseem alone occupies around 60% area of winter fodders. Its fodder
is tender and palatable. It is a multicut fodder and provides 5-6 cuttings. The scientists at the Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana have developed many improved varieties of berseem, some of which
(BL-10) provides green fodder till mid June. The importance of any forage crop depends upon its green
matter or dry fodder yield, chemical composition and dry matter digestibility. Keeping this in mind the
present study was designed to evaluate some promising strains of berseem for nutritional quality and dry
matter digestibility. 10 promising strains of berseem were sown in a randomized block deign with three
replication. The fodder of 2nd and 3rd cutting was taken for the present study. The samples were oven
dried at 50°C and were pooled and grinded finally. Crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, total ash,
and nitrogen free extract were estimated by the standard method of AOAC (1980). Neutral detergent
fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose were estimated by the method of Goering and Vansoest
(1970). The in-vitro dry matter digestibility was estimated by the method of Tilley and Terry (1963). The
percent dry matter content ranges between 13.00 to 15.25. Genotype BL-306 showed maximum crude
protein (22.53%) and crude fiber content (28.9%). Ether extract varies from 2.10 to 4.50% among
different genotypes. Highest values of ash were observed in the genotype BL-350. The genotypes BL-
306, BL-350, BL-362 and BL-365 recorded high levels of IVDMD. Similarly BL-306 was found to
have high values of NDF also. From the above scenario it seems that the genotype BL-306 outnumber
the remaining genotypes in terms of quality components.
FR 40
Availability of green fodder (berseem and sorgum) in
Harauti Anchal of Rajasthan
Nazim Ali, M. Shingh J. Yadav and Y. P. Shingh
Dept of Animal Husbandry
SVBPUAT Modipuram, Meerut, India
In present study 200 formers were selected from four district of Rajasthan namely Jhalawar Baran
Kota & Bundi . Formers belonging to 5 land holding size i.e. zero, upto 5, 5.1-10.0, 10.1-20.0, and
above 20.0 acre . From each District 10 villages were selected randomly out of which 5 villages were
under adoption of KVK of concerned district . Berseem area was significantly higher in adopted village of
Jhalawar and Bundi in comparison to non adopted village . The average area was 1.29, 1.22, 0.67, and
1.03 acre in adopted village and 0.7, 0.54, 0.64, and 0.83 acre in non adopted villages of Jhalawar,
Baran, Kota & Bundi district respectively. On overall basis the area of berseem in adopted village was
8.54 % significantly higher than non KVK adopted villages The yield of berseem fodder was higher in
adopted villages in all four districts compared to unadopted village. This difference was significant
(P< 0.05). The average yield was 458.2, 452.25, 446.75 and 444.25 in adopted and 422.75, 420.5,
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
409.1 and 441.64 in unadopted village in Jhalawar, Baran, Kota and Bundi districts, respectively The
area under sorghum crops was 1.35, 1.28, 1.49 and 1.08 acres in adopted and 1.07, 1.11, 1.23 and
0.99 acres in unadopted village in Jhalawar, Baran, Kota and Bundi, respectively (Table 4.7j and Appen-
dix VIIIk. However, area in adopted village in all the districts was higher but difference was not significant
(P> 0.05). On % basis of total holdings the area under sorghum fodder was 11.36, 10.98, 11.63 and
9.64 % in adopted village and 8.80, 8.61, 8.08 and 9.57% in unadopted villages in Jhalawar, Baran,
Kota and Bundi districts, respectively. However, there were significance difference (P<0.05) between
adopted (10.91%) and unadopted (8.76%) village on over all basis in % area of sorghum. The fodder
yield of sorghum was 211.5, 213.75, 206.25 and 216.0 quintal per acre in adopted village and 194.5,
189.75, 183.25 and 185.25 q/acre in unadopted village in Jhalawar, Baran, Kota and Bundi, respectively.
The difference between adopted and non adopted villages was significant (P<0.05), the yield was higher
in adopted village. The yield of sorghum fodder was higher significantly (P<0.05) in all categories of
farmers belong to adopted villages.
FR 41
Effects of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on yield,
chemical composition and nutritive value of german grass
(Echinochloa crusgalli) at two stages of maturity
N. M. M. A. Malik, A. M. M. Tareque, S. S. Islam and A. K. F. H. Bhuiyan
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus
(P) fertilizer on yield, chemical composition, in-vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metaboliz-
able energy (ME) content of German grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) at two stages of maturity. The land
was divided into 36 plots under 4 blocks having the size of 24 m2/plot. Nine treatments with the combi-
nation of three levels of N (80, 100 and 120 kg/ha) and three levels of P (12, 17 and 22 kg/ha) were
randomly assigned to one of nine plots in each block in a 3×3 factorial experiment. The green matter, dry
matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields of German grass were increased significantly and progres-
sively with the increasing level of N and P fertilizer application. Advanced stage of maturity had positive
effect on green matter and DM yield; however, it showed negative effect on CP yield. Due to increasing
level of N and P fertilizer, the content of DM, CP and EE increased significantly while ash and NFE
content decreased in both stages of maturity. With the advanced stage of maturity the content of crude
fibre (CF) and ether extract (EE) increased while CP, ash and nitrogen free extract (NFE) content de-
creased. Application of N and P fertilizer had significant (P<0.01) effect on IVOMD and ME content of
German grass. The research findings revealed that the yield, chemical composition, IVOMD and ME
content of German grass increased with the increasing levels of N and P fertilizer. On the other hand, yield
of both green forage and DM were greater at 60 days of maturity, however, the quality of grass in terms
of chemical composition and nutritive value was better at 45 days of maturity.
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FR 42
Effect of feeding APBN-I and guinea (Tanzania) green fodder with
minimum supplementation of concentrate mixture on growth,
nutrient utilization and carcasss characters in buffalo bull calves
R. Prasanna Kumar1 and E. Raghava Rao2
Department of animal Nutrition,C.V.sc,R’Nagar,Hyderabad
Ten buffalo bull calves of age 18.0±0.37 months were distributed into two groups five in each group
and fed 1st group with APBN-I green fodder and other group was fed with Tanzania (Guinea) fodder for
160 days. Average dally gains were 407.01 ±0.03 and 499.19± 0.04 grams in group-I and II, respec-
tively and average DMI (Kg/100 Kg body wt was 2.35±0.14 and 2.15±0.07 in buffalo calves fed on
APBN-I and Tanzania fodder, respectively. The digestibility (%) Coefficient were 57.85± 1.81, 53.24
±0.65, 60.37±0.55, 37.88±0.87, 69.46±0.43, 57.75±0.59, 47.20± 0.74, 39.19±0.85 and 59.33±0.56
for DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE, NDF, ADF, and cellulose respectively in calves fed on (APBN-I and
calves fed Tanzania. The digestibility (%) coefficients were 63.13±1.40, 50.76±0.69, 70.85±0.41,
40.64±0.83, 72.54±0.38, 47.00±0.74, 56.92±0.60, 49.78±0.70 and 66.44±0.47 for DM, OM, CP,
CF, EE, NFE, NDF, ADF, and cellulose respectively. The nitrogen retention observed as 40.80±3.66 g/
day in group-I and 81.64±1.84 in Group-II. And the DCP and TDN of the Group-I, II was 6.69±0.23,
43.28±1.68and 10.50±0.37, 39.60±1.51 percent, respectively. Average cost (feed) cost/Kg live weight
(Rs.) was 32.74±2.56 and 26.77±1.77 in group-I and group-II, respectively. Average carcass weights
were recorded in group-I as 87.60±4.07 and in group-II as 97.96±4.13 Kg
FR 43
Effect of various level of green maize (Zea mays L.) on milk yield and
composition and feed conversion efficiency in crossbred cows
Bacchu Singh and J. L. Chaudhary
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-India
A study was conducted on sixteen lactating crossbred cows in early stage of lactation. The cows
were divided into four groups of 4 animals each on the basis of milk yield (8.32 kg) and body weight
(408.25 kg) and were allotted to four dietary treatments viz., T1, T2 T3 and T4 at 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg
green fodder along with ad lib wheat straw and concentrate mixture as per requirement. The cows of T4
group consumed more (P<0.05) DM, DCP and TDN per kg metabolic body size than those of T2 and T1
groups. However, no significant difference is nutrient intake was observed between T2 and T3 groups. The
daily milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 group as compared to other three groups. Similarly,
the 4% FCM yield was of significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 as compared to T3, T2 and T1 groups.
However, no significant different in 4% FCM yield was observed between T3 and T2 on one hand and T2
and T1 on other. The average fat percent in milk was significantly (r<0.05) higher in T4 group as compared
to T3, T2 and T1 groups. Similarly, T3 group content significantly (P<0.05) more fat as compared to T2
andT1 groups. The same trend was also observed in term of SNF and T5 content in milk while feed
conversion efficiency was not affected (PO.05) by feeding four levels of maize to cows.
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FR 44
Nutrient evaluation of ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) leaves based
complete feed blocks in goats
K. Lukha, R. S. Arya, T. Sharma and R. K. Dhuria
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Science
Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner-334 001
In order to determine the nutrient utilization from ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) leaves based complete
feed blocks six Marwari goats of same age group and of uniform conformation were subjected to a
feeding trial followed by metabolism trial of 7 days for complete feed blocks composed of Ardu leaves
(70 parts), barley (15 parts), DORB (8 parts), cotton seed cake (2 parts), molasses (3 parts), mineral
mixture (2 parts) and common salt (1 part). The complete feed blocks of 2 kg each were prepared at
4000 PSI. The chemical composition of complete feed was recorded to be 92.59% DM, 88.44% OM,
14.18% CP, 2.79% EE, 17.20%CF, 54.27% NFE, 11.56% total ash, 1.31% calcium and 0.43% phos-
phorus. All the animals maintained good health throughout the experiment. The dry matter intake calcu-
lated both as % of body weight as well as g/kgW0.75 was found to be 3.57±0.27 and 72.97±3.76,
respectively. The digestibility of nutrients were 63.27% for DM, 75.63% for CP, 52.89% for EE, 50.46%
for CF and 67.97% for NFE. The practical nutritional worth of feed calculated in term of DCP, TDN, NR
and SE were found to be 10.72%, 59.62%, 1:4.56 and 58.75% respectively. The intake in respect of
DCP and TDN were recorded to be 68.42 g/d and 380.52 g/d, which supported a live weight gain of
93.07 g/d. The results of study indicated that complete feed blocks containing 70 % level of Ardu leaves
could be effectively used for the feeding of goats without any adverse effect on health.
FR 45
Effect of feeding tree leaves and conventional fodder based
ration on rumen fermentation pattern, nutrient utilization
and growth performance in mithun (Bos frontalis)
B. Prakasha., A. Dhalia., K. C. Dasa., A. Mecha., K. Khatea.,
S. S. Rathoreb. and C. Rajkhowaa
a
National Research Centre on Mithun, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland-797 106
b
ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland-797106
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding green fodder, rice straw and
concentrate based total mixed rations (TMR) on dry matter (DM) intake (DMI), nutrient utilization, rumen
fermentation pattern and body weight (BW) gain (BWG) in mithun (Bos frontalis) calves. In a random-
ized block design, male mithun calves (n=18, 8 to 10 months of age, 121±2 kg BW) were randomly
divided into three experimental equal groups (6 animals in each group) and fed isonitrogenous TMRs ad
libitum for 120 days. The TMR1 contained 30% Napier grass and 30% rice straw, TMR2 contained 60%
rice straw and TMR3 contained 30% tree leaves (Lagerstroemia speciosa) and 30% rice straw (DM
basis). All the TMRs contained 40% concentrate mixture (DM basis). The results indicated that the BWG,
DMI and feed conversion efficiency were significantly (P<0.01) increased with the inclusion of green
fodder in TMRs. The apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and nitrogen
free extract were also improved significantly (P<0.01) with the inclusion of green fodder in TMRs. The
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
higher concentration of total nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid in rumen liquor, but low ruminal pH were
evident in animals fed green fodder supplemented TMRs. An increased (p<0.01) molar proportion of
acetic acid was evident in animals fed rice straw based TMR. In contrast, the molar proportion of propi-
onic and butyric acids were significantly (p<0.01) higher in animals fed green fodder supplemented TMRs.
On the basis of higher DMI and higher daily BWG, it is concluded that Napier grass and Lagerstroemia
speciosa tree leaves may be incorporated up to 30% (DM basis) in TMR of growing mithuns for feeding
in complete confinement system.
FR 46
Influence of feeding babul pods (Acacia nilotica) on nutrient utilization,
balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus in lactating goats
Merga, Bayassa and S. N. Rai*
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal -132 001
Twenty-four crossbred lactating goats (alpine x beetal) of similar milk yield were divided into 4
groups of 6 each in completely randomized block design. The animals were maintained on four different
diets in the ratio of 50:50 concentrate: roughage. Babul pods (Acacia nilotica) were incorporated in
concentrate mixture, equivalent to 0, 4, 6 and 6 % tannin in the total mixed ration TMRs I to IV respec-
tively. Native babul pods were supplemented in group II (with out treatment) while in groups III and IV,
it was treated with 3 % Ca (OH)2, and 3% Ca(OH)2 + PEG (1.8%,w/w). The contents of organic matter
and crude protein ranged from 90.01% in concentrate mixture IV to 92.5 % in concentrate mixture III,
and Crude protein ranged from 18.82% in concentrate mixture III to 19.05 % in concentrate mixture II.
Other parameters remained with in normal range of variation. The CP contents of the TMRs ranged from
14.00 to 14.83% in TMRs I-IV, respectively. The intake of DMI and DOMI remained similar in different
groups. The intake of other nutrients such as CP crude fibre NFE, NDF, ADF and hemicelluloses re-
mained similar amongst the treatment groups. None of the nutrient digestibility differ significantly except
ether extract and hemicelluloses which were increased in treated groups III and IV. The Milk yield and its
composition remained similar except milk protein yield which was increased in diets III and IV than
control. The balances of N, Ca and P remained similar in different diets. It is concluded that native babul
pods can be incorporated in the TMR of lactating goats to the extent of 4% tannins equivalent with out
affecting digestibility of nutrients and balances of Nitrogen, Ca and Phosphorus.
FR 47
Nutritional evaluation of tree foliages of mithun (Bos frontalis):
relationship between in situ ruminal degradability and nutrient composition
B. Prakasha, K. C. Dasa, A. Dhalia, S. S. Rathoreb, D. Medhia,
I. Wallinga and C. Rajkhowaa
a
b
ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland-797106
Browse species in the northeast area are an important feed source for mithun in meeting the nutrient
requirement throughout the year. The present study was undertaken to determine the nutrient composition,
macro and micro mineral, anti-nutrient and in situ degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein
(CP) of important (n=16) tree foliages in mithun. The tree foliages were collected from different pockets
28
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
of Arunachal Pradesh. The mean DM, CP, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent
fibre (ADF), Lignin, Ash, total extractable phenolic components (TP) and condensed tannin (CT) content
of different browse species were 319, 144, 23, 507, 366, 120, 131, 51 and 35 g/kg DM, respectively.
Most of the foliages contained Ca>1%, K>1% and Mg>0.17% but the Na content was found to be low
in selected browse species except, Daubanga grandiflora contained 0.2% (on DM basis). Phosphorus
was mostly within the normal required range of 0.12–0.40%. Trace mineral contents, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn
were 10.4, 234, 82.2 and 89.3 mg/kg DM, respectively. The nutritive value of the samples was deter-
mined by in situ degradability technique by incubating for 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 84 h to determine the
kinetics of fermentation using an exponential equation p=a+b(1-e-ct). The effective degradability (ED) of
DM and CP varied greatly among the selected browse species. The CP content is negatively correlated
(P<0.01) with NDF (r=-0.87) and ADF (r=-0.78) content, but positively correlated (P<0.01) to the ED
of DM (r=0.74). Whereas the ED of DM and CP were negatively correlated (P<0.05) with NDF (r=-
0.86; r=-0.59), ADF (r=-0.85; r=-0.44), TP (r=-0.51; r=-0.62) and CT (r=-0.51; r=-0.65) contents.
The best prediction equation was derived to calculate the degradability parameters from the NDF, ADF
and CT content of browse species, which explained 75 and 23; 73 and 11; 40 and 27% of total variation
respectively for the ED of DM and CP. It is concluded that, most of the tree species were adequate for
the majority of the nutrient, except Na content, which is deficient in most of the tree species studied.
FR 48
Nutritional status of some top foliages of Doda district
R. K. Sharma and S. K. Kotwal*
Division of Animal Nutrition, * Division of Vety. Public Health
Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, R. S. Pura, Jammu-181102
Ten top foliages viz. Aesculus indica (Bankhour), Berberis lycium (Kimal), Callacanthis burotoni
(Chapoo), Celtis australis (Khirk), Ficus foveolata (Fagoo), Indigoferra pulchella (Kathu), Melia
azedarach (Drenk), Morus alba (Toot), Pyrus pashia (Kainth) and Robinia pseudoacacia (Wild kikar)
commonly available in Doda District of J&K State were analysed for chemical constituents, nitrogen
solubility, fibre bound nitrogen, nitrogen fractions and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). There
was variation in chemical constituents. The crude protein (CP) content was maximum in M. azedarach
(25.95%) and minimum in A. indica (10.73%), whereas, ether extract (EE) was highest in M. alba
(6.57%) and lowest in I. pulchella (1.10 %). The NDF varied from 49.79% in M. alba to 70.24 % in I.
pulchella, whereas, ADF varied from 33.83 % in M. alba to 56.71% in P. pashia. The variations from
the reported values may be due differences in agro climatic and soil conditions. The nitrogen (N) solubility
ranged from 34.35% in P. pashia to 94.70% in R. pseudoacacia. The fraction “C” varied from 7.04 %
in M. alba to 59.88 % in C. burotoni. The NDIN as per cent of total nitrogen varied from 14.42 % in B.
lycium to 86.61 % in A. indica. It appears that N from A. indica, B. lyceum, C. australis and R.
pseudoacacia would be degraded quickly in the rumen because of their higher solubility. The IVDMD
(%) ranged from 29.50 in B. lycium to 79.97 % in M. azedarach. On the basis of present studies, C.
australis, F. foveolata, M. azedarach, M. alba and P. pashia seems to have good nutritional potential
for ruminants.
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FR 49
Nutritional status of some top foliages of Rajouri district
R. K. Sharma, A. K. Samanta, A. Rastogi and Ravindra Kumar
Division of Animal Nutrition, S.K.U.A.S.T., R. S. Pura, Jammu- 181102
Eight top foliages viz. Albizia lebbeck (Sirin), Bahunia variegata (Kaliyarh), Carissa spinarum
(Garna), Celtis australis (Khirk),, Cocculus laurifolius (Choproo), Ficus foveolata (Fagoo), Morus
alba (Toot) and Segeretia filiformis (Aindra) available in Rajouri District of J&K State were analysed
for chemical constituents, nitrogen solubility, fibre bound nitrogen, nitrogen fractions and in vitro dry
matter digestibility (IVDMD). There was variation in chemical constituents. The crude protein (CP) con-
tent was maximum in M. azedarach (15.03%) and minimum in Celtis australis (2.26 %), whereas, ether
extract (EE) was highest in M. alba (8.44 %) and lowest in Cocculus laurifolius (1.11 %). The total ash
content varied from 3.95 % in Segeretia filiformis to 16.67 % in F. foveolata. The NDF varied from
33.21 % in S. filiformis to 57.00 % in A. lebbeck, whereas, ADF varied from 21.31 % in M. alba to
54.37 % in C. laurifolius. The variations from the reported values may be due differences in agro climatic
and soil conditions. The nitrogen (N) solubility ranged from 22.40% in Carissa spinarum to 86.80% in
Ficus foveolata. The fraction “C” varied from 6.83 % in M. alba to 58.03 % in C. laurifolius. The
NDIN as per cent of total nitrogen varied from 14.38 % in M. alba to 77.26 % in Carissa spinarum. It
appears that N from A.lebbeck, C. spinarum, M. alba and S. filiformis would be degraded slowly in
the rumen because of their low nitrogen solubility. The IVDMD (%) ranged from 40.97 % in B. variegata
to 78.68 % in M. alba. On the basis of present studies, C. spinarum, F. foveolata, and M. alba seems
to be good fodders for ruminants.
FR 50
Non-tannin flavonol oligomer with ruminal enzyme inhibitory
activity from Anogeissus pendula leaves
Brijesh K. Bhadoria, Suman Lata and Sultan Singh
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, INDIA
Polyphenolics derivatives have already established their importance in ruminant nutrition as they are
integral constituent of vascular plants used in feeding systems. Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) are
polymeric flavan-3ol or flavan-3,4-diol, linked through inter flavan bonds at C-4 and C-8, with out sugar
moiety. The top feeds are rich in proanthocyanidins, with variety of combinations of monomeric units and
C-C bonds leading to thousands of possible proanthocyanidin molecular structures. Besides these, there
are many more in plants flavonol type polyphenolics in monomeric and oligomeric form with or without
sugar moieties and they have not reported hitherto, in relation of ruminant nutrition. Anogeissus pendula.
Edgew (Family Combretaceae) is a small gregarious tree, commonly known as ‘Kardhai” in Bundelkhand
region with abundance. Its foliage in often used as feed at the time of scarcity. The leaves are rich in
nutritional attributes, and contain, total PA ranging (~6-7 g/100g dm) total flavonoids (~47-60mg/100g
dm). The leaves yielded a novel trimeric dihydroflavonol, Pendulol, (Fig.) characterized as (2S,3R) [6-
(3”,5”-dihydroxy, 6”-methoxy dihydrochromone) 3’,4’,5’,5-tetrahydroxy, 7-methoxy 3-O-8 dihydro
biflavone] 3-O-8 [ 6-(3”,5”-dihydroxy, 6”-methoxy dihydro chromone) 3’,4’,5’3,5-penta hydroxyl 7-
methoxy dihydroflavonol] on the basis of UV, FABMS and 2DNMR spectra. It showed R-cellulase
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
inhibitory activity with maiden effective concentration to inhibit 50% activity (EC50) 7.41mg/ml. It is very
first report of structure revealing effect of non-tannin flavonol oligomer nature on ruminal enzyme.
FR 51
Metabolism of Acacia nilotica tannins in dairy cattle
Keshab Barman* and S. N. Rai
Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana
Division of Animal Nutrition, SKUAST-Jammu, R. S.Pura, Jammu-181102
Twelve lactating crossbred cows were divided into two groups of five animals in each in a random-
ized block design on the basis of milk yield, fat % and body weight. Animals were supplemented with two
different types of concentrate mixture containing 20 and 40 % Acacia nilotica pods as a source of tannin
to study its metabolism in lactating cows. Dry matter intake (kg/day) was 9.81±0.41 and 9.75±0.27
respectively at 20 and 40 % supplementation of Acacia pods which reduced significantly (P<0.05) with
increased level of pods in the concentrate mixture. Total tannin intake (g/d) was 215.00±13.34 and
327.57±28.61 respectively at 20 and 40 % supplementation of Acacia pods. Phloroglucinol, gallic acid,
(+) catechin, (-) epicatechin and catechin gallate were identified in rumen liquor, serum, faeces and urine
of cows. Additionally, resorcinol was also identified in the urine. The total quantity of degraded products
(µg/g of tannin) in faeces was 21.17±13.00 and 10.12±9.75 respectively at 20 and 40 % supplementation
of Acacia pods. The total urinary excretion (µg/g of tannin) was 5.50±1.61 and 14.85±12.02 respectively
at 20 and 40 % supplementation of Acacia pods. The amount of degraded products in (µg/100 ml of
serum) was 245.18±55.87 and 124.07±72.37 respectively at 20 and 40 % supplementation of Acacia
pods. Phloroglucinol, gallic acid, (+) catechin and (-) epicatechin were also identified in the milk. The
urinary excretion of tannin degraded products was higher at 40 % level of supplementation of Acacia
pods compared to 20 % level of supplementation while reversed at 20 % level of supplementation. The
total excretion of tannin degraded products (g/d) was 16.92±3.64 and 11.37±4.12 respectively at 20 and
40 % supplementation of Acacia pods in the concentrate mixture. The tannin balance (g/d) was 198.81±13.65
and 316.21±39.51 respectively at 20 and 40 % supplementation of Acacia pods. From this study it can
be concluded that Acacia nilotica tannin was degraded to Phloroglucinol, gallic acid, (+) catechin, (-)
epicatechin, resorcinol and catechin gallate in cattle. Moreover, degraded products of Acacia tannin also
excreted through milk.
FR 52
Ruminal dry matter degradability of anjan (Hardwickia binata Roxb.)
tree leaves in buffaloes
Shital Chopde, R. N. Dhore, A. P. Dhok, S. A. Udar and M. R. Jawale
Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Akola, India
Anjan (Hardwickia binata Roxb.) tree leaves were introduced in the nylon bags and suspended for
12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hrs in the rumen of three fistulated buffalo bulls fed on sorghum kutti (ad libitum)
and fresh Anjan leaves (3 kg/ head) for 32 days. At 48 hrs of incubation nutrient disappearance was
54.32, 45.45, 64.28, 51.05 and 56.94 % for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE),
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF), respectively. The mean In situ nutrient
disappearance rate at different hours i.e. 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hrs of incubation was 48.24±3.65 for
DM, 36.52±0.69 for CP, 48.84±8.52 for EE, 44.08±4.78 for NDF and 45.46±6.30 for ADF. It can be
inferred that as the incubation period increase dry matter disappearance rate was also increases linearly
but the effective disappearance of dry matter and ether extract were statistically optimum at 48 hrs.
However, the disappearance of CP, NDF and ADF increased significantly in subsequent periods of incu-
bation at 60 hrs.
FR 53
Rumen metabolic profile in buffaloes fed Anjan
(Hardwickia binata Roxb.) tree leaves
Shital Chopde, R. N. Dhore, S. A. Udar, A. P. Dhok and M. R. Jawale
The experimental animals (three fistulated buffalo bulls) were maintained on sorghum kutti as a basal
roughage diet and 3 kg fresh Anjan leaves were offered to each animal for 32 days. Rumen liquor was
collected two hours post feeding on 0, 8th, 16th, 24th and 32nd day of feeding trial to study rumen param-
eters. The mean two hour post feeding concentration of rumen liquor constituents was 15.02±3.01 mg/
100ml SRL for total nitrogen, 2.63±0.19 mg/ 100ml SRL for non-protein nitrogen (NPN), 12.48±2.92
mg/ 100ml SRL for TCA precipitable nitrogen, 5.34±0.23 mg/ 100ml SRL for ammonia nitrogen (NH3N)
and 11.09±0.3 meq / 100ml SRL for total volatile fatty acids (TVFA). It was observed that there was
significant increase in total nitrogen, NPN and TCA precipitable nitrogen, whereas NH3N and TVFA
were found to be progressively decreased from 0 to 32 days on Anjan tree leaves feeding.
FR 54
Blood biochemical profile in buffaloes on feeding anjan
(Hardwickia binata Roxb.) tree leaves
Shital Chopde, R. N. Dhore, S. A. Udar, A. P. Dhok and M. R. Jawale
The present investigation was carried out on buffalo bulls fed 3 kg/head Anjan (Hardwickia binata
Roxb.) tree leaves for 32 days with sorghum kutti as basal roughage. Blood samples were collected two
hrs post feeding from each animal on 0, 8th, 16th, 24th and 32nd day of feeding period to study the rumen
parameters. The mean concentration of blood glucose, total protein and total lipids were 61.38±2.78,
7.38±0.09 and 132.11±16.99 mg/dl, respectively. It was observed that there was significant increase in
post feeding blood glucose level after 16th day. Further, it was observed that there was non-significant
increase in total serum lipids at 8th day, significant increase at 16th day and thereafter non-significant
decrease at 24th and 32nd day. It was also noted that there was sudden increase in the total lipids value at
8th day, which was then significantly reduced at 16th day, and thereafter gradually reduced upto 32 days.
However, there were non-significant differences between 0, 24 and 32 days value of total lipids.
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FR 55
Utilization of salty shrub-lani (Salsola baryosma) of
arid region as drought feed for goats
B. K. Mathur1, J. P. Singh, R. K. Beniwal and N. P. Singh
Regional Research Station, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Bikaner-334001
1
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342003
Feeding trial was initiated to understand the acceptability and palatability of fresh cut shoots of salty
shrub Lani (Salsola baryosma) of arid region at vegetative stage in goats. This shrub is available as a
feed resource for the browsing goats in arid region during drought. Shoots consists of mainly fleshy stem,
since leaves are very minute, consisting not more than 5- 7% of the total biomass. The shoots along with
leaves contain 15.75%C.P and are preferred by goats as an alternate feed. Eight (8) goats were divided
into two equal groups forming T1 (Control) and T2 (Treatment). All experimental animals were dewormed
with albendazole prior to feeding trail. Experimental goats were watered ad libitum daily. Animals were
housed in semi open enclosure and were completely stall fed. Animals of T1 group were offered with a
ration consisting of roughages: a mixture of 4.0 kg groundnut straw+1.0kg wheat straw and concentrate:
1.0kg of pelleted cattle feed daily. T2 group’s animals were also offered same quantity of roughages, while
concentrate offered was 800 g only and additionally fed Lani (Salsola baryosma) shoots weighing
2.0kg daily. The average body weight of T1 and T2 group goat was 24.86±0.1875 and 24.44±0.1730 kg
during the experiment. During experiment animals passed on normal faeces and urine and were healthy.
Lani consumption was on an average 45% of the quantity offered and ranges from 200 gms in first week
to a maximum of 1400 gms during the last weeks. Observed non significant difference in DM intake in T1
and T2 i.e., 3.22±0.0397 and 3.17±0.0662 respectively. However, in the initial stage of feeding the DM
intake in Lani feed group was less than the control group, but by 3rd week onwards it became more or
less comparable. Average water intake in T1 and T2 group showed significant difference and was 16.72
±0.2882 and 17.60±0.2787 liters/day. Throughout feeding trail water intake from treatment group was
mostly on higher side as compared to control group. Thus the feeding trial showed that Lani is palatable
and can serve as an alternate feed resource during drought for the arid region goats.
FR 56
Carotene levels in desert grasses and top feeds
H. C. Bohra and M. S. Khan
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342 003,
*Dept of Animal Husbandry, SVBPUAT Modipuram, Meerut, India
A variety of top feeds and grasses were analysed for carotene-a precursor of vitamin A-essentially
required for normal production and reproduction of animals. The carotene content of top feeds viz.,
Albizzia lebback, Acacia senegal, Prosopis juliflora, Ailanthus excelsa, Cassia samia, Azadirachta
indica, Tecomella undulate, Prosopis cineraria, Ficus religiosa, Ziziphus nummularia and Salvadora
persica leaves was 22.7, 16.1, 16.2, 15.9, 15.5, 14.3, 11.8, 12.7, 10.1, 7.4 and 2.2 mg per cent,
respectively; grasses Cenchrus ciliaris and Lasiurus sindicus have 1.61 and 0.65 mg per cent carotene,
respectively, and cow-pea forage has 2.86 mg per cent carotene. Pods of A. lebback and A. senegal
have 2.6 and 0.43 mg percent carotene, respectively. Interestingly A. lebback, A. senegal, A. excelsa,
and A. indica, leaves also have higher quantity of crude protein in addition of high carotene level-making
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
them highly nutritive. The trend is, tree leaves have highest carotene, followed by leguminous forages and
lowest in the grasses.
FR 57
Impact of feeding ardu leaves alongwith cereal straws on livestock
productivity and socio-economic status of livestock farmers
Sheela Choudhary
Research Centre for Livestock Health and Production
SFS, Sector IV, Agarwal Farm, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Prasanna Kumar
This study was conducted in semi-arid eastern plain of Rajasthan. The information about farmers,
feeding practices, health and reproductive status of animals were collected through personal interview
technique. The famine conditions prevailing for the last so many years and the severe scarcity of water has
compelled the livestock owners to reduce the number of livestock they were rearing. Most of the farmers
did not have knowledge about balanced feed and the need to include various feed ingredients in the
ration. Majority of farmers were having livestock with low milk productivity and high reproductive prob-
lems viz. anoestrus, repeat breeder, retention of placenta.
Livestock farmers were suggested to feed Ardu leaves alongwith cereal straws. About 13% of the
farmers adopted feeding of ardu leaves. Among these farmers significant improvement was observed in
certain reproductive problems and the milk production.
FR 58
Digestibility of Ficus roxburghii, Castanopsis indica and Ficus cunia
in growing buffalo from Western Hills of Nepal
N. P. Osti1, P.B. Chapagain2 and M. R. Tiwari2
1
Animal Nutrition Division, National Animal Science Research Institute (NASRI),
Khumaltar, P.O. Box 1950, Kathmandu, Nepal
Nine buffalo calves were subjected to three fodder tree species namely; Ficus roxburghii (Nimaro),
Castanopsis indica (Dhalne Katus) and Ficus cunia (Rai Khanyu) for digestibility trial during November
27 to December 3, 2005 in Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Lumle, Kaski Nepal. Ani-
mals were kept 7 days for adaptation for these fodders. Weighed amount of fodder tree leaves including
twigs and small branches were fed two times a day and observation on fodder offered, refused and faeces
voided were recorded daily. Chemical composition of fresh matter and faeces voided were carried out for
dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin,
calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P). The mean DM content and their dry matter digestibility (DMD) of
these three fodder tree species were found 27.86, 46.02, 34.72, 73.21, 65.93 and 71.28 percent re-
spectively. There were strong negative correlations (r=-0.75 to –0.78; p<0.05) observed between Ca.
and CP with fiber fraction (NDF and ADF). The weak correlation was also observed between P and
other constituents with respect to digestibility. From the results, if there could be provision of low fiber
content in dry season, the three main nutrients (Ca, P and CP) may easily be absorbed by the animals.
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
FR 59
Seasonal variability in the protein and cell wall polysaccharides
content in relation to phenolics of tree leaves
Suman Lata, Sultan Singh and Brijesh K. Bhadoria
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India.
Leaves of four tree species viz Ficus recemosa, Ficus religiosa, Anogeissus pendula and Eugenia
jambolana collected monthly in three different seasons (January-April, May-August and September-
December) were evaluated for protein, cell wall fractions and phenolics as total phenolics, condensed
tannins and total proanthocyanidins. The proanthocyanidins were further fractionated as free, protein bound
and fibre bound. CP content of tree leaves except Ficus recemosa were relatively more during Septem-
ber-December and January-April than May-August. Conversely the accumulation of NDF, ADF and
cellulose tended to lower in former than later season. CP contents varied from 6.8 in Eugenia jambolana
to 11.5% in Ficus recemosa during different seasons. Similarly (he concentration of NDF and ADF was
lower in Ficus religiosa (42.5%, 37.39% and 24.15%) vis-a-vis higher in Eugenia jambolana (57.38%
and 49.5%). The lignin contents were higher in Eugenia jambolana (14.66-23.61%). Total phenolics
both as catechin and tannic acid equivalent were more in Eugenia jambolana and their concentration
varied from 57.62-80.38 and 92.30-128.41 g/kg, respectively. Concentration of total phenolics (both as
catechin and tannic acid equivalent) was lower in Ficus religiosa and varied from 13.48-18.61 and
20.65-32.71 g/kg across seasons. Condensed tannins (catechin equivalent) isolated through vanillin-IICI
were higher in Eugenia jambolana and varied from 135.1-326.6 g/kg-1 DM in different seasons.
Proanthocyanidins (PA) extracted through butanol-HC1 was highest in Ficus recemosa and ranged from
1 17.1-277.80 g/kg DM in different seasons. Relative degree of polymerization was highest in Eugenia
jambolana (1.50-1.64) and lowest in Ficus religiosa (0.13-0.32). PA concentration was highest in Fi-
cus recemosa and it varied from 1 12.63 to 189.44 g/kg DM across seasons, while accumulation of PA
was lowest in Anogeissus pendula (27.58-104.71 g/kg DM). Fiber bound proanthocyanidins constituted
nearly 50% (40-65%) of the total PA. Protein bound proanthocyanidins (PBPA) was more than free PA
in Ficus religiosa. Ficus recemosa and Anogeissus pendula while Eugenia jambolana had more free
PA than PBPA. Concentration of NDF and ADF bound PA was more in Eugenia jambolana (12.62-
21.11 g/kg) and lower in Ficus religiosa (2.0-10.05 g/kg). Biochemical evaluation of phenolics revealed
that tannins from Ficus religiosa formed no complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and had no
protein precipitating capacity, in May-August months. Eugenia jambolana tree leaves had highest total
phenolics (TP) in May-August (71.8%) and September-December (119.6) months than other tree leaves,
while lowest concentration of TP was recorded in Ficus recemosa in May- August (7.7g/kg DM). Re-
sults revealed thai a wide variability exists in tannins and phenolics within plants and seasons. Nearly 50%
of proanthocyanidins are bound to fiber. Eugenia jambolana tree leaves had higher accumulation of cell
wall polysaccarides, tannin, phenolics and NDF bound PA than other tree leaves.
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
FR 60
Evaluation of Psidium guajava leaves as natural protectant of mustard
cake protein by in vitro gas production technique
Manish Dubey, Narayan Dutta, P. S. Banerjee, A. K. Pattanaik, K. Sharma,
M. K. Raikwar and M. Singh
Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
This experiment was conducted to ascertain the effect of condensed tannins from Psidium guajava
leaves on in vitro nitrogen degradation (IVDN), substrate degradation and microbial biomass production.
Psidium guajava leaves were found to good source of condensed tannins. Graded levels of condensed
tannins (0, 1, 2 and 3% on DM basis) included in mustard cake (MC) substrate were evaluated by in
vitro gas production technique. Supplementation of condensed tannins from 1 to 3% through Psidium
guajava leaves significantly (P<0.01) reduced the IVDN (0.87-0.51) of MC. Nitrogen protection in the
rumen was highest (P<0.01) at 3% condensed tannins inclusion and reduced about 39% IVDN of MC.
Although supplementation of condensed tannins at 1 % level did not exert any adverse effect on gas
volume (24h), TDOMR (%) and ME of the substrate but condensed tannins supplementation from 2 to 3
% significantly (P<0.01) reduced gas volume (ml/200mg), TDOMR (%) and ME (Mcal/kg DM) of the
MC substrate. Nonetheless, microbial biomass production (mg/200mg), efficiency of microbial biomass
production (mg/ 100 mg TDOMR) and partioning factor (mg TDOMR/ ml gas volume) of substrate were
increased significantly (P<0.01) with condensed tannins supplementation. It may be concluded that Psidium
guajava may be used as a prospective source of condensed tannins. Supplementation of condensed
tannins (1-3%) supplied through Psidium guajava leaves could be used as a protectant of proteins with
out any adverse effect on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis.
FR 61
Samanea saman tree leaves and pods for sustainable
animal production in tropics
S. V. Hosamani, C. K. Renuka, V. S. Kulkarni and S. D. Kololgi
Animal Science Division
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad- 580 008
Samanea Saman (Rain tree) is one of the fodder tree widely distributed in the tropics. They grow
naturally in many parts of the country such as West Bengal, Orissa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. On an average there is a yield of 500-600 kg green foliage and
250 - 300 kg pods from mature tree every year during scarce period (February to May). Livestock very
well relishes the leaves and pods. Rain tree leaf contain CP 18.87, EE 5.68, CF 18.66, NFE 52.47, ash
4.32, Ca 1.75, P 0.71, lignin 19.79 and tannins 5.76 percent. Pods contain CP 16.02, EE 1.89, CF 8.74,
NFE 71.23, Sugar 11.85, ash 2.12, lignin 12.27, tannins 2.53, Ca 1.74 and P 0.83 percent, Fe 140 and
Cu 9.80 mg/kg. The IVDMD in leaf was 35.83 and in pod 69.80% and the ISDMD in leaf was 16.86
and in pod 67.82 percent. Among different treatments (1% solutions) employed to leaf and pod, sodium
hydroxide, sodium bi carbonate and lime were significantly (p<0.05) reduced the tannin content than salt
and water treatments. Different durations of treatments did not differ significantly. Additional supplementa-
tion of rain tree pods to cattle and sheen has improved the growth, reproduction and wool yield. The
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
nutritive value of pods was DCP 7.88%, TDN 58.67% and ME 2090 K cal/kg. Deoiled rice bran can be
replaced up to 50% level with rain tree pods without affecting nutrient intake, digestibility, balance, rumen
metabolism, blood parameters, reproduction, growth, milk yield and composition in crossbred cattle. It
was inferred that the rain tree leaves and pods are esteemed as feed and fodder for livestock. The pods
can very well be incorporated in the diet of ruminants to replace concentrate to reduce the cost of feeding
significantly.
FR 62
Performance of crossbred Sri Lankan cattle to rice straw based diets
Thakshala Seresinhe, K. K. Pathirana and Nilushi Nugara
Dept. of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Mapalana,
Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
An experiment was conducted to examine the performance of cross bred Sri Lankan cattle fed with
rice straw based diets in order to develop dry season feeding strategies. Four dietary treatments were
straw ad-libitum (T1); T1+ supplement (Rice bran (85g)+ urea (28g) + Molasses (114g) + Mineral mix
(23g) / 0.25kg on fresh matter basis)[T2] ; T1+ Gliricia sepium (1 kg/head/day) [T3]; T1+ supple-
ment+ Gliricia sepium (T4). Four bull calves of age 12±2 months and 120 kg±10 were housed in
metabolic cages and fed with above rations for 4 weeks. The experimental design was a 4x4 latin square.
Dry matter intake (2.518 kg/head/day) of animals fed with T2 ration was significantly higher as com-
pared to three other treatments. The dry matter digestibility of T4 (60.2%) and T3 (54.1%) were higher
as compared with T2 (44.3%) and T1 (40.0%). Nitrogen retention was increased from T1 (4.5g/N/head/
day) followed by T2 and T3 towards T4 (26.4 g/N/head/day). Supplementation had no effect on either
the water intake or the urine output. Blood parameters (Hb%, BUN%) were not significantly affected due
to supplementation. The results revealed that feeding of straw supplemented with tree fodder could im-
prove the digestibility of straw, while supplement improved the dry matter intake. While beneficial effects
of supplementation of rice straw have been demonstrated, further improvements can be made through
different levels of supplement and tree fodder to be incorporated into roughage diets together with proper
ration formulation in order to increase the production levels of ruminants.
FR 63
Chemical composition of different varities of soyabean straw
N. Patil, R. K. Jain and D. Tiwari
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Mhow-453446, India
Nine samples of different varities of Soyabean straw (JS-336, NRC-12, JS-90-41, NRC-7, NRC-
2, Hardi, JS-80-21, NRC-37, NRC-86-47) were obtained from National Research Centre For Soyabean,
Indore (M.P.) and analyzed for proximate principles and fibre fractions. Among different varities of soyabean
straw OM Content ranged from 92.39% to 96.00%, averaging 93.69±0.39. The mean values (range in
paranthesis) were CP 5.64±0.34 [4.27(JS-90-41) to 7.22(JS-336)], EE 0.86±0.06 [0.62(NRC-86-47)
to 1.16(NRC-2)], CF 41.91±1.30 [36.47(NRC-12) to 47.94(JS-90-41)], NFE 44.64±1.30 [40.05
(NRC-7) to 51.07(NRC-12)], TA 6.2±0.40 [4.00(JS-90-41) to 7.61(JS-336)], Ca 1.03±0.04 [0.84
(JS-336) to 1.18(NRC-37)], P 0.21±0.005 [0.19(JS-80-21) to 0.24(NRC-7)] and AIA 0.4±0.09 [0.11
(JS-80-21) to 0.97(NRC-86-47)], percent on DM basis. The mean values (range in paranthesis) were
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
NDF 67.83±1.68 [61.90(NRC-12) to 79.69(JS-90-41)] and ADF 52.01±1.21 [46.42(JS-336) to 57.56(JS-

90-41)], percent on DM basis.
FR 64
Effect of feeding bajra straw based total mixed ration to growing calves
Subhash Parnerkar, R. S. Gupta, P. R. Pandya, D.C. Patel and B. R. Devalia
Animal Nutrition Research Department,
Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388 110
An experiment of 28 weeks duration was conducted on fifteen crossbred calves (5.5 to 9 months)
weighing 89.2 to 90.0 kg following completely randomized design. Three total mixed rations (TMR)
comprising of 40 (T1), 50 (T2) and 60 (T3) % bajra straw (BS) were formulated. The experimental calves
were fed respective total mixed rations ad libitum with limited (2 kg/day) supply of green ‘NB-21’
fodder. The daily gain (P> 0.01) was 0.543, 0.536 and 0.408 kg under T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The
values under T1 and T2 did not differ. The DM intake in terms of kg/100kg B. wt. and g/kg W0.75 were
found to be similar. The digestibility coefficients of different proximate constituents followed the same
trend. The balances of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium were positive in all the treatments. The average
daily nutrients intake (CP, DCP and TDN kg/d) was different (P> 0.01). The trend of results did not
indicate any significant difference on rumen fermentation parameters studied and the values were found
within the normal range. The feed cost (Rs./kg gain) worked out as 37.56, 33.49 and 33.76 under T1, T2
and T3 groups, respectively. The TMR with 50% BS was found economical.
FR 65
In- vitro rumen fermentation as influenced by
different leguminous straws
Kapil Bandil and T. K. Dulta
Central Institute for research on Goats
Makhdoom, P.O. Farah-281122, India
To compare the effect of different legume straw based rations on in//; vilro gas production and
fermentation, three total mixed rations (TMR) were prepared with concentrate mixture, straw (cowpea,
Medicago sativa or guar, Cymposis tetragonoloba or sem, Dolichos lablab) and green fodder (cow-
pea) in the ratio of 40:40:20 (DM basis). Concentrate mixture and green fodder in all the three TMRs
were same, but leguminous straw was different. CP content was 16.80, 15.84 and 16.63 per cent in the
three rations (R1 to R3) respectively. NDF and ADF values were measured similar in the three rations. R3
ration produced more gas by 25.90 and 27.45 ml per g substrate over R1 and R2 when one gram sub-
strate was incubated for 48 hours under anaerobic condition using PC based Biofermentor. Total gas
production per gram of degradable DM and OM was also higher in R3, ration than R1 and R2 rations.
This could be attributed to higher cell wall component (NDF) in R3 ration over other two rations (R1 and
R2). The degradability of these nutrients (DM, OM and CP) was found numerically higher in R2 group
(57.5, 58.1 and 60.6 per cent) than other two groups. However, the differences among treatment groups
were non-significance. The pH in the incubation medium was higher (P<0.01) in R1 (6.87) and R3 (6.86)
than R2 (6.77). Total VFA, ammonia-N and TCA-N concentrations increased as the incubation period of
ration increased irrespective of treatments, thereby, there was a positive relationship of the concentration
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
of these parameters with the time of incubation (P<0.01). The concentrations of TVFA, total nitrogen and
NPN were higher (P< 0.01) in R2 than other two treatments (R1 and R3). TVFA ranged from 6.80 (R2) to
6.43 (R1) mmol/dl strained incubation medium. The ammonia-N was higher (P<0.01) in R2 and R3 than
R1. Whereas, TCA-N was significantly higher (P<0.01) in R1 than R2 and R3. Total protozoal count (Log10
value/ml SRF) was recorded higher in R1 (514) than R3 (4.72). Treatment x Period interaction was signifi-
cant (P<0.01) for TVFA, total-N, NPN, ammonia-N, TCA-N and protozoal count. Therefore, it may be
concluded than TMR-2 (R2) gave best results in terms of degradability of nutrients and higher production
of rumen biochemical end products, which are required for higher productivity of goats in terms of growth.
FR 66
Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and metabolisable energy
values of agricultural crop residues found in Tripura
Chander Datt, A. Chhabra1, N. P. Singh and K. M. Bujarbaruah2
ICAR Research Complex for N.E.H. Region, Tripura Centre,
P.O. Lembucherra, 799210; 1DCN, NDRI, Karnal
Agricultural crop residues form an important part of ruminant feeding in Tripura, however, there is no
information on their nutritional characteristics. Therefore, crop residues (paddy straw, GN straw, GN
husk, moong straw, urd straw, cowpea husk, pea straw, maize stover, sarson straw and arhar pod husk;
n=10) were evaluated for their nutritional value in terms of proximate principles, cell wall constituents, in
vitro DM and OM digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD) and metabolisable energy (ME) values. There
were significant variations among the crop residues for these parameters. The average values (range in
parenthesis) for OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE and total ash were found to be 89.68±0.94 (82.74-93.35),
6.95±0.77 (3.44-10.51), 2.14±0.18 (1.12-3.26), 35.03±3.16 (27.50-39.10), 45.57±3.16 (36.54-53.12)
and 10.32±0.41 (6.65-17.26) per cent (DM basis), respectively. The respective values for NDF, ADF,
cellulose, hemicellulose and ADL were observed to be 60.69±3.69, 42.07±3.42, 18.62±1.53, 28.93±2.95
and 7.28±0.45 per cent. IVDMD and IVOMD values ranged from 35.18 to 47.15 per cent and from
36.39 to 49.03 per cent with respective means of 42.21±1.21 and 43.76±1.26 per cent. The over all ME
concentration averaged 5.43±0.27 (3.54-6.27) MJ/kg DM. The highest IVDMD, IVOMD and ME val-
ues were recorded in pea straw and the lowest in GN hulls. Fibre fractions were negatively correlated
with digestibility and ME values.
FR 67
Variation in chemical composition of different sugarcane crop residues
R. K. Tiwari, Jagdish Prasad and A. K. Garg
Division of Animal Nutrition,
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
Sugarcane is third most important crop in India after wheat and paddy. Sugarcane crop residues are
of special importance for tropical countries, particularly those where, there is a shortage of cereals and
other green fodders. Sugarcane crop residues are available in large quantities. The main crop residues
available from sugarcane farming/industry are sugarcane tops, trash, bagasse, bagasse pith, molasses and
press mud. Thus sugarcane plays a special role in the 3 F Chains - Food, Fodder and Fuel. In view of
above facts sugarcane crop residues were analyzed for their variation in chemical composition.
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
The DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, TCHO, AIA, NDF, ADF, Hemi-cellulose, ADL, Cellulose, Ca
and P contents in SCT were 30.23, 94.05, 5.31, 2.35, 31.10, 55.29, 86.39, 3.00, 71.61, 36.64, 34.97,
6.69, 29.95, 0.57 and 0.27 percent, respectively. These contents were 84.19, 89.01, 3.87, 2.05, 33.65,
49.44, 83.09, 7.66, 78.47, 43.94, 34.53, 6.42, 37.52, 0.84, 0.24 in Trash, 54.61, 97.61, 2.17, 0.70,
44.21, 50.53, 94.74, 1.66, 82.22, 50.55, 31.67, 10.18, 40.37, 0.39, 0.10 in bagasse, 58.59, 95.41,
2.51, 0.96, 43.55, 48.39, 88.94, 3.57, 89.81, 52.01, 37.80, 9.73, 42.28, 0.40, 0.13 in bagasse pith and
27.29, 83.11, 10.59, 3.69, 18.56, 50.27, 68.83, 6.51, 48.09, 22.34, 25.75, 5.46, 16.88, 2.93, 0.56 in
press-mud. The contents of DM, OM, AIA, Ca and P contents were 77.89, 82.07, 2.15, 2.51 and 0.51
in molasses. Press-mud and molasses had lower organic matter than other by-products. Crude protein
content of press-mud was highest (10.59%), followed by sugarcane tops (5.31%), trash (3.87%), molas-
ses (3.28%), bagasse pith (2.51%) and bagasse (2.17%). Crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid deter-
gent fiber and lignin contents of bagasse and bagasse pith were almost similar and higher than other by-
products. Calcium content of press-mud was highest (2.93%) followed by molasses (2.51%), sugarcane
trash (0.84%), sugarcane top (0.57%), bagasse pith (0.40%) and bagasse (0.39%). Phosphorus contents
followed same trend as that of Ca, as these were highest in press-mud (0.56%) followed by molasses
(0.51%), tops (0.27%), trash (0.24%), bagasse pith (0.13%) and lowest in bagasse (0.1%). Thus overall
composition of different sugarcane by-products appear to suggest that they have a scope to be utilized as
animal feed either as such or after certain processing/ treatments.
FR 68
Evaluation of different varieties cowpea (Vigna sinensis) straw based on
the composition, in vitro dcgradability and nutrient yield
B. Devasena, A. Ravi, J. V. Ramana, D. Sreenivas Kumar and J. Ramaprasad
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati
Thirteen varieties of cowpea (Vigna sinensis) straw samples were evaluated by chemical composi-
tion, in vitro DM digestibility and yield of nutrients (ton/ha). The varieties of cowpea straw evaluated
were DCP-2, DCP-5, DCP-6, DCP-7 DCP-10, DCP-11, GC-9040, HC-2-40, V-240, GC-11, DCS-
5, DCS-6, and V-585. The average yield (ton/ha) of DM, OM and CP were 5.6, 22.23 and 0.90,
respectively. The average dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (FE),
crude liber (CF), total ash (TA) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) contents of thirteen varieties of cowpea
straw were, 24.91% (18.5 to 30.6), 89.0% (90.7 to 88.5), 16.2% (13.3 to 20.8), 3.13% (2.86 to 3.51),
30.3% (28.3 to 32.9), 1 1.0% (9.3 to 12.8) and 40.1% (37.3 to 42.9), respectively. The average NDF,
ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and silica contents (%) of cowpea straw were 52.5 (48.3 to 57.7),
43.57 (39.4 47.2), 31.1 (24.3 to 35.8), 8.95 (5.9 to 1 1.8), 10.25 (7.3 to 12.2) and 2.23 (1.15 to 2.9)
respectively. The average in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD. %) was 63.1 (52.5 to 68.5). The
availability index (%) was 78.3 (72.8 to 85). IVDMD was positively correlated with CP (r = 0.3021) and
cellulose (r = 0.2356) and negatively correlated with CF (r = - 0.43885), NDF (r = - 0.12332) and lignin
(r = - 0.1323). It can be concluded that among the cowpea straw varieties evaluated DCP-10, GC-ll,
DCP-2 and DCS-6 contain higher CP (19.7, 20.8, 18.2 and 18.5%) and IVDMD (68.3, 65.6, 66.3 and
58.9%) values as compared to other varieties and so they are superior compared to the other cowpea
varieties evaluated.
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
FR 69
Potential for feed block production in a food-ethanol-fodder value
chain of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench)
A. A. Khan1, S. Palaniswami, L. Shah, Belum Reddy and M Blümmel2
1
International Livestock Research Institute, Patancheru-502 324, AP
2
Hytech Seed India Private Limited, ICRISAT, Patancheru-502324, AP
Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) is one of the most efficient dry land crops to convert
atmospheric CO2 into sugar and the crop is gaining rapid importance as a feedstock for ethanol produc-
tion after grain harvest. This provides income for dry land farmers, but it potentially competes with fodder
for the livestock, thus aggravating feed scarcity. Use of the bagasse residue (BR) after juice extraction of
the stems for ethanol together with the leave strippings (LS) as fodder could compensate for fodder loss
and provide an additional source of income. In the present work we compared a commercial feed block
(CFB) from Miracle Fodder & Feeds PVT LTD consisting of 53% of sorghum stover with an experimen-
tal feed block where all sorghum stover was replaced by sweet sorghum BRLS. The BRLS were sourced
from Rusni Distillery, chopped and transferred to the manufacturer who produced the experimental blocks.
An ad libitum feeding trial with bulls of approximately 180 kg live weight (LW) was conducted at ILRI
research facilities at ICRISAT. A treatment consisting only of the sorghum stover used for the commercial
feed block was included. Daily dry matter intake was 37 and 35 g/kg LW (P>0.05) in BRLS blocks and
CFB, respectively. Intake was low on sole sorghum stover (13 g/kg LW; P<0.0001). Bulls on CFB
gained 975 g/d compared to 871 g/d on BRSL based blocks (P>0.05). Bulls fed only stover lost bodyweight.
We conclude that BRLS can largely or even completely substitute for sorghum stover in CFB’s.
FR 70
Potential of maize stover from a new dual-purpose hybrid in substituting
for sorghum stover in a commercially produced feed block
A. A. Khan1, M. D. Gupta, L. Shah and M Blümmel2
1
International Livestock Research Institute, Patancheru-502 324, AP
2
Miracle Fodder & Feeds, Shamshabad -501218, AP
Sorghum stover is the single most important ingredient (53%) of a commercial feed block (CFB) for
dairy animals designed and marketed by Miracle Fodder & Feed Manufacturer in Hyderabad. However,
decreasing availability, increasing transport distances and raising costs now associated with sorghum sto-
ver urge the search for alternative stover sources. In laboratory trials at ILRI, stover from Hytech Seed
India Private Limited new maize hybrid-5101, had similar fodder quality as sorghum stover used for the
CFB. An ad libitum feeding trial with bulls (c. 180 kg LW) was designed at ILRI to investigate if maize
stover based-feed block would promote comparable levels of livestock productivity than the CFB. Stover
from maize hybrid 5101 was sourced from Hytech Seeds at ICRISAT. Possible variation in maize stover
fodder quality was introduced by using stover from black and red soils. After grain harvest, the maize
stover was chopped and transported to the CFB manufacturer who produced two experimental feed
blocks (EFB) by substituting sorghum stover with maize stover from the black (EFBMblack) and red soil
(EFBMred). Five bulls, balanced according to LW, were allocated to a treatment. Daily dry matter intake
was 35, 33 and 30 g/kg LW (P < 0.05) in BRLS, EFBMblack and EFBMred blocks, respectively. Daily
weight gains were 1.02 kg on EFBMblack, 0.98 kg on CFB and 0.79 kg on EFBMred (P>0.05). We con-
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
clude that quality maize stover can substitute for sorghum stover in CFB. This offers additional income for
maize grower, since the feed block manufacturer currently purchases sorghum stover for 2.4 Indian Ru-
pees per kg.
FR 71
Evaluation of sorghum stover based diets in Murrah and
Bhadawari buffalo heifers
G. H. Pailan, S. K. Mahanta and N. C. Verma
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284 003, India
An experiment was conducted to study the comparative nutrient utilization from sorghum stover based
diets in Murrah and Bhadawari buffalo heifers. Six growing buffalo heifers from each breed were fed ad
lib sorghum stover and supplemented with a concentrate mixture @ 1.0% of body weight for 90 days.
After 45 days of experimental feeding a metabolism trial was conducted. DM, TDN and DCP intake per
kg metabolic body size was similar in both the breeds and the values were 96.83, 53.89 and 5.35 g for
Murrah and 95.68, 53.37 and 5.33 g for Bhadawari heifers, respectively. Digestibility of DM (53.36 vs.
53.81%), OM (56.65 vs. 56.03%), CP (55.35 vs. 55.66%), NDF (49.91 vs. 49.71%) and ADF (42.07
vs. 42.64%) was similar both in Murrah and Bhadawari heifers. N retention (as % of N intake) was
similar in Murrah (25.94) and in Bhadawari (26.15) heifers. The diet content similar levels of TDN and
DCP in Murrah (55.69 and 5.59%) and in Bhadawari (55.87 and 5.61%) heifers. Nitrogen balance (g/d)
was also similar in Murrah (17.28) and Bhadawari (16.31), however, daily weight gain was higher (P<0.05)
in Murrah (363.30g) than in Bhadawari (283.30g) heifers. The nutrient utilization efficiency in the form of
DM, protein and energy intake for unit weight gain was higher (P<0.05) in Murrah than in Bhadawari
buffalo. The study revealed that intake and digestibility of nutrient from sorghum stover based diets was
comparable in Murrah and Bhadawari buffalo heifers however, growth performance and nutrient utilization
efficiency were higher in Murrah than in Bhadawari buffalo heifers under stall fed conditions.
FR 72
Variability in straw quality of wheat cultivars in India
A. K. Misra, G. H. Pailan, K. K. Singh, M. M. Das and T. A. Khan
Plant Animal Rela Tionship Division
Indian Grassland And Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284003, India
Adopting stratified random sampling, a total of 1964 samples of wheat plants from 165 fields spread
over 8 states consisting of 32 wheat cultivars were collected from different parts of the country. Plant
samples were processed for straw quality attributes and grain to straw ratio. Regional and varietals varia-
tions in the grain to straw ratio (1:1.3 to 1:1.60) of the samples collected from major wheat-producing
states (Bihar, Haryana, MP, Punjab, Rajasthan, UP, West Bengal and Uttranchal) were found to be signifi-
cant (P<0.01). Results showed significant (P<0.05) variability in the chemical composition of the straw
cultivars, and ADF (37.9-57.3%) and lignin (4.6-12.2%) were the fractions, which exhibited the highest
variability. Crude protein content of any of the variety was insufficient to meet nitrogen requirement for
maintenance in adult ruminants. There was a high degree of variability (37.1 to 51.4 %) in the In situ DM
digestibility of different cultivars. The ADF(r = 0.56). cellulose (r= 0.31) and lignin (r= 0.33) contents
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
were negatively (P<0.05) associated with its in situ DM degradability. The relationship between hemicel-
lulose, the easily digestible fiber fraction, and DM degradability was positive (r = 0.31). The straw yield
and digestibility was positively associated meaning that wheat varieties yielding more straw per kg grain
may have better straw quality.
FR 73
Chemical composition of certain unconventional feed
D. Tiwari, R. K. Jain and N. Patil
College Of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow -453446
Certain unconventional feeds were collected from Indore district and analyzed for proximate prin-
ciples and fibre fractions as a primary step towards determining their nutritive value. The feeds were
Soyabean hulls, Mordhan husk, water melon seed coat, Babul churi, Souff byproduct, Rajgiri husk and
Soyabean churi. The average values (range in paranthesis) were CP 11.26±1.44 [6.41(Rajgiri husk) to
17.05(Soyabean churi)], EE 1.99±0.36 [0.85(Soyabean churi) to 3.36 (Souff byproduct)], CF 31.50±6.90
[14.2(Soyabean churi) to 64.66(water melon seed coat)], NFE 41.52±3.78 [24.40(water melon seed
coat) to 53.81(Babul churi)], TA 10.10±2.6 [1.94(water melon seed coat) to 20.59 Souff byproduct)],
Ca 1.98±0.54 [0.52(Mordhan husk) to 4.33(Souff byproduct)], P 0.28±0.58 [0.07(water melon seed
coat) to 0.54(Soyabean churi)], AIA 4.04±0.95 [0.78(water melon seed coat) to 7.44(Souff byproduct)],
NDF 57.84±9.1 [31.59(Soyabean churi) to 85.12(Mordhan husk)] and ADF 43.78±6.4 [25.03(Soyabean
churi) to 70.14(water melon seed coat)], prcent on DM basis.
FR 74
Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of agro-industrial
residues of vegetable origin
Mohammad Imran Khan* and Prem P. Atreja
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India;
*Instrumentation Division, Food Research and Analysis Centre, New Delhi-110075, India
In order to fill the gap between demand and supply of quality feeds and fodders for dairy animals the
vegetable residue samples of cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, okra, empty pea pods and pumpkins from
agro-processing plants were assessed for their nutriti onal potential through chemical composition and in
vitro evaluation. For different nutritional parameters of vegetable residues (on DM basis) showed that
OM ranged between 85.4 (Cauliflower) to 96.1 (pumpkins) per cent for; between 6.78 % (carrots) to
22.4 % (cauliflower) for CP; EE ranged between 0.99 (cauliflower) to 9.8 % (okra); CF from 8.4% to
30.7%, NDF from 23.7 to 44.0%; total ash from 3.9 (pumpkins) to 14.7% (cauliflower) and NFE from
24.9 to 71.6%. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) ranged from 50.6% (cauliflower) to 54.6%
(cabbage). In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was 40.0 to 54.3% for different vegetable
residues substrates. The gas production ranged from 104.5 in okra to 112.5% in carrots except in cauli-
flower, which produced 132 .5 ml of gas per g of substrate. The ammonical nitrogen (NH3-N) and total
nitrogen (Total-N) production (mg/100 ml) were 19.6 to 29.1 and 175.0 to 220.5, respectively. The non-
ammonical nitrogen (NAN) (mg/100 ml) was ranged from 155.4 to 196.0. Total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs)
production ranged from 30.3 to 36.4 mM/100ml. Studies further showed that the residues from different
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
vegetables were good sources of fatty acids (C8 to C22) and amino acids (essential and non essential) as
they were present in one or other substrate. Vegetables residues studied were also good sources of
minerals such as calcium (0.38 to 1.35%), phosphorus (0.16 to 0.41%), magnesium (0.21 to 0.38%),
iron (90.15 to 231.51ppm), zinc (41.74 to 74.84ppm), copper (10.93 to 17.11 ppm) and manganese
(17.69 to 30.77ppm). The proximate as well as in vitro results indicated nutritional potentiality of veg-
etable residues, which could be well utilized as animal feeds.
FR 75
Studies on variability in sunflower heads
P. R. Nisal, S. N.Kale and V. C. Badve
BAIF Development Research Foundation, CRS,
Uruli Kanchan, Pune 412-202, India
Survey conducted in seven districts of Marathawada region.Total four hundred and seventy five farm-
ers were surveyed. The information regarding land holding cropping pattern, area under sunflower cultiva-
tion, yield of sunflower seeds and sunflower head utilization pattern was collected. It was observed that
farmers utilize sunflower heads in more than one way. Majority of the farmers use sunflower heads for
composting to produce manure (49.6%) and for feeding animals(38.7%). The sunflower heads are fed to
the animals in fresh form i.e.immediately after de-seeding.. Once it becomes dry it is either composted or
burnt (35.6%). The variation in chemical composition of sunflower heads of different varieties/hybrids is
observed. The crude protein content ranged from 4 to 12.3 %.The variation in crude fiber content was in
the range of 14 to 20 %.The in vitro digestibility of SFH ranged from 64.4 to 78 .3 %which indicates that
the material has potential for use in animal feeding.About 15 formulations of complete feeds based on
sunflower heads were formulated .The samples were analysed for proximate principles and van soest
fobre fractions. The weight of seed and that of husk with receptacle show that production of sunflower
heads (husk with receptacle is approximately 35 to 40 % of the production of seed. Thus from 3.23 lakh
tones of sunflower seeds production SFH could be 1 13 lakh tones,which is equivalent to 0.1 lakh tones
of crude protein and 0.8 lakh tones of digestible organic matter.
FR 76
Aflatoxin in milk samples from dairy animals fed as basal diet groundnut
haulms from a local and a new improved dual-purpose groundnut cultivar
D. Ravi1, A. A. Khan1, P. Rao 2, S. Pande2, F. Waliyar2 and M Blümmel1
1
International Livestock Research Institute, Patancheru - 502 324;
2
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics, Patancheru - 502 324 AP
The relationship between intake of aflatoxin B1 in feed and aflatoxin M1 excretion in milk was inves-
tigated in three villages (LR Palli, Jalapuram and Talpur) in the Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh.
Emphasis was on possible intake of aflatoxins from groundnut haulms of a local and a new improved dual-
purpose groundnut cultivar, which provide for major fodder resources in the district. In the present work
groundnut haulms presented about half of the total intake. Aflatoxins were analyzed by an ELISA tech-
nique. Mean aflatoxin B1 content in TMV 2 and ICGV 91114 was 2.4 and 2.1 µm/kg of dry haulms (P >
0.05), respectively. These contents are well below the Indian feed regulation limits for aflatoxin B1 of 30
µm/kg. Despite this close to 50% of the milk samples had non-permissible levels (> 0.5 µm/kg) of afla-
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
toxin M1. Mean aflatoxin M1 levels in milk of animals fed haulms from TMV 2 and ICGV 91114 was
0.79 and 0.77 µm/kg (P > 0.05), respectively, with daily milk yields of 4.3 for the 91114 and 4.1 kg for
the TMV 2 treatment (P > 0.05). Mean Aflatoxin content in other basal feed sources (green sorghum, rice
straw, sorghum stover) was 5.1 µm/kg (range 0 to 27.6 µm/kg) and was 15.5 µm/kg in concentrates
(range 0 to 98 µm/kg). Highest aflatoxin content was measured in groundnut cake. Aflatoxin intake and
aflatoxin excretion in milk were statistically completely unrelated (P =0.93) and permissible level of afla-
toxin B1 in feed could result in non-permissible levels of aflatoxin M1 in milk.
FR 77
Chemical compositon of sugarcane press residue
B. N. Suresh, B. S. V. Reddy, N. K. S. Gowda1, T. M. Prabhu,
R. G. Gloridoss and K. C. Singh
Veterinary College, KVAFSU (Bidar), Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024; 1National Institute of Animal
Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
Sugarcane press residue (SPR) is a byproduct of sugar industry constitute about 3 per cent of cane
crushing and available to the tune of 5 tons annually in India. SPR samples (6 Nos.) collected from
different regions of Karnataka were sun-dried and subjected for detailed chemical analysis. The proximate
analysis of SPR (average on dry matter basis) revealed: CP-11.76, EE-7.87, CF-10.08, TA-21.94, NFE-
48.35 %. The fiber fractions of SPR included: NDF-55.01, ADF-28.84 and AD Lignin-11.69 %. Its
mineral constituents were: Ca-3.87, P-1.10, Mg-0.95 % and Fe-3500, Mn-284, Zn-113, Cu-61.5 and
Co– 5.0 ppm. The average amino acid composition (% of CP) was: methionine-2.21, cystine-1.05, lysine-
4.85, threonine-5.48, arginine-4.10, isoleucine-4.77, leucine-8.72, valine-6.27, histidine-2.44, phenylala-
nine-4.90, glycine-5.95, serine-4.76, proline-4.83, alanine-6.44, aspartic acid-10.28 and glutamic acid-
12.45. The fatty acid profile of SPR (% of EE) included: caprylic acid-0.2, capric acid-0.2, lauric acid-
1.4, myristic acid-0.9, palmitic acid-30.3, stearic acid-4.1, oleic aicd-17.2, linoleic acid-38.0 and lino-
lenic acid-5.4. The study indicated that SPR has the potential serve as a source of both organic and
inorganic minerals for livestock and poultry.
FR 78
Effect of feeding wet maize husk on the
growth performance of heifers
R. S. Gupta, B. R. Devalia, S. G. Vahora, G. R. Patel, D. C. Patel and S. Parnerkar
Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388 110.
Wet maize husk is a fermented byproduct of starch industry available after wet milling process. The
CP, EE, CF, NFE, ash, silica, P and Ca contents were 9.32, 1.86, 15.25, 72.13, 1.44, 0.16, 0.08 and
0.42% on DM basis, respectively. A feeding experiment of 28 weeks duration was conducted on 18
growing heifers subjected to three dietary treatments under completely randomized design. The treatment
were: T1-compound concentrate mixture + 5 kg green NB 21 and mature pasture grass (Dicanthium
annulatum) ad libitum, T2-T1 + 3 kg wet maize husk and T3-T1 + 6 kg wet maize husk partially replacing
compound concentrate mixture on protein equivalent basis. The average daily gain (P<0.01) was 0.292,
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
0.468 and 0.509 kg per head under T1, T2 and T3 respectively which was 60 and 70 % higher in T2 and
T3 compared to T1 (control).
The average DM intake was 5.758 + 0.352, 6.412 +- 0.218 and 6.962 + 0.228 kg /day/animal and
20.32 +1.43, 13.76+ 0.34 and 14.08 + 1.22 kg/kg gain in weight, respectively. The treatment differences
were found to be significant (P<0.05). The microbiological examination of wet maize husk revealed the
presence of Lactobacilli and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which might have been proved beneficial
to the animals. The feed cost (Rs./kg gain) was 31.52 and 29.76 % lower (P<0.01) in T2 and T3 com-
pared to T1 group.
FR 79
Chemical composition, in vitro and in sacco evaluation
of sheanut extract (Vitellaria paradoxa)
D. Sreenivas Kumar, B. Devasena, A. Ravi, J. V. Ramana, and J. Ramaprasad
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science,
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI
Sheanut (Vitellaria paradoxa) extract is a byproduct obtained during extraction of butter from sheanuts.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of sheanut extract. The dry matter content was
95.3%, organic matter 95.0%, crude protein 14.1%, ether extract 1.8%, crude fiber 11.3%, total ash
5.0%, nitrogen free extract 67.8% and acid insoluble ash 0.62%. Macro mineral content (%) of sheanut
was Ca 0.44, P, 0.1, Na, 0.122 and K, 1.95, and Micro mineral content (mg/Kg) of sheanut extract was
Mg, 1.0891, Cu, 6.2, Fe, 759, Mn, 127.25, Co, 1.3 and Cr, 0.2. The in Vitro dry matter digestibility
(%) of sheanut extract was 48.2 and 54.7 when incubated sheanut sample with cattle and buffaloe rumen
liquor. The in sacco dry matter degradability values observed for sheanut extract were a = 22.9; 26.1
b=66.9; 72.3, c = 0.0065; 0.0068 with effective degradable dry matter (EDDM %) content 30.6; 34.8 in
cattle and buffaloes, respectively.
FR 80
Effect of dietary incorporation of expeller pressed castor bean cake on
in vitro nutrient degradability and rumen fermentation pattern in buffalo
M. H. Lade, V. R. B. Sastry, S. K. Saha and Shrikant Katole
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly
An in vitro experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of expeller pressed
castor bean cake inclusion on in vitro rumen fermentation and DM degradability. Five iso-nitrogenous
(CP 20%) and iso-caloric (TDN 66.5%) concentrate mixtures were prepared containing different levels
of expeller pressed castor bean cake i.e. 50% and 100% by replacing SBM protein from the control.
Exactly 80 mg concentrate mixture and 120 mg oat straw was taken into the in vitro flasks and incubated
for 24 hours at 39ºC in BOD incubator as per the method of Tilley and Terry (1963). After 24 h of
incubation in vitro flasks were taken out from the incubator and microbial activity was stopped by adding
2 drops of dilute sulphuric acid. The content of in vitro flasks were filtered through pre-weighed sintered
crucible and before that the liquor was collected for NH3 -N and TVFA estimation. The DM degradability
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
was found to be significantly (P<0.05) lower in experimental groups as compared to that of control
probably due to presence of ricin in expeller pressed castor bean cake. The NH3 -N and TVFA concen-
tration in the expeller pressed castor bean cake was also found significantly (P<0.05) lowered in experi-
mental groups than the control one, which might be due to lower degradability in former group. Therefore,
it could be concluded that there is a negative effect of incriminating factors on in vitro DM degradability
and rumen fermentation pattern due to inclusion of castor bean cake (ECC) at all levels and needs detoxi-
fication before being incorporated in the concentrate mixtures for livestock feeding.
FR 81
Effect of replacing concentrate mixture with stylo meal on nutrient
utilization, growth and blood metabolites of crossbred heifers
A. B. Mojumdar, S. K. Mahanta, M. M. Das and P. K. Pathak
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284003
Use of Stylosanthes more commonly termed as Stylo-a tropical range legume have gained impor-
tance as it provides larger yield of good quality protein for livestock. The recurring deficiency of 62% in
the availability of concentrate mixture in the country for sustaining optimum livestock productivity, calls for
development of alternative feed supplement from diverse forages. In this context, nutritive value of Stylo
meal prepared form Stylosanthes hamata at full flowering stage was evaluated for the replacement of
concentrate mixture in growing cross-bred heifers. Fifteen growing heifers (Av. Body wt. 201.80 + 0.2
kg) distributed in 3 equal groups (G-1 to G-3) were fed on wheat straw based ration for a period of 120
days. In control group (G-1), the concentrate mixture was offered to meet the protein requirement, whereas,
in G-2 and G-3, the Stylo meal replaced the concentrate mixture @ 50 and 100% respectively, on iso-
nitrogenous basis. Average DMI was 2.30, 2.47 and 2.34% of body weight in G-1, G-2 and G-3 groups,
respectively. Similarly, CP and digestible crude protein (DCP) intake (g/d) in the corresponding groups
were 76.67 and 36.63; 76.52 and 41.32 and 77.02 and 36.22, respectively. Body weight gain was
comparatively higher in G-2 (550 g/h/d) than G-1 (535 g/h/d) and G-3 (486 g/h/d). Digestibility of DM
(62.94%), OM (64.83%), N-balance (30.11 g/d) were higher (P<0.01) in G-2, while digestibility of
nutrients were comparable amongst the groups. Average digestibilities of CP, NDF and ADF ranged from
47.33 to 54.06, 50.08 to 56.83 and 51.08 to 53.76%, respectively. Blood glucose, urea and plasma
protein levels did not vary in different experimental groups. Thus, stylo meal can replace the concentrate
requirement at 50% level in the dry roughage based ration of growing heifers.
FR 82
Effect of replacement of conventional concentrate/ barley with
urea impregnated slurry waste on utilization and carcass
characteristics in growing buffalo calves
M. L. Sharma, T. R. Chauhan, Rajan Gupta, S. S.Dahiya, P. C. Lailer and D. Lall
Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Sirsa Road, Hisar- 125 001
Fifteen male buffaloes calves of about one year age (Av. Wt 140 kg) were divided into three groups
with five animals each. Calves in the control group were fed concentrate mixture + green forage + wheat
straw as basal roughage. As in T-l group, 30 percent of the concentrate mixture was replaced with urea
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
impregnated slurry waste wheat straw sunny. In treatment-11, 70% of the concentrate mixture was re-
placed with barley (weight by weight) and rest 30 percent of concentrate mixture was replaced with urea
(50g) impregnated 4-5 l of slurry waste mixed with W.S. in the form of sunny. These three treatments
were fed to these calves for a period of six months and the bull calves were slaughtered at beef stage.
Digestion-cum -metabolic trial conducted at the end of the experiment before slaughtering revealed that
the daily DM intake and digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, EF, NDF, ADF and cellulose were comparable
in these dietary groups and no significant differences were observed. The average daily gain (ADG) for a
period of 180 days of the calves was 597, 590 and 586 g in control, T-l and T-l 1 groups, respectively
and the difference were non-significant. Similarly no significant difference was observed for slaughter and
carcass parameters between these experimental groups, although slaughter and carcass weights showed
an increase trend from group 1 to 111 with corresponding mean values of 1195, 1277 and 1257 kg with
total mean 3729 kg; and 551.4, 608.8 and 616 kg, respectively. Dressing percentage of slaughter weight
and weight after chiller (kg) in control, Tl and T2 groups were 46.14%,47.67% and 49.01% ; 544.8, 603
and 609.8 kg respectively, showing an increasing trend in these groups. The overall meat, bone, fat and
wastage percentages in these groups were almost similar. It can be inferred from this study that conven-
tional concentrate mixture can be replaced with barley grains along with urea impregnated slurry waste
used in the form of sunny with W.S. Similarly 30 per cent of the conventional concentrate mixture can be
replaced with urea impregnated slurry waste without effecting nutrient utilization and meat quality in grow-
ing buffaloes bull calves slaughtered at beef stage.
FR 83
Yield and nutritional characteristics of tubers of different
cultivars of tapioca and sweet potato
Chander Datt, M. Sankaran and N. P. Singh and B. Santhosh
P.O. Lembucherra, 799210, Tripura (West)
There is acute shortage of concentrate energy feeds for livestock and poultry in Tripura. As alternate
energy sources, various cultivars of tapioca (Megh-61, H-1687, H-226, H-165, Sree Prakash, Sree
Vijay and Sree Jaya) and sweet potato (Gouri, Sree Gouri, 440038, 4400127, Shankar, 442074) were
evaluated in terms of tuber yield, proximate composition and essential mineral (Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and
Co) contents. In case of tapioca, the average yield of tubers (DM basis) was found to be 15.37±0.81 t/
ha ranging from 10.86 (Megh-61) to 19.04 t/ha (H-226). The yields of H-1687, H-165 and Sree Jaya
were at par with H-220. In sweet potato, the average yield was 8.75±0.58 t/ha. Gouri gave the highest
yield (11.07 t/ha) and Sree Gouri, the lowest (3.95 t/ha). The values for cv. 440038 and 442074 were
similar to those of Gouri. The differences among the cultivars in both the crops were significant (P<0.01).
The mean values for DM content were observed to be 37.00±0.65 (32.48-39.82%) and 26.73±0.96
(22.92-31.28) per cent in tapioca and sweet potato, respectively. The values for proximate principles
except EE differed markedly (P<0.01) among the cultivars of both the tuber crops. The mean values for
CP, EE, CF, NFE and total ash were recorded to be 3.33±0.12, 0.55±0.03, 2.28±0.09, 91.47±0.38
and 2.36±0.11 per cent, respectively in tapioca with corresponding values of 4.87±0.20, 1.90±0.06,
2.38±0.08, 88.20±0.45 and 2.65±0.15 per cent in case of sweet potato. The concentration of mineral
elements except Co also varied significantly among the cultivars of both the crops, however, they were
deficient in all the minerals studied. The mean respective content of Ca and P were found to be 0.17±0.01
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
and 0.07±0.006 per cent in tapioca with corresponding values of 0.09±0.007 and 0.12±0.006 per cent
in case of sweet potato. The mean concentrations of 36.05±3.10, 4.37±0.34, 17.37±0.15, 11.42±0.71
and 0.04±0.008 ppm were observed for Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co in tapioca tubers while the respective
content in sweet potato were 37.50±2.59, 3.99±0.35, 9.88±0.42, 12.65±53 and 0.02±0.003 ppm.
Thus, the tubers were rich in soluble carbohydrate content and very low in protein, fibre and mineral
elements. The tapioca cultivars viz., H-226, H-1687, H-165 and Sree Jaya and sweet potato cultivars
viz., Gouri, 440038 and 442074 hold good promise as energy sources as an alternate to grains but need
to be supplemented particularly with protein and minerals when used in the diets of livestock and poultry.
FR 84
Impact of calf starter on growth performance of crossbred calves
S. Saijpaul, S. S. Sikka, P. Malhotra and Narinder Singh
G.A.D. Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004
In an experiment effect of level of leather meal incorporation in calf starters on the growth perfor-
mance and economics of raising crossbred calves was studied. Sixteen calves of 15-30 days age with
average BW of 37.9 kg were randomly divided into four groups of four calves in each. Four isocaloric
calf starters containing 0, 2, 3 and 4% leather meal were formulated wherein soybean meal from the
control calf starter was replaced by leather meal on isonitrogenous basis. Experimental calf starters were
offered individually to the calves along with ad lib. feeding of berseem. The daily calf starter intake was
621.0, 618.8, 664.9 and 602.8 g respectively in calf starters containing 0, 2, 3 and 4% leather meal. The
corresponding daily body weigt gain was 579.3, 577.9, 585.9 and 620.3g. The treatment means for heart
girth (100-101.7 cm), pounch girth (99.3-101.8 cm), body length (92.8-96.0 cm) and height (89.8-94.3
cm) in all the groups were not affected (P<0.05) by the dietary treatments. The cost of calf starter intake
per kg gain was Rs 11.97, 11.14, 11.86 and 10.08 respectively in 0, 2, 3 and 4% leather meal containing
starters. From the data it was concluded that calf starter containing leather meal upto 4% can give com-
parable and more economical growth as compared to soybean meal.
FR 85
Mineral status of feeds and fodders for dairy animals in
Thane district of Maharashtra
M. R. Jawale, V. D. Kank, M. B. Patil, S. V. Chopde,
S. D. Jagadale and G. M. Gadegaonkar
Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-12, India
A survey was conducted to assess macro and micro minerals status of dairy animals in North Konkan
Coastal zone (Thane district) of Maharashtra, by analyzing feed and fodder samples. Almost all of the
concentrate and roughages analyzed were found to be deficit in Ca and Mg contents. The P content in
straws (0.11%) and green fodders (0.20%) was lower in comparison to concentrate ingredients (0.34%).
The average copper content in all concentrate an©d straw samples was found above the required critical
level of 8 ppm (Mc Dowell et al., 1985), while green roughages were found to be deficit in Cu content,
except local grass kasai (8.56 ppm). Fe level in all of the feed ingredients was adequate (average level >
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
220 ppm). The straws (182.39 ppm) and green fodders (105.29 ppm) were found to be better source of
Mn than the concentrates (52.67 ppm). The Zn content in roughages (31.25 ppm) was found to be on the
borderline of the required critical level (30 ppm), while the concentrates were comparatively higher in Zn
content (42.18 ppm). From the present survey, it was apparent that the levels of certain minerals like Ca,
Mg and occasionally P and Cu were deficient. However, the levels of some other mineral elements such as
Fe, Mn and Zn were found to be adequate in the feeds and fodders from the surveyed area.
FR 86
Mineral contents of locally available feeds and fodders and diet of cattle,
buffaloes, sheep and goats in flood prone eastern plains of Rajasthan
A. K. Shinde and S. K. Sankhyan
Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501, Rajasthan, India
Mineral contents of common feeds and fodders and dietary mineral composition of cattle, buffaloes,
sheep and goats under existing feeding practices in flood prone eastern plains of Rajasthan have been
evaluated to identify the deficiency and development of supplementation strategies. Wheat, barley and
sorghum cereal grains contained Ca 0.03-0.50%, P 0.34-0.39%, Mg 0.13-0.27%, Zn 28-36 ppm, Cu 7-
8 ppm, Mn 27-50 ppm and, Fe 319-365 ppm. Mustard, cotton seed cake, cluster bean grain and gram
churi contained Ca 0.49-0.81 %, P 0.34-0.60%, Mg 0.46-0.68%, Zn 35-51ppm, Cu 4-10ppm, Mn 13-
67ppm and Fe 131-635ppm. Green fodder contained Ca 0.42-1.00%, P 0.09%, Mg 0.64-0.83%, Zn
23-51ppm, Cu 3-19ppm, Mn 86-106ppm and Fe 925-1536ppm. Cereal straws and Stover contained
Ca 0.47-1.14%, P 0.09-0.18%, Mg 0.18-0.83%, Zn 13-29 ppm, Cu 3-11 ppm, Mn 23-63 ppm and Fe
434-1431 ppm. Tree leaves contained Ca 0.79-1.61%, P 0.09-0.10%, Mg 0.46-0.86%, Zn 24-34 ppm,
Cu 9-31 ppm, Mn 34-68 ppm and Fe 555-801 ppm. Cattle and buffaloes in pregnancy and lactation
stages were found short of Ca (7-10 %) and P (50- 56%) requirement. Magnesium content of diet of
cattle and buffaloes was adequate and excesses the requirement in all the stages. Zn content during preg-
nancy and lactation stages in the diet were deficient (14 -16%), Cu and Mn contents of diet were ad-
equate and Fe content of diet was considerably higher (1074 -1201 ppm) than requirement in the diet.
Sheep ~d goats under existing feeding practices were found short of Ca in their diet. Phosphorus content
of diet of sheep and goats in all the stage were below than the requirement owing to grazing resource and
tree leaves in the region were primarily poor in P content. Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe intakes of sheep and
goats was found to be adequate under the prevailing feeding practices. It was concluded from the study
that diet of pregnant and lactating cattle and buffaloes were deficient in Ca, P and Zn and sheep and goats
diets were deficient only in Ca and P. Mineral mixtures or concentrate need to be supplemented to
overcome the deficiency and production and health losses.
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
FR 87
Assessment of dietary macro and micro-minerals status of
milch buffaloes in sub-mountain zone of Punjab
B. M. Bhanderi, M. R. Garg and S. K. Gupta
Animal Nutrition & Feed Technology Laboratory
National Dairy Development Board, Anand 388 001 (Gujarat), India
A study was carried out to assess dietary macro and micro-mineral status of milch buffaloes in Ropar
and Gurdaspur districts, under sub-mountain zone of Punjab. Feed and fodder samples were collected at
random from various locations, following standard sampling procedure. The average calcium (Ca) content
in straws was low (0.23%). Green fodders such as berseem (1.78%), chikori (1.67%), oat (0.56%) and
rye grass (0.61%) were found to be rich source of Ca. Concentrate ingredients were particularly low
(0.12%) in Ca. The phosphorus content in crop residues and green fodders was 0.09 and 0.30 per cent,
respectively, which was low but higher (0.57%) in concentrate ingredients. The magnesium content in
green and dry fodders was 0.19 and 0.31 per cent, respectively. The sodium content was low in concen-
trate ingredients (0.038%) and dry fodder (0.07%), but very high in green fodder (0.74%). The dry and
green roughages were found to be rich in potassium content (2.27%) than concentrate ingredients (0.81%).
The sulphur content was adequate in green fodder (0.26%), whereas, crop residues (0.10%) and concen-
trate ingredients (0.12%) were deficient in sulphur; hence, its supplementation was necessary in the ration
of milch animals. The cobalt was deficient in the diet of animals to the extent of 56 per cent; however, iron
(>161 ppm) and manganese (>61 ppm) in most of the feed ingredients were adequate, with traditional
feeding system. The average copper content was low in straws (3.34 ppm) and moderate in green fod-
ders (12.18 ppm). Concentrate ingredients were again low in copper (7.94 ppm). Molybdenum content in
feeds was within the safe limit and gave Cu:Mo ratio wider than 3, except berseem green. Selenium
content in most of the feeds and fodder samples was adequate (0.85 ppm) and its supplementation in the
diet was not advocated. Zinc was deficient in most of the feedstuffs (average level<41 ppm) and needed
to be supplemented for proper productive and reproductive functions. From the present study, it was
apparent that the levels of certain minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulphur, zinc, copper
and cobalt were inadequate, as per the prevailing feeding practices and requirement of a buffalo yielding
10 kg milk (6% fat) per day. However, the levels of some other mineral elements such as sodium, potas-
sium, iron, manganese and selenium were found to be adequate in the sub-mountain zone of Punjab.
FR 88
Macro and micro-mineral status of dairy animals in hilly zone of Kerala
B. M. Bhanderi, M. R. Garg and S. Sathish Kumar1
1
Southern Regional Demonstration & Training Centre, NDDB, Erode, Tamil Nadu
A study was conducted in Idukki and Wayanad districts under the hilly zone of Kerala, to assess the
status of certain macro and micro-minerals in dairy animals, by analyzing feed and fodder samples. Paddy
straw was major dry roughage available for feeding dairy animals and found to be low in Ca (0.11%), P
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
(0.09%), S (0.11%), Cu (1.79 ppm) and Zn (11.69 ppm). Amongst green fodders, mainly local grasses
and hybrid napier were available and found to be good sources of Ca (0.43%), Mg (0.34%), Cu (13.83
ppm), Mn (74.52 ppm) and Fe (1379 ppm). Azolla was subsidiary green fodder grown in stagnant water
by the farmers and found to be a good source of various minerals. The feeds and fodder were found to be
rich in K content (1.83%) and Fe (192-3600 ppm). Groundnut cake and copra extraction were major
concentrate supplements in the surveyed area. Groundnut cake, copra extraction, rice bran and wheat
bran were good sources of P (0.57-1.13%), Mg (0.25-0.45%), S (0.24-0.33%), Cu (17.82-41.22 ppm),
Zn (38.40-84.12 ppm) and Mn (44.51-174.5 ppm). The Na content was lower in concentrate ingredi-
ents (0.014%) and roughages (0.06%). Se content in feeds and fodder was adequate (0.18-0.83 ppm),
however, Co was found to be marginally deficient in feedstuffs (0.10-1.19 ppm). From the present study,
it was apparent that in view of the feeding practices followed in the survey area, levels of certain minerals
such as Ca, P, S, Zn, Cu and Co were inadequate and much below the requirement of animals yielding 8-
11 kg milk (4% fat) per day. Supplementation of area specific mineral mixture with highly bio-available
mineral salts could be a cost effective method, to improve productive life and productivity of animals in the
zone.
FR 89
Macro and micro-mineral status of dairy animals in
Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh
M. R. Garg, B. M. Bhanderi and A. Kannan
A survey was conducted in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, to assess the status of certain
macro and micro-minerals in dairy animals. Feeds, fodder and blood serum samples were collected at
random from the area under survey. Calcium content in paddy straw (0.18%), maize green (0.20%) and
sugarcane tops (0.28%) was found to be below the critical level (0.30%). The phosphorus content in
concentrate ingredients was 0.45 per cent, which was high but lower in roughages (0.20%). Feeds and
fodder were found to be adequate in magnesium (0.27%) and potassium (1.20%), but low in sulphur
(0.13%). Groundnut cake, coconut cake, rice bran and wheat bran were good sources of copper
(19.53ppm). Wheat bran was also found to be good source of Zn (83.93ppm), manganese (99.60 ppm),
iron (425ppm) and cobalt (0.42ppm). Straws of paddy (122.47 ppm) and ragi (434.4 ppm) were rich
sources of manganese. Iron (>300 ppm) and selenium (0.23 ppm) were present in appreciable quantities
in most of the feedstuffs. The average blood serum levels of Ca (8.65mg%), phosphorus (4.17mg%),
magnesium (2.41mg%) and iron (2.17 ppm) were found to be higher than critical limits, however, 34
percent of the animals screened showed low levels of calcium and 53% showed low levels of phosphorus.
Copper (0.61 ppm) and zinc (0.71 ppm) were found to be lower than the normal values, in 53 and 75
percent of the screened animals, respectively. Supplementing the deficient minerals through area specific
mineral mixture could alleviate the deficiency in the district.
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
FR 90
Macro and micro-mineral status of dairy animals in
coastal zone of Kerala state
B. M. Bhanderi, M. R. Garg and S. Sathish Kumar1
1
A study was conducted in Thiruvananthapuram and Kasaragod districts, under the coastal zone of
Kerala, to assess the status of certain macro and micro-minerals in dairy animals. Feeds, fodder and
blood serum samples were collected at random from the area under survey. Paddy straw was major dry
roughage in surveyed area and found to be low in Ca (0.11%), P (0.10%), S (0.067%), Cu (1.72 ppm)
and Zn (8.91 ppm). Amongst green fodders, mainly local grasses and hybrid napier were available and
found to be good sources of Ca (0.44%), Mg (0.38%), S (0.23%) and Mn (83-263 ppm). The feeds
and fodder were found to be rich in K content (1.33%) and Fe (154-2350 ppm). Gingely cake and copra
extraction were major concentrate supplements in the surveyed area. Gingely cake was rich in Ca (2.40%),
P (1.17%), Mg (0.62%), S (0.32%), Cu (31.74 ppm), Zn (88.54 ppm) and Co (0.70 ppm). Copra
extraction, cottonseed cake, groundnut cake, rice bran and wheat bran were rich source of P (0.70%).
Brans were also rich in Mn (130.66 ppm). Grains were poor sources of Ca (0.12%) as compared to P
(0.27%). Se content in feeds and fodder was adequate (0.11-1.45 ppm), however, Co was found to be
marginally deficient in feedstuffs (0.09-1.98 ppm). Average Ca (10.48 mg%), P (4.5 mg%) and Mg (2.53
mg%) levels in blood serum were higher than the critical limits. However, about 12 and 35 % of the
screened animals showed lower levels of serum Ca (7.11mg%) and P (3.23mg%), respectively. Cu (0.61
ppm) and Zn (0.89 ppm) levels in blood serum of dairy cows were below the critical limit. In this zone, 65
and 31% of the screened animals showed lower levels of serum Cu (0.53 ppm) and Zn (0.69ppm) values.
Supplementation of area specific mineral mixtures with highly bioavailable mineral salts or methionine-
based Cu and Zn chelates could be a cost effective method to improve productive life and productivity of
animals in the zone.
FR 91
Trace mineral status of dairy animals in Ernakulam district of Kerala
M. R. Garg, B. M. Bhanderi and S. Sathishkumar1
1
A study was carried out to assess trace mineral status of dairy animals in Ernakulam district of Kerala.
Feed, fodder and blood serum samples were collected from various locations, for estimation of mineral
content. Copper (Cu) content in paddy straw (6.01 ppm) was low as compared to local grasses. Gingely
oil cake (31.70 ppm), black gram (27.70 ppm), rice bran (20.05 ppm) and wheat bran (18.11 ppm)
were found to be good sources of Cu. Grains had around 5 ppm Cu. Zn content in different feed re-
sources varied from 16.04 to 97.9 ppm. The manganese levels in this district ranged from 38.50-434.8
ppm in roughages and 12.54-164.57 ppm in concentrate feed ingredients. Average iron content was 778
ppm in roughages and 381 ppm in concentrates, showing adequacy of this mineral. The cobalt level in
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
feeds and fodder ranged from 0.12-1.09 ppm. Se content in most of feeds and fodder samples was
adequate, which ranged from 0.10 to 0.92 ppm. Mo content in feedstuffs was within safe limit, which
ranged from 0.09 to 2.85 ppm. Average serum Cu and Zn content were 0.61 and 0.67 ppm, respectively.
About 54 and 75 percent of the animals screened, showed below the critical levels for Cu and Zn,
respectively. Iron and selenium levels in blood serum were within the normal range. Ration of animals was
found to be deficient in Cu, Zn and Co to the extent of 20, 52 and 31 percent, respectively. Hence, it is
necessary to supplement these minerals in the ration. It was observed that Mn, Fe and Se in the ration of
animals were found to be adequate.
FR 92
Mapping of certain macro and micro minerals in feedstuffs for
formulation of area specific mineral mixture for Jalgaon district
M. R. Garg, B. M. Bhanderi, S. K. Gupta, J. L. Kukreja1 and S. A. Biradar1
1
National Dairy Development Board, Mumbai
A study was carried out to assess the dietary status of macro and micro-minerals of milch animals in
Jalgaon district of Maharashtra, for developing area specific mineral mixture. Feed and fodder samples
were collected at random from various locations, following standard sampling procedure. The average
calcium content in straws of bajra, jowar, maize and wheat was high (0.37%), but low (0.10%) phospho-
rus level. Calcium content in green fodder such as hybrid napier, jowar and green local grasses was 0.42
per cent. Concentrate ingredients such as cottonseed cake and crushed maize were particularly low (0.15%)
in calcium, but high (0.44%) in phosphorus. The phosphorus content in green fodders was 0.22 per cent.
The magnesium content in roughages and concentrate ingredients was 0.25 and 0.23 percent, respec-
tively. The sodium content was below the critical level (<0.06%) in concentrate ingredients, dry and green
fodders. Potassium content in concentrates (0.87%) and roughages (1.46%) was found to be adequate in
surveyed area. The sulphur content was deficient in concentrate ingredients (0.21%) and crop residues
(0.09%); hence, its supplementation was necessary in the ration. Cobalt was occasionally deficient in the
diet of animals; however, iron level in most of the feed ingredients was adequate (average level>769
ppm), with the prevailing feeding system. The manganese (Mn) was low in concentrate ingredients (27.84
ppm), whereas, dry (65 ppm) and green (47.55 ppm) fodders were adequate in Mn. The average copper
content in dry and green fodders was 12.85 and 14.35 ppm, respectively. Concentrate ingredients were
low in copper (11.49 ppm). Molybdenum content in feeds was within the safe limit (average level<0.37
ppm) and gave Cu:Mo ratio wider than 12.0. Selenium content in most of the feeds and fodder samples
was adequate (0.76 ppm) and its supplementation in the ration was not necessary. Zinc was acutely
deficient in most of the feedstuffs (average level<38.0 ppm) and needed to be supplemented in the ration
for proper productive and reproductive functions. From the present study, it is apparent that the levels of
certain minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, sulphur, zinc, copper, manganese and
cobalt were inadequate, as per the estimates for the requirement of a buffalo yielding 8 kg milk (6% fat)
per day. However, the levels of some other mineral elements such as potassium, iron, selenium and molyb-
denum were found to be adequate in Jalgaon district.
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
FR 93
Dietary mineral status of milch animals in the
south-west zone of Punjab
M. R. Garg, S. K. Gupta and B. M. Bhanderi
A study was carried out to assess dietary macro and micro-mineral status of milch buffaloes in Firozpur,
Mansa and Muktsar districts, under south-west zone of Punjab. Feed and fodder samples were collected
at random from various locations, following standard sampling procedure. The average calcium (Ca)
content in straws was low (0.28%). Green fodders such as berseem (1.88%), chikori (1.26%), oat
(0.45%), rye grass (0.56%) and mustard (1.34%) were found to be rich source of Ca. Concentrate
ingredients such as mustard cake (0.68%), cottonseed cake (0.23%), rice polish (0.11%) and wheat flour
(0.053%) were high to low in Ca. The phosphorus (P) content in crop residues and green fodders was
0.08 and 0.47 per cent, respectively. Concentrate ingredients were high (0.78%) in P. The magnesium
content in roughages and concentrate feed ingredients was 0.31 and 0.41 per cent, respectively. The
sodium content was low in concentrate ingredients (0.043%) and dry fodder (0.065%), but high in green
fodder (0.63%). The dry and green roughages were found to be rich in potassium content (2.76%) than
concentrate ingredients (1.11%). The sulphur content was adequate in green fodder (0.32%), whereas,
crop residues (0.16%) and concentrate ingredients (0.18%), except mustard cake (0.33%) were deficient
in sulphur; hence, its supplementation was necessary in the ration of milch animals. The cobalt was defi-
cient in the diet of animals to the extent of 45 per cent; however, iron (average level > 500 ppm) and
manganese (average level > 60 ppm) in most of the feed ingredients were adequate, with traditional
feeding system. The average copper content was very low in straws (2.94 ppm) and moderate in green
fodders (11.93 ppm). Concentrate ingredients were again low in copper (9.19 ppm). Molybdenum con-
tent in feeds was within the safe limit and gave Cu:Mo ratio wider than 2. Selenium content in most of the
feeds and fodder samples was adequate (0.47 ppm) and its supplementation in the diet was not advo-
cated. Zinc was deficient in most of the feedstuffs (average level<38 ppm) and needed to be supple-
mented for proper productive and reproductive functions. From the present study, it was apparent that the
levels of certain minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, sulphur, zinc, copper and cobalt were inadequate,
as per the prevailing feeding practices and requirement of a buffalo yielding 10 kg milk (6% fat) per day.
However, the levels of some other mineral elements such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manga-
nese and selenium were found to be adequate in the south-west zone of Punjab.
FR 94
Assessment of mineral status of dairy animals for developing area
specific mineral mixture for central plain zone of Punjab
M. R. Garg, B. M. Bhanderi and S. K. Gupta
A study was carried out to assess dietary macro and micro-mineral status of milch buffaloes in Amritsar,
Ludhiana and Patiala districts, under central plain zone of Punjab. Feed and fodder samples were col-
lected at random from various locations, following standard sampling procedure. The average calcium
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
(Ca) content in straws was low (0.28%). Green fodders such as berseem (1.82%), chikori (1.30%)
mustard (1.59%) and rye grass (0.46%) were found to be rich source of Ca. Concentrate feed ingredi-
ents such as cottonseed cake, wheat flour, rice polish and barley grain were particularly low (0.13%) in
Ca, however, mustard cake was high (0.64%) in Ca. The phosphorus content in crop residues and green
fodders was 0.10 and 0.43 per cent, respectively. Concentrate ingredients such as cottonseed cake,
mustard cake, wheat bran and rice polish were high (0.77%) in P. Feeds and fodders were found to be
adequate in magnesium (0.34%) and potassium (1.89%) and sulphur (0.23%). The average copper con-
tent was low in straws (4.46 ppm) and moderate in green fodders (13.38 ppm). Copper content in
concentrate feed ingredients was around 10 ppm. The cobalt was deficient in the diet of animals to the
extent of 36 per cent; however, iron (average level >597 ppm) and manganese (average level > 63 ppm)
in most of the feed ingredients were adequate, with the prevailing feeding practices. Molybdenum content
in feeds was within the safe limit and gave Cu:Mo ratio wider than 3. Selenium content in most of the
feeds and fodder samples was adequate (0.40 ppm) and its supplementation in the diet was not consid-
ered necessary. Zinc was deficient in most of the feedstuffs (average level<44 ppm) and needed to be
supplemented for proper productive and reproductive functions. From the present study, it was apparent
that the levels of certain minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, zinc, copper and cobalt were inadequate,
as per the prevailing feeding practices and requirement of buffalo yielding 10 kg milk (6% fat) per day.
However, the levels of some other mineral elements such as magnesium, sulphur, sodium, potassium, iron,
manganese and selenium were found to be adequate in the central plain zone of Punj
FR 95
Agricultural trends, feed resources and livestock feeding practices in
diara land of Malda district of North Bengal
Avijit Dey, B. Das and P. K. Gangopadhyay
Malda Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Block Seed Farm, Ratua, Malda-732 205
Malda district is geographically located in a strategic place of the state West Bengal and operates as
a connecting link between South and North Bengal. Topographically, the district has been divided into
three distinct zones in the form of Barind, Diara and Tal. The river Mahananda, flowing from north to
east acts as a major dividing line and bifurcates the district into two regions. The eastern region, charac-
terized by relatively higher land of red clay soil of Old Alluvium nature, is known as Barind. The western
region is further divided into two areas by the river Kalindi. Whereas the northern low lying area is known
as Tal, the southern and the most fertile segment of the district is known as Diara. A field survey was
conducted in the Diara tract, consists of a strip of roughly eight miles in width along the western and
southern sides of the district. The area under this tract is 1,12,188 ha of which cultivable area is 78,098
ha. Maximum (52%) farmers are land less while only 2.6% farmers have about 5 acres of land. The main
crops during Pre-Kharif and Kharif season are rice, jute, sugarcane and maize while during Rabi season
wheat and mustard are the main crops of this region. Eighty per cent of farmers’ source of income is
agriculture, while 14% working outside, 4% are labourers and another 2% engaged in small business.
Feeding of animals depends on the land holdings and the cropping patterns. Rice straw constitutes the
major dry fodder resources while wheat straw is generally not fed to animals because of the myth that it
reduces milk production. Sugarcane tops are the source of green fodder in Pre-Kharif and Kharif sea-
sons. Pulses like Black gram, lentil, gram and arhar whereas oilseeds mainly mustard are grown and their
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
residues and by-product are fed to the livestock. Fodder production is very limited confining to only 5.0%
of the total cropped area. Fodder is produced only during May-June (Sorghum sp and Millets) when land
is fallow after wheat harvest. During lean period local grasses and vegetations are cut and fed to dairy
animals. Grazing is practiced for dairy animals as well as goats. Balanced concentrate mixtures are rarely
fed to dairy animals however; they are supplemented with maize grain, rice bran/chunni and mustard cake
as par availability in the term of surka, where the supplements are mixed with rice gruel and little water.
Common salt is seldom used whereas mineral mixtures are not at al used by the livestock owners. The
common feeding practice is wet feeding system in terms of sani, where chaffed straw and green fodder/
field grass mixed together with excess of water and fed to animals. Separate drinking water is not pro-
vided.
FR 96
Evaluation of mineral status of soil and fodder to establish soil- fodder
relationship in Aizawl district of Mizoram
K. Sarma, G. Kalita, K. C. Das, A. Ali and R. Buragohain
College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H.
Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram
A study was undertaken to assess the mineral status of soil and fodders to establish soil-fodder
relationship. Ten villages from Aizawl district of Mizoram selected randomly. Soil and fodder samples
were evaluated for Calcium(Ca), Phosphorus(P), Magnesium(Mg), Cupper(Cu), Zinc(Zn) and Iron(Fe)
as per standard procedures. The analysis revealed percent status of Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn in soil and
fodder being 0.154±0.018 and 1.665±0.210, 0.082±0.007 and 0.244±0.005, 0.127±0.031and
1.013±0.157,0.022±0.002 and 0.024±0.002, 0.381±0.026 and 0.399±0.039 and 0.025±0.002 and
0.023±0.003 respectively. There was negative correlation between soil and fodder in respect of Ca, Mg,
Cu, Zn and Fe while P had positive correlation.
FR 97
Assessment of mineral status of soil, plant and animal in
Mahaboobnagar district of Andhra Pradesh
S. Ramesh, D. Nagalakshmi, Y. Ramana Reddy, A. Rajasekhar Reddy And D. B. V. Ramana
College of Veterinary Science, S.V.Veterinary University, Rajendranagr, Hyd-30
A study was conducted to evaluate the mineral status of soil, plant, animal and their inter relationship
in two mandals viz. Jadcharla and Bhoothpur in Mahaboobnagar district of Andhra Pradesh. Two villages
were selected from each mandal and 10 samples of soil were collected from different grazing lands and
cultivated fodder plots. Samples of green and dry fodder, concentrate ingredients, home made and com-
mercial concentrate mixtures were collected randomly from 40 farmers in each village. Similarly blood
samples from different categories of livestock in each village were also collected. The soils were optimum
in Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Co content, while deficient in P. Some soils (32.5 %) had Cu and Zn levels below
the critical level. The dry and green roughages on average were deficient to marginally adequate in Ca
(0.20-0.46 %), adequate in Mg (0.19-0.36 %), Co (0.20-0.30 ppm), optimum in Mn (24.78-155.74
ppm) and quite excess in Fe (103.3-525.8 ppm) content, while deficient in Cu (1.52-9.91 ppm) and P
(0.12-0.32 %). The dry roughages were deficient in Zn (16.98-30.28 ppm), while greens were adequate.
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
The brans were rich in P, Fe, Mn and Co content, moderate in Cu, Zn and Mg. Maize grain was deficient
in most of the minerals except P, Fe and Co., where as ragi straw and horse gram were good sources of
Ca. The blood hemoglobin content in animals was with in the normal range of 8-12 g%. Inspite of ad-
equate intake of Ca through straw, the deficiency was observed in stall fed milch (20-25%) animals due to
higher P intake. P deficiency was also observed in some animals fed only with dry roughages inaddition to
grazing on P deficiency soils. Though the mean plasma Cu and Zn concentration was above the critical
level, deficiency was observed in some animals due to lower intake inaddition to interference of their
absorption by excess Fe in the diet. The plasma Mg, Mn, Fe, and Co levels in all categories of animals
were well above the critical levels. Thus the results of the study indicate that there is a relation ship
between the soil, plant and animal with respect to minerals and area specific mineral mixture could be the
alternate to ameliorate the deficiency problems in various categories of livestock.
FR 98
Status of some essential heavy metals (copper, iron and zinc) in animal
feeds and fodders in different districts of Haryana
Kaushalendra Kumar, Neelam Kewalramani, Harjit Kaur and Veena Mani
DCN Division, National Dairy Research Institute, KARNAL-132001 India
The present study was carried out with the objective to know the status of copper,iron and Zinc in
feeds and fodders of all the districts of Haryana. The districts surveyed were Karnal, Kurukshetra, Ambala,
Panipat, Sonepat, Yamunanagar, Panchkula, Kaithal, Gurgaon, Faridabad (Zone-I) and Jind, Hisar, Rohtak,
Jhajjar, Rewari, Mahendragarh, Bhiwani, Fatehabad and Sirsa (Zone-II). All the districts were divided
into two zones on the basis of different agro-climatic zones of Haryana state as per All-India Coordinated
Research Project on Agro-Meteorology. The samples of feeds, green fodders (Berseem and Oats), dry
roughages (Wheat straw and Paddy straw), were collected from 19 district of Haryana. The samples of
berseem fodder were found to be deficient in all the districts of Haryana. Out of 77 samples of Berseem
fodder collected from zone I, 22 samples were found to be deficient in copper content showing a defi-
ciency of 28.6%. Similarly, from zone II, the overall deficiency of copper was 27.1%. Similar to Berseem
fodder, oats fodder was also found to be deficient in copper.
The copper deficiency in wheat straw from zone I was 43.7% whereas from zone II, 78.9% of the
samples were deficient in copper and contained less than 10 ppm of copper which is a critical level. The
zinc content in Berseem fodder was also found to be deficient in Haryana. Overall, the deficiency of zinc
was 53.0% in Haryana state On an average, 43.7% of wheat straw samples from zone I and 78.9% from
zone II showed zinc deficiency. The iron content of all the green and dry roughages appeared to be in an
adequate quantity from all the districts of Haryana. The different feed ingredients collected from Haryana
state were cottonseed cake, mustard oil cake, concentrate mixture, feed pellets, wheat bran and grains.
Again the % deficiency of copper in different ingredients was as follows; Cottonseed cake, 41.6; Mustard
oil cake, 43.5; Concentrate mixture, 44.6; Pellets, 28.6; Wheat bran, 40.0; and Grains, 10.0%. The
deficiency of zinc was as follows; Cottonseed cake, 45.8; Mustard oil cake, 43.5; Concentrate mixture,
11.1; Pellets, 7.1; and Grains, 42.8%. The iron content was found to be in adequate quantity. Thus,it was
concluded that there is a need to supplement mineral mixture to fulfill the deficiency of copper and zinc in
Haryana state.
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
FR 99
Status of some essential heavy metals (copper, iron and zinc) in animal
hair, milk and tissues in different districts of Haryana
Kaushalendra Kumar, Neelam Kewalramani, Veena Mani and Harjit Kaur
DCN Division, National Dairy Research Institute, KARNAL-132001 India
The present study was carried out with the objective to know the status of copper,iron and Zinc in
milk, hair and tissues of animals of all the districts of Haryana. The districts surveyed were Karnal, Kurukshetra,
Ambala, Panipat, Sonepat, Yamunanagar, Panchkula, Kaithal, Gurgaon, Faridabad (Zone-I) and Jind,
Hisar, Rohtak, Jhajjar, Rewari, Mahendragarh, Bhiwani, Fatehabad and Sirsa (Zone-II). All the districts
were divided into two zones on the basis of different agro-climatic zones of Haryana state as per All-India
Coordinated Research Project on Agro-Meteorology. A total number of 191 samples of milk (Cow and
Buffalo); 113 samples of hair, 199 samples of tissues and 148 samples of water were collected from all
the districts of Haryana. In milk, the deficiency of copper was observed. From zone I, 41.0% of buffalo
milk samples were found to be deficient whereas from zone II, this figure was 18.2%. In cow’s milk, the
copper deficiency was 57.7% from zone I and 28.2% in zone II. Similar to copper, zinc was also deficient
in milk. From zone I, the % deficiency of zinc in buffalo milk was 64.3 and from zone II, it was 44.6. The
cow milk also showed zinc deficiency of 76.6% from zone I and 56.04% from zone II. With respect to
iron, all the samples of milk contained iron in a normal range and was found to be in adequate amount.
The samples of buffalo and cow hair collected from various districts of Haryana showed a deficiency of
copper and zinc. From zone I, 75.0% of buffalo hair and 52.9% of cow hair were deficient in copper
whereas these values from zone II were 32.4% and 17.4%, respectively. All these samples contained less
than 8 ppm of copper. Zinc deficiency values were higher than copper. From zone I, zinc deficiency was
83.0% for buffalo and 76.5% for cows whereas from zone II, these figures were 78.4% and 73.9%. The
iron content was found to be adequate. The goat tissue samples viz. liver, kidney and muscle were col-
lected, from butcher’s shop of the respective district. Based on the literature available, 80.0% of liver
tissues from zone I and zone II were deficient in copper. Similarly for zinc, the deficiency was up to the
extent of 36.6% from zone I and 61.0% from zone II. The iron content of liver did not show any defi-
ciency. To check the contamination of water by trace minerals, the copper, zinc and iron content of water
was estimated. The copper content of water from both hand pump and tube well was 0.037 ppm which
was within a normal range. The zinc content of water from tube well and hand pump was 0.031 ppm and
0.043 ppm. These values were lower than the maximum permissible level of 5 ppm. With respect to iron,
the value obtained was 0.29 ppm which is close to the maximum permissible level of 0.3 ppm given by
NRC (2001).
FR 100
Mineral status of soil, fodders and dairy animals in
Krishna Godavari zone of Andhra Pradesh
D. Nagalakshmi, D. Narasimha Reddy, M. Rajendra Prasad and P. Pavani
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Rajendranager, Hyderabad, India
Mineral status of dairy animals in relation to soil, feeds and fodders in Krishna Godavari zone of
Andhara Pradesh was studied. Two districts (West Godavari and Krishna) from the zone and two mandals
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and two villages from each mandal were randomly selected for the study. The soil, feeds and fodders
samples and blood serum from various physiological categories viz., calves, heifers, bullocks, lactating and
pregnant cattle and buffaloes were collected and analyzed for Ca, P, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe to the extent of
87.5, 75, 50, 25 and 0% in Krishna and 100, 100, 10, 37.5 and 37.5 in West Godavari. The forages and
concentrate ingredients were adequate in Ca, P and Fe. Paddy straw and sorghum green had lower levels
of Cu and Mn than the critical levels. Among the concentrate ingredients, horse gram was deficient in Cu,
Zn and Mn and cottonseed cake in Cu and Mn. Gingelly cake was good source of all minerals. The mean
serum values of Ca (11.48mg %), P (4.48mg %), Mn (0.14ppm) and Fe (1.87ppm) in animals of the
zone were found to be above the critical levels. The serum Zn (1.55ppm) in W. Godavari was adequate
while Zn (0.69ppm) in animals of Krishna were lower than critical levels. The Cu (0.53ppm) content in
animal of the zone was deficient. The overall percent incidence of deficiency was higher for Cu (76.16%),
Zn (52.34%), P (41.62%) and Mn (37.93%) with incidences high in lactating animals. The findings sug-
gest the need for supplementation of Cu, Zn, Mn and P through mineral mixture.
FR 101
Macro and trace mineral status of agricultural crop residues
and concentrate feeds available in Tripura
Chander Datt, M. Datta, K. M. Bujarbaruah1 and N. P. Singh
P.O. Lembucherra, 799210 Tripura (West)
Mineral elements play a vital role in overall nutrition of the animals, however, there is no information
on essential mineral status of agricultural crop residues and concentrate feeds which are of significance in
the ruminants feeding. Therefore, the crop residues (paddy straw, GN straw, GN husk, moong straw, urd
straw, cowpea husk, pea straw, maize stover, sarson straw and arhar pod husk) and concentrate feed
ingredients (maize, broken wheat, broken rice, wheat bran, rice bran, mustard cake, sesamum cake and
ground nut cake) available in the state were analysed for major (Ca and P) and trace (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn
and Co) minerals. The mean content of Ca and P in agricultural crop residues were observed to be
0.51±0.07 and 0.21±0.03 per cent, respectively. The concentration of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co averaged
201.10±49.68 (88.34-613.57), 6.39±0.87 (2.88-11.10), 40.74±3.46 (27.39-61.28), 117.82±20.66 (43.29-
254.37) and 0.12±0.03 (0.07-0.14) ppm, respectively. There were marked differences among the crop
residues with regard to the concentration of these elements. In case of concentrates, brans contained
higher (1.25%) concentration of P than their grains (0.50%). Sesamum cake was particularly rich in Ca
(1.88%). Most of these possessed satisfactory level of Fe (>50 ppm), Mn (>40 ppm) and Co (0.1 ppm)
but were deficient in Cu (<8 ppm) and Zn (<80 ppm). The content of P was adequate. It was noticed that
the majority of the crop residues possessed adequate to rich content of Ca, Fe, Mn and Co. On the other
hand, the concentration P, Cu and Zn was quite low in almost all the crop residues when compared to the
critical limits for these elements. Therefore, supplementation with these elements is needed.
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FR 102
Mineral status of feeds, fodders, soil, water and plasma of animals
in the Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh
J. V. Ramana, S. D. Sudheer, B. Devasena, D. Srinivas Kumar and J. Rama Prasad
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati-517 502, Ap, India
Feed, fodder, soil, water and plasma samples were collected from different villages of Cuddapah
District of Andhra Pradesh to analyse the mineral status. The soil and water samples showed alkaline pH.
Most of the animals were fed on paddy straw which was deficient in most of the minerals. Seven hundred
blood samples from animals were collected and analysed for mineral status (Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Cu, Zn,
Fe, Mn, Co, Mo, Cr). The plasma mineral profile indicated that the calcium content ranged from 0.82 to
20.85 mg % with 75 % of the animals showing calcium deficiency. The phosphorus content ranged from
1.56 to 8.11 mg % with 90 % of the animals showing phosphorus deficiency. The magnesium content of
the animals ranged from 0.23 to 14.18 mg %. The copper, Iron and Zinc contents ranged from 0 to 0.92
ppm, 0 to 9.5 ppm and 0 to 14.28 ppm respectively with 95 %, 35 % and 65 % deficiencies of respec-
tive minerals in the animals.
FR 103
Mineral status of cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats
in Tonk district of Rajasthan
S. K. Sankhyan and A. K. Shinde
Central Sheep and Wool research Institute, A Vikanagar, via Jaipur 304501, Rajasthan
The mineral content of locally available feed resources and diet of cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats
were estimated to identify the deficiency and development of strategies supplementation in Tonk district of
Rajasthan. Linseed cake, mustard cake and cotton seed cake were good source of Ca (0.37-0.50%), P
(0.44-0.56%), cereal grains were poor source of Ca (0.03-0.05%) and moderate source of P (0.34%).
Green fodders were good source of Ca (0.33-0.57%) but poor source of P (0.09%). Tree leaves were
good source of Ca (0.43-1.45 %) but poor source off (0.09-0.12%). Mg contents of all the feed and
fodder resources found in the district was adequate (concentrate ingredient 0.39%, green fodder 0.57%,
straws 0.32% and tree leaves (0.57%). Local feeds and fodders were found to be adequate in Zn (con-
centrate ingredient 44.18, green fodder, 39.43, straws 46.43 and tree leaves 44.47ppm) and Cu (con-
centrate ingredient 14.61, green fodder 14.66, straws 35.48 and tree leaves 35.19 ppm) contents. Mn
contents was also adequate in almost all the feed and fodder feed in animals (concentrate ingredients
39.14, green fodders 133.36, straws 55.04 and tree leaves 41.67ppm) except pearl millet grain and
maize grain which contained 0.06-0.56ppm. Fe content of concentrate ingredient was 731.87, green
fodder 1051.25, straws 399.00 and tree leaves 628.5 ppm and far higher than required concentration in
the feeds and fodders. In lactating cattle and buffaloes under existing feeding systems in the district, Mg,
Mn, Fe, Cu intakes were found adequate except Ca, P and Zn. In lactating sheep and goats, deficiency of
Ca and P was recorded under existing system of rearing on rangeland. It was concluded from the study
that P deficiency is wide spread in all the species in all the stages while Ca and P deficiency is common
during critical physiological stages. The intake of Fe was found much higher in all the species and in some
cases reaching the toxic level. Some kind of supplementation in form of concentrate mixture containing
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cakes and wheat bran or mineral mixture should be supplemented for bridging the gap between require-
ment and intake of minerals particularly during pregnancy and lactating stages.
FR 104
Soil-plant- animal relationship of manganese in cattle of
Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan
O. P. Krishnia, R. K. Dhuria, T. Sharma and R. S. Arya
An experiment was conducted to assess the manganese status in soil, feeds, fodder and cattle of
Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan. The samples of soil, feed and fodder grown on such soils as well as milk
and blood samples from 90 lactating and 90 non lactating cattle belonging to 18 village of Jhunjhunu
district of Rajasthan were collected and analyzed for manganese content. Diethylene triamine penta acetic
acid (DTPA) extractable manganese content of soil varied from 4.13-4.79 mg/kg with an average of 4.47
mg/kg. Mean manganese content of wheat straw, cotton seed cake, guar, barley, Bajra grain, wheat flour,
wheat bran and compound cattle feed were found to be 31.66, 42.52, 34.93, 14.97, 12.23, 52.70,
76.09 and 55.57 mg/kg, respectively. Manganese content of serum of lactating and non-lactating cattle
and milk averaged 41.60, 40.77 and 2.03 µg/dl, respectively. The manganese content of soil was posi-
tively (P<0.01) correlated with manganese content of fodder (r=0.40**), serum of lactating cattle (r=0.45**)
and milk (r=0.54**). The manganese content of fodder was also positively (P<0.01) correlated with the
manganese content of serum of lactating and non-lactating cattle (r=0.66, ** r=0.29**) and milk (r=0.50**).
Similarly, manganese content of serum (lactating) was positively (P<0.01) correlated with manganese
content of milk (r=0.67**). The results of present study indicated that the manganese content in soil were
adequate and therefore, the feed stuffs available in the district were containing sufficient manganese to
meet the requirement of animals as indicated by normal level of manganese in serum as well as milk of
cattle in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan.
FR 105
Molybdenum status in soil, fodder, serum and milk of cattle in
Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan
O. P. Krishnia, R. K. Dhuria, T. Sharma and R. S. Arya
A study was conducted to determine the molybdenum status in soil, feeds, fodder and cattle in differ-
ent tehsil of Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan. The samples of soil, feeds and fodder grown on such soils as
well as milk and blood samples from 90 lactating and 90 non lactating cattle belonging to 18 village of
Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan were collected and analyzed for molybdenum content. The molybdenum
content of soil varied from 0.21 to 0.25 mg/kg with an average of 0.23 mg/kg. Mean molybdenum
content of wheat straw, cotton seed cake, guar, barley, Bajra grain, wheat flour, wheat bran and com-
pound cattle feed were found to be 0.31, 0.36, 0.40, 0.23, 0.25, 0.32, 0.47 and 0.59 mg/kg, respec-
tively. Molybdenum content of serum of lactating and non-lactating cattle and milk averaged 3.47, 3.42
and 3.83 µg/dl, respectively. The molybdenum content of soil was positively (P<0.01) correlated with
molybdenum content of fodder (r=0.76**), serum of62 lactating (r=0.46**) and non-lactating cattle (r=0.47**)
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
and milk (r=0.63**). Similarly, the molybdenum content of fodder was also positively (P<0.01) correlated
with the molybdenum content of serum of lactating cattle (r=0.42**), serum of non-lactating cattle (r=0.32**)
and milk (r=0.59**). Likewise, molybdenum content of serum (lactating) was positively correlated with
molybdenum content of milk (r=0.61**). These observations showed that molybdenum content of soil was
sufficient to meet the needs of plant growth and therefore, the feed stuffs available in the district were
containing sufficient molybdenum to meet the requirement of animals as indicated by normal level of mo-
lybdenum in serum as well as milk of cattle in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan.
FR 106
Status of minerals in soil, feed and serum of camel
N. Saini, B. D. Kiradoo, N. Singh and Arvind Bhardwaj
National Research Center on Camel, Bikaner
Camel Nutrition Unit (AICRP)
A survey of four Agro eco zones of Rajasthan i.e. zone I, II, III, IV designated as Arid western plain
(Bikaner, Jaisalmer), Irrigated northwestern region (Hanumangarh, Ganganagar), Transitional plain of in-
land drainage (Churu, Nagaur) and Transitional plain of luni basin (Pali, Jodhpur) was conducted to docu-
ment the feeding cum management practices and to collect the samples of soil, feed and blood at farmers
level. Feeding cum management practices differ from zone to zone. Farmers of zone I and IV used to
follow grazing practices, where as in zone II, 62.50% respondents followed stall feeding and in zone III
grazing + providing additional fodder to meet out the dry matter requirement was common practices
(50%). Only farmers of zone II offer green fodder to their camels. Major fodders of camels are gram
straw, cluster bean straw, vigna straw, vigna aconitifolia straw, groundnut straw etc. Samples of straws
and tree leaves were collected and analyzed for mineral content. Data revealed that Ca, P, Mg, Fe and
Mn were sufficient in feed as well as in blood in all zones. In feed, Zn was deficient (In straw and leaves)
and copper was deficient only in straw in all zones. Likewise, Cu and Zn were found deficient in blood
except zone II and Co was deficient in III and I. There is need to supplement Zn, Cu in diet of camel to
meet the requirement of mineral for optimum production.
FR 107
Studies on fluoride content and hydrogen ion concentration of
Sunegaon dam water in Nanded district of Maharashtra
A. S. Hembade*, R. G. Pawale1 and V. S. Jadhav2
*Department of Dairy Science, 1Department of Enviornment Science
Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Nanded-431602.
2
S. P. Agri School, Bhokar2-431 801. Dist.Nanded, India
Sunegaon Dam is one of the major reservoir supplying the water to Loha city and nearby villages of
Nanded district of Maharashtra. The water pollution may distrubs the normal use of water. Fluoride is one
of the major parameter for water quality management. Hence it is important to monitor the status of
Fluoride content and pH of water. The present study was carried out fortnightly over a period of one year
from January to December 2001 to examine the variations of Fluoride content and pH of Sunegaon
Dam Water by standard methods for assessing the suitability of water for drinking, irrigation and domestic
use. An average Fluoride concentration of the Dam Water was 0.37 mg/l having range of 0.21 mg/l
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(December) to 0.51 mg/l (May). It is below the allowable prescribed limits set by BIS, ICMR and WHO
for drinking. However, the problem of high Fluoride content is more common than the low. Hydrogen ion
Concentration of water was observed in the range of 7.2 to 8.5. It is alkaline in nature throughout the year
and within the prescribed limit for human and animal drinking.
FR 108
Arsenic content in water samples from different districts in Haryana
Debashis Roy, Veena Mani, Neelam Kewalramani and Harjit Kaur
DCN Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001
A survey was conducted to assess As status in water in Haryana state. Total 163 samples were
collected from different locations from all the 19 districts of the state. Samples were taken in clean plastic
bottles from ground water (tap and hand pump) as well as canals/ rivers Arsenic content was estimated
using atomic absorption spectrophotometer in graphite furnance mode. It was observed that all the samples
contained As below the maximum contamination level of 10 ppb (WHO, 1993), which is being opted
currently. So considering the maximum permissible level almost all the samples were found to be within the
safe limits. Slightly higher concentration was found in some samples collected from tube well water of
Faridabad (11.99 ppb). The results, obtained in the study, are indicating that As contamination is not a
problem in the state, as even in industrial cities the levels were more or less similar to non- industrial one.
On comparing different sources i.e . canal and pond water showed significantly higher levels than tube
well and hand pump. But it is not of that much concern because all were far below the maximum permis-
sible level.
FR 109
Arsenic content of various feeds and fodders in
different districts of Haryana
Debashis Roy, Veena Mani, Harjit Kaur and Neelam Kewalramani
DCN Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001
In order to assess the status of mercury and arsenic in various animal feeds, sufficient number of
samples (Total 158 berseem samples and 51 oats samples 52 wheat straw and 28 paddy straw) were
collected from nineteen districts of Haryana. Considering different agro climatic conditions the data ob-
tained was classified in two zones (eastern and western). Results revealed that in zone I districts of
Haryana, arsenic content of berseem ranged from 0.25 to 0.63 ppm (average 0.43 ppm) (on DM basis)
and in zone II districts it varied from 0.29 to 0.85 ppm. The overall mean in both the zones was 0.43
ppm, thus depicted that the As status in both the zones was similar. As content of oats fodder varied from
0 to 0.53 (mean 0.39 ppm) and from 0.30 to 0.57 ppm (mean 0.44 ppm) in zone I and II respectively.
However, mean As level in paddy straw was found to be somewhat higher (0.65 ppm and 0.56 ppm in
zone I and zone II respectively) than other fodders. It is evident from the data obtained that As levels of
all the feeds and fodder was in the normal range and far below maximum dietary tolerable limit, rendering
the feeds fit for animal consumption.
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FR 110
Minerals in soil, feeds, fodders and biological samples of cattle
in sewage and non-sewage areas
K. S. N. Prasad, A. Obi reddy and M. R. Garg1
Southern campus, National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bangalore-560030
1
Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology Laboratory, Productivity Enhancement Group, National
Dairy Development Board, Anand-388001
Minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, Mg & S) in 240 samples of soil, water, feeds, fodders, milk, hair and urine
of sewage and non sewage areas in and around Bangalore were analysed on Inductively Coupled Plasma
(ICP) instrument. The result revealed that all the analysed macro minerals in soils of sewage areas were
higher than in non-sewage areas (176.65, 0.97, 21.63, 18.49, 27.73 and 9.83 ppm in sewage areas and
111.16, 0.39, 10.86, 9.39, 19.45, 5.6 ppm in non sewage areas for Ca, P, Na, K, Mg & S). The water
content of major elements mostly higher in sewage areas than in non sewage areas except Ca & K (452,
23.2, 540, 168, 172, 140 ppm in sewage areas where as 600, 16, 410, 325, 120, 95 ppm in non sewage
areas for Ca, P, Na, K, Mg & S) . The concentrate feeds were procured from elsewhere while the
roughages were grown locally. The minerals in roughages were more in sewage areas than in non-sewage
areas. (1.17, 0.96, 0.81, 1.68, 0.63, 0.53% in sewage areas and 0.97, 0.66, 0.14, 0.95, 0.70, 0.44% in
non sewage areas for Ca, P, Na, K, Mg & S). Analysed minerals in milk were also found higher in
sewage areas than in non-sewage area’s milk. Hair has more Na & K in sewage areas. Urine excretion of
most of the minerals was also higher in sewage water areas than in non-sewage areas.
FR 111
Mineral status in plants and animals in soil mineral
deficient zone of Haryana
M. A. Akbar and V. Kapoor
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) - 125 004
Based on survey conducted by the Department Soil Sciences of this University, two villages each,
one from soil mineral nutrient sufficient area Thal (Karnal district) and another from soil mineral nutrient
deficient area Dahima (Hisar district) were selected for this study. Forty three fodder samples from Dahima
village and 76 from village Thal were collected and analyzed for their various mineral nutrient concentra-
tions. The mean concentration (%) of Ca and P in fodder samples of village Dahima was 0.77± 0.22 and
0.31±0.1, respectively while the corresponding values for Thal village were 0.70± 0.4 and 0.28±0.1.The
mean Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn content (ppm) in plant samples of village Dahima was 53.1, 338.4, 6.3 and
31.2 and the corresponding values for Thal village was 39.8, 341.5, 6.2 and 47.3, respectively. The data
reflected deficiency of Zn, Cu and Mn in the fodder of Dahima village whereas that of Zn and Cu in village
Thal. Keeping in view the intensity of mineral nutrient deficiency in plant samples, in depth study was
undertaken in Dahima village. For this purpose, five families of the village whose soil samples were found
deficient in mineral nutrients were selected. Feeds and fodder samples being fed to the buffaloes and
biological samples of the animals maintained by these families were collected and analyzed for their min-
eral nutrient concentration. The Ca and P contents were within the normal range. The mean concentration
(%) of Ca and P in berseem was 0.56± 0.08 and 0.31± 0.05, respectively while in wheat straw, the
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
corresponding values were 0.35±0.03 and 0.10±0.1. The available green (Berseem, Bajra and Barley)
was found to be sufficient in Ca and P, if available in plenty. Among the concentrates, cottonseed cake
and cottonseeds were good source of Ca and P. The average values (%) of Ca and P in cottonseed cake
were 0.73± 0.07 and 0.40± 0.03, respectively while the corresponding values (%) in cottonseed were
0.63±0.04 and 0.40 0.03, respectively. The berseem contained just enough amounts of Cu (9.70±0.72
ppm) and Mn (40.30± 3.25 ppm) whereas wheat straw served as poor source of copper (6.8±0.23
ppm) and Mn (31.9 ppm) to meet out the requirement. The Cu and Mn content (ppm) in cottonseed cake
was 18.4 and 43.5 while in cottonseed it was 11.7 and 18.8, respectively. The content of Zn in all the
green and dry roughages as well as concentrates were found to be less than the required level of 80 ppm.
Further, in all the feeds and fodders analyzed the Fe content was more than the required level of 50 ppm.
The mean serum Ca level (8.46 mg/dl) of buffaloes was lower than the normal range of 9-12 mg/dl. The
average value of serum phosphorus was 4.40± 0.17 mg /dl (PSD 12.5). The mean values of trace mineral
level in serum were Zn 2.1 ppm, Fe 2.41 ppm, Cu 0.9 ppm (PSD 37.5 and Mn 0.04 ppm and were
within the normal reported range. In spite of deficient Zn status of all the feeds and fodders analyzed, the
serum Zn level was found to be sufficient. The hair Zn content was 103.4 ppm (PSD 85.7). The mean hair
Mn contents were 10.62 ppm, which are within the normal range (8-15 ppm).
Most of the feeds and fodders grown in the soil mineral deficient zone of Haryana State do not meet
the trace mineral requirement of the animals except that of Iron and therefore supplementation of P, Cu
and Zn will be needed.
FR 112
Mineral profile of soils and fodders of yak rearing zones of Arunachal
Pradesh and their availability on blood plasma of yaks
P. Konwar, M. K. Ghosh, S. Bandyopadhyay and M. Bhattacharya
National Research centre on Yak, Dirang-790 101, West Kameng district
Arunachal Pradesh, India
The high plateau of Arunachal Pradesh (3000m-6000m) is inhabited of yak(Poephagus grunniens).

The farmers rear this species mainly for milk, meat, wool, hide, dung and drought purpose. It is easily
adoptable in high altitude area and cold climatic condition. The mineral content of feeds and fodders
offered to the yak have been studied in two yak rearing district of Arunachal Pradesh viz., West Kameng
and Tawang and hence to see their availability in soil as well as the yak blood plasma. The soils, feeds and
fodders and blood plasma were collected and processed as per the specific method for mineral estimation
by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer). The Ca, Na and K content of soil varied with
different places of Arunachal Pradesh. The values obtained ranged between 0.06 and 1.44 mg% for Ca,
0.01 and 0.017 mg% for Na and 0.93 and 2.45 mg% for K. The range for micro minerals were, Cu 3.9
to 4.9 mg/Kg, Zn 1.72 to 11.17 mg/Kg, Mn 23.23 to 45.87 mg/Kg, iron 78.19 to 246.61 mg/Kg and Co
0.35 to 0.88 mg/Kg (on DM basis). The pH of the soil from different parts of Arunachal Pradesh ranges
from 5.03 to 7.29. The calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium and potassium content of different tree
leaves varied from 0.002±0.02 to 2.383±0.03 %, 0.089±0.04 to 0.725±0.03%, 0.046±0.30 to
0.160±0.17%, 0.001±0.10 to 0.023±0.05% and 0.108±0.21 to 0.151±0.07% (on DM basis) respec-
tively. Micro mineral contents (mg/kg DM) were found to be variable among the tree leaves with manga-
nese, iron, cobalt and zinc content ranging from 15.45±0.22 to 496.2±0.27; 28.20±0.22 to 647.00±0.06;
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
0.50±0.00 to 3.90±0.06; 2.30±0.01 to 18.25±0.33 and 2.75±0.11 to 43.00±0.00 mg/kg DM respec-

tively. Similarly the average Ca, Mg, Na and K content of blood plasma of yaks were found to be
10.28±0.36 mg%, 1.24±0.11 mg%, 3.85±1.022 mg% and 2.87±0.088 mg% respectively. The average
micro mineral contents of yak plasma were found to be 0.80±0.02mg/kg, 1.96±0.07mg/kg and 0.93±0.09
mg/kg for Cu, Fe and Zn respectively.
FR 113
Feeding practices of dairy animals in Raigad District of Maharashtra
S. D. Jagadale and G. M. Gadegaonkar
Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-12
A survey was conducted to study the on-going feeding practices of the dairy animals in Raigad
district of North Konkan Coastal zone of Maharashtra. Two talukas from this district viz., Mahad and
Khalapur; two villages from each of these talukas viz., Warandh, Phalkewadi and Khalapur, Narangi,
respectively and minimum of 9-12 farmers from each village were interviewed for the present study. Most
of the animal owners kept their animals in stall-fed condition either at home or at farm, while the few
farmers used to send their animals for 6 to 8 hrs grazing. Paddy straw was the most common dry rough-
age, as rice is the main crop of this region. In monsoon, some farmers also feed the animals crop residues
of Nachani and Warai (local millets). Cultivated fodders viz., cowpea, berseem, lucerne and maize etc.
was also fed to the animals by some farmers. The varieties of local grasses viz., Bhatani (Themeda sp.)
and Mirkati were also fed to the animals. It was seen that the proportion of farmers using paddy straw,
local dry grasses was 100, 85 and 50% in Raigad district, respectively. Total dry and green roughages fed
per animal by the farmers were 7.70 and 6.36 kg in Raigad district, respectively. Among concentrates,
majority of the farmers preferred groundnut cake followed by cottonseed, wheat bran, rice bran, tur
chuni, gram chuni and ground maize for feeding the animals. The farmers were also using the readymade
feed concentrates like Bypro Sugrass, while few farmers use poultry feed for feeding dairy animals. Feed-
ing homemade concentrate mixture was a common practice (80%). Average concentrate fed per animal
per day was highest in Khalapur taluka (4.40 kg) followed by Mahad (3.94 kg), while the district average
was 4.17 kg. The concentrate feed offered was not commensurate with the requirement and the animals
were mostly underfed. The average percentage of farmers using mineral mixture and salt regularly in the
diet of animals was 2.5 and 27.5 %, respectively in Raigad district.
FR 114
Study of nutritional status of dairy animals in
Raigad district of Maharashtra
S. D. Jagadale and N. R. Karambele
A survey was conducted in four villages representing two talukas (Khalapur and Mahad) of Raigad
district of North Konkan Coastal zone of Maharashtra, to study the nutritional status of dairy animals. The
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average DM intake of dairy animals in Raigad district was 10.97 kg/day/animal. It is seen that dry rough-
ages constituted highest percentage (56.56%) followed by concentrates 32.46% and green roughages
(10.96%), respectively, of DMI of animals in Raigad district. The average concentrate, dry and green
roughages fed per animal per day was 4.17, 7.70 and 6.36 kg, respectively, by the farmers. Higher
average DMI (kg/day) was recorded in khalapur (12.01) than Mahad taluka (11.16), however, the differ-
ence in this intake was non-significant. The average DCP intake in Raigad district was 478.5 g/day/animal,
and deficit of 8.46% was recorded than the requirement (ICAR, 1991). Concentrates constituted highest
percentage of DCP intake of the dairy animals viz., 89.55%, followed by green roughages (6.37%) and
dry roughages (4.07%) in Raigad district. The average TDN intake was 5.33 kg/day/animal in Raigad
district, which was 107.67% of requirement (ICAR, 1991), indicating that the animals were fed ad-
equately to meet their energy requirement. In talukas viz., Mahad and Khalapur of Raigad district the
TDN intake was 5.26 and 5.40 kg. It can be concluded that majority of the animals in the surveyed area
of Raigad district were being adequately fed in terms of energy, whereas, the protein intake was less as
compared to the requirements and supplementation with extra concentrate to meet the deficit amounts of
protein allowance may improve the production performance of animals. In addition, the performance of
animals can be further improved by supplementing the rations of animals with simple forms of mineral
mixtures and common salt as very few proportion of farmers were using these items in the diet of their
animals.
FR 115
Feeding practices and composition of feeds and fodder in
Surat district of South Gujarat
D. C.Patel, G. R. Patel, B. R. Devalia, S. G. Vahora and Subhash Parnerkar
Animal Nutrition survey in Surat district including tribal segment Vyara, Songadh, Ucchal, Mahuva
and Mandvi was conducted in randomly selected 16 villages from eight tehsils during winter and summer.
The samples of feeds and fodder were collected for chemical composition. Livestock owners were feed-
ing common cultivated feeds and fodder like bajara, jowar, gajaraj, maize, N.B.-21, paragrass, sudan
grass along with uncultivated green grass like chill (Chenopodium album), phool (Themeda cymsania),
cereal straws like bajara, jowar, paddy, wheat, jowar hay, sugarcane tops, mature pasture grass, legume
gotars like kidney bean, tur, udid and groundnut were fed to animal as dry fodder. Bajara, jowar,
maize, paddy, wheat, gram, guar, tur and cotton seeds were fed either as such or after coarse grinding.
Rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran, tur, chuni, udid chuni and coconut cake were used as concentrates.
Cotton seed cake and Sumul dan (compound cattle feed manufactured by Sumul dairy) were the common
concentrates used. Some cattle owners prepared home made concentrate mixture by using bajara, maize,
guar, groundnut cake and Sumul dan. The quality of the compound cattle feed manufactured by private
sector same was found inferior (CP: 6.65 to 10.27 %; CF: 17.40 to 21.41%; and silica: 8.67 to 10.66
%). Rice polish and rice kuski were also found sub standard. The chemical composition of different green
and dry fodder was in normal range.
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FR 116
Pattern of feeding practices of cattle/buffalo in
Kolhapur district of Maharashtra
M. R. Jawale, V. D. Kank, M. B. Patil, S. V. Chopde, S. D. Jagadale,
S. S. Chavan and G. M. Gadegaonkar
The study was conducted in two talukas (Panhala and Gadhinglaj) of Kolhapur district (Transition
zone-1) of Maharashtra. From each taluka two villages and about 9 to 11 farmers of each village were
interviewed for collecting information on on-going feeding practices of cattle/ buffalo. The majority of
farmers were small farmers. Many farmers follow the stall-feeding practices and grazing pattern was rare
in Panhala area. But on the contrary, in Gadhinglaj taluka, many farmers followed the grazing of animals
for 6 to 8 hrs. The veterinary doctors from Warna sangh used to advice about scientific feeding of dairy
animals based on a) RBP (Ration Balancing Program) and b) TMR (Total Mix Ration) concepts. RBP is
commercial software, which helps in calculation of the quantity and proportion of various feed ingredients
in the ration of animals. In TMR system, instead of offering the different fodders separately, all the dry and
green roughages were mixed together in different proportions after chaffing and then offered to the animals
twice a day. Main fodder available was sugarcane as such, sugarcane tops, and sugarcane baggase to
some extent. They also cultivate some fodders viz., kadwal (tender cereal fodder), maize, napier (Co-1
variety), sunflower, groundnut, gram, etc. for the dairy animals. The paddy straw and jowar kadba (straw)
was used as dry roughages. Different types of grasses such as jungle grass, river grass, were available
during monsoon season. The concentrates used were mainly commercially available compound feeds in
pellet form, like Warna pellet, Deccan Pellet, Hindustan pellet etc. For high yielding animals bypass fat
e.g. Urja supplement was also fed by some progressive farmers in Panhala taluka. Feeding of mineral
mixture and salts were comparatively more in Panhala than Gadhinglaj taluka. Feeding mixture of home-
made and commercial concentrate feed was a common practice (55%) followed by practice of using only
commercial compound cattle feed (37.5%). The concentrate, green and dry roughages fed per animal by
the farmers were 4.05, 20.07 and 7.20 kg, respectively. Sugarcane tops were the major green roughage
(80%), followed by green maize (40%), while in case of dry roughage feeding, local grasses were the
major source (45%) followed by paddy straw (30%) in Kolhapur district. The number of farmers using
mineral mixture and salt in the diet of dairy animals was 37.5% and 25%, respectively in Kolhapur district.
FR 117
Nutritional status of dairy animals from Pune district of Maharashtra
M. R. Jawale, V. D. Kank, M. B. Patil, S. V. Chopde, S. D. Jagadale,
S. S. Chavan and N. R. Karambele
Bombay Veterinary College,Parel, Mumbai-12
To study the nutritional status of dairy animals, a survey was undertaken in four villages representing
two talukas (Mawal and Bhor) of Pune district of Transition zone- 1 of Maharashtra, The average DM
intake of dairy animals in Pune district was 13.31±0.24 kg/day/animal, respectively. The mean DMI of
dairy animals was higher in Bhor (13.37±0.31) than Mawal (13.26±0.37) taluka, however, the difference
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in this intake was non-significant. It is seen that dry roughages constituted highest percentage (52 %)
followed by concentrates 32.45% and green roughages (15.55%), respectively, of DMI of animals in
Pune district. The average concentrate, dry and green roughages fed per animal per day was 4.32, 6.92
and 2.07 kg, respectively, by the farmers. The average DCP intake in Pune district was 686.10±10.18 g/
day/animal, which was marginally less (1.77 %) than the requirement (ICAR, 1991). It was observed that
concentrates constituted highest percentage of DCP intake of the dairy animals viz., 88.72 %, followed by
green roughages (7.26 %) and dry roughages (4.00%) in Pune district. The DCP intake (g/day/animal)
was recorded significantly higher (P<0.05) in Mawal taluka (728.00±9.91) than Bhor (644.00±11.90)
taluka. The average TDN intake was 7.27±0.10 in Pune district, which was higher (110.31 %) than the
requirement as per the standards. The TDN intake (g/day/animal) was recorded significantly higher (P<0.05)
in Mawal taluka (7.73±0.10) than Bhor (6.81±0.10) taluka. It is seen that dry roughages constituted
highest percentage among different categories of feedstuffs viz., 48.69 %, followed by concentrates (36.31%)
and green roughages (14.99%) of overall TDN intake of animals in Pune district. Thus, looking at the
adequate energy and marginal protein deficit in animals in relation to their production it appears that no
much of changes in protein and energy intake/sources in the ration of dairy animals in this region are
required.
FR 118
Adoption of buffalo feeding practices in the tribal belt of
Dungarpur district of Rajasthan
C. M. Yadav and B. S. Bhimawat
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dungarpur; Maharana Pratap University of
Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur
A field survey was conducted to acquire the first hand information on adoption of buffalo feeding
practices by the buffalo keepers of different size of land holding. The data was collected from 120 re-
spondents of 4 adopted villages of Sagwara block of Dungarpur district. These villages were adopted by
under Integrated Village Development Programme of KVK, Dungarpur. A perusal of data reveals that
about 70 percent of sampled household fed home prepared concentrate mixture such as coarse crushed
grains maize, wheat, barely and guar. Nearly 30 percent of the household fed ready made concentrate
mixtures purchased from local market. It was found that 60 and 20.6 percent of the households fed
concentrates to their buffaloes in boiled and soaked form, respectively while 19.4 percent fed as such. It
was also find did not follow the practices of feeding common salt and mineral mixture in the diet of
buffaloes. About 70 percent of the respondents followed grazing practices and only 15 percent prepared
hay from surplus fodder. However, none of of the respondents prepared silage. A vast majority (90
percent) were practicing special feeding during advanced stage of pregnancy. The number of respondents
offered first feed just after calving viz. dry coarse grain, gur and dry grasses were 100 percent, respec-
tively. The size land holding had highly significantly correlation with feeding practices. The quality and
quantity of ration was directly related to the economic status of the farmers.
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FR 119
Feeding practices and nutrient availability for dairy buffaloes in
rural households of Kanpur in central U.P.
S. P. Singh and Dhoom Singh
C.S.A.U.A.& T. Kanpur-2. U. P.
Dairy buffalo nutrition survey has been conducted in Kanpur district of central U.P. by door to door
visit to assess the nutrition level of the dairy buffalo maintained by the different groups of farmers namely
landless, marginal and small. Information on actual feeding to the lactating buffaloes have been collected
from a total 60 farmers. In this district, seventy percent farmers rear non-descript buffaloes. Only 30%
farmers rear Murrah buffaloes for higher milk production. Average milk production in buffaloes (kg/d) of
the landless, marginal and small farmers in the district was 4.50±0.15, 4.20±0.09 and 4.40±0.08 respec-
tively. Very few farmers under the three categories, around 3% feed branded concentrate mixture to their
buffaloes. Feeding of cultivated green fodder is common in all the categories of farmers but less than the
requirement of animals. Dry-matter availability was more than 2% of body weight for around 70% of the
farmers. No deficiency in DCP intake was observed in 5% buffaloes of the landless farmers, 7% buffaloes
of the marginal farmers and 9% buffaloes of the small farmers. DCP deficiency above 30% level was
found in 70% buffaloes of the landless, 72% buffaloes of the marginal and 68% of the small farmers.
Energy deficiency was less severe than DCP deficiency. It was concluded that protein percentage should
be increased in ration for optimum milk production.
FR 120
Nutritional status of dairy cows during dry pregnancy
period in Golpayegan area, Iran
H. Fazaeli1, M. Kouhi-Habibie2, A. Asadian3, A. Akhoundi2,
M. Salehi2 and F. Badiei-Moghaddam2
1
Animal Science Research Institute, P.O. Box 31585, 1483 Karaj, Iran
2
Agricultural Research Station Center of Golpayegan, Iran
3
Agricultural Research Center of Esfahan province, Iran
This study was conducted to monitor feeding management of dairy cows during dry period of preg-
nancy in small holders of Golpayegan area. Eighty pregnant lactating cows were identified according to
the stratified randomized sampling method in rural area. Individual identifications of the animals were
determined and parameters such as type of feeds and intake, live weight changes and gestation stage were
recorded 2 times per month. Using data of feed intake, chemical composition and energy values of the
feeds, the daily receiving of ME and nutrients were estimated and compared with the nutrient require-
ments, suggested by NRC Tables. Results showed that two feeding systems are common for dry cows as:
1) Fresh alfalfa during spring and summer (S) and 2) Wheat straw and alfalfa hay (82%) plus concentrate
(18%), basically wheat bran and barely, during the autumn and winter seasons (W). Regarding the nutrient
intake, there were a significantly (p<0/05) negative balance of protein for the dry cows during the winter
season but the energy consumption was enough to provide the requirements except for the case of close
up cows that was slightly lower. For the green alfalfa feeding system, the amount of CP intake was
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significantly (p<0/05) higher than that of the requirements. The daily amount of Ca and K consumption
were significantly (p<0/05) higher than those of recommended in different seasons but the phosphorous
was significantly (p<0/05) in negative balance during the S feeding system. The balance of Na was posi-
tive in winter but optimum in summer feeding system. There were significantly (p<0/05) differences be-
tween two feeding systems for the amount of nutrients received by the dry cows. Regarding the reproduc-
tion performance, it was found that open days, insemination per conception and placenta retention as well
as the milk fever were higher during the S than the W. It is concluded that the dry cows are not in an
optimum nutritional status because of nutrients imbalances which are more serious during the spring and
summer seasons leads to metabolic disorders and lower milk production and reproduction performance
as well.
FR 121
Livestock and feed resources in Ethiopia: An insight
Vishnu Sharma, Sanjita Sharma and Kelay Belihu
Post Box No: 34, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
Ethiopia’s ruminant livestock population is largest in Africa & forms an essential component of farm-
ing system. Ethiopia can be broadly divided into highlands and lowlands; consequent to that livestock
production and feed resources varies accordingly. More than 70 per cent of cattle and sheep are found in
highlands whereas majority of goats and camels are in abundance in lowlands. Majority of breeds are
local native breeds. Among distinct breeds are Fogera, Horro & Arsi are cattle breeds of highlands
whereas Boran is very popular & important beef producing breed of lowlands. Over 90 per cent of total
legal export of live animals is from lowland areas. In highlands, mixed crop livestock system prevails and
cereals like teff, wheat, barley, pulse & oil crops are predominant. The major feed resources are grazing
and crop residues. Savannah grasslands & humid temperate pastures are dominant grazing lands in high-
lands. Crop residues bear inherent low nutritive value; teff(Eragrostis abyssinica) straw being rich in
protein percent constitute 25 percent of total straw production. Low lands are characterized by variability
of rainfall & seasonal variability in vegetation & their vulnerability to draught and erosion is inevitable. In
lowlands pastoralism and semi nomadic pastoralism is main activity and pastoral livestock production is
almost totally depends on native pasture. Important feed resources are native grasses and browse. Few
important are cynodon, cenchrus, penicum, setaria along with Ziziphus, opuntia and acacia pods. Low
potential cereal production also exists in lowlands where there is better rainfall pattern and consequently
mixed crop-livestock system also exists in some regions where sorghum and maize are main crops.Pasture
legumes like vigna,cyamopsis, dolichus, cajanus, atylosia, stylosanthes are important pasture legumes which
can be promoted to a large extent to solve nutrient crisis. Looking to the livestock production relative to
geographic situation, there is great need to develop appropriate feeding systems which allows maximum
utilization of local resources and transform nutrients to desired livestock product to match human needs in
the respective region.
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FR 122
Constraints and opportunities of animal husbandry practices in
Diara land of Malda district of North Bengal
Avijit Dey
Malda Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Block Seed Farm, Ratua, Malda- 732 205
The Diara tract consists of a strip of roughly eight miles in width along the western and southern sides
of the district. Its formation is the result of centuries of fluvial action by the river Ganges, old channels of
which can still be traced, beginning from the present course of the Bhagirathi river beside Gour and
extending westwards by successive stages. Mango gardens are common and some mulberry is grown.
The soil is of light texture with a sandy to loamy in appearance. English bazar, Kaliachak and Manikchak
P.S. are under Diara tract. Out of which, Bhootni Diara of Manikchak is situated as an island and most
backward among the other Diara. Transportation is the major constraint for all developmental works
including animal husbandry. Bullock Cart and Boat is only means of transportation. Literacy rate also
affects the care and management of animals. Thirty six per cent people are illiterate whereas 47% are
educated upto primary level. Due to low land, the area is flood prone and during rainy season flood
damages the crops. Sometimes water remains stagnant for a month or more and invites so many diseases
of humans as well as livestock. Due to poor communication, no veterinary health services rich to the
affected area. Thus, mortality rate is high particularly in rainy season. There is also lack of training facilities
which limits the dissemination of information related to improved technologies. They mostly maintain deshi
breeds of cattle. Awareness regarding cross breeding has still not developed. Fodder cultivation is very
limited (5% of cropped area) however, there is a scope of some fodders like Para grass, hybrid Napier
that can tolerate some kind of water lodging. Dissemination of improved package of practices by training,
crossbreeding of deshi breeds, care and management facilities of animals viz. vaccination, animal health
services may up grade the socio-economic conditions of poor livestock keepers of Diara land.
FR 123
Feeding practice and nutrient deficiency in rural dairy cattle
of old Alluvial zone in West Bengal
A. Chatterjee, R. B. Singh, R. C. Saha and P. K. Roy
Eastern Regional Station
National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal
Feeding practice for the dairy cattle by different groups of farmers (small, marginal and landless) and
the extent of energy and protein deficiency were studied in dairy cattle in the old alluvial zone of West
Bengal. Around 51 per cent of the total cattle population surveyed in this zone were crossbred. The
average body weight (kg) of the dairy cattle in the surveyed area was 265.4±7.6. The average milk yield
was 4.3±0.22. General feeding practices by different groups of farmers have been studied. The chemical
composition of commonly available feeds and fodder have been analysed. The actual intake of different
feeds and fodder were noted and the intake of DCP and TDN were calculated and compared with ICAR
feeding standard to find out the deficiency pattern. Overall more than half of the farmers under this survey
offered dry matter to their animals at the rate more than 2.5 kg per 100 kg body weight. No protein
deficiency was observed in 30%, 36% and 55% cows under the landless, marginal and small farmers,
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respectively. Severe protein deficiency(above 30%) was observed in around 35%,24% and 10% cows in
the landless, marginal and small farmer groups, respectively. Around 26%, 43% and 40 % cows belonging
to the landless, marginal and small farmers, respectively did not suffer from any energy deficiency. Around
17 % of the landless farmer groups, 16 % of the marginal farmer groups and 10% of the small farmer
groups suffered from acute (above30 %) energy deficiency. Over all protein deficiency was more severe
than energy deficiency.
FR 124
Constraints of milk production in Andaman Nicobar islands and
opportunities for its augmentation through enhanced fodder availability
S. K. Verma, A. Kundu, M. S. Kundu, Subhash Chand, Jai Sunder,
S. Jeyakumar and S. P. Yadav
Central Agricultural Research Institute, Post Box No. 181, Port Blair-744 101
Andaman Nicobar group of Islands with a total geographical area of 824900 hectares lies in the Bay
of Bengal between 92012’ to 93057’ E longitude and 6045’ to 13041’ N latitude. According to 17th
Livestock Census (2003) of India, total population of cattle, buffalo, goat and pig in Andaman Nicobar
Islands was 62632, 16211, 64126 and 52201 respectively and the population of poultry was 930878.
The farm economy is mainly dependent upon plantation crops but livestock also play significant role in the
farm economy. After the havoc of Tsunami, these Islands have become hot spot for tourists. The popula-
tion of Andaman Nicobar Islands is more than 4 lakhs including about 30000 floating population. To cater
the needs of local public and tourists about 33000 MT milk is required while production of milk in 2003-
2004 was 25000 MT including reconstituted milk also which was reduced to 20000 MT including 975
MT reconstituted milk in 2005-2006 due to the shortage of feeds and fodder after the havoc of Tsunami.
The prime factor responsible for the shortage of dry fodder is reduction in the net area sown of rice by 25
percent after Tsunami, reducing the availability of paddy straw for livestock feeding. Beside this availability
of concentrate feeds is also less because these Islands are fully dependent on mainland for the supply of
concentrate feeds. Although about 86 percent area of total geographical area of Andaman Nicobar Is-
lands comes under forest but availability of fodder from the forest is almost nil due to present Forest
Policy. Beside this, out of 36 inhabited islands 11 islands have no cultivable land and 14 have less than 10
percent area under cultivation and only 22 hectare cultivable area is under fodder crops out of 36966
hectare net area sown. Therefore livestock mainly depend upon grazing alone on fallow land, wasteland,
community land or grazing lands and stall-feeding in not a general practice. Feeding of top feeds to
livestock is not in fashion and the farmers are not well aware about the fodder tree species. Very less
emphasis has been given on augmentation of fodder resource base in these Islands. Due to the shortage of
feeds and fodder, production potential of livestock is low in comparison to national production potential.
To increase the milk production, feed and fodder resource base has to be increased. Shortage of
fodder can be overcome by planting fodder trees and grasses in community controlled areas and by
enhancing the productivity of fodder grasses and fodder trees from private farms. Uncultivable community
and private lands, marginal lands, terrace risers should also be used for planting of fodder species (trees,
grasses and shrubs). Fodder supply can also be increased by utilizing intercropping spaces in Coconut
and areca nut plantations by planting Guinea grass. In low lying areas and inundated areas due to saline
water after Tsunami, sowing of Coix may be a better choice. On hilly slopes, Teosinte and Rice Bean may
be grown after making small terraces and on terrace riser plantation of Hybrid Napier can provide fodder
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as well as can serve as soil and water conservation measures. Beside this, promotion of efficient use of
agricultural residues viz. ammonia (urea) treatment of crop residues and dry forest grasses as well as their
supplementation with urea- molasses mineral blocks may be advocated. Surplus crop residues produced
in North and Middle Andaman region may be used for creation of fodder banks to be utilized during
fodder scarcity and natural disasters.
FR 125
Time task analysis of rural women as cattle manager
Kavita Sharma and S. K. Upadhyay
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kangra-176001, India
Time is an intangible human resource and available in a limited but unspecified amount to everyone for
use during his / her life time. Rural women in our country share abundant responsibilities and perform a
wide spectrum of duties in the prevailing mixed farming system. Animal husbandry in rural areas is in
general considered as a job of farm women. In some places the entire management of livestock is in
women’s hand. Hence the present was conducted with an objective to examine the extent of participation
of women in cattle management and the factors affecting the time spent in various activities related to
cattle management. The study was conducted in two villages of Kangra District. Stratified random sam-
pling technique was adopted for selection of respondents. Proportionate sample of 200 women above the
age of 18 was selected for the present study. The results of the study revealed that the respondents spent
5 hours and 53 minutes on cattle management. Maximum time i.e. 3 hours and 25 minutes was spent on
fetching of fodder. Cleaning of cattle shed, chaffing fodder and milking of animals were the activities on
which the respondents spent 40, 32 and 30 minutes on an average respectively. Age, family size, number
of female members, number of children, herd size and number of milch animals were found to be positively
and negatively affecting the time spent on cattle management activities. Herd size, number of milch animals
were found to be positively affecting the time spent on cattle management activities whereas family size,
number of female members were found to be affecting the time spent negatively.
FR 126
Nutritional status of dairy animals in Surat district of South Gujarat
S. Parnerkar, D. C.Patel, M. A.Sheikh, D. N. Singh and G. R. Patel
Animal Nutrition survey in Surat district including tribal segment Vyara, Songadh, Ucchal, Mahuva
and Mandvi was conducted in randomly selected 16 villages from eight tehsils during winter and summer.
Based on the information collected viz. amount of feeds and fodder offered to the animals, their nutritive
value and production level of animals; the plane of nutrition (ICAR, 1998) was calculated. The results
revealed that the lactating indigenous and crossbred cows and buffaloes received DCP 74.49, 84.37 and
71.68 % of requirement during summer and the same during monsoon was 95.05, 81.84 and 84.40 %,
respectively. The intake of TDN by lactating cows and buffaloes was more or less adequate during both
the seasons. The bullocks received 70.54 and 92.68 % DCP as compared to their requirement in summer
and monsoon, respectively. They were adequately fed with respect to TDN in both the seasons. The
lactating indigenous cows, crossbred cows and buffaloes were under fed for DCP at all production levels
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i.e. 5-8, 8-12 and above 12kg. The lactating crossbred cows and buffaloes producing 12 kg milk were
under fed for TDN in both the seasons.
FR 127
Study on rumen ciliate population and biochemical attributes
in crossbred cattle reared on different feeding systems
at high altitude Kumaon hills
A. Sahoo and R. K. Mahapatra
Two fistulated crossbred male cattle (18 mo and average body weight 193 kg) were exposed to five
different feeding systems in a switch over design in five consecutive periods, each period lasting for 17
days that ended with three days of collection of rumen contents at three different hours (0, 3 and 6 h post
feeding). The five different feeding systems were wheat straw (WS) + concentrate mixture (CM, 1% of
body weight), WS + CM (reduced by 0.5 kg) + local green grass (GG, 4-5 kg), WS + CM (reduced by
1.0 kg) + GG (8-10 kg), WS (1.0 kg) +GG (ad lib) and GG (ad lib) and were designated as FS 1 to 5.
The rumen contents were collected in separate containers and brought to the laboratory for immediate
recording of pH and sampling. The contents were squeezed through four layers of cheese cloth and the
strained liquor (1.0 ml) was stored with formalin having brilliant green indicator (1.0 ml) for counting of
different ciliate protozoa. A part of the liquor was acidified with few drops of sulphuric acid (10 N) and
stored for analysis of N fractions (ammonia N, total N, TCA precipitable N, non-protein N). The total
ciliate population was quite low (4.3-6.3 ×104/ml) in all the feeding systems, although it was higher in FS1
and decreased linearly in other feeding systems with increased levels of roughage. The population of
different types of protozoa remained similar during the post feeding hours. The population of holotrichs
was nearly one tenth of the population of entodiniomorphs in all the feeding systems. Amongst different
ciliate protozoa types, small entodiniomorphs predominated (3.4-5.1 ×104/ml) in the population. There
was linear increase in small and large entodiniomorphs and total ciliate population and a quadratic re-
sponse in large holotrichs with the graded level of replacement of concentrate with local green grass. The
pH of the rumen contents was near neutral (6.91-7.18) at 0 and 6 h, which showed a non-significant
decrease at 3h post feeding (6.83-7.02) in all the dietary groups and the extent of decline was more in
FS1 (7.12 to 6.83) compared to other groups. There was increase in concentration of all the N fractions
at 3h compared to 0h which remained non-significant at 6h post feeding. The overall mean ammonia-N
was higher in FS1 (11.5 mg/dl) and was low in FS4 (6.4 mg/dl). The TCA precipitable N was also low
in FS4 (24.6 mg/dl) and was non-significantly different in other dietary groups (32.1-36.7 mg/dl). The
feeding system based on 1.0 kg WS and ad lib GG was observed to be deficient in meeting the N
requirement for microbial multiplication although its influence on ciliate population was not seen. The ciliate
protozoa population of animals reared at high altitude observed to be one tenth of the population of cattle
reared at plains.
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FR 128
Explorative investigations into livestock feeding systems at
high altitude Kumaon Himalaya
A. Sahoo, H. R. Meena and R. K. Mahapatra
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus-263138 (Uttarakhand)
A total of three hundred livestock farmers belonging to twenty villages at Kumaon hills nearby Mukteswar
were interviewed for collection of subjective data on different feeding practices prevalent in the region and
then the data were presented collectively to represent the study area. Uttaranchal, having a population
density of more than the double of the whole of Western Himalaya shares a meager 1.02% livestock
population of India, predominant being cattle followed by buffaloes, goat and sheep population. The
important livestock production is observed to be milk and draft power (particularly in hilly regions). On
the basis of data pertaining to field survey, most of the livestock farmers (>80%) practiced a dual system
of feeding that involves day grazing and stall feeding at night. During the available season the stall feeding
restricted to offer of a little amount of crop residues (straws, stovers, etc.) in the evening. Oak leaves (two
types, Quercus semicarpifolia, Q. leucotricophora) and unclassified grasses (self grown) constituted the
principal feed resources of this region. More than 80% of the respondents offered oak leaves round the
year. The feeding system involved grazing in the morning to afternoon (annual average approx. 6 h) and
stall feeding with offer of mostly tree forages (principally Oak, very few Quiral, Poplar, Bimal, etc.) and
available grass (fresh) during rainy seasons (June-September) and dry stored grass and other crop resi-
dues (corn stovers, wheat/rice/millet straws). Chaffing of grass or tree leaves was rarely practiced (<5.0%).
The fodder was usually conserved as hay and it constituted principally the mature dry grass and a very
less pea and potato plants. The practice of cultivable fodder is nearly 10% and the fodder crops involved
were barley, oat and maize. The practice of concentrate feeding was limited mostly to lactating animals
and working bullocks, which was also a low of 1/3rd (34%) of the total respondents investigated. The
practice of supplementing mineral mixture in the feed was only 24% and was limited to feeding with
concentrate mixture that was again confined to milch animals and working bullocks. Feeding of common
salt was limited to offer of warmed/boiled rice gruel mixed with kitchen residues, which was generally
offered to producing (lactating, pregnant and working) and sick animals. The bottlenecks in feed availabil-
ity were reported to be the scarcity during winter, which sometimes prolonged to more than four months
(December-March) period. Based on the survey data, both principal (availability of quality feed and
fodder, supplementation of concentrates and mineral mixture, adoption of other storage practices, e.g.
silage making of grasses and cultivated fodder) and critical (supplementation of deficit nutrients, viz. pro-
tein, energy, minerals and vitamins, practice of scientific and balance feeding) nutritional interventions is
warranted to augment livestock production of the region.
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FR 129
Household availability and consumption of feeds and fodder
under mixed farming system of Uttaranchal
N. Raghubanshi¹, O. P. Singh and A.Dey²
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying,
Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, U.P.
1
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kallipur, Varanasi;
2
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar
Household availability of feeds and fodder is an important criterion for raising animals economically.
Scanty information is available on the household availability of feeds in Uttaranchal. A study was under-
taken in two districts of Kumaon region of Uttaranchal namely Nainital and Almora. In each district two
blocks and in each block two villages were selected on the basis of total livestock density (number/km2)
and bovine livestock/ha of cultivated area. Thus, the block with a minimum of 30 percent of geographical
area under forest cover and having at least one bovine unit/ha of cultivated area was selected for the
study. Out of the total population in each village, 50% farmers of farm families were selected proportion-
ally in three size groups of land holding viz. small, medium and large. The average production of straw
(paddy, wheat, minor millets and pulses) in small, medium and large farmers was recorded at 7.95, 12.24
and 28.39 Q/household/year, respectively. This production was increased significantly with increase in
land holding of farmers. The household availability of hay collected from forest area or field bunds was
decreased with increase in land holdings with an average value of 21.13 Q/year. Similar trend was also
observed in case of collection of tree leaves from forest (1.19 Q/year). Average livestock unit per family
was recorded at 2.35±0.09. The average consumption of green fodder, dry fodder and concentrate were
24.83±7.33. 10.50±2.17 and 0.68±0.03 kg/day/herd, respectively. The proportion of green, dry and
concentrate offered to livestock varied according to months and seasons. The amount of green fodder
offered to livestock was proportionally higher during July to October months (rainy season) and lower in
months of February to May (summer season). However, the amount of dry fodder offered was propor-
tionally higher in the months of December to January (winter season) followed by other seasons. The
concentrate mixture offered was proportionally less in rainy season and high in winter season followed by
summer season. It may be concluded that farmers collect fodder from forest and field bunds to bridge the
gap between household availability of crop residues and requirement. It is also to be noted that household
availability of feeds determines the herd size.
FR 130
Studies on managemental practices and feeding pattern in
Ahmednagar and Satara district of Maharashtra
S. N. Kale, P. R. Nisal and V. C. Badve
BAIF Development Research Foundation, CRS,
Uruli Kanchan, Pune 412-202, India.
The studies on feeding and management practices of dairy animal in Ahmednagar and Satara districts
of Maharashtra state were undertaken. The Talukas Sangamner and Kopergaon were surveyed from
Ahmednagar district and Karad and Rethare from Satara district. Two villages from each Taluka and ten
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
farmers from each village were selected. The farmers selected were of the large, medium and small cat-
egory. A variation in the feeding practices was observed in both the districts surveyed. In both the districts
the cross bred cows are maintained for high milk production and buffalo is kept for the home consump-
tion, and remaining milk is mixed in the cow milk before sale. In Ahmednagar district people use mainly
the maize, Lucerne, and sugar cane tops as green fodder which may not be chaffed by farmer every day.
In Satara district forest grass, chandani grass, hatti grass, para grass and sugar cane leaves are chaffed
together, mixed and fed to the animals, so there is no chance of the selection .Ultimately utritionally poor
grasses are also easily consumed by the animals. Same practices like giving cholesturm to the calf was
observed in Karad taluka of the Satara district. As a dry fodder paddy straw, soya hulls, forest grass is
fed in Satara area. In some areas of Ahmednagar district mainly in sugarcane belt where sorghum is not
grown,wheat bhusa, maize crushed,wheat flour etc. are used as a dry source. The mineral mixture is given
to the pregnant animals in the both district but its regular use to all the animals is not observed.
FR 131
Feeding practices of high yielding dairy animals in Bihar
A. Dey, B. P. S. Yadav and S. K. Barari
Livestock and Fishery Improvement and Management Programme
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, ICAR Parisar
P.O. Bihar Veterinary College, Patna-14, Bihar
Dairying is the primary source of income generation activity for small and marginal farmers in Bihar.
Among the dairy animals, buffalo has the highest contribution in milk production and having preferred by
farmers due to higher milk fat content. A study was undertaken in two villages each from Patna and
Bhojpur in South whereas Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur districts in North Bihar. Crossbred cattle and
buffalo having the production capacity more than 15 and 8 liters of milk per day respectively were se-
lected. Cattle and buffalo were offered mostly wheat straw in South Bihar and rice and maize straw in
North Bihar whereas pulse straws in all the districts as a source of dry fodder. Mustard oil cake and
linseed cake constituent the main source of oil cakes in South Bihar while in North Bihar mustard cake is
not fed to dairy animals. In North Bihar, grazing is practiced for 4-6 hours while in South Bihar it is rarely
practiced. Sorghum and Barseem are the only fodder cultivated for dairy animals in all the districts. In all
the districts balanced concentrate mixture is fed for high yielder, however, in North Bihar the quantity is
not followed as per standard. Mustard oil @ 250-500 ml is fed once in a week to all categories of high
yielder as energy supplement. The feeding schedule of different categories of dairy animals practiced in
village condition has been analyzed and DCP and TDN intake have been compared with Indian Standard.
Some indigenous technologies are also practiced just after calving to increase the milk production. It is
concluded that farmers are unaware of scientific feeding practices for high yielding dairy animals resulting
sub optimal DCP and TDN intake which in turn reducing the profit from dairy animals.
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FR 132
Nutritional status of animals of sub-mountainous
undulating zone of Punjab
J. S. Hundal*, J. Kaur, M. Wadhwa and M. P. S. Bakshi
Deptt. of Animal Nutrtion, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana;
*KVK, PAU, Langroya
The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status of animals with respect to macro
nutrients in the sbumountainous undulating zone (SMUZ) of Punjab. Nawanshar and Hoshiarpur districts
were selected in this zone. From each district 2 tehsils/blocks were selected. From each Tehsil, 2 villages
and from each village at least 10 farmers of different socio-economic status were selected. The feed
samples were collected from the farm of each farmer. Milk, faeces and spot urine samples were collected
from at least 2 lactating animals from each farm house. The feed stuff were analyzed for CP, NDF and fat
content, the milk samples were analyzed for urea, the urine samples for purine derivatives and creatinine.
The socio-economic status of farmers revealed that majority (65%) of the farmers belonged to small and
marginal category (land holding ≈1.63 ha), 19% of the farmers had land more than 5 ha (medium) and
only 2.2% of the selected farmers satisfied the criteria of being landlords (land holding ≈16 ha). 14% of
the farmers had no land in this zone. On an average the landlords, medium and small farmers were in the
proportion of 70:23:7%, respectively. Irrespective of the socio-economic status of the farmer the average
land holding in this zone was 2.99 ha. The relative proportion of buffalo was less in Hoshiarpur as com-
pared to those in Nawanshehar (66.1 vs 76.3 %) district. The area under cereal was (38.5 vs 27.0%),
vegetables (17.7% vs Nil), oilseeds (1.13% vs Nil), sugarcane (2.8 vs 0.7%) in Hoshiarpur and Nawanshehar
districts, respectively. However, reverse trend was observed in fodder production, which was signifi-
cantly higher in Nawanshehar than Hoshiarpur district (63.4% vs 28.0%). About forty seven percent of
irrigated area was under fodder production, but because of the very low water table and poor irrigation
facilities the fodder production is vary low. The farmers are feeding either 0.5 to 2.0 kg of commercial or
homemade concentrate mixture, supplemented with green fodder or wild grass. No straw is offered with
non-leguminous fodder. Some of the farmers were feeding only cotton seed cake supplemented with
green fodder, while landless farmers would simply leave the animals for grazing as they were unable to
offer any concentrate feed or green fodder. Irrespective of the socio-economic status of the farmers, the
concentrate mixture was offered only to lactating animals or to those which are in advanced stage of
pregnancy. Animals in 49% of the farmhouses were suffering from reproductive problems like repeat
breeding and anoestrus. The average body weights of the animals in the Kandi area of Hoshiarpur district
was less (P<0.05) than those in animals of Nawanshehar (447 vs 485 kg) and milk yield followed the
trend (4.9 vs 5.84 kg/d). The animals of Nawanshehar district consumed higher (P<0.05) DM as com-
pared the animals of Hoshiarpur district (13 vs 10 and 1.23 vs 0.94 kg/A/d). As per the nutrient require-
ments of dairy animals (NRC, 1989), the intake of DM and that of CP was approximately 10 and 17%
less in animals Nawanshehar district (SMUZ), while in animals Hoshiarpur district, the DMI was 5 %
higher and CPI was as per requirements. The level of roughage was significantly higher in the diet of
Hoshiarpur district as compared to that in the diet of animals of Nawanshehar district (84.6 s 79.9%).
Only 2% of the farmers were supplementing the diet with mineral mixture. The MUN concentration in
SMUZ was comparable in both Hoshiarpur and Nawashehar districts (7.5 vs 6.7 mM/l). The amount of
purines absorbed and supply of microbial nitrogen was 456 and 288 g/d in SMUZ. The results obtained
by these parameters indicate that diet of dairy animals is not properly balanced (even for macro-nutrients).
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FR 133
Nutritional status of animals of central plain zone of Punjab
S. Kaushal, R. K. Sharma*, K. Kaur, M. Wadhwa and M. P. S. Baskhi
Deptt. of Animal Nutrtion; *Deptt. of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension
Guru Angad Dev Veterniary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, India
nutrients in the Central Plain Zone (CPZ) of Punjab. Ludhiana and Kapurthala districts were selected in
this zone. From each district 2 tehsils/blocks were selected. From each Tehsil, 2 villages and from each
village at least 10 farmers of different socio-economic status were selected. The feed samples were col-
lected from the farm of each farmer. Milk, faeces and spot urine samples were collected from at least 2
lactating animals from each farm house. The feed stuffs were analyzed for CP, NDF and fat content, the
milk samples for urea, the urine samples for purine derivatives and creatinine. The proportion of farmers
belonging to small, medium, landlords and that of landless farmers was 27, 42, 21 and 10%, respectively.
The average land holding in this region was 7.67 ha. Farmers of Ludhiana district had approximately 1.7
times more Adult cattle units (ACUs) than the farmers of Kapurthala district. The relative proportion of
buffaloes kept by farmers of Ludhiana district (65%) of CPZ was less than those kept by farmers of
Kapurthala district (79%). Farmers of Ludhiana district grow more of vegetables (6.1 vs 3.8% of irrigated
area ) and fodder (23.3 vs 13.3% of irrigated area) as compared to the farmers of Kapurthala district of
CPZ, while farmers of Kapurthala district showed preference for sugarcane in comparison to the farmers
of Ludhiana district as indicated by area covered (5.6 vs 0.9% of irrigated area). The animals are fed 1-
5 kg of either commercial or home made concentrate mixture, supplemented with 10-60 kg green fodder
and 2-12 kg wheat rice straw, depending upon the production status of animals. Most of the progressive
farmers were making their own balanced concentrate mixture duly supplemented with mineral mixture and
common salt. Some of the farmers did not offer any concentrate mixture or ingredient, only green fodder
and straw was fed, while others feed Phalaris minor (a weed prevalent in wheat-rice system). The other
combinations used by the farmers were berseem and wheat straw; berseem and rye grass, berseem and
oat or berseem and sugarcane (whole). The berseem-sugarcane in equal proportion boosted milk produc-
tion. Some of the farmers offer maize bran (a by product of starch industry procured from Phagwara)
supplemented with GF and straw. It also boosted milk production. The practice of offering concentrate
mixture to lactating animals or those, which are in advanced stage of pregnancy, was quite popular in this
rich, advanced zone. But, immediately after parturition the animals were offered boiled crushed wheat
supplemented with jaggary for 3-4 days. In this zone both mustard cake and cotton seed cake are used.
Some of the farmers, offer only rice straw to their animals. The CP content of the diet revealed that it was
higher in Kapurthala district as compared to that in the diet of Ludhiana district (13.4 vs 11.6%). The
NDF content in the complete feed was comparable. Animals of Kapurthala district of CPZ consumed
more (P<0.05) feed than the animals of Ludhiana district (13 vs 11 kg/A/d), so was the intake of CP (1.7
vs 1.3 kg/A/d). In the CPZ, the roughage in the diet was less (P<0.05) in Ludhiana as compared to that
in Kapurthala district (72.7 Vs 78.7%) and the green fodder availability was higher (P<0.05) in Kapurthala
than in Ludhiana district (43 vs 60%). The farmers of CPZ were quite aware about the importance of
mineral mixture, could be the influence of kisan melas held by GADVASU, as 25% of the farmers of
Ludhiana and 14.3% of Kapurthala district, supplemented mineral mixture in the diet of animals. The
average milk yield is only 6.49 kg/d/A. The Milk urea-N an indicator of nutritional status of animal was
highly variable in animals in the districts and it was 7.1 mM/l in Ludhiana as compared to 11.7 mM/l in
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
Kapurthala district. By using these tools, we can ensure proper feeding for each one of the animals and
exploit their genetic potential to its’ capacity and create clean environment by avoiding over excretion of
UN by over-fed animals, as dairy animals are the major contributor of N loading.
FR 134
Nutritional status of animals of flood prone bait zone of Punjab
M. Wadhwa, P. Kataria, J. S. Hundal* and M. P. S. Bakshi
Deptt. of Animal Nutrtion, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana
*KVK, PAU, Langroya
nutrients, in Flood Prone Bait Zone (FPBZ) of Punjab. Tarntaran and Jalandhar districts were selected. in
this zone. From each district 2 tehsils/blocks were selected. From each Tehsil, 2 villages and from each
village at least 10 farmers of different socio-economic status were selected. The feed samples were col-
lected from the farm of each farmer. Milk, faeces and spot urine samples were collected from at least 2
animals from each house-hold. The feed stuffs were analyzed for CP, NDF and fat content, the milk
samples for urea, the urine samples for purine derivatives and creatinine. The socio-economic status of
farmers revealed that the proportion of landlords (25.1 ha) was highest (24%) in the Punjab state. The
majority (62%) of the farmers belonged to small (2.6 ha) and medium (6.9 ha) category. The land holding
by landlords, medium, small and marginal farmers was in the proportion of 73:20:7 respectively. The
average land holding (9.6 ha) irrespective of the socioeconomic status of the farmers was highest in the
state. The body weight of the animals in two selected district was highly variable. The animals of Jalandhar
district of FPBZ were heavier than the animals of Taran taran district (455 vs 507 kg) and produced more
(P<0.05) milk (6.2 kg/d) than that produced (5.1 kg/d) by animals of Taran taran district. The CP content
of complete feed was high (P<0.05) and NDF content was low (P<0.05) in Jalandhar as compared to
that in diet of Tarn Tarn district. On average the CP and NDF content of complete feed was 9.6 and
68.5%. The DM intake was comparable in animals of both the districts, but CP intake was low (P<0.05)
in animals of Tarn Taran district as compared to that in animals of Jalandhar district. Only 5 % farmers of
Taran Taran and 28.8% farmers of Jalandhar district were feeding mineral mixture to their animals. MUN
was high (P<0.05) in Jalandhar as compared to that in Tarn Taran district. On an average, animals of
FPBZ excreted low amount of allantoin (3.5 m mol/l) and PD (4.3 m mol/l), which is depicted in low milk
production. The magnitude of reproductive problems faced by the animals of farmers of this zone was
quite low (only 28% of the selected households). The survey conducted conclusively revealed the varia-
tions in feeding practices and nutritional status of animals even within a zone, pointing towards the need for
balanced ration to exploit the genetic potential of dairy animals.
FR 135
Nutritional status of animals of undulating plain zone of Punjab
J. Kaur, M. Wadhwa, J. S. Hundal* and M. P. S. Bakshi
*KVK, PAU, Langroya
The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status of animals with respect to macro nutrients
in the Undulating Plaine Zone (UPZ) of Punjab. Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur districts were selected in this zone.
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From each district 2 tehsils/blocks were selected. From each Tehsil, 2 villages and from each village at least 10
farmers of different socio-economic status were selected. The feed samples were collected from the farm of
each farmer. Milk, faeces and spot urine samples were collected from at least 2 animals from each farm house.
The feed stuffs were analyzed for CP, NDF and fat content, the milk samples for urea, the urine samples for
purine derivatives and creatinine, On an average the landlords, medium and small farmers were in the propor-
tion of 68:24:8%, respectively. The average land holding in this region was 4.32 ha, Irrespective of the socio-
economic status of the farmers. The ACUs/farmer in this zone was only 5.4 and 77% were buffaloes. In UPZ,
the area under cereal crops was significantly higher in Gurdaspur district as compared to that in Hoshiarpur
(74.9 vs 60.6%) district, while in Hoshiarpur district more area was used for vegetables (0.6 vs 2.1%) and
sugarcane (1.5 vs 31 %) as compared to that in Gurdaspur district. In UPZ, the water table is high and zone
has good irrigation facilities. In winter/rabi season, berseem is the main fodder crop. The animals of this zone
were offered 1-4 kg of commercial feed/home made concentrate mixture, supplemented with 5-50 kg chaffed
green fodder mixed with 2-11 kg Wheat straw. Feeding practices indicate better socio-economic status of
farmers of this zone as compared to that of SMUZ. However, some of the farmers feed only berseem with
wheat straw or supplemented with either cotton seed or cotton seed cake or wheat bran or wheat, while others
supplemented commercial concentrate with either home made cereal mixture or wheat alone and offer with
green fodder and wheat straw. Dried chapattis were soaked in water overnight and fed to animals as the only
concentrate ingredient. In this zone also concentrate was offered to lactating animals prior to milking. The
average milk yield was only 5.1 kg/d/A. The CP (11.1-10.2%) and NDF (69.1-67.1%) content observed in
the diet of UPZ were statistically comparable in both Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur districts. The daily DMI as
percent of body weight was lowest in animal in UPZ of the state. The roughage level was higher (P<0.05) in
the diet of animals of Gurdaspur district as compared to that in Hoshiarpur district (91.2 Vs 82.3%). . In the
UPZ only 2% of farmers in Gurdaspur and 25% farmers in Hoshiarpur district were supplementing the diet
with mineral mixture. On an average 13.6 % of the farmers offer mineral mixture and 44.3% of the farmers
offer salt to their animals and 37.6% of the farmers selected complained about reproductive problems faced by
their animals. The MUN was higher (P<0.05) in Gurdaspur than in Hoshiarpur district (13.0 vs 5.1 mM/l),
indicating lots of variation in feeding practices and feeding regimes with in a zone. Based on the excretion of
purine derivative in urine, purines absorbed and microbial nitrogen supplied to animals was 501 and 351 g/d.
The study conclusively revealed that the diet of these animals had low CP and imbalanced as indicated by low
milk yield of animals.
FR 136
Nutritional status of animals of western plain zone of Punjab
M. P. S. Bakshi, K. Kaur, M. Wadhwa and J. Kaur
nutrients in Western Plain Zone (WPZ) of Punjab. Ferozepur and Moga districts were selected in this
zone. From each District 2 Tehsils/blocks were selected. From each Tehsil, 2 villages and from each
village at least 10 farmers of different socio-economic status were selected. The feed samples, on the spot
milk, faeces and urine samples collected from at least 2 lactating animals from each farm house. The
samples of feed stuffs were analyzed for CP, NDF and fat content, the milk samples for urea, the urine
samples for purine derivatives and creatinine. The socio-economic status of farmers of WPZ revealed that
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small (2.53 ha) and medium (7.15 ha) farmers were in majority (34% under each category) and 19% of
the farmers selected were landlords (19.1 ha). The farmers of Moga district of WPZ had approximately
1.6 times more ACUs than the farmers of Ferozepur district. The relative propotion of buffaloes was
higher in Ferozepur district than that in Moga district (74 vs 62%). The feeding practices followed in
WPZ are close to those followed in CPZ, as this region has highly fertile land with very good irrigation
facilities. The animals were fed either 0.5-8 kg of commercial or home made concentrate mixture supple-
mented with 20 to 55 kg green fodder and 0 to 8 kg wheat straw/animal/day. Some farmers, supple-
mented commercial feed either with mustard cake or cotton seed cake, green fodder, while others pre-
ferred to feed only green fodder or green fodder and wheat straw or green fodder and grass, or spent
brewer’s grains with green fodder and wheat straw. Bajra and chari were the predominant fodders
available in kharif season. The commercial feed/home made feed was offered only to the lactating animals.
The cake commonly used was mustard cake. The average milk yield of dairy animals was only 6kg/d/
animal. The CP and NDF content of diet of Ferozepur and Moga district (WPZ) were comparable, and
on an average the contents were 10.2 and 68.9%, respectively in WPZ. The animals of both the districts
of WPZ consumed higher DM (11%) and higher CP (12%) than the requirement of animals. The propor-
tion of the green fodder and that of straw was comparable in both Ferozepur and Moga (85.4 and
83.1%; 14.6 and 16.9%) district. In the WPZ, 2.5% of the farmers of Ferozepur and 9.6% of Moga
district were supplementing diet with mineral mixture. The animals, of 28.3% of the farmers selected, face
the reproductive problems. The MUN concentration was comparable in Ferozepur and Moga dilstricts
(5.4 vs 4.0 mM/l). The purine derivatives excreted in urine have been used as tools to assess the micro-
bial protein supply the rumen. On an average the absorption of purines and supply of microbial nitrogen
was low in the animals of WPZ. The animals of WPZ though consumed higher amount of DM & CP, the
absorption of purines and microbial nitrogen synthesis was low, indicating inefficient utilization of dietary
nutrients.
FR 137
Nutritional status of animals of western zone of Punjab
M. Wadhwa, R. K. Sharma*, S. Kaushal, and M. P. S. Baskhi
Deptt. of Animal Nutrtion, Guru Angad Dev Veterniary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana
*KVK, PAU, Bathinda
nutrients in Western Zone (WZ) of Punjab. Bathinda and Mansa districts were selected in this zone. From
each District 2 Tehsils/blocks were selected. From each Tehsil, 2 villages and from each village at least 10
farmers of different socio-economic status were selected. The feed samples were collected from the farm
of each farmer. Milk, faeces and spot urine samples were collected from at least 2 lactating animals from
each farm house. The samples of feed stuffs were analyzed for CP, NDF and fat content, the milk
samples for urea, the urine samples for purine derivatives and creatinine. The land lords, medium, small
and marginal farmers had 16.85, 6.32 and 2.42 ha of land respectively. The land holding by landlords,
medium, small and marginal farmers was in the proportion of 69:22:9, respectively. The cropping pattern
revealed that cotton crops predominated (61.96%) followed by cereals (18.81%) and fodder crops (14.46%).
The average land holding in this region was 7.2 ha. Mansa district had 84% buffaloes in comparison to
68% in Bathinda district. In Mansa district farmers had higher percent of lactating animals as compared to
that in Bathinda district. The farmers of this region prefer to feed home made cereal mixture a few com-
mercial concentrate mixture supplemented with 0 to 45 kg green fodder and 2-10 kg wheat straw was
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offered depending upon the production status of the animal. Some farmers offered commercial feed
supplemented with wheat flour and wheat straw or grass and wheat straw to their animals. The most
popular feeding practice followed was to feed mustard cake supplemented with wheat, wheat straw with
or without green fodder. The quality of green fodder offered to the animals was highly variable. In
absence of green fodder, different feedstuffs were offered in the form of Sani. On an average the body
weight of animals was 518 kg and milk yield 6.9 kg/d/animal. NDF content in complete feed of Mansa
district was higher (P<0.05) than that of Bathinda district, while CP content was comparable. On an
average the CP and NDF content was 10.2 and 25.9%, respectively. The animals of Bathinda district
consumed higher (P<0.05) DM and CP as compared to the animals of Mansa district. The DM and CP
intake of animals of Bathinda district was approximately 7 and 10% higher while, that of Mansa district
DMI and CPI were 9 and 13% less than the requirement of animals. The proportion of green fodder used
was lower (P<0.05) in Mansa than that in Bathinda (12.6 Vs 62.6%) district, reverse but significant
(P<0.05) trend was observed in straw proportion (87.4 Vs 37.4%). In WZ 10.6% of the farmers of
Bathinda and only 2.5% farmers of Mansa district were supplementing the diet with mineral mixture. The
MUN concentration was low (P<0.05) in Bathinda than in Mansa district. The absorption of purines and
supply of microbial nitrogen results revealed that animals of WZ utilized the nutrients more efficiently, as
indicated by higher milk production. The survey of WZ revealed that animals of this region are fed bal-
anced ration and only 33% of the farmers selected complained about the reproductive problems faced by
their animals.
FR 138
Feeding strategies to enhance conjugated linoleic acid
content in milk of dairy animals
A. K. Tyagi, Neelam Kewalramani, T. R. Dhiman, Harjit Kaur and K. K. Singhal
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division NDRI, Karnal 132 001 Haryana ( India)
Ten cows and ten multiparous Murrah buffaloes (Bos Bubalis) in their early stage of lactation having
similar body weight and milk yield were selected from Institute herd. They were randomly divided in two
equal groups of 5 each (Groups1 and 2 for cows and groups 3 and 4 for buffaloes) on the basis of body
weight and milk yield. Groups 1 and 3 were offered ad lib. Berseem fodder and wheat straw, whereas,
groups 2 and 4 were offered concentrate mixture and wheat straw ad. libitum for 90 days of experimental
period and their nutritional requirements were fulfilled as per Kearl (1982). The ingredient composition of
the concentrate mixture was: maize 330, groundnut cake 210, mustard cake 120, wheat bran 210, rice
bran 100, mineral mixture 20 and common salt 10 g/kg. After an adaptation period of 45 days, feed
intake, orts and milk yield were recorded daily for 45 days. The buffaloes were milked twice at 600 and
1800 hrs where as cows were milked three times at 600, 1200 and 1800 hrs daily. The milk samples
were collected at fortnightly intervals and analyzed for milk fat, total solids and milk protein. Solid not fat
content in milk was calculated by subtracting fat percentage from total solids. Milk sample (100 ml) from
each buffalo was collected from the morning and evening milking at fortnightly interval and pooled for fatty
acid analysis including CLA. Ghee (clarified butter oil) was also prepared at fortnightly intervals by two
different methods i.e. indigenous and creamery (Commercial) from the total milk of each group on that
particular day. The average milk yield in four respective groups was 12.06, 11.93, 9.99 and 7.80 kg per
day showing a significant increase in buffaloes fed high fodder diet as compared to high concentrate diet,
while there was no effect in cows. Milk composition was not affected by dietary treatments in both cows
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and buffaloes. Total milk CLA content averaged 19.55, 6.44, 16.38 and 6.78 mg/g in four respective
groups showing significantly higher values due to high forage diet in both the species. CLA content was
almost doubled in ghee prepared by indigenous method in both the groups of cows i.e.10.40 vs 20.07
(group 1), 6.93 vs 12.13 (group 2). In buffaloes, CLA content in ghee was increased by 40-50% by
indigenous method as compared to creamery method (10.38 vs 16.87 in group 3 and 5.83 vs 7.59 mg/g
in group 4). Feeding of high forage diet along with indigenous method of ghee preparation resulted in
resulted in 310% increase in CLA content.
FR 139
Nutritional status vis-a-vis nutrient supply and reproduction of cross-bred
cows under field condition in Sonbhadra district of U.P.
Vidya Sagar, Udeybir Singh and D. N. Verma
College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry
N.D.U.A. &T., Kumarganj. Faizabad- 224229
A survey was conducted to ascertain the nutritional status of milch cross-bred cows maintained by
different categories of farmers in Sonbhadra district. Samples of feeds and fodders were collected from
different categories of farmers and analyzed as per standard methods. More than 90 per cent of lactating
cross-bred cows were short in supply of DCP (11.20-41.10 %), TDN (1.40-17.60 %) and Phosphorus
(25.20-52 %). Nutrient deficiency leading to a problems of poor milk yield and long anoestrus period in
cross-bred cows. Supplementation of 30 g minerals mixture and 0.5 kg wheat bran per animal per day to
60 animals in selected groups for 6 months, showed increase in milk yield (1.25-1.75 kg/day/animal).
Seventy per cent of these animals came into heat and conceived within 2-3 months of minerals supple-
mentation.
FR 140
Extension approaches for livestock development in
rural areas of Prakasam district
M. V. A. N. Suryanarayana and K. Anand Rao
College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati-517502
A survey was conducted in 8 rural mandals of Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh to assess the
constraints faced by the rural masses in developing more dairy which stands as a secondary source of
income in times of agriculture failure and also to assess the reasons for the low productivity of their
livestock products especially milk. Problems include ignorance of scientific knowledge of proper housing,
feed and water management, disease prevention and control, lack of exposure visits to the fields of the
farmers who are doing good in livestock sector, low promotion of value addition to the produce, farmers
lack the information about the mode of entering the market and it is only through vendors they enter the
market, price fluctuations in the milk, poor hospital facilities, scarcity for fodder, periodic drought, lack of
timely supply of fodder seed to the farmers, non-usage of agricultural by-products for economic rations,
lack of proper Artificial Insemination services, lack of good quality breeds or lack of sufficient information
for the up gradation of non-descript cattle for increasing the productivity. The constraints stated here
should be tackled in a war footed manner as there is every need to raise the economy of the rural masses.
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Many extension approaches are in vogue which include Technology assessment and refinement project,
Agriculture Technology Information Centre (ATIC) under National Agriculture Technology Project, Agri-
cultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA), Krishi Vignyana Kendra (KVK), District Agricultural
Advisory And Transfer of Technology Centre (DAATTC) etc and these can disseminate the technology to
the rural masses through various activities to rescue for the poor farmers. This comes to a reduction of
urbanization to some extent. This paradigm shift made to India stand in a lead place in terms of milk
production.
FR 141
Constraint analysis of rural dairy farms in Andeman and Nicobar islands
Subhash Chand1 , B. Ganesh Kumar2 , R. C. Srivastava3 , S. K. Verma4 Z. George5 and K. Roy
Social Science Section, NCAP, New Delhi
This study was conducted by CARI in rural areas of South Andaman district of Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, India. The cows and buffaloes are being maintained by different categories of farmers. They face
many constraints in rearing the livestock animals. This paper present the constraint faced by different
categories of farmers. Total 186 dairy farmers were contacted through personal interview method and
data on different livestock species maintained, feeding pattern of livestock, constraints faced in livestock
production and their Socio economic status etc. were collected. The information on constraints was re-
corded on 0-6 scale and Garret ranking method was used to rank the constraints. The study revealed that
among the economic constraints most crucial and foremost constraints were lack of marketing infrastruc-
ture and proper governmental policies. Inadequate pricing of milk followed by poor milk co-operative
societies as second constraint followed by non-availability of labour, lack of finance and loan, insufficient
land space for animal and non-availability of feed and concentrates in the city as well as in rural areas. The
constraints expressed by the farmers are really crucial and need immediate attention of policy makers and
state administration. This Island is far away from mainland and the input supplies are mainly dependent on
mainland which is most often uncertain. This to be made certain to increase the production and productiv-
ity of the animals. Technological constraints as expressed by the respondents have reflected that shortage
of fodder especially during summer season. Yet, these Islands receive more than 3000 mm rainfall / annum
mainly during rainy season. After Tsunami most of the valley lands used for grazing is inundated by sea and
hence, farmers are facing severe deficiency of fodder. Similarly during dry spell of summer farmer face
acute deficiency of fodder. During the study it was found that lack of technological knowledge, incidence
of diseases and poor infrastructure were the major technological constraints. These problems needs to be
addressed in future programme and officials / researchers should find the solution to minimize the con-
straints. However, these islands are having good potential to increase fodder production and productivity
and will lead higher live stock production.
FR 142
Common queries of dairy farmers in animal welfare days
Rajesh Kasrija, H. K. Verma, S. K. Kansal, M. P. Gupta and R. S. Sahota
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension,
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal
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Sciences University, Ludhiana, is organizing animal welfare days in different parts of Punjab for dissemi-
nating the knowledge to the dairy farmers. In these welfare days, the farmers were apprised of the impor-
tance of balanced feeding, correct management practices and how to keep healthy animals through pro-
phylactic measures, importance of green fodder, and preservation of surplus fodder as hay and silage. A
study of 50 animal welfare days organized in the year 2005-2006, was done to assess the type of queries
raised by dairy farmers. It revealed that the majority of the queries of the dairy farmers were related to
reproduction and feeding of dairy animals. In reproductive problems, repeat breeding in cattle, anoestrus
in buffaloes, prepartum prolapse and abortion in both cattle and buffaloes were the common questions
raised by the participants. While in nutrition, the queries of the farmers were regarding feeding of green
fodder to dairy animal throughout the year, necessity of balanced feeding, mineral mixture and calcium
feeding, formulation of concentrate mixture at home, and the type, quality and brand of market feed to be
fed to dairy animals. Among the total participants, 35% participants queried about the how to cope up
with the menace of repeat breeding in crossbred cows, 20% asked about anoestrus in buffaloes and 20%
were enquiring about feeding of liquid calcium to the late pregnant animals. 40% of the farmers were not
feeding any concentrate to their growing heifer; while 25% farmers were feeding only wheat straw with
very little concentrate to growing heifer. There are different notions of the farmers regarding feeding of the
different categories of dairy animals. The different wrong notions of the farmers regarding feeding and
other managemental practices were suitably rectified. The farmers were also explained about importance
of energy and protein for development of genitalia and they were especially informed not to feed extra
calcium in last month of pregnancy. It was concluded that the main problems of dairy farmers were
regarding reproduction and nutrition. Extension has to play an important role in tackling these problems
and for dissemination of latest technology at the door step of the farmers. Thus, the training programmes
for farmers should be formulated, keeping in view the field problems.
FR 143
Assessment of the constraints and problems faced by dairy farmers
Baynazir, H. K. Verma, R. S. Sahota and Rajesh Kasrija
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana.
Government is stressing on the diversification in agriculture, which can be done efficiently through
dairy farming. The global trend is depicting change in the livestock sector; the small dairy farmers are
shifting towards the commercial dairy farming. The dairy farming has obvious advantage as the consumer
sector is encouraging it day by day and is additionally supported by government/related agencies, which
provide the platform for the minimum price of the produce. A study was conducted in the four districts of
Punjab viz Amritsar, Bathinda, Ludhiana, and Mansa to know the constraints and the problems faced by
dairy farmers. The study consisted of a questionnaire and personal interviewing of the respondents, so that
the real problem can be assessed. Before the actual recording of the data, a suitable pre-testing was
done. The study consisted of twenty respondents from each of the four districts for assessing the dairy
problems. The majority of the dairy respondents detailed their constraints as poor availability of timely A.I
services, increasing trend of infertility, repeated disease outbreaks and poor health services. Further, the
scarcity of the green fodder, poor feed quality and poor knowledge level of the dairy farmer especially
about fodder preservation and silage making were reported. Over dependence of the dairy farmers on
labour, inadequate training of the dairy farmers, no incentives for good quality clean milk, poor marketing
and absence of cold chain for the storage of milk and no subsidy on the insurance scheme were also
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enlisted. It was concluded that the problems and constraints faced by the dairy farmers are mainly related
to fodder, A.I, health aspect, poor price for clean and quality milk. Extension has to play an important role
for providing the much needed support, so that these problems and constraints can be tackled, which can
be executed through regular, repeated visits and training of the dairy farmers along with the literature in
local language.
FR 144
Knowledge level of dairy farmers about the various
management practices vis-a-vis disease incidence
H. K. Verma, Jaswinder Singh, A. K. Randhawa, R. Kasrija & R. S. Sahota
Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004
India ranks number one in milk production in the world but still the production level of the animals is
far below than the other developed countries. The obvious reason may be either lack of knowledge of
dairy farmers or poor adoption of management / health practices. A survey was conducted around Ludhina
district to study the same. A comprehensive questionnaire was prepared for conducting the survey. The
data was collected from one hundred farmers. It was found that 51% respondents were under matric, 3%
were landless and 46% were medium farmers having up to 10 acre of land. 12 % of the respondents were
rearing only buffaloes while other preferred to rear the cattle and buffaloes both. Only 9% farmers adopted
the dairy as their main enterprise. Nearly half of respondents (48%) were selling their milk through unor-
ganized sector i.e. through milkman/vendor. Only 23% were having the dairy training from various insti-
tutes viz University, State Animal Husbandry Department and Milkfed. Mineral mixture feeding practice
was adopted by 55 % of the livestock farmers and more than half (52%) of the respondents were pur-
chasing the concentrate feed from the market and small proportion (13 %) preferred to make it at the
home. Due to poor knowledge, most of the farmers (62%) were either not feeding or feeding very less
concentrate to their dry pregnant animal, keeping the notion of “No milk, No concentrate”. Shortage of
green fodder in May –June and November- December was reported by 37 % respondents and their
animals were forced to survive either only on wheat /paddy straw or with concentrate during this period.
Surprisingly 18 % of the farmers were well aware of the urea treatment of wheat straw but none was
practicing it in the scarcity period. Only 8% of the farmers were preparing the silage from their surplus
fodder. More than eighty farmers agreed to have the problem of anoestrus while 53 farmers reported the
occurrence of mastitis / repeat breeding in their herds. The high incidence of reproductive disorders and
mastitis may be attributed to the deficiency of essential minerals in their ration and irrational/poor feeding.
There was poor adoption of AI (22%) due to various wrong perceptions still existing in the livestock
owners. So it can be concluded that the poor knowledge level of dairy farmers about feeding, manage-
ment and health practices may be the main reason for low productivity and high disease incidence in their
animals. More emphasis should be given by the various agencies to disseminate the latest technologies of
dairying to every nook of the village to uplift the dairy practices.
FR 145
Concentration of different blood-biochemical metabolites in indigenous
and crossbred cattle reared at temperate Kumaon regions
R. K. Mahapatra and A. Sahoo
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Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus-263138 (Uttarakhand)
Blood samples from crossbred (Bos indicus x Bos taurus) and indigenous cows reared at Institute’s
Dairy Farm were collected at different periods, both during available and lean seasons and analysed for
haemato-biochemical parameters, e.g. haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total (TLC) and
differential leucocyte count, total protein and blood sugar as an index of metabolic profile. The milch cows
were selected from the mid-lactation group to minimize early lactation stress on these physiological pa-
rameters. The lean season extended from December to March, during which there was also adverse
winter with sub-zero atmospheric temperature and intermittent snowfall. There was shortage of feed and
fodder in terms of both quantity and quality and similar situation was also prevailed in Institute Dairy Farm
due to curtail in transportation and other unavoidable reasons. Therefore, the blood metabolic profile was
assessed in both available (periods first and last, i.e. period 1 and 3) and lean seasons (the middle period,
i.e. period 2). The results showed a relative decline in Hb (9.0 vs 10.5 and 9.4 mg/dl), PCV (37.7 vs
42.3 and 39.4 %), total protein (6.25 vs 7.07 and 6.65 g/dl) and glucose (40.4 vs 44.2 and 43.8 mg/dl)
concentration during lean season (period 2) compared to period 1 and 3, respectively. The trend revealed
a declining metabolite concentration during period 2 which showed recovery during period 3. There was
low eosinophil and high monocyte count, which corresponded with little higher neutrophil count during
period 3. While comparing the metabolite profile between the two breeds of cows the effect of season
had less influence in indigenous cows than the crossbred. The lean season that corresponded with the
extreme winter might have affected the nutritional input and the lower performance was thus attributed to
both nutritional and climatic stress. Further, the indigenous cows might have a better adaptability to such
periodic stresses than the crossbred cows.
FR 146
Studies on nutrient requirement of “phule triveni”
synthetic crossbred heifers
Y. G. Fulpagare, R. J. Desale, D. K. Deokar, S.V. Kale and S. P. Kalhapure
Research Cum Development Project on Cattle
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri -413 722, India.
Eighteen “Phule Triveni” crossbred heifers of about 6 months of age were fed with 3 different levels
of dry matter viz. 2.75% (T0), 3.0% (T1) of body weight and adlibitum (T2). The roughage sources were
jowar kadbi as dry fodder while lucerne and Maize as green fodder. The concentrate mixture prepared at
farm (20% CP) was used for feeding the heifers. The experiment was conducted from September 3 to
December 3, 2006. At the end of the experiment, the digestion trial of 07 days duration was conducted.
The average daily dry matter intake (kg)/100 kg body weight observed was 2.47, 2.48 and 2.62, in T0,
T1 and T2 treatment, respectively. The daily gain in body weight observed in T0, T1 and T2, was 0.401,
0.424 and 0.461 kg, respectively. However, differences were non-significant. For achieving the above
daily gain, the overall DM, CP, CF, EF and NFE required was 1.298, 0.165, 0.226, 0.031 and 0.645
kg/d, respectively. From the results it was also revealed that the percent digestibility of DM and proximate
nutrients increased significantly with increase in DM level. The feeding cost per kg gain in body weight
observed was Rs. 23.27, 23.73 and 23.81 in T0, T1 and T2, respectively. The results indicated that though
there was significant increase (P<0.05) in digestibility of the nutrients with increase in DM supply, even
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then the increase in the gain in body weight was not observed. Therefore, feeding of “Phule Triveni”
crossbred heifers at 2.75 kg DM/100kg body weight (T0) was economical and could satisfy the nutrient
requirement of them for appropriate growth.
FR 147
Effect of degree of T. annulata infection on plane of nutrition in
crossbred calves during prefebrile period
R. Bhar, K. Lalu, D. Ray, A. Pathak and V.B. Chaturvedi
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP-243122
Eighteen cross bred calves of 87± 3.32 kg body weight were divided into three groups of six animals
each in a completely randomized design. They were randomly infected with ground up tick sporozoites of
Theileria annulata, equivalent to 0 tick (control), 2 tick (low dose), and 3 tick (high dose), respectively.
The calves in all the three groups were fed as per NRC (1989). One metabolism trial was conducted in all
the eighteen animals during the incubation period. Blood samples were collected before the onset of fever
and at day 14 post infection to study the haematological and blood biochemical profile. The body tem-
perature of infected calves increased (P< 0.00) at about day 10 post infection (PI), without any significant
difference between the calves suffering from low dose and high dose of infection. Lymph node swelling
and maximum macroschizont index (MSI) of infected calves was observed on 7.33±0.27and 8.48± 0.40
d PI in low dose and 6.67±0.28 and 7.80± 0.40 d PI in high dose, respectively, difference between the
two infected groups being non significant. The nutrient intake (g/d) with respect to DMI, CPI, TDNI and
N balance (g/d, % absorbed) did not differ significantly between the calves in control and infected groups.
However, the PCV (%) was reduced (P<0.05) from 37.66±1.16 in control to 26.75±1.25 (low dose)
and 21.33±2.02 (High dose) in infected calves on day 14 PI, without any significant difference between
the two infective groups. Similarly the haemoglobin (mg/dl) and serum glucose (mg/dl) level was reduced
(P<0.05) and serum triglyceride level was increased (P< 0.05) in infected calves at day 14 PI, without
any significant difference in total protein during early phase of infection. Thus, it could be concluded that T
annulata infection caused pathophysiological and haematological changes without any perceptible effect
on plane of nutrition and N balance during pre febrile period of the infection. However, the adverse effect
did not differ quantitatively between the low and high dose of infection.
FR 148
Analysis of natural levels of ethyl formate and its kinetics in
freshly harvested grains using gas chromatography
Pratima Kumar and T. R. Chauhan
Buffalo Nutrition Division, Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes
Sirsa Road, Hisar-125001, India
The natural level of ethyl formate in freshly harvested grains of pearl millet, cotton, guar, groundnut,
mustard, paddy, wheat, sunflower and chickpea used as animal feed in one form or others were collected
from different farmer’s field were analysed on ‘Nucon’ type gas chromatography system equipped with
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flame ionization detectors (FID) and DB FFAP capillary column after extraction with propanol and metha-
nol. Column conditions were isothermal for analysis of ethyl formate. The temperature was maintained at
70° C. Moisture content observed in various feed ingredients ranged between 8.5 to 14.5 %. The natural
levels of ethyl formate estimated with propanol ranged from 0.22 to 0.70 ppm and from 0.22 to 0.68 ppm
with methanol in whole commodities samples. Similarly, natural levels of ethyl formate estimated with
propanol ranged from 0.30 to 0.69 ppm and from 0.26 to 0.67 ppm with methanol in ground commodi-
ties samples. It was also observed that ground samples were better extracted than whole commodities by
virtue of it the ethyl formate content was found significantly higher (PO.05) in ground samples than whole
commodities. However, extraction with propanol showed better results than methanol. Ethyl formate was
present in grains at harvest and increased during the first month of storage, and then began to decline,
particularly at temperature higher than 25° C and time of storage. The natural level of ethyl formate should
be considered when establishing maximum residual limit (MRL).
FR 149
Effect of ethyl formate on growth of Aspergillus parasiticus
in animal feed
Pratima Kumar, T. R. Chauhan and R. Gera1
Buffalo Nutrition Division, Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Sirsa Road,
1
Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125001, India
Ethyl formate is a volatile compound available naturally in the grain, vegetables and fruits and is
supposed to be toxic to insects and microbes. Moisture level, physical conditions of grain storage prac-
tices and environmental conditions influence the susceptibility of grain feed stuff to Aspergillus parasiticus,
a common fungal infestation and hence drying to safe moisture contents is essential to prevent initiation of
fungal activity. There is a minimum concentration of ethyl formate which prevents feed stuff from the
microbial attack. Thus the minimum concentration of ethyl formate which inhibits the fungal growth was
determined under in vitro conditions. A method was standardized to determine the minimum concentra-
tion of ethyl formate required for inhibition of A. parasiticus by using solid as well in liquid potato dex-
trose agar medium. No inhibition of A. parasiticus was observed on potato dextrose agar petri plates
supplemented with different concentrations (200 to 2000 ppm) of the ethyl formate after incubation at
37°C for 48 to 72 hours because of the evaporation. There after the experiment was carried out in liquid
medium by putting the suba seals on the flask to prevent the evaporation and it was observed that there
was 21.1 and 90.2 % inhibition at 200 and 400 ppm concentration of ethyl formate, respectively, as
compared to control and no growth of fungus was observed after 600 ppm concluding that maximum
concentration of ethyl formate to inhibit A. parasiticus was 600 ppm.
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Animal nutrition education :

Session - II
Present status and future leads
Present scenario of animal science education and scope for

collaborative teaching: the Agris Mundus Master of Science on
sustainable development in agriculture
A. Prioloa*, L. Biondia, C. Rapisardab, D. Pillotc
a
University of Catania, Via Vadisavoia, 5-95123 Catania, Italy; bUniversity of Catania, Via S. Sofia,
100-95123 Catania, Italy; cMontpellier SuperAgro F34033 Montpellier, France
The Agris Mundus Master of Science in Sustainable Development in Agriculture was established in
2005. This course is a product of NATURA, the network of European Universities for Higher Education
tropically and subtropically oriented in agriculture. A total of 6 European Universities are involved (Wageningen
in The Netherlands; Copenhagen in Denmark; Cork in Ireland; Madrid in Spain; Montpellier in France;
Catania in Italy) . The Master is based on a two-year programme and each student attends the first year
(M1) in one University and the second year (M2) in a different University. Seven possible specialisations
are offered as follows: Agricultural systems research and development; Horticultural crops management;
Livestock production & systems; Tropical rural forestry; Land and water management; Human Nutrition
and Food Systems; Rural local development & food security. Outstanding students from non-European
countries are encouraged to apply, and scholarships for selected candidates are offered by the Erasmus
Program of the European Union. There are special windows for Asian students. Here we present the
Agris Mundus Master with particular emphasis on the Livestock production & systems track.
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Biotechnological innovations in animal

Session - III
nutrition for increasing animal productivity
BIOTEC 1
Study of bacterial diversity in rumen by cultural
independent molecular approach
P. R. Pandya, Nisha, Harshala Thube, S. Parnerkar,
U. V. Ramani, C. D. Bhong, and C G Joshi
Animal Nutrition Research Department, Veterinary College, AAU, Anand, Gujarat
Diversity of bacteria in rumen liquor in buffalo was studied by amplifying 16S rRNA gene. Rumen
liquor samples were collected from three buffaloes by stomach tubing, at 2, 4, 6 hrs. post feeding. Samples
were filtered through four layers of cheesecloth. The strained rumen liquor were used for the microbial
study. DNA was isolated from 5 ml ruminal fluid following proteinase K digestion and
phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol extraction. Pooled DNA was dissolved in 500µl of TE buffer (pH 8.0).
DNA concentration and purity was determined by absorbance at 260 and 280 nanometers. Universal
primers 27f and 1492r were used to amplify bacterial 16s rRNA gene. The PCR products (1346 bp)
were cloned in the TA cloning vector and transfected in to competent cells. Approximately 10 different
clones were selected for subsequent processing. The recombinant plasmids were extracted by the alkaline
lysis method. Cycle sequencing reaction was carried out using appropriate primer (Ml3). The sequencing
reaction products were resolved on ABI genetic analyzer 310. The obtained sequences, after curetting,
were queried online in the RDP-II and Genebank database. A Phylogenetic tree was constructed to
position different cloned sequences in the neighbor-joining trees with Phylip (ver 3.6). The study revealed
the DNA sequences in the present study matching with the Firmicutus and unidentified rumen bacteria.
BIOTEC 2
Optimization of rumen degradable nitrogen levels for
maximum microbial protein synthesis in sheep by estimating
purine derivatives in total urine collection method
M. Chandrasekharaiah, A. Thulasi and K. T. Sampath
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore- 560030
Studies were conducted to determine the effect of different RDN levels on microbial protein synthesis
in sheep. Thirty sheep were divided into five groups of 6 each based on live weight. Animals in all five
groups were fed Finger millet straw (FMS) as a basal diet and soybean extraction as a nitrogen source.
The animals in group I (control) were fed with ad lib of FMS. Animals in group II’, III, IV and V were
offered soybean extraction at 15, 22, 30 and 37g RDN level along with FMS as basal diet. The experi-
mental feeding was continued for 2 months followed by a metabolism trial for 7 days. Representative
samples of feed, left over residue and urine were preserved for further analysis. The purine derivatives
such as allantoin, uric acid, hypoxanthine and xanthine were estimated in total urine collected and based
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on this, microbial protein synthesis was estimated for all the 5 groups. The intakes and digestibilities of
nutrients were estimated for all the 5 groups. The microbial protein synthesis recorded was 15.20±2.20,
18.29±1.80, 15.65±1.11, 16.02±1.19 and 16.54±1.30, in group I, II’, III, IV and V, respectively. The
digestibility of the nutrients, the estimated microbial protein synthesis was comparable among the supple-
mented groups but higher than the control group indicating the optimum microbial protein synthesis at 15g
RDN level of supplementation on finger millet straw based ration in sheep.
BIOTEC 3
In vitro studies for optimization of RDN levels for enhancing
the fermentation or digestibility of ragi straw
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore-560030
In vitro studies have been carried out with certain commonly available concentrate ingredients to
optimize RDN levels for enhancing the fermentation of ragi straw. The ammonia nitrogen concentration
(NH3N), Total volatile fatty acid concentration (TVFA) and digestibility with different levels and sources
of Rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN) were studied. Finger millet straw (FMS) was supplemented with
ground nut cake (GNC), Soybean cake (SBE), wheat bran (WB), cotton seed cake (CSC) and Sun-
flower cake (SFC) at different RDN levels i.e at 15. 22 and 30g RDN /kg DOM . The rumen parameters
such as NH3N, TVFA and digestibilities were analyzed at different hours of time intervals i.e., at 0, 2, 4.
6 and 24 hours after incubation . The samples were incubated in triplicate for each level (0, 15, 22 and
30g) for each source (different supplements) and for each time interval (0,2,4,6 and 24 hours). The
NH3N (mg/dl) values recorded were ranged from 9 to 19 in GNC supplemented group, 11 to 20 in SBE
supplemented group, 11 to 22 in WB supplemented group, 8 to 15 in CSC supplemented group and 9 to
29 in SFC supplemented group, respectively. The corresponding values for TVFA (meg/100ml) were 8
to 15, 8 to 14, 8 to 12, 8 to 12 and 7 to 11, respectively. The Low ammonia-N slightly higher / compa-
rable TVFA levels were observed at 15g level of supplementation for ground nut cake, soybean cake and
cotton seed cake, 22g for sunflower cake and at 30g RDN for wheat bran. However a clear cut picture
will be obtained once they are all tested under in vivo conditions.
BIOTEC 4
Use of purine nitrogen index and nitrogen capture efficiency,
the new possible potential parameters in protein
nutrition of Indian ruminants
An experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of the purine nitrogen index (PNI) and nitrogen
capture efficiency (NCE) as a possible tools to measure efficiency of conversion of rumen degradable
nitrogen into microbial protein in sheep. Twenty-four sheep were divided into four groups of 6 animals
each based on live weight. The animals in all the four groups were fed finger millet strew (FMS) as a basal
diet and soybean extraction as nitrogen source. Diets were formulated with differing in rumen degradable
nitrogen (RDN) content and the animals in group I, II, III, and IV were offered soybean extraction at 15,
22, 30 and 37g RDN levels along with FMS as a basal diet. The total purine derivatives were estimated
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by HPLC, there by microbial nitrogen synthesis in sheep. PNI and NCE were estimated from purine
derivatives nitrogen, microbial nitrogen supply, RDN intake and total urine nitrogen. The PNI and NCE
in sheep observed were 0.104±0.01 and 2.34±0.40; 0.099±0.001 and 1.55±0.17; 0.069±0.01 and
1.29±0.10 and 0.062±0.003 and 1.24±0.07 for group I, II, III and IV respectively. It was observed
from the data of PNI and NCE that efficiency of convention of rumen degradable nitrogen to microbial
protein synthesis is high in Group I i.e. at 15g RDN level of supplementation. Therefore, the results
indicated that the PNI and NCE can be used as potential parameters to measure efficiency of convention
of dietary nitrogen into microbial protein in sheep.
BIOTEC 5
In vitro gas production profile by anaerobic fungal cultures
isolated from sheep and goats
Studies were undertaken to determine the fiber-degrading ability of axenic cultures of anaerobic fungi
isolated from sheep and goat by gas production studies. Faecal samples were collected from various
geographical locations-Anagalpura, a village in rural Bangalore, CSWRI, Avikanagar in Rajasthan, West
Bengal and CIRB, Hisar. The fingi were isolated from these samples. The in vitro gas production studies
were done with pure cultures of these fungi that were morphologically identified. Paddy straw was used
along with the basal medium to estimate the gas production for this purpose. The pure cultures in mid log
phase were transferred from a defined media with sugars to the bottles for assessment of gas production.
Three fungal isolates obtained from goat faeces (CTS-110, CTS-111 and CTS- 112, morphologically
characterized as Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces and Orpinomyces respectively) were transferred into the
in vitro gas production assessment media. Three fungal isolates obtained from sheep faeces (CTS-64,
CTS-66 and CTS-71, morphologically characterized as Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces and Orpinomyces
respectively) were transferred into the in vitro gas production assessment media. Gas production was
measured in all these isolates and recorded for a period of 150 hours using a pressure transducer. Pres-
sure transducers offer a flexible and a precise way to measure gas volumes. The bottles were maintained
at 39°C in a Memmert cooled incubator and at the end of every two hours the gas production was
monitored. After measuring the gas volume, it was released, and the pressure zeroed before taking the
next reading. Small amount of gases were formed in all the isolates during 0-24 hours, which increased in
all the isolates upto 48 hours. The highest gas production was recorded in CTS-110 followed by CTS-
112. T he highest rate of gas production was observed in CTS-110. In this study it was found that the
fungal isolates from goat were better fermenters.
BIOTEC 6
Effect of anaerobic fungal cultures isolated from zoo ruminants
on in vitro fermentation of paddy straw
isolated from the zoo ruminants-spotted deer and black buck by gas production studies The faecal samples
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used for the isolation of the fungi was collected from the Bannerghatta National Park. Paddy straw was
used as a substrate along with the basal medium to estimate the gas production for this purpose. The pure
cultures in mid log phase were transferred from a defined media with sugars to the bottles for assessment
of gas production. Three fungal isolates obtained from black buck faeces CTS-13, CTS-21 and CTS-
23, morphologically characterized as Unknown, Anaeromyces and, Anaeromyces respectively) were
transferred into the in vitro gas production assessment media.. Three fungal isolates obtained from
spotted deer faeces(CTS-24, CTS-25 and CTS-28, all three morphologically characterized as Anaeromyces)
were transferred into the in vitro gas production assessment media. The in vitro Gas production was
measured in all these isolates and recorded for a period of 150 hours using a pressure transducer. Pres-
sure transducers offer a flexible and a precise way to measure gas volumes. The bottles were maintained
at 39°C in a Memmert cooled incubator and at the end of every two hours the gas production was
monitored. After measuring the gas volume, it was released, and the pressure zeroed before taking the
next reading. Small amount of gases were formed in all the isolates during 0-24 hours, which increased in
all the isolates upto 48 hours. A gradual decrease was observed during 48-96 hours and thereafter de-
clined rapidly. The maximum gas production was observed in CTS -13, an isolate that could not be
identified based on morphology followed by CTS -26 an Anaeromyces isolate from spotted deer. The
highest rate of gas production was observed in CTS-13 during 72- 98 hours.
BIOTEC 7
Axenic cultures of anaerobic fungi isolated from large
herbivores-in vitro gas production studies
isolated from large herbivores in the zoo (elephant, hippopotamus, zebra and mithun) by gas production
studies Paddy straw was used along with the basal medium to estimate the gas production for this pur-
pose. The pure cultures in mid log phase were transferred from a defined media with sugars to the bottles
for assessment of gas production. Three fungal isolates obtained from elephant faeces CTS-52, CTS-55
and CTS- 56, morphologically characterized as Anaeromyces, Unknown, and Unknown respectively)
were transferred into the in vitro gas production assessment media.. Three fungal isolates obtained from
the faeces of mithun (CTS- 31, CTS-32 and CTS- 35, morphologically characterized as Unknown,
Unknown and Anaeromyces respectively) were transferred into the in vitro gas production assessment
media. Three fungal isolates obtained from zebra faeces(CTS- 40, CTS-41 and CTS- 42, all three mor-
phologically characterized as Piromyces) were transferred into the in vitro gas production assessment
media. Three fungal isolates obtained from the faeces of hippopotamus (CTS- 6, CTS-7 and CTS- 8,
morphologically characterized as Orpinomyces, Anaeromyces and Anaeromyces respectively) were trans-
ferred into the in vitro gas production assessment media. Gas production was measured in all these
isolates and recorded for a period of 150 hours using a pressure transducer. Pressure transducers offer a
flexible and a precise way to measure gas volumes. The bottles were maintained at 39°C in a Memmert
cooled incubator and at the end of every two hours the gas production was monitored. After measuring
the gas volume, it was released, and the pressure zeroed before taking the next reading. Small amount of
gases were formed in all the isolates during 0-24 hours, which increased in all the isolates upto 96 hours.
A gradual decrease was observed thereafter declined rapidly. After 144 hours, gas production was not
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observed in all the isolates. The maximum gas production was observed in two isolates-CTS 56 from
elephant and CTS-8 from hippopotamus. The maximum gas production occurred during 72-96 hours in
CTS-56.
BIOTEC 8
Enzyme profile in culture supernatants of fungal isolates
from black buck and spotted deer
Studies were conducted to estimate the supernatant enzyme activities in various fungal isolates, viz.,
isolates obtained from black buck faeces CTS- 13, CTS-21 and CTS- 23, morphologically characterized
as Unknown, Anaeromyces and, Anaeromyces respectively) were transferred into the in vitro gas
production assessment media.. Three fungal isolates obtained from spotted deer faeces(CTS- 24, CTS-
25 and CTS- 28, all three morphologically characterized as Anaeromyces). Endo glucanase and xylanase
activity were estimated with a reaction mixture comprising of: 1.0 ml phosphate buffer (pH 6.8, 0.1M),
0.5 ml of the substrate (1% carboxy methyl cellulose and 0.25 % xylan from oat spelt) and 0.5 ml of the
enzyme.; incubated the reaction mixture for a period of 1 hour for carboxyl methyl cellulose and 0.5 hour
for xylanase. Beta glucosidase activity was estimated using an assay mixture contained 0.1 ml of enzyme,
0.9 ml substrate (0.1% p-nitrophenyl glucopyranoside dissolved in phosphate buffer 0.1M, pH 6.8) and
1.0 ml of phosphate buffer (0.1M pH .8. The reaction mixture was incubated for 10 minutes at 39°C and
the reaction was terminated by the addition of 2.0 ml of 2% sodium carbonate. Glucose and xylose
released during incubation were estimated. CTS-13 has the highest activity of carboxy methyl cellulase
(2.7±0.1 mmol glucose /min/ml) as compared to the other isolates. The activity of xylanase was high in all
the isolates. In CTS -13 and CTS -24, the activity of cellulase against filter paper were comparable. The
activity of beta glucosidase was the highest in CTS-25 (from spotted deer). From the activity of these
enzymes it is evident that fungi produce cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes and could play an important
role in ligno cellulose degradation
BIOTEC 9
Profile of carbohydrate active enzymes in fungal isolates
from mithun, zebra and elephant
Studies were conducted to estimate the supernatant enzyme activities in various fungal isolates, viz.,
isolates obtained from elephant faeces CTS-52, CTS-55 and CTS- 56, morphologically characterized as
Anaeromyces, Unknown, and Unknown respectively), isolates obtained from the faeces of mithun (CTS-
31, CTS-32 and CTS- 35, morphologically characterized as Unknown, Unknown and Anaeromyces
respectively) isolates obtained from zebra faeces(CTS- 40, CTS-41 and CTS- 42, all three morphologi-
cally characterized as Piromyces). Carboxyl methyl cellulase and xylanase activities were estimated using
a reaction mixture comprising of : 1.0 ml phosphate buffer (pH 6.8, 0.1M), 0.5 ml of the substrate (1%
carboxy methyl cellulose and 0.25 % xylan from oat spelt) and 0.5 ml of the enzyme.; incubated the
reaction mixture for a period of 1 hour for carboxyl methyl cellulose and 0.5 hour for xylanase. Beta
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glucosidase activity was estimated using an assay mixture contained 0.1 ml of enzyme, 0.9 ml substrate
(0.1% p-nitrophenyl glucopyranoside dissolved in phosphate buffer 0.1M, pH 6.8) and 1.0 ml of phos-
phate buffer (0.1M pH .8. The reaction mixture was incubated for 10 minutes at 39°C and the reaction
was terminated by the addition of 2.0 ml of 2% sodium carbonate. Glucose and xylose released during
incubation were estimated. The zebra isolate CTS -42 has the highest activity of carboxy methyl cellulase
(3.430±0.03 mmol glucose /min/ml) as compared to the other isolates. The activity of xylanase was high
in all the isolates. In CTS -40, the activity of cellulase against filter paper was significantly higher as
compared to the other isolates taken for the study. The activity of beta glucosidase was the highest in
CTS-56 (from elephant). From this study it is evident that in addition to the exo- and endo-type cellu-
lases, beta glucosidase necessary for the last step of the conversion of cellulose to glucose is also se-
creted.
BIOTEC 10
Effect of oral fungal inoculum on growth performance
of crossbred heifers
S. Anandan, Manpal Sridhar, A. Thulasi, M. Chandrasekharaiah,
C. S. Prasad and K. T. Sampath
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi Bangalore
Fifteen crossberd heifers of 18-24 months age were divided into three groups of five each -control,
treatment 1 and treatment II. All the heifers were fed on limited concentrate mixture (1kg /day) and greens
(1kg fresh para grass/day) and ad lib finger millet straw for a period of twelve weeks and their body
weights were recorded at weekly intervals and the dry matter intake was recorded daily. The treatment
groups-T 1were drenched with two elite fungal cultures obtained from large ruminants (@ 100ml per
culture) while T2 consisted of two elite fungal cultures isolated from the small ruminants. The control
group received a placebo (media devoid of any fungal culture). Dosing of the fungal inoculmn was carried
out at weekly intervals. A digestibility trial was carried out towards the end of the experiment to assess the
nutrient digestibility. Rumen liqor was collected through stomach tube at pre feeding and 6hrs post feeding
to study the effect of fungal dosing on the rumen fermentation pattern. The dry matter intake as percent
body weight (2.2 to 2.3%) and DMI per unit metabolic body weight (81.7 to 89.2g)were insignificant
amongst the groups.The dry matter digestibility ranged from 53 to 56% and did not differ statistically. The
weight gain in the experimental groups ranged from 32.0 to 35.8 kg and the average daily gain from 405
to 453g and did not differ significantly. The results with regard to the weight gain and dry matter intake
suggests that oral fungal inoculum with elite fungal cultures did not have any significant positive effect.
BIOTEC 11
Effects of a probiotic anaerobic fungal culture (Neocallimastix Sp. Gr1)
administration on plane of nutrition in buffalo calves
Debanu Jit, Jatinder Paul Sehgal*, Anil Kumar Puniya# and Kishan Singh#
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, Dairy Microbiology Division,
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India
Abstract: To study the influence of Neocallimastix sp. culture administration on plane of nutrition,
twelve female Murrah buffalo calves (5-7 months of age, average body weight 122 kg) were divided into
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two equal groups of six each. The buffalo calves in control group were fed a complete feed mixture
consisted of 50: 50 roughage and concentrate mixture along with 250 ml fungus free autoclaved broth
culture on every 4th day. The roughage portion consisted of wheat straw mainly along with two kg green
oats per animal per day. The second group, i.e. fungal culture administered calves were fed with control
diet along with 250 ml (106 TFU/ml) of fungal culture Neocallimastix sp. GR1 per calf on every 4th day
for three months. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake were
determined and compared with Kearl requirements (1982) of growing buffalo calves for both the groups.
Neocallimastix sp administered calves more efficiently met their nutritional requirements than control
calves. Neocallimastix sp administered group was getting 110.25±4.60 percent TDN in comparison to
Kearl requirement (1982); whereas with same diet and similar dry matter intake (4.12±0.20 vs 4.14±0.17
kg/d) control group was getting 103.02±3.26 percent TDN. So, Neocallimastix sp may be a promising
rumen anaerobic fungus to improve the nutritive value of straw based diet.
BIOTEC 12
Fibrolytic rumen fungi from domestic ruminants
Ravinder Nagpal, A. K. Puniya, J. P. Sehgal1 and Kishan Singh
Dairy Microbiology Division, 1Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division
Anaerobic fungi, a highly significant constituent of rumen microbiota, produce a wide range of hydro-
lytic enzymes, especially cellulases and xylanases that degrade structural polysaccharides in plant cell-
walls, indicating their significant role in fibre digestion. Hence, in present investigation, rumen fungi were
isolated from cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats, and were classified according to the number of flagella on
zoospores and the types of thalli developed from the zoospore. In cattle and buffaloes, Orpinomyces sp.
was prevalent, while Neocallimastix sp. was prevalent in sheep and goats. The in-vitro hydrolytic en-
zyme activities of fungal isolates (mIU/ml) were in the range of 10.7-16.7 (Filter paperase), 7.1-13.7
(Carboxy methyl cellulase), 27.3-37.2 (cellobiase) and 17.5-26.1 (xylanase). Among all the isolates,
Orpinomyces sp. RB2 from buffalo rumen, that showed highest enzyme activities, was further tested for
in-vitro fibre digestibility. The percent in vitro dry matter digestibility increased from 43.1 to 45.8 %. The
cell-wall contents, in terms of NDF and ADF, decreased from 66.1 to 62.9% and from 34.8 to 30.9%,
respectively. These properties of Orpinomyces sp. RB2 suggest that such strains could be exploited as
direct-fed feed additives for improved animal performance after further in vivo studies.
BIOTEC 13
In vitro biodegradation of sugarcane bagasse based ration
using zoospores of different fungi
Shelke S. K., Aruna Chhabra., J. P. Sehgal, A. K. Puniya and Kishan Singh
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001
The present study was designed to investigate the influence of administration of zoospores of anaero-
bic fungi Neocallimastix sp. GR1, Piromyces sp. WNG12 and Orpinomyces sp. C14 on in vitro di-
gestibility of sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane bagasse based ration comprising of wheat straw, sugarcane
bagasse and concentrate mixture in the ratio of 30:20:50 having CP 13% and TDN 55%. To get more
number of zoospores/ zoosporangium, ruminal fungal isolates i.e. Orpinomyces sp. C-14, Piromyces sp.
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WNG-12 and Neocalamastix sp. GR1 were subjected to zoosporogenesis, either using media deficient
in essential nutrients like cellobiose or by using complex substrate like sugarcane bagasse instead of cello-
biose. However, after 96 h of incubation, normal media contained more number of zoospores (2 x 103
zoospores/ ml) of Neocallimastix sp. GR-1 and Piromyces sp. WNG-12 as compared to that of media
containing deficient/ complex substrates (0.8x 103 to 1.3x 103 zoospores/ ml) and Orpinomyces sp. C-14
(0.7 X 103 zoospores/ ml). Hence, the standard media was used for the growth of selected ruminal fungi
in order to obtain the maximum number of zoospores and for in vitro digestibility of sugarcane bagasse
(SB).
Administration of zoospores (2 x 103 zoospores/ml) of Neocallimastix GR1 and Piromyces WNG12,
increased in vitro digestibility of DM, NDF, and ADF of SB and SB based rations significantly (P<0.01).
Neocallimastix GR1 and Piromyces WNG12 zoospores, also increased TVFA and hydrolytic enzymes
(CMCase, FPase and Xylanase) significantly (P<0.05) under in vitro studies of SB and SB based ration.
Based on results, it may be stated that the zoospores of anaerobic fungi, Neocallimastix GR1, may be
used as probiotic in ruminants to improve the nutritive value of high fibrous based diets, ultimately leading
to increased ruminant productivity.
BIOTEC 14
Isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus from crossbred cattle
S. Senani, Manpal Sridhar
National Institute of Animal Nutrition & Physiology, Bangalore-30
This study was aimed at isolation, identification and characterization of lactate utilizing bacteria from
the rumen liquor and fecal samples of the crossbred cattle. Rumen liquor and fecal samples were collected
from crossbred cattle aseptically and processed. Different dilutions 10-1 and 10-2 were used for culture on
MRS Agar and after 48 hrs of growth colonies were segregated on the basis of morphology and pure
cultures were maintained. Total 11 strains from rumen liquor and 8 strains from rumen feaces were taken
for characterization for protein, reducing sugar, total sugar, motility, Grams staining, Catalase reaction,
starch hydrolysis, Indol test, Vogue Proskauer test and Methyl red test. Out of the 19 strains all strains
were non-motile cocci except F2C, which was non-motile bacilli. Catalase reaction was negative in all the
isolates from rumen liquor and fecal sample. Starch hydrolysis test was mostly negative except F2 X and
F2C isolate. All the strains showed a negative reaction to Vogue Proskauer Test except RL2E. However,
Indol reaction was positive to varying degree in all the isolates. Methyl red test was mostly negative
except in the case of F2X, F2C and F1F isolates. As expected all the stains were grams positive. The
protein, reducing sugar and total sugar content ranged 0.1081- 0.3986, 0.2530- 5.552 and 0.3220-
1.1075 respectively for the isolates
BIOTEC 15
Distribution of anaerobic fungi in Indian cattle and buffaloes
Manpal Sridhar, Deepak Kumar, S. Anandan, C. S. Prasad and K. T. Sampath
National Institute of Animal Nutrition & Physiology,
Adugodi, Bangalore-560030 Karnataka (India)
Over two thousand isolates of anaerobic fungi were obtained from dung samples of cows and buffa-
loes as well as rumen liquor over the period January 2004 to January 2007 of these nearly 785 isolates
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could be isolated and characterized and biomass accumulated. The rumen liquor samples were restricted
to cannulated animals of the Institute while the dung samples were collected from various districts of
Karnataka as well as other states. The buffalo population was represented mainly by the native Murrah
breed, while cattle population consisted Anaerobic fungi were isolated from the rumen liquor/fecal samples
of cows and buffaloes from various parts of the country spread over a three year period to study the
distribution of different genera, morphological characteristics, fiber degradation capacities and the molecu-
lar characterization. The fungal cultures were initially isolated on roll tubes and they were repeatedly sub
cultured alternatively on roll tubes and broth to obtain pure cultures. The pure cultures of the polycentric
fungi were maintained in petriplates in the anaerobic chamber while the monocentric fungi were maintained
in roll tubes by repeated sub culturing. In this study we report on the distribution of the anaerobic fungi
isolated from cattle and buffaloes. An overall comparison of the fungal isolates obtained from cattle and
buffaloes showed a predominance of Caecomyces at 31.48 % followed by Anaeromyces at 23.81 %
while 14.29 % of the isolates were represented by Cyllamyces. Piromyces was isolated in relatively low
number comprising 8.99 % while only one or two isolates of Neocallimastix were obtained representing
0.26%. Some significant inferences with regard to type of pasture and habitat could also be drawn from
the distribution pattern of these fungi.
BIOTEC 16
Isolation, morphological and molecular characterization of
anaerobic fungi from sheep and goat
A. Thulasi, M. Chandrasekharaiah and K. T. Sampath
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore-560030, India
Studies were conducted to isolate anaerobic fungi from the faecal material of sheep and goats. Fae-
cal samples were collected from various geographical locations- Anagalpura, a village in rural Bangalore,
CSWRI, Avikanagar in Rajasthan, West Bengal and CIRB, Hisar. The faecal material was enriched in an
enrichment media for 7 days. This material was used as an inoculum for the isolation of anaerobic fungi.
Medium 10 was used for the isolation of fungi with the above inoculum using the roll tube technique of
Hungate. The isolates were obtained from the above sources and the fungi were designated to specific
genera based on morphological characteristics. Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces, Neocallimastix, Piromyces
and Caecomyces were designated based on the morphology. An endogenous thallus with a triangular
sporangium was observed microscopically and morphologically characterized as Neocallimastix. In one
of these isolates there were constrictions observed in the hypae that resulted in the formation of isthmus
like regions on the hypae. The mycelia were of indeterminate length and found sometimes to be inter-
twined under the microscope. None of the genera were found to predominate. Some of the isolates could
not be characterized based on the morphology. DNA has been extracted from the above sources and
amplified using ITS1 specific primers. Based on sequence analysis, one of the se isolates has been
characterized as Anaeromyces. In this isolate sporangia with a pointed apex on the sporangiophore was
characteristically observed. By integrating the molecular and the morphological data, the isolate was con-
firmed to belong to the genera Anaeromyces.
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Feed processing technologies for

Session - IV
enhancing animal productivity
FP 1
The changes of nutrient contents of palm kernel cake
after solid state fermentation
Khin Hnin Swe1, A. R. Alimon2
1
Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Myanmar 2Department
of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43300 UPM Serdang, Selangor
Two experiments were conducted to study the changes of nutrient contents of Palm Kernel Cake
(PKC) through solid state fermentation (SSF) using Aspergillus niger. In the first experiment, different
proportions of PKC (from 100 to 70%) and rice bran (from 0 to 30%) were used as substrate groups.
Both neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were significantly (P<0.05)
decreased after 8 days fermentation for all treatments. The highest reduction percentages of NDF and
ADF (41.0% and 28.4%) were detected in treatment with PKC 100%. The crude protein contents of
substrates were increased (P<0.05) at 8 days fermentation. Ether extract contents of substrates were
decreased after fermentation and the highest reduction percentage (80.3%) was observed in treatment
with PKC 100%. The gross energy and true metabolizable energy (TME) values of fermented substrates
(FS) were also decreased. These values were 18.1 MJkg-1 and 5.9 MJkg-1 respectively in treatment with
PKC 100%. In the second experiment, 70% PKC and 30% rice bran substrate group was continued to
use. Ammonium sulphate 0% and 14% of substrate were added to the culture medium. Fermentation
times were reduced to 3 and 4 days. It was found that NDF content of FS could be decreased by 45.8%
and ADF 21.0% in treatment with 14% ammonium sulphate at 4 days fermentation. Gross energy and
TME values of FS were increased in the second experiment when compared with the first one due to
delaying sporulation. Aspergillus niger was found as suitable microbe to produce the fibre degrading
enzyme for PKC.
FP 2
Nutritional profile of ragi straw (Eleusine coracana)
fermented using brown rot fungi
Manpal Sridhar and S. Senani
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology,
Adugodi, Bangalore-560030 Karnataka (India)
In the present study three brown rot fungi Ceratocystis ulmi, Tyromyces palustris, Aspergillus
terrius were explored for their lignin break down potential through SSF. Dried straw was manually chaffed
into 2-3 cm bits and dried at 60±5oC for 12hr. Five-gram aliquots were weighed into conical flasks in
three replicates for each of the three treatments designated as untreated (UT), steamed for 20 min. and
designated as (ST) while the third was subjected to four percent urea treatment (UrT). Flasks were
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autoclaved after adjusting moisture to 65% and pH to 7.0. All flasks were inoculated with a 2 ml spore
suspension and fermented in the slant position for 5 days when fungal growth was visible. Proximate
analysis was carried out after drying at 60±5 o C for 12 hr. Moisture content recorded a decrease of
around 12-15 % in all the three treatments of ragi straw upon with C. ulmi . A 9-10%decrease in
moisture content was recorded in all the three treatments upon fermentation with both A . terrius and T.
palustris . Untreated and steamed ragi straw fermented with C. ulmi recorded 12% increase in protein
content. while Urea treated ragi straw recorded very high enrichment of 41.75% from the initial values.
The protein increase in the case of Aspergillus terirus in all the three treatments averaged around 8% but
a very high increase in protein content of 21%was recorded in all the three treatments upon fermentation
with Tyromyces palustris The decrease in lipid content observed in the three treatments with both the
fungi was 1-2% in Aspergillus terrius and nearly 3% in the case of Tyromyces palustris. A decrease of
around 9%was recorded in the NDF content in case of urea treated fermented ragi straw. A 3% decrease
was recorded in the NDF content in the untreated and steamed ragi straw fermented with Aspergillus
terrus, while a slight increase in (P>0.05)was recorded in case of urea treated ragi straw. The same
pattern was elicited in the case of acid detergent fiber .Lignin content recorded a favorable decrease from
the initial value of 6.68to 3.68, 4.47and 4.97 in the untreated,steamed ureatreated ragi straw upon fer-
mented with C.ulmi. A comparison of the results of the proximate analysis of ragi straw upon fermentation
with the three brown rot fungi C. ulmi A. terrius and Tyromyces palustris,showed. C. ulmi to be the
most effective with regard to lignin breakdown followed by Tyromyces palustris while A terrius failed to
cause any major changes with regard to fiber breakdown.
FP 3
Effect of solid state fermentation with different strains of white rot fungi
on the in vitro digestibility of ragi straw (Eleusine coracana)
Manpal Sridhar, Raghavendra Bhatta and S. Senani
Adugodi, Bangalore-560030 Karnataka
The present study was carried out to determine the effect of solid state fermentation (SSF) with 5
strains of white rot fungi viz., Pleurotus sajorcaju, Pleurotus ostreatus, Voriella volvoraceae,
Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes hirsuta on the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD)
of ragi straw (Eleusine Coracana). There were 3 treatments. The first was SSF of straw with 5 strains of
white rot fungi without any pre-treatment; the second was SSF after steaming the straw for 20 min (ST)
and the third was SSF after treating the straw with 4 % urea (UT). The dried straw was manually chaffed
into 2-3 cm long pieces and dried at 60±5oC for 12 hr. For each of the treatments 5-gram straw samples
were weighed into conical flasks in triplicates. After adjusting moisture to 65 % and pH to 12.0 the flasks
were autoclaved. All flasks were inoculated with 2 ml of spore suspension of the fungus culture and
fermented in the slant position. The fermentation was terminated after 5 days, when the fungus growth was
visible. The samples were then dried to constant weight and subjected to two stage in vitro digestion. The
rumen fluid was collected from a cannulated crossbred cattle fed for maintenance with concentrate mixture
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and green forage. The IVDMD (%) of the unfermented ragi straw was about 40.0. A linear increase in
IVDMD of the straw was recorded after SSF in all the five fungi studied. The lowest digestibility was
obtained in the case of Trametes hirsute where values of 53.3±2.11, 60.3±0.44 and 64.5± 0.52 were
recorded in UT, ST and UrT, respectively. The IVDMD were similar in case of Pleurotus sajorcaju,
Pleurotus ostreatus, Voriella volvoraceae for all the three treatments. The highest IVDMD of 76.1±3.86
for UT, 82.7± 0.45 for ST and 87.2± 2.02 for UrT was obtained with Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
From the results of this study it was concluded that Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain appears to be
quite promising in improving the digestibility of the poor quality roughage like ragi straw.
FP 4
Effect of Pleurotus florida on nutritive value of
wheat stubble and date palm leaf
Abdolmehdi Kabirifard, Farrokh Kafilzadeh* and Hassan Fazaeli**
Animal Science Division, Research Center of Agriculture and
Natural Resources of Boushehr Province, Iran
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Pleurotus florida on the voluntary feed intake
and digestibility of wheat stubble and date palm leaf. This experiment was tested in a complete random-
ized design with eight Shall male sheep (four replicate for each treatment), 41.5±1.5 initial live weight and
2 years of age. The treatments were: A)Untreated wheat stubble (UTWS); B)Mycelial treated wheat
stubble (MTWS); C)Fungal treated wheat stubble after the first harvesting of mushroom (FTWS1); D)Fungal
treated wheat stubble after the second harvesting of mushroom (FTWS2); E)Untreated date palm leaf
(UDPL); F)Mycelial treated date palm leaf (MTDPL); G)Fungal treated date palm leaf after the first
harvesting of mushroom (FTDPL1). The OMI and DOMI (g/kg MBW) of the MTWS were significantly
(P<0.05) increased in comparison with the UTWS. The DOMI (g/kg MBW) of the MTDPL was signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) in comparison with the UTDPL. The DMI and OMI (g/day) of the FTWS1 and FTDPL1
were not significantly (P>0.05) in comparison with UTWS, MTWS, UTDPL and MTDPL. The DMI and
OMI (g/kg MBW) of the FTWS1 and FTDPL1 were not significantly (P>0.05) in comparison with the
UTWS, MTWS, UTDPL and MTDPL. The DOMI (g/day or g/kg MBW) of the FTWS2 was signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) decreased in comparison with the MTWS. The total tract digestibility of DM and OM in
the MTDPL was significantly (P<0.05) increased in comparison with UTDPL. The DOM of the MTWS
was significantly (P<0.05) increased in comparison with the UTWS. The DDM and DOM of the FTDPL1
were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in comparison with the MTDPL, But were not significantly (P>0.05)
decreased in comparison with the UTDPL. The DDM and DOM of the FTWS2 were significantly (P<0.05)
decreased in comparison with the MTWS and FTWS1. The DDM and DOM of the FTWS1 were not
significantly (P>0.05) decreased in comparison with the MTWS. The results indicated that the voluntary
feed intake (VFI), DDM and DOM of the MTWS and MTDPL were significantly (P<0.05) increased in
comparison with the UTWS and UTDPL, while the VFI, DDM and DOM of the FTWS1 and FTDPL1
were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in comparison with the MTWS and MTDPL.
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FP 5
Development, standardization and evaluation of scraped
surface heat exchanger for production of bypass fat using acid
oil through double decomposition method
A. Nagal, R. K. Kohli, S. K. Sirohi, S. S. Thakur
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001
Scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE) was fabricated and conditions were optimized for produc-
tion of Bypass fat by double decomposition method using acid oil. SSHE was used successfully up to the
first stage i.e saponification of oil with sodium hydroxide (NaOH).In second stage calcium salts of fatty
acid was prepared manually by adding saturated solution of calcium chloride and precipitate filtered through
cheese cloth and dried in hot air oven at 50-60o C. Dried material grinded in hammer mill to the bypass
fat in powder form. Total 18 trials were conducted and the process parameters such as feed rate, steam
pressure and speed of scraper blade were optimized. Solution of acid oil and NaOH was fed into SSHE
through feed rate control system via rotameter. The feed rate kept 10, 15,20 l/h. Steam pressure were
applied 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kg/sq. cm and speed of scraper blade studied were 125, 175 rpm. On the basis of
FFA, total yield and Ca content these parameters optimized. In case of FFA, it was found that minimum
free fatty were available in the product at feed rate of 15 l/h, which showed that the optimum reaction
took place at this feed rate. Steam pressure of 2.0 kg/sq. cm resulted into a minimum FFA due to high
heating temperature which favored the increase in the saponification reaction. Minimum FFA was obtained
when speed of rotor was kept 175 rpm. When the feed rate and steam pressure were kept at 15 l/hr with
2.0 kg/sq. cm, it gave minimum FFA in the product. Maximum yield was obtained when the reaction
between acid oil and NaOH occurred at higher degree and precipitation with calcium chloride solution
was maximum. So, maximum yield (w/v) was obtained at feed rate of 15 l/h, steam pressure of 2.0 kg/sq.
cm and speed of rotor 175 rpm. The maximum yield was obtained when feed rate of 15 l/hr with steam
pressure of 2.0 Kg/sq. cm was maintained at same optimum parameters as in case of FFA and yield.
Minimum FFA and maximum yield showed maximum calcium content in the bypass fat due to best saponi-
fication reaction. The feed rate of 15 l/h, steam pressure of 2.0 kg/sq. cm and rotor speed of 175 rpm and
combination of feed rate and steam pressure 15 l/hr and 2.0 kg/sq. cm respectively showed maximum
calcium content in the product.
FP 6
Evaluation of detoxified Leucaena leucocephala seed based diets on
growth, nutrient digestibility, rumen and blood profile in crossbred heifers
V. N. Khune* and D.W. Khire**
*Deptt. of Ani. Prod., College of Agri. & Res. Station, Jagdalpur–Bastar 494005, India.
Email: doc_vik@rediffmail.com; **Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, India
Concentrate mixture (16% DCP and 71.5% TDN) diets made by replacing either 45% or 60% DCP
through untreated-control (T1 and T4 groups), Heat treated (1000C for 1 hr. in hot air oven) (T2 and T5
groups) and Ferrous sulphate (1% Solu.) treated (T3 and T6 groups) Leucaena seeds were fed to 18
cross-bred (Jersey x Sahiwal) heifers (3 in each group on body wt. basis) which were of 22-39 months
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age in a CRD design for 60 days. The chemical composition and mimosine reduction of Leucaena seeds
and fortnightly rumen profile, blood profile, live weight and feed consumption were used to evaluate the 6
diets in CB heifers. On DM basis Leucaena seeds contained DM 93.03%, CP 29.18%, CF 8.84%, EE
6.87%, NFE 50.50%, ash 4.17% and mimosine 3.89%. The mimosine content was reduced to 1.14% by
dry heat treatment (55.4% reduction) and 1.34% by FeSO4 treatment (62.52% reduction). The avg. daily
intakes of mimosine (g/Kg b. wt.) ranged 0.03 to 0.16 g. There is no significant effect of dietary treat-
ments on daily gain in wt. (348 to 486 g), feed consumption and feed efficiency. Rumen fermentation
pattern like ruminal pH, total protozoal count, ammonia nitrogen, total N and total VFA and blood glucose
and serum total protein were not significantly affected among dietary treatments indicating that feeding of
Leucaena seeds has no adverse effect on these parameters. Cost/Kg gain was 23.10% lower in heat-
treated group than in untreated group. Heat treatment appears to be most practical and cheaper method
for mimosine reduction hence recommended.
FP 7
Amino acids nitrogen and N-fractions in duodenal
digesta as affected by feeding processed soybean cake
S. R. Bhagwat1 and Arun Srivastava
Department Of Animal Nutrition
College Of Veterinary Science & A.H.,Sdau, Sardarkrushinagar -385506
One crossbred male calf fitted with duodenal fistula was selected from the herd at National Dairy
Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) and fed a concentrate mixture containing soybean cake either un-
treated (T1)or treated with heat(T2), formaldehyde(T3) and tannic acid(T4), respectively. Switch over
design was followed. After a preliminary feeding of 10 days on experimental diets, samples of duodenal
digesta were drawn at 0,1,3,5,7 and 10 h after feeding of concentrates. TN was determined by conven-
tional microkjeldahl. NPN was determined by precipitating 5 ml duodenal digesta with 5 ml of 10 %
TCA. After 4 hours samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. Nitrogen in supernatants of
above were determined by conventional microkjeldahl,s method. TCA-N is calculated by subtracting
NPN from TN. Ammonia nitrogen was determined by micro diffusion technique of Conway. Amino acids
nitrogen was estimated using DNFB as per Goodwin. Mean TN (mg/100ml) was 91.27± 9.92, 91.27
±9.92, 94.66±10.12 and 92.58±9.44, TCA-N (mg/100ml) was 65.19±7.94, 64.93±7.80, 68.59±8.20
and 65.98±7.98, NPN(mg/100ml) was 26.08±2.47, 26.34±2.19, 26.08±2.52 and 26.60±2.09, Ammo-
nia nitrogen (mg/100ml) was 12.31±0.25, 11.94±0.20, 12.05±0.28 and 11.72±0.22, Amino acids
nitrogen(moles/ml) was 2.07±0.42, 3.94±0.36, 2.38±0.19 and 2.26±0.40, respectively in untreated, heat,
formaldehyde and tannic acid treated groups, respectively.
FP 8
Effect of feeding urea treated roughages based complete rations
on performance of cross bred cows
V. H. Kalbande, S. M. Wankhede and S. B. Subhedar
Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Parbhani. Maharashtra
A feeding trial of 100 days duration was carried out to assess the effect of feeding roughage based
complete rations on performance of crossbred (HF x Deoni) cows, maintained under four different feed-
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ing regimens and two different methods using homogenously mixed un-treated and urea treated sugarcane
by-products with various crop residues and balanced concentrate mixture in the ratio of either 70:30 or
60:40.
One balanced concentrate mixture using locally available raw feed ingredients was manufactured.
Twenty four lactating crossbred (HF X Deoni) cows in first, second or third lactation (359.58 ±8.85 kg
body weight) were selected and randomly distributed into four groups of six calves each. The cross bred
cows were added in each group immediately after parturition and maintained for 100 days. The cows in
control group (C) were offered roughages on the farm (dry and green) ad-libitum with measured quantity
of balanced concentrate mixture separately as per conventional / traditional method of feeding. The cows
in experimental group T1, T2 and T3 were offered ad-libitum balanced Complete Rations CR1, CR2 and
CR3 ad-libitum respectively. The voluntary feed intake of cows recorded in terms of average total dry
matter intake(kg), average daily dry matter intake (kg), dry matter intake (kg) per 100 kg body weight
(P<0.01) and dry matter intake g/per kg metabolic weight (W 0.75) body weight was significantly (P<
0.01) higher in experimental calves in T1, T2 and T3, the values being 941.16,9.41,2.46 and
108.19;941.66,9.41, 2.43 and 11.16; 952.5, 9.52, 2.57 and 112.86 respectively. The corresponding
values for the cows in control group(C) were found to be 785.00, 7.85, 2.08 and 91.53 respectively. The
lactating cows in experimental group T1,T2 and T3 fed complete ration CR1,CR2 and CR3 respectively
recorded significantly (P< 0.01) higher average total milk yield (kg) and average daily milk yield (kg),feed
efficiency(kg dry matter per kg milk produced) and feed cost per kg milk produced. The values being
926.66, 9.26, 0.99 and 2.75; 946.66, 9.46, 0.99 and 2.71; 986.66, 9.86, 0.97 and 2.56 respectively.
The corresponding values for cows in control group (C) were found to 5554.16, 5.43, 1.46 and 4.05 The
average total gain in body weight was also significantly (P<0.01) higher in cows in T1, T2 and T3 fed
complete rations CR-1, CR-2 and CR-3 respectively with the values of 23.5, 22.5 and 21.5 respectively.
Digestion trial of six days duration was conducted at the end of feeding ‘experiment, per cent digestibility
of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, ADF and NDF were significantly (P< 0.01) higher for experimental ration CR-
1, CR-2 and CR-3 as compared to control ration (C). The corresponding values being 67.63, 57.21,
59.12, 62.43, 63.19, 63.57, 61.90, 62.86; 60.71, 61.79, 63.33, 62.01, 62.07, 66.84, 61.24, 62.02;
60.51, 61.80, 62.44, 63.66, 62.08, 65.33, 64.42 and 63.23 respectively. The corresponding values for
control ration C were found to be 49.53, 48.76, 50.03, 48.54, 61.86, 55.27, 50.19 and 50.71. The
nutritive value (%) of control ration C and experimental rations CR1,CR2 and CR3 (Urea treated rough-
ages plus concentrate mixture) estimated in terms of DCP and TDN were found to be 6.87, 47.45; 8.74,
59.15;10.12, 54.83 and 9.86 and 58.47 respectively, the difference being significant (P< 0.01). The
results of the studies indicated that the use of urea treated poor quality roughages is quite beneficial when
fed in the form of complete rations compared to conventional / traditional method of feeding to lactating
cows.
FP 9
Investigation of effect of different levels of urea and molasses and
duration of treatment on chemical composition of date palm leaves
M. H. Sadeghi, A. M. Kabirifard, M. Dashtizadeh
The Center for Research in Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bushehr, Iran
In order to study of effect of different levels of urea and molasses and duration of treatment on
chemical composition of date palm leaves an experiment was done on the completely randomized design
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with factorial arrangement contain 3 levels of molasses (0, 5 and 10%) and 4 levels of urea (0, 2, 4 and
6%) in 2 duration of treatment (21 and 24 day) with 3 replication. The results indicated that increasing
duration of treatment from 21 to 24 day increased DM, ash, NDF, ADF, ADL, pH and decreased CP.
Increase in levels of molasses to 10%, decreased Ash, CF, NDF, pH and increased CP. Increase in levels
of urea, increased CP, pH and decreased ash CF, NDF (P<0/05). The use of 4 or 6% urea. 10%
molasses and 21 day duration of treatment improved chemical composition of date palm leaves.
FP 10
Feeding of urea enriched wheat and paddy straw to dairy cattle
and buffaloes for better productivity
D. S. Sohi, Shiv Prasad, Sohan Vir Singh, Gopal Sankhala and Narendra Singh
ACTIC, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001
In order to improve the nutritive values of low grade roughages viz. wheat and paddy straw, this is
available abundantly in paddy wheat production system under irrigated agro-eco-zone. These roughages
were treated with 4% urea under farmer’s field conditions mainly during lean period (May-June and Oct.–
Nov.) of green fodder availability. To see the effect of feeding the urea enriched straw on milk productivity
and health status of animals. Field trials on feeding this enriched wheat and paddy straw was conducted
on 50 each of cattle and buffaloes in adopted villages around Karnal district of Haryana. Initially these
animals were monitored for 3 weeks on the untreated straw as fed by the farmer as a control. Subse-
quently switch over to the feeding of 4% urea treated enriched straw and fed for 8 weeks continuously.
The results of the study revealed an increase in milk production of 0.80 and 0.60 litre/day in cattle and
buffaloes respectively by feeding the wheat enriched straw. The corresponding increase in milk production
was 0.75 and 0.60 litre/day in cattle and buffaloes after feeding the enriched paddy straw. It was also
noticed that urea enrichment of straws could to save the farmers an equivalent of about 0.8-1.0 Kg
concentrate per day per animal besides improved health and other benefits. In spite of the technology is
proven one but adoption levels are poor. In the present research paper, benefits and constraints in adop-
tion of technology will be discussed.
FP 11
Fermented rice straw as a source of nutrients for livestock
K. Kaur, J. Kaur, M. Wadhwa and M. P. S. Bakshi
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
The study was undertaken to assess the effect of fermented (FRS) and unfermented rice straw (UFRS)
on availability of nutrients and on the microbial changes in the rumen of male buffaloes, as rumen microbial
fermentation pattern is the key to utilization of nutrients and in turn the productive performance of dairy
cattle. Two trials were conducted on three rumen fistulated male buffaloes. A digestibility trial was con-
ducted for 7 days on 4 animals in each group after feeding diet for 21 days. Simultaneously, the animals
were fed either unfermented rice straw supplemented with concentration of high CP content (21.24%) or
fermented rice straw supplemented concentrate mixture of low CP (17.14%) for 21 days. The rumen
liquor was collected for 3 consecutive days and pooled rumen liquor was analysed for microbial popula-
tion and rumen metabolite profile. The significantly higher activity of microbial population in the rumen of
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animals fed FRS was observed as compared to those fed UFRS. Bacteria and protozoa population in
animals fed FRS was higher than that observed in rumen of animals fed UFRS. The microbial population
(bacteria and protozoa) increased from 4.39 x 109/ml to 1.06 x 1010 and 3.90 x 104 to 5.12 x 104/ml
after feeding UFRS and FRS, respectively. The biochemical changes in the rumen of buffalo calves re-
vealed significant (P<0.05) improvement in TVFA production when the diet was offered as FRS as com-
pared to UFRS, indicating efficient utilization of nutrients from fermented rice straw. The NPN concentra-
tion in the rumen liquor was observed higher (P<0.05) in animals fed UFRS, as compared to those fed
FRS, resulting in considerably higher TCA precipitable N concentration in FRS as compared to UFRS,
which may result in higher synthesis of microbial protein. The total nitrogen excretion as percent of total
nitrogen intake was low in buffalo calves fed UFRS as compared to those fed FRS, resulting in consider-
ably higher N retention & apparent biological value. The digestibility of NDF and that of cellulose and
hemicellulose was low in animals fed unfermented rice straw as compared to animals fed fermented rice
straw. The study conclusively revealed that burning of rice straw should be avoided to prevent global
warming and should be fed after urea fermentation, to bridge the gap between demand and supply of feed
resources.
FP 12
Effect of feeding urea-treated and urea ammoniated sorghum
stover based rations by growing buffaloes
P. C. Dangi and A. L Taparia
RCA, Maharana Pratap university of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313001
Nine male growing Surti buffaloes were utilized in a 3x3 Latin square design replicated thrice with
three period of 32 days each to compare the effect of feeding, ad lib 4% urea treated sorghum stover at
40% moisture level (T3) and 1 % fresh urea solution sprayed stover (T2) and untreated sorghum stover
(T1). Animals were fed concentrate mixture as per requirement. The digestibility coefficients of DM and
nutrients of T3 were higher than T2 and T1 and that of T2 also higher than T1 (P<0.01). The TDN and
DCP value of ration for treatments T1, T2 and T3 were 47.79 and 3.72; 53.98 and 6.53; 64.72 and 9.96
respectively. The absolute Dry Matter Intake (Kg.), when expressed on body weight basis (%BW) and
on metabolic body size basis (g/kgW0.75) of Urea-ammoniated ration (T3) and 1% fresh urea solution
sprayed stover (T2) were higher then the control ration (T1) and that of T3 also higher than the T2 (P<0.01).
Nitrogen balance of animals of T3 and T2 was higher than that the T1 and that of T3 also higher than T2
(P0.01) Urea and Urea-ammonia treated sorghum stover fed groups animals had higher (P0.01) weight
gain as compared to the control. Feeding of treated sorghum stover rations reduced the feeding cost / kg
live weight gain. Low crude protein and high crude fiber content characterize sorghum stover. It has low
digestibility and relatively low level of intake. It can not support maintenance requirement of animals and
hence its utilization value needs to be improved. Urea treatment / Urea ammoniation of low grade rough-
age are suitable measures for improving utilization of such feeds and attracting sufficient interest of re-
searchers. Improvement in digestibility of DM and nutrients, feed intake, N status and live weight gains of
animals fed urea ammonia treated Dry grass / Maize stover based rations have been observed by Singh
and Taparia (1992, 1997). The processing cost of the roughages is low and technique simple (Natrajan
et.al., 1994). Little work has been done to compare the effect of fresh urea treatment and ammoniation
on utilization of sorghum stover based ration.
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FP 13
Detoxification of jatropha (Jatropha curcas) meal by
various physical and chemical methods
S. K. Saha, Shrikant Katole and V. R. B. Sastry
Animal Nutrition Division
Indian veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, India
Jatropha meal is a protein rich agro forest based feed ingredient available in India. Recently, due to
importance of biodiesel production from jatropha oil, the cultivation of jatropha plant is being popularized
in India. There is a scope to get the meal in sufficient quantities at a very cheaper rate, which can be
utilized as an animal feed as a protein source. Despite rich in protein (CP, 30-60%), jatropha meal is
seldom used as an animal feed due to presence of incriminating factors such as lectin, phorbol ester,
trypsin inhibitor and phytate. An attempt was made to reduce the lectin content, which possess haemaglutinating
and proteolytic activities, by means of different physical and chemical means. Physical treatments such as
boiling (30 min), pressure cooking, water washing(12, 24 and 48 h), roasting (50°C and 100°C for 20,
30 and 40 min) and the chemical treatments such as sodium chloride(l,2,3 %,w/w). Sodium hydroxide
(0.25, 0.5 and 1%), calcium hydroxide(0.25,0.5 and 1%) and urea ammoniation (1, 2, 3 %, w/w) were
tried for detoxification. Among various methods of processing tried on laboratory scale, moist heating and
pressure cooking were found promising in reducing toxicity among the physical methods and treatment
with 1% NaCI, 0.25% lime and 1% NaOH among the chemical methods were found promising for
detoxification based on the reduction of haemagglutination activity of sheep and goat RBC.
FP 14
Effect of inclusion of processed jatropha (Jatropha curcas) meal at graded
level in concentrate mixture on in vitro rumen fermentation
Shrikant Katole, S. K. Saha and V. R. B. Sastry
Indian veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, India
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of inclusion of variously processed jatropha meal in
he concentrate mixture on in vitro dry matter degradahility (DMD) and rumen fermentation. Thirteen iso-
nitrogenous and iso-caloric concentrate mixture, including a control, were formulated by incorporating
raw and variously processed jatropha meal [1% NaCI and 0.5% lime treated] at four levels (25, 50, 75
and 100%). In vitro DMD was carried out as per the method of Tilley and Tarry (1963). Dry matter
degradability was significantly (P<0.01) lowered when processed jatropha meal was incorporated in the
concentrate mixture as compared to the control. However, no significant (P<0.05) difference was ob-
served due to different levels of incorporation of chemically treated jatropha meal in the concentrate
mixture. Significant (P<0.05) reduction in total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration was observed due
to inclusion of processed jatropha meal in the concentrate mixture when compared to control. The con-
centration of NH3-N (mg/100 ml) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the experimental groups than con-
trol. However, among processed cakes, common salt and lime treatment improved DMD and TVFA
production as compared to raw jatropha meal incorporated concentrate mixture, Hence, it may be con-
cluded that jatropha meal could be included in concentrate mixtures after treatments to partially replace
costly and scarce oil cakes in the livestock diets.
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FP 15
Ensiling rice straw with supplementation of aquatic plants and
urea for enrichment of nutritive value
M. J. Khan, M. A. Malek and K. M. S. Islam
Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of ensiling rice straw with urea (4 per cent),
molasses (2per cent), soybean meal (4per cent) and supplementation with aquatic plants viz. water hya-
cinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Azolla (Azolla pinneta) and two varieties of duck weeds (LT-Lemna trisulaca
& LP-Lemna perpusila) on nutritive value. Chemical composition, NH3–N production, energy value, or-
ganic matter digestibility (OMD) and in situ disappearance of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP)
were studied. Crude protein, organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), metabolizable energy (ME) and in
sacco degradability of DM and CP increased progressively with increased level of aquatic plant supple-
mentation. Ensiling straw with supplementation of 25per cent water hyacinth (WH) or azolla (AZ) or duck
weeds results an increase in CP content from 12.2 to 18.7, OM 88.3 to 89.5, EE 3.1 to 4.1, NFE 38.2
to 44.3, ash 10.5 to 11.7 and decreased CF content from 29.7 to 27.4per cent. Supplementation of
35per cent AZ and LP improved (P<0.01) in sacco disappearence of both DM and CP. The CP disapperence
showed significant (P<0.01) difference both for source and level of aquatic plants used. Use of both
species of duck weed significantly (P<0.01) improved the (OMD). Nutritional value of rice straw can be
improved by ensiling with the addition of urea, molasses, soybean seed meal (SSM) and aquatic plants.
FP 16
Associative effect of calcium hydroxide and polyethylene glycol
treatment on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility
of nutrients of Acacia nilotica pods
Merga, Bayassa and S.N. Rai
Ground babul (Acacia nilotica) pods (18.37% tannins) were treated with calcium hydroxide (3%,
w/w) followed by different levels of PEG-4000 @ 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 PEG: tannin ratios with
reaction period of 24 h in polythene bags at room temperature, The Chemical composition of treated
Babul pods (Acacia nilotica) revealed that OM content ranged from 88.83% in 0.25 level to 91.03% in
0.05 level of PEG. In present study, OM, CP, NDF, ADF reduced significantly (P<0.05) with increasing
level of PEG, from 0.05 to 0.25 PEG: tannin ratio. Crude Protein contents of treated babul pods were
14.68, 14.47, 14.42, 14.87, 14.22 and 13 86 % respectively, for 3% calcium hydroxide with different
levels of PEG and remained similar in different groups. Similarly, NDF, ADF and Ash contents were also
not affected by the levels of treatments. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in treated Babul pods
ranged from 62.08 per cent in calcium hydroxide treated samples to 69.89 per cent in calcium hydroxide
plus PEG at 0.25 level Increasing level of treatment resulted in respective increase in dry matter digestibil-
ity. Similar trend was observed for IVOMD which increased from 69.08% in calcium hydroxide treated
babul pods to 74.15% in calcium hydroxide with o.25 level of PEG. The IVCPD also increased from
55.42% in calcium hydroxide treated babul pods to 67.65% in calcium plus PEG treated with 0.25 levels
respectively. It is concluded that additional solubilization effect of PEG over calcium hydroxide treatment
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of babul pods was observed in this experiment which increased the digestibility of different nutrients. The
best treatment effect was notices at 3 per cent Ca (OH)2 plus 0.25 level of PEG: tannins ratio.
FR 17
In vitro studies of TMR containing different levels of babul pods treated
either with calcium hydroxide or polyethylene glycol-4000
Deepak Kumar Dubey and S. N. Rai
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001
In vitro study was conducted to see the efficacy of chemical treatments to nullify harmful effects of
tannins on nutrients digestibility. Different levels of babul pods in TMR, equivalent to 4, 5, 6 and 7 per
cent tannins either treated with calcium hydroxide or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-4000 were compared
with total mixed ration devoid of babul pods. In calcium hydroxide treated group, babul pods were
treated with 3 per cent calcium hydroxide along with 20 per cent moisture, however, in polyethylene
glycol treated (PEG) group, PEG-4000 with the ratio of 0.5:1.0 of PEG-4000: Tannins were used. The
OM, CP, NDF and ADF contents of without babul pods containing TMR were 90.72, 13.77, 48.01 and
31.99 per cent respectively. The average OM, CP, NDF and ADF contents of calcium hydroxide treated
different levels of babul pods containing TMR were 88.72, 13.26, 47.94 and 31.37 per cent respectively.
The average OM, CP, NDF and ADF contents of polyethylene glycol-4000 treated different levels of
babul pods containing TMR were 89.96, 13.38, 47.14 and 30.62 per cent respectively. The comparison
of in- vitro nutrient digestibility in terms of IVDMD, IVOMD, IVCPD and IVGP was done among all the
treatment groups. The significantly higher (P<0.01) IVDMD and IVGP were found in 6 per cent babul
pods tannins containing TMR, treated with calcium hydroxide or 5 per cent babul pods tannins containing
TMR treated with polyethylene glycol as compared to without babul pods containing TMR. The signifi-
cantly (P<0.01) higher IVOMD and IVCPD were found in 5 per cent babul pods tannins containing
TMR treated either with calcium hydroxide or polyethylene glycol as compared to without babul pods
containing TMR. It was concluded from the study that inclusion of babul pods in TMR equivalent to 5 per
cent tannins either treated with calcium hydroxide or polyethylene glycol-4000 may be used to nullify the
harmful effects of tannins.
FP 18
Synergistic effect of calcium hydroxide and polyethylene
glycol treatment on tannin degradation and in vitro
gas production of Acacia nilotica pods
Merga, Bayassa and S. N. Rai
Ground babul (Acacia nilotica) pods (18.37% tannins) were treated with calcium hydroxide fol-
lowed by different levels of PEG-4000 @ 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 PEG: tannin ratios with reaction
period of 24 h in polythene bags at room temperature to study the tannin degradation and in vitro gas
production. The results revealed that different components of tannins such as total tannin, condensed
tannin, hydrolysable tannins and total phenol contents were non-significantly lower than the calcium hy-
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droxide treated babul pods but decreased significantly when compared with native babul pods. In 3% Ca
(OH)2 treated samples, degradation was 81.93 % over untreated. The degradation of tannin was higher
(P<0.05) in PEG with calcium hydroxide treated babul pods. This increased from 87.15 to 93.20 % as
the level of treatment increased from 0.05 to 0.25 level of PEG with calcium hydroxide as compared to
native babul pods. In 3 % Ca (OH)2 with PEG treatments of babul pods increased the IVGP from
161.74±9.34 ml/g substrate in 0.05 level to 175.46±11.20 in 0.10 level of PEG and then reduced to
128.57±8.13 ml/g substrate in 0.25 level of PEG with 3 % Ca(OH)2 treatment. In 3% Ca (OH)2 treated
babul pods IVGP increased significantly (P<0.05) to 131.42±8.45 ml/g as compared to native babul
pods (81.18 ml/g substrate).The trend of gas production kinetic showed that each treatment (ml/g) was
significantly (P<0.05) increased in the 1st stage kinetics (0-24 h incubation) compared to second stage
kinetics (24-48h incubation.) IVGP ml/g/hr also followed similar trend. The highest gas production (ml/g)
was observed in 3 % Ca (OH)2 with PEG combination at 0.25 level (70 ml/g) in the first stage kinetics at
12 h incubation. But overall gas production was highest (175 ml/g) at 0.10 level of PEG with 3 % Ca
(OH)2 treatment. In the first stage kinetics (0-24 hrs) IVGP (ml/g) was lower in untreated Babul pods
while, in second stage kinetics, the gas production remained higher due to slow release of bound organic
matter in fermenting bottles as compared to the treated groups. It is concluded that the treatment of babul
pods with calcium hydroxide (3%, w/w) followed by PEG at 0.10 levels: tannin ratio was best in enhanc-
ing the degradation of tannins which also increased the rate of IVGP.
FP 19
Effect of feed particle size and mixing time on the mixing
efficiency of animal feeds
Zile S. Sihag, Nand Kishore and R. S. Berwal
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, India
The feed ingredients were ground through a country made hammer mill using five different screens
having hole sizes viz. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6mm. The feed ingredients were mixed in a batch type vertical mixer
for 10, 15 and 20 minutes. Samples were analyzed for total ash, salt and number of whole maize grains in
each sample. Co-efficient of variance was determined for each parameter. The co-efficient of variance
decreased with increase of mixing time. The co-efficient of variance ranged from 9.30 to 32.85%. Twenty
minutes mixing time was best among the three time periods tried (having less than 10% CV) for the grains
ground through 3, 4 and 5mm sieves. However, with 2 and 6mm screen size satisfactory mixing could not
be attained even at 20 minutes of mixing time.
FP 20
Effect of compaction of mustard (Brassica cmpestris) straw based
complete feed on rumen fermentation pattern in sheep
R. K. Dhuria, T. Sharma, G. R. Purohit, Deepika Dhuria and R. S. Arya
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of compaction of mustard straw in complete feed
on rumen fermentation pattern in Magra sheep. The complete feed diet consisting of mustard straw 60
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parts, groundnut cake 15 parts, de oiled rice bran 5 parts, barley 5 parts, guar korma 12 parts, mineral
mixture 2 parts and common salt 1 part each was prepared in loose and compressed form to study the
effect of compaction on rumen parameters. The complete feed in loose (T1) and compressed form (T2)
were prepared by applying compaction of 4000 PSI and fed to eight Magra sheep divided in two equal
groups for 120 days. Rumen parameters viz., pH, Total volatile fatty acid, rumen ammonium nitrogen and
total protozoal count were estimated at 0, 3 and 6 hours post feeding. There were no significant differ-
ences in pH, total volatile fatty acid and total protozoal count values among mash and compressed form of
complete feed fed groups, but the time of sampling post feeding had significant effect on all the param-
eters. Rumen pH was 6.93±0.08 and 6.84±0.04 and total volatile fatty acid were 74.91± 2.26 and
76.87± 2.71mEq/L in mash and compressed feed fed groups. Total protozoal count (X105/ ml) were
4.05± 0.25 and 3.85±0.13 for T1 and T2 treatment groups There was a significant difference in rumen
ammonia nitrogen concentration among the groups. The rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration (mg/dl)
was significantly higher (14.41±0.51) in group T1 than in group T2 (12.48±0.43). The results of the study
indicated that mustard straw can be used as a sole roughage source in complete feed for sheep and the
compaction of complete feed improved the nutrient utilization by improving rumen fermentation pattern in
sheep.
FP 21
Process and machines for crop residue based feed block production
Amar Singh1, S. K. Jha2, Adarsh Kumar3 and J. S. Panwar4
1,3,4
Division of Agricultural Engineering, 2Division of Post Harvest Technology
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012
In its natural form, most biomass is difficult to utilize as it is bulky, wet and dispersed. Disadvantages
of biomass include inefficient transportation, and large volumes required for storage. To solve these prob-
lems, biomass densification holds extreme importance. Biomass densification is defined as compression of
biomass to remove inter and intra-particle voids. Livestock population in India is huge; the problem of
production, distribution and management of the animal fodders is, accordingly, of very high magnitude.
The animal feed in the country is based on major constituents of dry roughage from crops. However, due
to inherent low density of dry roughages, their transportation and storage is a big problem. Consequently,
these roughages have often been burnt in the surplus areas. But now-a-days, stringent legal laws are being
implemented to ban the burning of straws. Therefore, there has been constant search for economic use of
these materials. It has been reported that the crop residues that are enriched and densified in the form of
blocks, pellets, briquettes etc. can economically be transported at lower cost from the surplus to deficit
regions. Feed block technology has especially been recommended strongly by animal nutrition experts in
our country due to its various distinct advantages like low energy consumption in processing, easy incor-
poration of ingredients, no rise in temperature during processing etc. But the lack of suitable machines
remained a problem in popularisation of this technology. Production of feed blocks requires several unit
operations like chopping, grinding, crushing, mixing, conveying, and densification. Depending upon the
crop residue, either all or some of these operations are carried out for production of feed blocks. All these
operations are time consuming, drudgerous and labour intensive, if carried out manually. Therefore, it is
very important to develop appropriate machines for each of these operations.
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FP 22
Densification of crop residues
S. K. Jha1, Amar Singh2 and Adarsh Kumar3
1
Division of Post Harvest Technology, 2,3Division of Agricultural Engineering,
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012
Crop production in the country has achieved new feats. This has simultaneously led to increased
production of crop residues, which are usually considered as waste despite their huge potential for utiliza-
tion as fuel, feed and chemicals. India produces 540 million tonnes of crop residues at present. A good
alternative use for these residues is to produce cattle feed after the harvest season. The major problem
associated with these residues is their low bulk density, which causes serious problem in their transporta-
tion, storage and handling. This leads to problem in the disposal of these residues during the harvest
season. Consequently, most farmers prefer to burn them in the field itself, which leads to environmental
pollution and loss of income, which could otherwise be realized through their potential use. In order to
solve these problems, the densification process to economical level is proposed as a solution. Densifica-
tion means the use of some form of mechanical pressure to reduce the volume of residues and the conver-
sion of this material to a solid form, which is easier to handle, transport and store than the original material.
There are various methods of achieving densification using commercial machines: baling, cubing, pelleting,
and briquetting, by means of piston presses, extrusion screws or by roll presses. The roll press has been
used mainly for metallic and mineral dust compaction. Briquetting by means of piston presses and screw
extruders has been used in preparing solid fuel materials. Cubing, pelleting and baling have been frequently
used for animal feeds. One of the requirements to design, construct or improve designs in densification
systems is based mainly of the knowledge on suitable levels of process variables (die geometry, relaxation
time, die and material temperature and pressure) and of material variables (content and distribution of
moisture, size and shape of particles, size distribution of particles, biochemical and mechanical character-
istics). These variables can then be adjusted to achieve the highest density, the largest output, the best
consistency (density) and the lowest power consumption. In summary, an optimization process is required
to obtain the greatest benefit with minimum costs of processing. Such information may even result in the
proposal of new designs. The main objective of this work was to determine the optimal working param-
eters for the densification process for selected pulse straws.
FP 23
Performance of lactating murrah buffaloes on complete
diets vis-a-vis conventional ration
D. B. V. Ramana*, G. V. Krishna Reddy, G. V. Narasa Reddy,
K. Sudhakar and Y. Ramana Reddy
Department of LPM, College of Veterinary Science, R’nagar, Hyderabad-30
Complete diets were formulated using palm press fibre (20%), groundnut haulms (20%) and locally
available concentrate ingredients (60%) and processed into mash (R II) and expander-extruder (R III)
processing. These two diets were compared with conventional ration (R I) on intake, nutrient digestibility
and quantity, quality and cost of milk production in lactating graded Murrah buffaloes. The dry matter
intake was significantly (P<0.01) higher on complete diet mash (R II) when compared to expander ex-
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truder processed complete diet (R III) and conventional ration (R I). Dry matter digestibility was signifi-
cantly (P<0.01) different among three experimental diets (R I, R II and R III) and higher on R III. The
digestibility coefficients of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) and nitrogen
free extract (NFE) were significantly (P < 0.01) higher, where as crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre
(NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and cellulose were lower on complete diets (RII and R III) when
compared with conventional ration (R I). Similarly, the average milk yields were significantly (P < 0.01)
higher on complete diets (R II and R III). However, butter fat, solids not fat (SNF) and total solids (TS)
percentages were comparable among the experimental rations. The average butter fat yields were 0.54,
0.60 and 0.61 kg on R I, R II and R III, respectively. The complete diets (R II and R III) produced
significantly (P < 0.01) higher 6 per cent fat corrected milk (6% FCM) yield compared to conventional
ration (R I). Dry matter intake (DMI) per kg 6% FCM yield was significantly (P < 0.01) lower on
expander-extruder processed complete diet (R III) when compared to rations R I and R II. Cost of feed
per kg milk and 6% FCM yields were significantly (P < 0.01) lower on expander-extruder processed
complete diet (R III) and conventional ration (R I) than complete diet mash (R II). The present study
indicated that fibrous by-products like palm press fibre and crop residues like groundnut haulms can be
better utilized by incorporating in complete diets of lactating Murrah buffaloes. Further, processing of the
complete diet mash by expander-extruder processing would improve the nutritive value and nutrient utili-
zation there by resulted in higher quantity and quality of milk yield and decreased cost of feed per kg milk
production.
FP 24
Potential of maize stover from a dual-purpose hybrid in substituting
for sorghum stover in a commercial feed block
K. V. S. V. Prasad1, M. Gupta2, L. Shah3 and M. Blümmel1
1
International Livestock Research Institute, Patancheru - 502 324; 2Sehgal Foundation; 3Miracle
Fodder & Feeds, Shamshabad - 501218 AP
Sorghum stover is the single most important ingredient (53%) of a commercial feed block (CFB) for
dairy animals designed and marketed by Miracle Fodder & Feed Manufacturer in Hyderabad. However,
decreasing availability, increasing transport distances and raising costs now associated with sorghum sto-
ver urge the search for alternative stover sources. In laboratory trials at ILRI stover from maize hybrid
GTCH-3064 had similar fodder quality than the sorghum stover used for the CFB. An ad libitum feeding
trial with bulls (c. 180 kg LW) was designed at ILRI to investigate if maize stover based feed block would
promote comparable levels of livestock productivity than the CFB. Stover from GTCH-3064 was sourced
from the Sehgal Foundation at ICRISAT. Possible variation in maize stover fodder quality was introduced
by using stover from black and red soils. After grain harvest, the maize stover was chopped and trans-
ported to the CFB manufacturer who produced two experimental feed blocks (EFB) by substituting
sorghum stover with maize stover from the black (EFBMblack) and red soil (EFBMblac). Five bulls, balanced
according to LW, were allocated to a treatment. Daily intake was 35, 33 and 30 g/kg LW (P < 0.05) in
BRLS, EFBMblac and EFBMblac blocks, respectively. Daily weight gains were 1.02 kg on EFBMblac, 0.98 on
CFB and 0.79 on EFBMred (P>0.05). We conclude that quality maize stover can substitute for sorghum
stover in CFB. This offers additional income for maize grower since the feed block manufacturer currently
purchases sorghum stover for 2.4 Indian Rupees per kg.
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FP 25
Effect of feeding complete feed blocks on dry matter intake,
digestibility and milk composition
P. C. Lailer; S. S. Dahiya, D. Lal and T. R. Chauhan
Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes Hisar (Haryana)-125001
15 lactating buffaloes were divided into three groups of five each on the basis of milk yield and similar
period of calving. The study was conducted till the completion of lactation. Buffaloes were divided in three
feeding groups namely WSB group (wheat straw blocks fed group) having wheat straw and concentrate
in ratio of 60:40; BKB group (bajra kadabi blocks fed group) having bajra kadabi and concentrate in
ratio of 60: 40 and Control group buffaloes were fed according to conventional feeding schedule follow
on the farm. Buffaloes in all the groups were given green fodder as per availability. Cotton seed could not
be grinded and incorporated in the concentrate ration and blocks so it was fed separately. The ingredients
composition of concentrate mixture was maize 40; wheat bran 10; deoiled rice bran 11; GN cake 12;
mustard seed cake 12; sunflower cake 12; mineral mixture 2 and salt 1 kg per 100 kg of concentrate
mixture. Dry matter intake (kg/d) was 13.09, 13.27 and 12.59 in control, WSB and BKB fed group
respectively. Dry matter intake was maximum in WSB fed group where as it was minimum in BSB fed
group. The dry matter digestibility was maximum in WSB group fed group (61.92 %) followed by BKB
fed group (60.97 %) and was minimum in control group (59.04 %). Percent dry matter intake from dry
fodder (wheat straw and bajra kadabi) was significantly (<0.05) higher in WSB and BKB groups (4.48
and 4.75 kg/d) in comparison to the control group (3.56kg/d). The dry matter intake from wheat straw in
WSB fed group and bajra kadabi in BKB fed group was respectively 25.84 % and 34.55% more in
comparison to the dry matter intake from wheat straw in control group. The total solid in milk was 18.72,
19.20 and 18.47 % in WSB; BKB and control group respectively. The total solids was higher in those
groups having wheat straw as a basal part of their diet. Milk fat percentage was 9.17, 9.70 and 8.57 and
SNF percentage was 9.70, 9.50 and 9.90 in WSB, BKB and Control group respectively. Fat percent
was higher in those groups having wheat straw as a basal part of their diet. However the reverse trend
was observed for SNF percentage.
FP 26
Effect of different grains and byproducts on the hardness and
chemical composition of lick blocks
Zile S. Sihag, Nand Kishore and R. S. Berwal
The feed ingredients viz. oil seeds (til seed, sunflower seed, lin seed, mustard seed and cotton seed),
oil seed cakes/meals (cotton seed cake, ground nut cake, mustard cake, deoiled ground nut cake and
soyabean meal), cereals (barley, oat, wheat, maize, bajra and jawar), cereal byproducts (wheat bran, rice
polish and deoiled rice bran), and pulses (bakla, rice bean, gram, methi, masoor, urd, moong & guar)
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were ground through a hammer mill fitted with 4mm sieve. The blocks were prepared by using the cold
process. The level of molasses (40), urea (12), CaO (6), mineral mixture (6), phosphoric acid (1) and
each feed ingredient (35) were kept constant. The hardness of blocks was measured by using a pen-
etrometer. The hardness of the blocks was significantly (P<0.05) higher with cereal byproducts followed
by oilseed cakes, pulses, cereals and oil seed. The hardness of the blocks was maximum (16.37 Kg/cm2)
with wheat bran but the problem of cracks in the blocks was observed. The CP content of cakes/meal
based blocks was significantly (P<0.05) higher than other categories of feed ingredients and lowest in
cereal based blocks. There was a negative correlation between the hardness and fat content of blocks.
The hardness of the blocks was minimum (0.71 Kg/cm2) with oil seeds based blocks. It was concluded
that the blocks of desired hardness can be formulated by altering the ingredients composition and CP
content of the blocks was also affected by the individual feed ingredient.
FP 27
Influence of feeding urea molasses mineral blocks (UMMB) on
blood biochemical parameters of buffaloes
Z. S. Sihag*, B. S.Punia, Inderjeet Singh and R. S. Berwal*
*CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India
Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, India
Four types of urea molasses mineral blocks (B1, B2, B3 and B4) were manufactured using cold
process. B1 and B2 contained 17% deoiled rice bran (DORB) whereas B3 and B4 contained 17% wheat
barn (WB). Further, 10% mustard cake (MC) in B1 and B3 was replaced with 10% deoiled sunflower
cake (SFC). Other feed ingredients (in percentages: molasses 55; urea 8; calcium oxide 4; guar gum 2;
dicalcium phosphate 1; trace mineral mixture 1 and common salt 1) were similar in all groups. These
blocks were offered adlib to four rumen fistulated Murrah buffalo steers (84 mo., 500 kg BW) along with
adlib wheat straw for 21 days each in a 4x4 Latin-square switch over design. Peripheral blood samples
were collected once daily over terminal three days of UMMB feeding to obtain mean values of each
group. Samples were also obtained from one non fistulated animal managed as per farm’s conventional
feeding and managemental practices (control). Daily mean dry matter intake through wheat straw (kg/
day) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment B1 (6.52), B3 (6.51) and B4 (6.59) than B2 (5.56),
while dry matter intake through UMMB was comparatively more in B2. Blood glucose levels were with in
the normal range for adult ruminants in all groups. Marginally higher plasma protein concentration may
indicate greater availability of amino acids in UMMB fed steers. All animals, including the control were
provided with balanced ration including mineral supplementation, hence calcium and phosphorous varied
with in the normal range. BUN values were comparatively higher in B2 than other groups which may be
related to lower water excretions and comparatively more nitrogen intake due to higher UMMB con-
sumptions in this group. Activities of SGOT and SGPT were comparatively lower in the steers kept on
B4. In comparison, activity of alkaline phosphatase, released in response to damage to liver and intestinal
epithelium was greatly increased in B2. In conclusion, long term adlib feeding of UMMB does not have
any adverse effect on biochemical parameters in buffaloes.
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FP 28
Preparation of stylo meal and its quality evaluation under
different storage conditions
P. N.Dwivedi* and P. K. Pathak
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India-284003
*Animal Nutrition, FM&PHT Division
The technology was developed for stylo harvesting, collection and processing as leaf meal. One
hectare field of Stylosanthes hamata was harvested every year and meal prepared. The size of leaf meal
was standardized on the basis of In Sacco DM digestibility of Stylo cut in different sizes. Small cut size
(0.5mm) shown better digestibility and the digestibility percent decreased with increase in cut size. In
Sacco CP digestibility of Stylo cut in different sizes was also higher in small cut size treatments.
The prepared meal were stored for one year in locally made structures of about 25 m3 capacity and
in gunny bags and in polythene packets for storage study. The meal had 12.91% CP initially at the time of
storage. CP content of stored stylo meal reduced from 12.90 to 11.30% in local structure, 11.41% in
gunny bags and loss was minimum in polythene bags (11.70 percent). Thus, stylo meal is a good source of
leaf protein and can be stored safely up to one year to feed the livestock during lean period or throughout
the year.
FP 29
Effect of storage of maize cobs based complete diet
on its nutritional quality
D. Nagalakshmi, P. Pavani and M. Rajendra Prasad
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad- 500 030
The effect of storage period, storage structure and preservative on keeping quality of maize cobs
based complete diet was studied for a period of 6 months. The samples collected at the monthly intervals
were assessed for nutrient composition, microbial load and aflatoxin. Storing of complete diet in HDPE
bags with no preservative had higher (P<0.01) OM, CP, NFE and cell contents and lower (P<0.01) CF,
NDF, ash and aflatoxin level compared to gunny bags stored feed. Combination of 2% neem oil and 0.5
% calcium propionate added to gunny bag stored feed increased (P<0.01) the OM, CP, NFE and cell
content and decreased the fungal and aflatoxin concentration. Addition of single preservatives or combina-
tion had no effect on nutrients when stored in HDPE bags. Aflatoxin level reduced (P<0.01) by adding
calcium propionate or in combination with neem oil, irrespective of storage structure. The period of stor-
age affected (P<0.01) all the nutrients. The DM, OM, CP, EE, NFE and cellulose content gradually
decreased (P<0.01), while the CF, ash, NDF and ADF increased (P<0.01) gradually with increase in
storage time. The bacterial and fungal count (log cfu/g feed) and aflatoxin (ppb) level from 0-6 months
increased significantly (P<0.01) from 4.60, 3.59 and 7.90 to 6.23, 5.55 and 88.40, respectively. The
aflatoxin level in HDPE stored feed, irrespective of preservatives was comparable between 0-2 months
and increased thereafter. Similar trend was observed for gunny bag stored complete feed containing com-
bination of preservatives, while in other gunny bag stored feeds, the aflatoxin level increased by the end of
1 month. The study indicated that nutrient quality was affected by end of 1st month itself. It is advantages
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to store maize cobs based complete diet in HDPE woven bags than gunny bags. The combination of
herbal and chemical preservatives was effective in reducing the aflatoxin and fungal load.
FP 30
Effect of ensiling maize fodder with dried
sorghum straw on the performance of animals-methodology
and milk production performance
B. G. Hol, M. B. Patil*, R. R. Shelar, U. V. Dhande and B. R. Kadam
KNP College of Veterinary Sciences, Shirwal-412 801
* Department of Animal Nutrition, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-12
The research trial involved study of methodology used for ensiling, characteristic aspects of silage and
milk production performance under two different situations viz., on college farm of KNPVC, Shirwal with
9 Pundarpuri buffaloes (510- 560 kg) and the dairy unit of farmer with 8 milking crossbred cows (490-
530 kg) situated away from college campus. Green maize was harvested at about 63-69 days after
sowing with moisture content ranging from 76-82 per cent when the crop was in silk stage, transported
immediately to animal shed and chaffed to1.5 cm size. Dried sorghum straw from sorghum grain harvest
with moisture content ranging from 9.3 to 10.7 per cent was chaffed to same size taking about 22-24 kg
straw simultaneously for every 100 kg fresh green maize fodder chaffed (DM ratio of about 20:20) to get
fair mixture of two chaffed materials filled in college silo. Farmer’s silage was made up of only fresh-
chaffed maize fodder. While chaffing was progressing, chaffed material was filled manually in silo structure
of college made up of cement and brick material of size 10.0 x 7.5x13.5 ft above ground with sidewalls
1.5 ft thick and in silo belonging to farmer having size of 8.33 x7.33x5.33 ft. Additives consisting of 8.0 g
jagery, 2.0 g fertilizer grade urea, 4.0 g common salt, 4.0 g min. mixture of standard make, 0.5 g fresh
prepared curd all were dissolved in 100 ml water and used per kg of material filled by uniform sprinkling
on filled material in silo of college. These additives were used without water in silage of farmer. Non-stop
slow filling of material was done so as to give at the end, the material filled 2.0 feet above the top level of
silo and enough manual trampling to compact the material in silo. The silos were covered from top with
polythene sheet with load of 23-25 sand filled bags. Silos were opened 62 days post filling and silage
feeding done to animals. Silage was fed at the rate of about 8-9 kg for a period of for 55 days to
buffaloes and for 105 days to cows. Feeding of concentrate mixture, limited quantity of green lucerne
fodder and adlib. dry fodder from available agril. crop residue 30 days before silage feeding and during
the period of silage feeding was kept similar and continued as per standard feeding practice taking into
consideration daily milk production and other performance of animals. Samples of ensiled material on
0,15 and 60 days of ensiling were collected for DM and CP estimation. On opening of silo, pH, physical
and palatability characters of silage were studied. Individual milk production was recorded during silage
feeding period. DM and CP content of the silage was 21.66 and 8.90 and 16.32 and 9.13 for 0 day
sample, 21.20 and 8.10 and 19.84 and 8.30 for 15 day sample and 24.85 and 7.95 and 22.63 and 7.90
per cent for college and farmers silage, respectively. On opening the silo on 62nd day, silage was having
sweet alcoholic smell in both cases, material was compact without air pockets or apparent fungal growth.
Color was light green for silage from college and dark green for silage in silo of farmer. pH was recorded
using pH papers and values for samples collected on 0, 15 and 60 days of ensiling were 7&7, 4.5&4.5
and 3.5 to 4.0 & 4.0 for silage from college and farmer, respectively. Palatability of the silage was very
good in buffaloes and cows. Average daily milk production was 5.90 and 6.57 l (about 11 per cent
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increase over that belonging to period before silage feeding) in buffalo and 9.80 and 10.70 l (about 9 per
cent increase) for period 10 days before and 10 days after start of feeding silage, respectively.
FP 31
Studies on drying rate for making berseem hay inside the poly-house
P. K. Sahoo, T. K. Dutta and R. P. Misra
Central Institute for Research on Goats
Makhdoom, Farah-281 122, Mathura, India
Availability of feed and fodder, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, is recognized as one of the
major constraints for sustainable growth in livestock sector in India. The scarcity results into malnutrition
both in terms of contents and quantity, and a cause of low animal productivity. Aspects like improving
utilization of available feed resources, overcoming scarcity situations in cost effective manner needs ap-
propriate solutions. The conservation of surplus fodder in the form of hay and silage is the best solution for
use in lean season. Drying of high moisture content fodders to an optimal moisture level is the pre-requisite
for safe storage. In Indian plains, sun drying has been observed to be more economical and less energy
intensive compared to the mechanical drying systems using commercial energy. The chemical treatments
and the mechanical conditioning techniques are rarely used for hay making. To achieve faster drying rate
the poly-house with natural ventilation has been used for hay making. Triangular hay rack was fabricated
from M.S. pipes and wire mesh. The truss was fastened to the stand by nuts and bolts. The slope of the
truss was kept at 30° so that fodder spread over will get maximum solar radiation. The wire mesh of 1" x
1" was spread over the structure and fastened by the nuts and bolts. The flexible hay rack was kept inside
the green house to study the drying rate of fodder. It was observed that the inside temperature of the
poly-house was usually 20° higher than that of the ambient temperature. The experiment was conducted
to observe the drying rate of berseem fodder in the poly-house and in ambient conditions. The swath
thickness was 2" and 4" and the average initial moisture content varies from 78% to 85% of the freshly cut
fodder as per the stage of harvesting and ambient conditions. The moisture content was reduced to less
than 10% within 32 hours of drying for 2" & 4" swath thickness inside the poly-house. For ambient solar
drying the drying duration was recorded as high as 56 hours. The drying rates were found higher inside
the poly-house than the ambient solar drying. The values were 2.35, and 2.33 for 2", and 4" swath
thickness inside the poly-house and 1.29 and 1.19 for 2" and 4" swath thickness under ambient condition.
Therefore, it may be concluded that poly-house may be used for making good quality hay due to higher
drying rate and less exposure. Using the poly-house for haymaking is having another of advantage of
prevention of charring by direct sunlight and leaching of nutrients by un-seasonal rain during hay making.
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Newer concepts in aquatic, pig and poultry

Session - V nutrition with economic implications
MG 1
Chemical analysis of oil sardine fish for feeding broilers
P. Tamilmani, B. Mohan and D. Chandrasekaran
Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal
A study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritive value of oil sardine fish meal for broilers and its
influence on fatty acid composition and keeping quality of broiler meat. The oil sardine fish meal (mean of
ten samples) contained 87.31% dry matter, 48.32% crude protein, 25.91% ether extract, 22.09% total
ash, 15.40% acid insoluble ash and 0.4% chitin. The calcium, phosphorus, sodium chloride, iron, copper,
manganese, lysine (g/16g N) and methionine (g/16g N) content in oil sardine fish meal were 4.78%,
3.09%, 1.26%, 689.69 ppm, 9.64 ppm, 60.75 ppm, 0.87 and 2.58 respectively. The true and apparent
metabolizable energy in the oil sardine fish meal samples were 3656.7 and 3385 kcal/kg, respectively. Oil
sardine fish oil contained 47.42% saturated fatty acids and 45.05% total unsaturated fatty acids. The
predominant saturated fatty acids were palmitic acid (26.14%) and myristic acid (16.22%). Among the
unsaturated fatty acids palmitoelic acid (12.91%) content was maximum followed by eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) (9.32%), oleic acid (8.48%), linoleic acid (6.26%) and docosohexaenoic acid (DHA)(6.05%).
The concentration of monounsaturated fatty acid (21.39%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (23.66%) was
almost equal. Sardine fish oil in total contained 17.40% n-3 fatty acids and 6.26% n-6 fatty acids. The
mean thiobarbituric acid value (TBA) of oil sardine fish meal samples stored at room temperature on 0,
7th, 42nd day of storage was found to be 3.98, 3.61 and 7.18 mg malondialdehyde/kg, respectively.
MG 2
Feeding value of oil sardine fish for broilers
P. Tamilmani, B. Mohan and D.Chandrasekaran
Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India
A study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritive value of oil sardine fish meal for broilers and its
influence on fatty acid composition and keeping quality of broiler meat. In a broiler trial, oil sardine fish
meal was included at 0 (T1), 2.5 (T2), 5.0 (T3), 7.5 (T4), 10.0 (T5), 12.5 (T6), and 15% (T7), levels in a
maize soyabean meal ration. At the end of sixth week, the mean weight gain and feed efficiency were
1801, 1762, 1733, 1812, 1816, 1752 and 1767g and 1.81, 1.72, 1.81, 1.75, 1.75, 1.75 and 1.83
respectively. The dressing percentage was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T6 group and weights of liver,
heart, spleen, abdominal fat, and feathers were not affected in oil sardine fish meal fed birds. The skin
weight was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T4. The tibial weight and its calcium and phosphorus contents
were found to be better when level of inclusion of oil sardine fish meal increased in the ration. The fatty
acid composition of thigh meat of broiler fed oil sardine fish meal at 0-15% inclusion level clearly indicates
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an increased concentration of saturated fatty acids (28.9 to 33.4%) and an reduction in the content of
unsaturated fatty acid (67.7 to 64%). As the level of oil sardine fish meal increased from 0-15% in the
broiler ration, there was a definite increase in EPA (0.7 to 1.8%) and DHA (1.1 to 1.8%) content of the
thigh muscles of broilers. The overall acceptability of the broiler breast meat was noticed in birds fed up to
12.5% oil sardine fish meal. Maximum profit of Rs. 1.78 /kg live weight was obtained in 15% oil sardine
fish meal group. The keeping quality of broiler meat stored in deep freezer at-10° C were evaluated based
on its pH, extract release volume (ERV), tyrosine value and thiobarbituric acid value (TBA). In all the oil
sardine fish meal groups the pH of breast muscle significantly (P<0.01) increased (5.74 vs 6.08) on the
day of slaughter to (6.23 vs 6.31) on the 55th day compared to control group. The ERV values indicated
that spoilage of meat was minimum up to 7th day of the storage. But thereafter, spoilage increased in the
same meat stored up to 21st day. The results of tyrosine value also indicated proteolysis in the thigh meat
stored beyond 14 days. TBA value clearly indicated there was less oxidation of meat in T3, T2, T1 and T6
groups stored up to 21 days, but thigh meat of broilers fed 7.5%, 10%, 15% oil sardine fish meal had
TBA value above 1.5 which indicated meat has been oxidized.
MG 3
The effects of sources of dietary fats on antibody production, bursal le-
sions and fatty acid profiles of bursa of fabricius in broiler chicks against
infectious bursal disease virus under heated and non-heated conditions
Nwe Nwe Htin1, Zulkifli Idrus2, Abd. Razak Alimon3, Mohd. Hair- Bejo and Loh Teck Chwen
1
Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar;
2, 3
Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
A total of 216-day-old broiler chicks (Cobb) were brooded in an environmentally controlled cham-
ber. From day 21 onwards equal numbers of chicks were provided one of the three finisher diets contain-
ing either 8% palm oil (PO, neither rich in n-3 nor n-6 fatty acid), 8% soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 fatty
acid), 8% flaxseed oil (FXO, rich in n-3 fatty acid). The diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and
formulated to meet the minimum requirement of NRC (1994). To prevent from oxidation the diets con-
tains 0.03% antioxidant and were mixed as needed. From day 36 to day 50, equal numbers of the birds
from all dietary groups were exposed to 38±1°C and 80% relative humidity for 2h/day. The remaining
birds were kept under non-heated condition (24±1°C). Feed and water were not provided throughout
heat challenge period. On day 37, all chicks were intranasally challenged with IBD live vaccine virus
(Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccine V877 strain, Malaysia Vaccine and Pharmaceuticals Sdn Bhd, Kuala
Lumpar, Malaysia). On day 0, 7 and 14 day post-challenge, five birds per Groups were sacrificed for
sample collections. Blood samples were collected before necropsy for antibody determination by enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assays. Upon necropsy, the fresh bursal tissue-samples were fixed in 10% buffered
formalin for lesion scoring according to the modified criteria described by Hair-Bejo et al. (2000). On
day 0 and day 14 post-challenge, the other halves of the fresh bursal tissue samples were immediately
packed in two layers of aluminium foil and were stored at –80 ºC before fatty acid analysis, which was
carried out by gas liquid chromatography according to Folch et al. (1957) modified by Rajion (1985).
Data were subjected to ANOVA using General Linear Model procedure of SAS® (SAS® institute Inc.,
1991). Antibody responses of broiler fed high dietary fat vary to the type of antigens. Significantly higher
lesion scores of bursa of Fabricius on day 7 and day 14 post-infection suggested that the chicks were
infected by IBD V877 vaccine virus. However, the effects of diet on bursal lesion scores and the effects
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of ambient temperature on antibody production and bursal lesion scores were not significant. The pre-
dominant fatty acid profiles of the bursal tissue reflected that of the dietary sources. Significant alterations
of bursal fatty acid compositions were observed prior to and post-infection. The increased amount of
oleic acid was observed in all treatment groups possibly due to induced IBDV infection.
MG 4
Effect of replacing maize with graded levels of pigment extracted
annatto (Bixa orallena) seed meal on the performance of broilers
P. Senthilkumar, Y. Ramana Reddy, S. Ramesh, S. Gobinath,
V. Ravinder Reddy and D. V. G. Krishna Mohan
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India
The effect of quantitatively replacing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of dietary maize with pigment ex-
tracted annatto (Bixa orellana) seed meal (ASM) was investigated in broiler starter and finisher. Each
one of the 5 diets was offered as mash ad lib to 4 replicates of 32 chicks each, from 0-42 days of age.
Replacement of maize with ASM up to 25 per cent level did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the body
weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and visceral organs weight while pigmenta-
tion of shank and skin colour was significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to control. There was no mor-
tality in all the dietary treatments through out the experiment. Replacing the maize with ASM more than
25% in the diet decreased the growth performance, dressing percentage and increased the visceral organ
and intestine weights and length. The study indicates that maize could be replaced with ASM up to 25 per
cent level without affecting the performance and return over feed cost in broiler starter and finisher rations.
MG 5
Associative efficiency of dietary cereals and oilseed
byproducts for broiler performance
R. A. Patil, V. S. Jadhav, S. G. Narwade and R. K. Gaikwad
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying
Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani-431 402, India
To explore the possibility of utilization locally available feed material like sorghum, bajra and saf-
flower cake, an experiment was conducted on 240 day-old Vencob broiler chicks for 6 weeks by distrib-
uting them randomly in eight uniform groups with three replications of ten chicks each. The maize of
control diet was replaced by equal proportion of jowar and bajra each at 33 per cent levels. The soybean
meal and GNC were replaced at 3.5 and 7.0 per cent and at 5.0 and 8.0 per cent level, respectively by
safflower cake. The iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous starter and finisher rations were formulated as per
BIS (1992) standards. The weekly body weights and feed consumption by the birds fed with replacement
of maize by jowar and bajra each at 33% levels and SBM as sole protein source were significantly more
(P < 0.05) than other treatments including control. However, feed efficiency ratio was not efficient with
sole GNC and without maize feeding. The proximate composition revealed that CP was more in sorghum
and bajra than maize diets whereas CF, NFE and ME were higher in maize. It was concluded that use of
local cereals grains of jowar in starter and finisher rations did not adversely affect the total body weight
and weight grains in broilers.
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MG 6
Effect of copper sulphate treatment of mustard oil cake on
the growth perormance of broiler chickens
Gloria Ngullie, H. F. Ahmed, K. D. Baruah and N. C. Nath
Deptt. of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, AAU,
Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, India
Day old Vencobb broiler chicks (280) were randomly distributed in to seven treatment groups of 40
chicks having two replicates of 20 chicks each. Two isonitrogenous and isocaloric mash diets were pre-
pared as per BIS (1992) specification for nutrient composition for starter (0-28 days) and finisher (29-42
days) broilers. Maize, rice polish, de-oiled ground nut cake and fish meal with mineral mixture and com-
mon salt were used in the control diet (T1). Mustard oil cake (MOC) was incorporated at 10 and 15
percent levels to have T2 and T5 diets respectively. MOC was treated by mixing one kg of the cake with
aqueous copper sulphate (8g in 500 ml water) and incubated for 24 hours. The mixture was then sun
dried to its original weight and used at 10 percent (T4) and 15 percent (T7) level diets. T2 and T5 diets
were supplemented with Iodine (6.67 g Potassium iodide per kg MOC) to have T3 and T6 diets respec-
tively. Chicks were reared in battery brooder for the first 21 days and then shifted to deep litter for the
rest of the trial. All the standard feeding and management practices and heath care measures were adopted
during the trial . At the end of the feeding trial a three day metabolism trial was conducted and a few
randomly selected birds were slaughtered for study of carcass traits. Significantly (P<0.05) higher live
weight gain was achieved with T4 (10% treated MOC) diet compared to other diets. Feed intake, feed
conversion ratio, digestibility of organic nutrients and retention of nitrogen, Ca and P and carcass yields
were not significantly (P>0.05) affected either by copper sulphate treatment of MOC or by iodine supple-
mentation. Inclusion of MOC in experimental diets replacing parts of de-oiled GNC of control diet re-
sulted in lower cost of feeding per kg live weight gain in all the experimental diets compared to the control
diet mainly because MOC was about 40% cheaper than DOGNEC. On the basis of growth performance,
it was concluded that MOC treated with copper sulphate could be incorporated in broiler diets with
considerable economic advantage upto 15 percent level. However, Iodine supplementation did not seem
to have any additional benefit on broiler performance.
MG 7
Effect of orange pomace on performance of broiler
by partial replacement of maize
S. B. Patel, A. A. Zanzad, B. N. Ramteke and G. B. Deshmukh
Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur 440006, India
An experiment was conducted to study effect of orange pomace on performance of broiler by

partial replacement of maize. One hundred day-old broiler chicks were distributed into 5 equal groups in
which control group was fed with standard broiler diet while in the remaining groups maize was replaced
by 5% (T1), 10% (T2), 15% (T3) and 20% (T4) orange pomace. The experimental diets were isocaloric
and isonitrogenous for all the experimental groups. Live body weight and weekly gain in weight was
increased significantly in 5% orange pomace group. No significant difference was observed in feed intake
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and feed efficiency among the treatment groups. The nitrogen retention and dressing percent was not
affected by replacement of maize with orange pomace. It was concluded that replacement of maize with
orange pomace upto 20% could be economical without affecting growth of broilers.
MG 8
Effect of locally available cereals and protein
sources on broiler production
A. A. Shah, V. H. Kalbande, S. M. Wankhede and V. D. Patil
Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Parbhani, India
The 180 straight run, day old commercial broiler chicks of “Vencob-300” were distributed into six
dietary treatments of 30 chicks with three replicates of 10 chicks each on equal body weight basis. The
experimental chicks were reared as per standard on deep litter system in well ventilated shed form 0 to 6
weeks. The starter diet fed during 0-4 weeks containing 22.19 to 23.04 per cent crude protein and
2777.75 to 2901.9 Kcal / kg ME and finisher diet during 5 and 6 weeks containing 19.28 to 20.36 per
cent crude protein and 2856 to 3021.25 Kcal / kg ME. Six iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric starter and
finisher diets were prepared by replacing 50 per cent maize by pearl millet, combination of bajra and
jowar and using various levels of protein sources viz., soybean meal, groundnut cake and cotton seed
cake. The control diet T1 was prepared with maize as energy source and soybean meal as a sole veg-
etable protein source. In T2, T3 and T4 diet, 50 per cent of maize was replaced by bajra. In T5 and T6
diets, 50 maize was replaced by using bajra and jowar in equal proportions. The soybean meal was the
sole protein source in T2 while in T3 SBM and 5 per cent cotton seed meal was used as protein source.
In T4 SBM and 9 per cent cotton seed cake were sole protein sources. In T5 diet GNC and 5 per cent
cotton seed meal and in T6 diet GNC and 9 per cent cotton seed meal were the protein sources.
At the end of 6the week, average weekly cumulative body weights (g) in treatment T1, T2, T3, T4, T5
and T6 were 1566.76, 1548.15, 1529.81, 1447.43, 1221.8 and 1237.2 g, respectively. The broilers in
T1 (control) and T2 were different form each others with non-significant variation, had significantly (P<0.01)
superior body weight gain as compared to other treatment groups. The average feed consumption per
bird per day (g) was 67.4, 66.61, 68.03, 64.15, 55.46 and 55.83 g. The broilers in T3 consumed signifi-
cantly (P<0.01) superior in T2 (1.77) and T1 (1.78) as compared to T3 (1.81), T6 (1.86)and T5 (1.88).
The average body weight was the highest in birds fed diet T1 (control) (1566g) at end of 6th weeks
whereas average total feed consumption was the highest in T3 (2857.62g) at the end of 6th week, while
the feed required per kg live weight was the lowest in T1(1806.8g). Nevertheless on the basis of cost of
feed required to produce one kg live weight gain, treatment T2 (Rs.12.76) was superior amongst all,
followed by T5 (Rs.13.03), T3 (13.09), T1 (Rs.13.35) and T4 (Rs.13.55). Maize in control diet replaced
approximately by 50 per cent bajra and soybean meal as a sole protein source is economical in terms of
cost of feed per kg live weight gain. And taking into consideration the feed conversion ratio, it may be
seen that approximately 50 per cent bajra in place of maize (T2) was superior. It was concluded that the
maize in control diet can be replaced safely by 50 percent bajra and SBM as a sole protein source to
formulate economic ration for the broilers.
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MG 9
Replacement of groundnut cake by soybean meal in broiler ration
V. H. Kalbande, S. M. Wankhede and V. N. Ghadge
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and animal Sciences,
MAFSU, Parbhani, India
Two hundred, day old “Vencobb” broiler chicks were distributed into control and four dietary treat-
ments with two replicates of 20 chicks each on equal body weight basis. The experimental chicks were
reared as per standard on deep litter system in well ventilated shed from 0-6 weeks of their age. The
experimental diet fed during 0-6 weeks containing 21.80 to 22.62 per cent crude protein and 2920.67 to
2978 Kcal / kg ME. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric starter diets were prepared by inclusion of
soybean meal in place of groundnut as T0 (control), T1 (25 per cent soybean meal), T2 (50 per cent
soybean meal) T3 (75 per cent soybean meal), T4 (100 per cent soybean meal). These diets were fed to
respective groups up to 6 weeks of age. The soybean meal contain dry matter 91.13 per cent, crude
protein 46.22 per cent, crude fibre 5.89 per cent, ether extract 19.91 per cent, total ash 6.89 per cent,
acid insoluble ash 3.01 per cent and nitrogen free extract 21.09 per cent on DMB. The average feed
intake per bird per day (g) in control group (T0) and treatment group T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 73.10,
75.78, 79.52 and 77.11 g respectively. The broilers in T3 group consumed significantly (P<0.01) more
feed than T4, T2, T1 and T0 but statistically at par with T4, T2 and T1. At the end of 6th week, average
weekly cumulative body weight (g) in control T0 and treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 1392.80, 1485.50,
1531.20, 1665.00 and 1651.60 respectively. The chicks under T3 and T4 group grew significantly
(P<0.01) faster as compared to all other treatment groups followed by T2, T1 and T0. However, T3 and T4
was significantly (P<0.01) superior in weight gain over T2, T1 and T0 groups. At the end of 6th week,
average weight gain (g) in birds in treatments T3, T4, T2, T1 and T0 were 269.60, 267.35, 247.11, 239.60
and 224.22 g respectively. The broilers in T3 and T4 did not differ from each other with non significant
variation and had significantly (P< 0.01) superior body weight gain than T1, T2 and T0 treatments groups.
The feed efficiency ratio was significantly (P< 0.01) superior in T4 (1.177) as compared to T3 (1.81), T2
(1.86), T1 (1.93) and T0 (2.00).The average body weight was the highest in birds fed diet T3 (1665 g) at
the end of 6th weeks. However, birds in treatments T4 and T2 has comparable body weight with T3 i.e.
1651.60 g and 1531.20 g, respectively. Average total feed intake was highest in T3 (2862.92 g) at the
end of 6th week. While the feed required per kg live weight was lowest in T0 (2631.65 g), nevertheless,
on the basis of cost of feed required to produce one kg weight gain in T3 (Rs.14.45) was superior
amongst all followed by T4 (Rs. 14.66), T2(Rs. 15.70), T1 (Rs.15.94)and T0 (16.39). The highest net
profit per bird was obtained in T3 (Rs.22.84) followed by T4 (Rs. 22.53), T2 (Rs. 16.76) and T0 (Rs.
13.69). The overall result of the experiment indicated that the ground nut cake in control diet can be
replaced safely up to 25 per cent level by soybean meal to formulate economic ration for the broilers.
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MG 10
Effect of replacement of maize by pearlmillet at different
levels on the performance of broiler (Vanaraja)
V. H. Kalbande, S. M. Wankhede and S. L. Salunke
One hundred fifty straight run, day old ‘Vanaraja’ chicks were distributed into control and four di-
etary treatments with three replicates of 10 chicks each on equal body weight basis. The experimental
chicks were reared as pr standard on deep litter system in well ventilated shed form 0-8 weeks. The
starter diet fed during 0-6 weeks containing 22.84 to 23.16 per cent crude protein and 2852.5 to 2898.3
Kcal/kg ME and finisher diet fed during 7th and 8th weeks were containing 19.10 to 19.75 per cent crude
protein and 2843.5 to 2944 Kcal/kg ME. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric starter and finisher diets
were prepared by inclusion of pearl millet in place of maize as T0 (control), T1 (25 per cent pearl millet),
T2 (50 per cent pearl millet), T3 (75 per cent pearl millet) and T4 (100 per cent pearl millet). These diets
were fed to respective groups up to 8 weeks of age. The pearl millet grains contained dry matter 90.02
per cent, crude protein 10.98 per cent, crude fibre 2.76 per cent, ether extract 3.94 per cent, total ash
1.88 per cent, acid insoluble ash 1.13 per cent and nitrogen free extract 80.44 per cent on DMB. At the
end of 8th week, average weekly cumulative body weight (g) in control (T0) and treatments T1, T2, T3
were 1173.8, 1142.52, 1093.86, 974.25 and 915.92, respectively. The chicks under control group T0
grew significantly (P< 0.01) faster as compared to all other treatment groups followed by T1, T2, T3, and
T4, however, T1 and T2 groups were comparable in weight gains with T0. Group T0, T1 and T2 were
significantly (P< 0.01) superior in weight gain over T3 and T4 groups. At the end of 8th week, average
daily weight gain (g) in birds in treatment T0 (control), T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 17.68, 17.15, 16.43, 14.55
and 13.63 g. respectively. The broilers in T0 (control), T1, T2 did not differ form each other with non
significant variation and had significantly (P< 0.01) superior body weight gain than T3 and T4 treatment
groups. The average feed consumption per bird per day (g) in control group (T0) and treatment group T1,
T2, T3 and T4 was 39.36, 39.34, 35.64, 31.22 and 32.95 g, respectively. The broilers in T0 consumed
significantly (P< 0.01) more feed than T2, T3 and T4 but statistically at par with T1. The feed conversion
ratio was significantly (P<0.01) superior in T3 (2.18) as compared to T2 (2.30), T1 (2.32) and T4 (2,41).
The average body. The average body weight was the highest in birds fed diet T0 (control) 1173.8 g at the
end of 8th weeks, however, birds in treatment T1 and T2 were comparable body weight with T0 i.e.
1142.52 and 1093.86 g respectively. Average total feed consumption was highest in T0 (2519 g) at the
end of 8th week, while the feed required per kg live weight was lowest in T3 (2051.24 g). Nevertheless,
on the basis of cost of feed required to produce one kg live weight gain in T3 (Rs. 17.53) was superior
amongst all, followed by T2 (Rs. 17.73), T1 (Rs.18.44), T0 (Rs.18.46) and T4 (Rs. 18.97). The highest
net profit per bird was obtained in the T0 (Rs.23.99) followed by T1(Rs.23.04), T3(Rs.2229.) and com-
parably less for T3(Rs.18.62) and T4 (Rs. 15.39). The overall result of the experiment indicated that the
maize in control diet can be replaced safely up to 50 per cent level by pearl millet to formula.
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MG 11
Economic level of inclusion of mango seed kernel
in the broiler starter ration
Dharmendra Kumar, Ayodhya Prasad and Chandramoni
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna-800 014, India
An experiment was conducted on 200 broiler chicks at poultry farm of Bihar Veterinary College,
Patna to find out the economic level of inclusion of mango seed kernel in the broiler ration. The five rations
containing 0 % (T1), 2.5 % (T2), 5 % (T3), 7.5 % (T4) and 10 % (T5) mango seed kernel were fed to
broiler starters from 0-4 weeks of age. The cost of feed per kg was calculated by adding price of
different feed ingredients used in different treatments and it was Rs. 9.46, 9.32, 9.17, 9.03 and 8.88,
respectively. The price of the feed per kg was reduced as the level of mango seed kernel was increased
in the feed and was minimum in 10 % inclusion with no adverse effect on performance and carcass quality.
The net profit per bird was calculated by subtracting total input per bird from total output per bird and it
was observed that Rs. 16.05, 15.96, 16.11, 16.36 and 16.42, respectively and percent net profit (%)
45.29, 45.34, 46.01, 47.05 and 47.23, respectively. Treatment T4 and T5 gave higher net profit suggest-
ing that mango seed kernel can be economically incorporated up to 10 % levels in broiler starter ration.
MG 12
Effect of inclusion of mango seed kernel in ration on the
carcass quality of broiler starter
Dharmendra Kumar, Ayodhya Prasad and Chandramoni
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna-800 014, India
An experiment was conducted on 200 broiler chicks at poultry farm of Bihar Veterinary College,
Patna to find out effect of inclusion of mango seed kernel in ration on the carcass quality of broiler starter.
The five rations containing 0% (T1), 2.5% (T2), 5% (T3), 7.5% (T4) and 10% (T5) mango seed kernel
were fed to broiler starters from 0-4 weeks of age. The average (arc sin transformed values) dressing
weight percentage were 57.56±0.18, 57.64±0.10, 57.64±0.13, 57.57±0.09 and 57.59±0.02, eviscer-
ated percentage 51.39±0.95, 51.39 ±0.1, 51.33±0.2, 51.34±0.07 and 51.41±0.08, ready to cook chicken
weight percentage 54.54±0.14, 54.5±0.13, 54.54±0.19, 54.59±0.07 and 54.63±0.12, liver weight
8.69±0.03, 8.56±0.08, 8.72±0.06, 8.66±0.04 and 8.66±0.04, gizzard weight 8.84±0.04, 8.79±0.04,
8.85±0.04, 8.85±0.03 and 8.79±0.04, heart weight 3.85±0.07, 3.89±0.03, 3.88±0.04, 3.88±0.03 and
3.89±0.04 and spleen weight 2.30±0.04, 2.37±0.05, 2.28±0.06, 2.33±0.07 and 2.27±0.04 under T1,
T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively did not differ significantly among various levels of inclusions. It was con-
cluded that mango seed kernel can be incorporated up to 10 % level with no adverse effect on perfor-
mance and carcass quality of broiler starter.
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MG 13
Growth performance of broilers fed sugarcane
press residue incorporated diets
B. N. Suresh, B. S. V. Reddy, R. G. Gloridoss, T. M. Prabhu and K. C. Singh
Veterinary College, KVAFSU (Bidar), Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024, India
To find out the feasibility of inclusion of sugarcane press residue (SPR) in the diets of broilers, day
old straight-run commercial broiler chicks (n=360) were assigned to twelve dietary treatments. Three
isonitorgenous and iso-caloric experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10 per cent SPR replacing the
relevant organic nutrients as well as mineral sources. Further, each diet was supplemented with lipid
utilizing agents (lipase and lecithin) or NSP degrading enzymes or their combination to result in another 8
test diets. Each such diet prepared for starter (0-14 days), grower (15-28 days) and finisher (29-42days)
phases were offered to triplicate groups of 10 chicks each. The results revealed a significant (P<0.01)
difference among various treatments in body weight gain during all the phases as well as cumulatively
(1738 to 2081 g/bird); in feed consumption during starter phase (396 to 453 g/bird); in feed efficiency
ratio during starter (1.53 to 1.76) and finisher phase (1.79 to 2.34 unit-feed/unit-gain). The net returns,
performance index and economic index scores were significantly (P<0.05) different among groups. With
regards to the main factors, SPR level (0, 5 and 10%) showed significant differences among treatments
for all the growth performance parameters studied while the biotechnological approaches showed non-
significant (P>0.05) differences. In general, as the level of SPR increased in diets, there was a decreased
performance of broilers and none of the biotechnological approaches proved to be effective in improving
the nutritive value of SPR.
MG 14
Effect of dietary concentrations of lysine and methionine
on performance of Vanaraja breeder chicks
A. K. Panda, S. V. Rama Rao, M. V. L. N. Raju, G. Shyam Sunder,
M. R. Reddy and R. P. Sharma
Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, India
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary concentrations of lysine (Lys) and me-
thionine (Met) on performance of Vanaraja breeder (female parent line) chicks during juvenile stage. Four
hundred thirty two, day-old chicks (Vanaraja female line) were distributed randomly into 9 treatment
groups with 8 replicates of 6 chicks each. The chicks were reared on raised wire floor battery brooders
under optimum managemental conditions. A basal diet was formulated to contain 2600kcal/kg ME, 20%
CP, 0.9% lysine and 0.36% methionine. Subsequently nine test diets were formulated to contain 3 differ-
ent concentrations of Lys (0.9, 1.0 and 1.1%) and Met (0.4, 0.5, and 0.6%) each in factorial manner.
Each experimental diet was fed ad libitum to eight replicates of six chicks each during 0-6 weeks of age.
The interaction between Lys and Met for body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, antibody titre to SRBC,
cell mediated immune response in response to PHA-P inoculation, slaughter traits (dressing weight, giblet
and abdominal fat content) and weight of immune organs (spleen, bursa and thymus) were found to be
non significant. However, body weight gain was influenced independently by the main factor Lys and Met.
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Birds fed diet containing 1.0% Lys gained significantly (P<0.05) higher weight as compared to that of 0.9
or 1.1% Lys. Body weight gain increased non-significantly by enhancing the level of Met from 0.4 to
0.5%, however, further increasing the level to 0.6% reduced the weight gain. Neither Lys nor Met levels
in diet influenced feed conversion ratio, humoral, and cell mediated immune response, slaughter traits and
weight of immune organs like bursa and spleen. Thymus weight, though influenced by the levels of Lys in
the diet, no definite trend could be observed. Thymus weight increased significantly by enhancing the
levels of Met to 0.6%, however, no difference in immune response could be observed. The findings of the
present study suggested that Vanaraja breeder (female parent line) chicks require 1% lysine (Lys: CP-
0.05) and 0.4% methionine (Met: CP-0.02) in diet for realizing optimum performance during 0 to 6
weeks of age.
MG 15
Effect of supplementation of diammonium phosphate as
a phosphorous source on the performance of broilers
Lakshmi Kant, Chandramoni, Ayodhya Prasad, Deepak Chaurasia
Department of Animal Nutrition, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna-14, India
An experiment was conducted to study the possible beneficial effects of supplementation of DAP as
an alternative phosphorous source. Day-old broiler chicks (200 in number) were distributed randomly into
5 groups (2 replicates of 20 Chicks each). Each group were offered starter diets (0-4 weeks) and finisher
diets (4-6 weeks) ad lib. Mineral mixture was formulated in which Dicalcium phosphate (DCP) was main
source of phosphorous (T1). For formulating other mineral mixture DCP was replaced with DAP @25%
(T2), 50 % (T3), 75% (T4) and 100% (T5) for different groups. Performance of broilers was measured in
term of body weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio (FER) and performance Index (P.I.) during 0-
4 weeks and 4-6 weeks. Body weight gain of broilers ranged at the end of 6 weeks from 1714.95±1.06
gm to 1915.05±1.35 gm. There was a significant (P<0.05) effect of treatment on body weight gain during
0-6 weeks. Broilers fed mineral mixture containing 50% DAP had gained highest body weight. Feed
intake of broilers ranged at the end of 6 weeks from 3576.00±0.20 gm to 3857.00±0.80 gm. FER of
broilers ranged at the end of 6 weeks from 0.472±0.0005 to 0.496±0.0005. There was significant (P<0.005)
effect of treatment on FER. P.I. of broilers at the end of 6 weeks ranged from 809.40±1.40 to 949.80±1.75.
There was significant (P<0.05) effect of treatment on P.I. Use of DAP instead of DCP in broilers diet was
found to be beneficial. Even complete replacement of DCP with DAP was found to be economical and
showed no adverse effect in their growth.
MG 16
Studies on feeding different calcium source on the performance
of commercial broiler chicken
Deepak Chaurasia, Chandramoni, Ayodhya Prasad, Lakshmi Kant
An experiment was conducted on day old chicks to study the effect of feeding different Calcium
sources on the performance of commercial broiler chicken. Study was carried out on 100 birds for 42
days. Birds were divided into four groups randomly and were supplemented with four different calcium
source. In the four group T1, T2, T3 and T4 the source of calcium was limestone, oyster shell, calcium
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carbonate and marble powder, respectively. No significant effect of different calcium source supplementa-
tion on the growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR). Performance index (P.I.) and
carcass characteristics was found. Although total body weight of broiler at 6th week of age was observed
highest in oyster shell supplemented group followed by calcium carbonate, limestone and marble powder
fed group. Same trend was seen in feed intake, FCR and P.I. Different calcium supplementation did not
influence carcass characteristics in terms of dressing%, eviscerated% and meat : bone ratio. The tibial
bone ash percent was significantly (P<0.05) higher in oyster shell group. The observation of bone calcium
percent in bird were also in the same trend. The bone phosphorous level were also in positive correlation
with that of bone calcium content. The observation of metabolic trial showed that nitrogen utilization in
birds showed no variation due to variation in calcium source although highest value was observed in
oyster shell group. Study revealed that the highest calcium and phosphorous utilization percent was ob-
served in oyster shell followed by calcium carbonate, limestone and marble powder group.
MG 17
Influence of varied protein and critical amino acids in diet on
multicolored commercial broiler chicks
M. V. L. N. Raju, S. V. Rama Rao, A. K. Panda, G. Shyam Sunder and B. L. N. Reddy
Project Directorate on Poultry
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
A study was conducted for evaluating the response of multicoloured commercial broiler chicks (Krishibro)
to varied dietary concentration of protein and critical amino acids. A total of 360 day-old broiler chicks
were divided into a total of 9 groups with 8 replicates of 5 chicks each. Nine experimental diets were
compounded to contain protein and critical amino acids (lysine and total sulfur amino acids-TSA) as per
NRC or reduced by 10 and 20% either independently or jointly during starter and finisher phases and fed
from 0 to 42 days of age. Body weight at 2 wks was comparable in the groups fed control, low (-10 &
-20%) protein with normal amino acid levels and low (-10%) protein with low (-10%) level of either of
the amino acids tested. But with advancement of age, diet with marginally low (-10%) level of protein and
TSA gave the highest body weight, which was better than the control at 6 weeks. Similar growth was seen
in the group fed low (-10%) level of protein but with normal amino acids.
Feed intake of chicks was not affected, while feed conversion efficiency at 3 weeks was better in the
group fed 20% less protein with normal levels of lysine and TSA as compared to control. However, at 6
weeks of age, no differences were recorded. Serum biochemical profile (protein, triglycerides and choles-
terol concentration) was not affected. Ready to cook weight, giblet, bursa, thymus, and spleen weights
were not affected. However, abdominal fat deposition was higher in all the groups where protein and
critical amino acid levels were reduced except in the groups fed 20% less protein with normal amino acid
levels and 10% less protein and lysine with normal TSA. The highest amount of fat deposition was seen in
the group fed 20% less protein and lysine with normal TSA. Humoral immune response was not affected.
Based on the overall findings, it is concluded that marginal reduction of protein (-10 to -20%) with normal
levels of lysine and TSA or 10% reduction in TSA was optimum for coloured broiler chicks during 0-6
weeks of age.
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MG 18
Effect of feeding different levels of essential amino acids
with vegetable protein on performance of broiler
V. H. Kalbande, S. M. Wankhede and P. V. Patil
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Two hundred, day old straight run broiler chicks of “Vencob-300” strain were distributed into 5 equal
groups with tow replications of 20 chicks. The experimental chicks were reared as per standard on deep
litter system in well ventilated shed form 0-6 weeks. The starter diet was fed during 0-4 weeks containing
23.16 per cent crude protein and 2876.75 Kcal/kg ME and finisher diet was offered during 5-6 weeks
containing 20.12 per cent crude protein and 2951.34 Kcal/kg ME. An essential amino acid mixture was
added in experimental maize-soybean based ration at four levels @0.010 per cent, 0.030 per cent and
0.040 per cent to form treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Group T0 was without essential amino
acid mixture served as control group. At the end of 6th week average cumulative body weights (g) inT0,
T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 1770.98, 1863.16, 1847.5,1822 and 1840 respectively. The daily weight gain (g)
at the end of 6th week was 41.15, 43.33, 42.92, 42.30 and 42.72 for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in that order.
The broiler chicks in T1, T2 and T4 treatment groups grew significantly (P< 0.01) faster as compared to
those in control group. The growth of broiler chicks in T3 group was statistically at par with that of control
(T0). Average weight gains in T1, T2, T3 and T4 did not differ significantly from each other. The average
feed consumption per bird (g) was 81.92, 84.20, 83.04, 82.00 in T0, T1, T2 and T4 groups, respectively
in that order. The broilers in T1 group consumed significantly (P<0.01) more feed as compared to those in
T1, T2, T3 and T4. The broilers in T2 and T4 group consumed significantly (P<0.01) more feed as com-
pared to T0 and T3. Feed consumption of broiler chicks in T0 and T3 was statistically at par. No significant
difference in feed consumption was recorded for chicks in treatment group T0 and T3. The feed conver-
sion ratio at the end of 6th week was 1.9242, 1.9408, 2.018, 1.9267 and 1.86 was recorded for T0, T1,
T2, T3 and T4 groups respectively. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (P<0.01) better in T4
over T2 group. FCR in T0, T1, T3 and T4 did not differ statistically. The cost of feed per kg live weight gain
was highest for T4 (Rs. 17.13) group followed by T0 (Rs.17.11), T1 (Rs.17.07), T3 (Rs.16.99) and the
lowest for T2 (Rs. 16.86) group. The live body weight was highest in treatment group T1 (1863.16 g)
followed by T2 (1847.5 g), T4 (1840 g), T3 (1822 g) and the lowest in T0 (1770.98 g) control group. The
net profit per bird was highest in T1 (Rs.15.38) followed by T2 (Rs.15.07), T4 (Rs.14.46), T3 (Rs.14.41)
and the lowest for T0 (Rs.13.39) control group. The overall result of the experiment indicated that T1 was
economical for broiler production as compared to T0, T2, T3 and T4 groups. The treatment groups T2, T3
and T4 were economically better than control but they did not show any advantage over T1 group. From
the overall observation of the study it can be inferred that the inclusion of essential amino acid mixture at
0.010 per cent level seems to be beneficial as compared to the inclusion of higher levels in broiler ration
containing soybean oil meal as principal source of vegetable protein.
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MG 19
Efect of feeding different levels of spirulina on
the performance of broilers
V. H. Kalbande, S. M. Wankhede and B.B. Waghmode
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Two hundred, day old, commercial straight run broiler chicks of ‘vencob’ strain were distributed into
four equal groups with two replication of 25 chicks. The experimental broiler chicks were reared as per
standard on deep litter system in well ventilated shed from 0-6 weeks. The starter ration contained 22.50
per cent crude protein and Finisher ration contained 20.42 per cent crude protein and metabolizable
energy contents were 2803.80 kcal/kg and 2841.20 kcal/kg during 0-6 weeks for starter and finisher
rations respectively. The spirulina was added in experimental ration at three different levels @ 0.05 per
cent, 0.075 per cent and 0.1 per cent to from treatments T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Group T0 was without
spirulina and served as control group. At the end of 6th week average cumulative body weights (g) in T0,
T1, T2 and T3 were 1649.30, 1888.60, 1725.00 and 1778.50 respectively. The daily weight gains (g) at
the end of 6th week were 38.18, 45.58, 39.99, and 41.26 for T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. The
broiler chicks under group T1 grew significantly (P<0.01) faster as compared to those in T0 (control)
group. The chicks in treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 grew significantly (P<0.01) faster than control T0
group. The birds under T2 and T3 grew significantly (P<0.01) faster than T0 control group. No statistical
difference was observed in growth rate of chicken in T2 and T3 group. The average feed consumption per
bird per day (g) was 74.69, 74.61, 72.76 and 75.52 for chicks in T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively.
The birds in T2 group consumed significantly (P<0.01) lower feed as compared to T0, T1 and T3. Feed
consumption by chicks in control group T0, T1 and T3 did not differ significantly. The feed conversion ratio
at the end of 6th week was 1.96, 1.76, 1.84 and 1.83 for treatment group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively.
The feed conversion ratio were significantly (P<0.01) better in all spirulina fed groups T1, T2 and T3 as
compared to control T0 group. However, feed conversion ratio among T1, T2 and T3 group did not differ
significantly. The cost (Rs.) per kg live weight gain was highest for T0 (19.019) control group followed by
T3 (18.95), T2 (18.45) and lowest for T1 (16.92) group. The live body weight was highest in treatment T1
(1888.60g), followed by T3 (1778.5g), T2 (1725g) and T0 (1649g) control group. The net profit per bird
was highest in T1 (Rs.30.8562) followed by T3 (Rs.24.48), T2 (Rs.24.12) and lowest in T0 control (21.4018).
Nevertheless, on the basis of cost of feed required for one kg live weight in treatment T1 was economical
for broiler production as compared to other treatments and control group. The treatment group T2 and T3
were economically better over control but did not show any advantage over T1.From the over all obser-
vations of the study it can inferred that, the inclusion of spirulina at 0.05 per cent level seems to be
beneficial as compared to the inclusion of higher (0.075 per cent and 0.1 per cent) levels in broiler diets.
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MG 20
Ameliorating effects of a natural clay to counteract
aflatoxicosis in broilers
Milad Manafi, B. Umakantha and A. Shrivastava
Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560 024, India
In an in vivo study, dietary levels of aflatoxin (AF) (0.5 ppm) and High-grade bentonite (HGB) (0.5,
0.75 and 1.0%) were tested forming a total of 8 dietary treatments each with three replicates on a total of
336, one day-old commercial broilers. Results of feeding up to fifth week of HGB and AF incorporation
in standard broiler ration showed that chicks receiving AF contaminated feed had suppressed body weight
which significantly (P<0.05) improved with inclusion of 0.75 and 1.0 per cent HGB. Feed consumption
was significantly (P<0.05) reduced at 0.5 ppm AF inclusion compared to control diets. HGB supplemen-
tation at 0.75 and 1.0 per cent to the diets containing AF significantly (P<0.05) (9.97 and 9.15%, respec-
tively) improved the feed consumption and it remained non significant with control diet. Efficiency of feed
utilization decreased significantly (P<0.05) with addition of 0.5 ppm AF, whereas improved with inclusion
of 0.75 and 1.0 per cent HGB. High mortality rate of 14.20 per cent was observed in group fed with diet
containing 0.5 ppm AF. Mortality rate was reduced considerably in control as well as in the groups
supplemented with 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 per cent HGB. The relative thymus (38.99%) and bursal weights
(31.36%) were significantly (P<0.05) lower at 0.5 ppm inclusion of AF group compared to control diet.
The thymus and bursal weights were not altered by supplementation of varying levels of HGB compared
to control diets. Compared with control, relative weight of spleen was not affected either in AF fed group
or HGB supplemented groups. The Serum antibody titres against ND and IBD vaccination were signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) depressed by AF, and restored to control level with the inclusion of 1.0 per cent HGB.
MG 21
Binding ability of high grade bentonite to overcome mycotoxicosis
of performance, relative organ weights and immune
status of commercial broilers
Milad Manafi, B. Umakantha1 and N. Pirany2
1
Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560 024, India;
2
Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
In an in vivo trial, dietary levels of ochratoxin A (OA) (1.0 ppm), T-2 toxin (T-2) (2 ppm) and High-
grade bentonite (HGB) at 1.0 per cent were tested in a completely randomized design manner, forming a
total of 8 dietary treatments, each with three replicates, total of 336, day-old commercial broilers, in a
replicated manner till five weeks of age. Body weight of birds were significantly (P<0.05) depressed by
OA (57.40%), T-2 (2.87%) and OA plus T-2 (62.65%) toxin treatments. Body weight was highly de-
pressed with combined feeding of OA plusT-2. Supplementation of 1.0 per cent HGB to OA, and OA
plus T-2 containing diets did not show significant improvement in body weight at all ages, but with T-2
alone fed group showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in body weight till fourth week of age. Feed
intake was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in all toxin fed groups at fifth week of age. The reduction in feed
intake was severe in combined toxin (OA + T-2) fed group (48.55 %), followed by OA (46.69%) and T-
2 (33.10%) alone fed group. Supplementation of 1.0 per cent HGB to OA, T-2 alone and OA plus T-2
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
combination containing diets did not improve cumulative feed consumption as compared to toxin fed
group. Cumulative FCR was significantly (P<0.05) affected by OA, T-2 and OA plus T-2 combination
treatments. Poorest efficiency of feed utilization was recorded in OA plusT-2 combination treated group.
Supplementation of 1.0 per cent HGB to OA, T-2 alone and OA plusT-2 combination containing diets did
not improve feed conversion ratio values as compared to their respective toxin fed groups. The relative
weight of bursa was significantly (P<0.05) depressed in the OA plus T-2 combination fed group (58.35%),
followed by OA (42.0%) and T-2 (33.50%) alone fed groups, while that of thymus weight was signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) reduced in the groups fed OA plus T-2 combination (50.0%), followed by T-2 (50.0%)
and OA (40.98%) alone fed group as compared to control group at fifth week of age. The supplementa-
tion of 1.0 per cent HGB did not improve relative weights of bursa and thymus as compared to toxin fed
groups. Compared with control, relative weight of spleen was not affected either in toxin fed group or
control, HGB supplemented groups. Serum antibody titres against ND and IBD vaccines were signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) depressed at fifth week of age in toxin fed groups. The depression was greatest in OA
plus T-2 combination group, followed by OA and T-2 alone fed groups. HGB supplementation to toxin
containing and control diets did not show significant improvement in antibody titres against ND and IBD
vaccines at fifth week of age.
MG 22
Effect of virginiamycin on broilers fed two different levels of protein
M. C. Shivakumar, M. Manafi, Ramachandra and B. Umakantha
Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560 024, India
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance promoting ability of antibiotic virginiamycin.
Three hundred and fifty two day-old chicks were randomly divided into four treatments of four replica-
tion. Birds were reared up to 6 weeks on standard management condition. The dietary treatments were
comprised of two levels of protein (20 and 21% during starter and 20 and 19 in finisher stage) with and
without virginiamycin (@20 ppm during starter and 10 ppm during finisher phase). The basal ratio had
2900 kcal/kg and 2950 kcal/kg of energy during starter and finisher phase respectively. Weekly data on
body weight, feed efficiency and viability was recorded. Biweekly intestinal bacterial load was estimated
and litter quality judged at the end of trial. Non-significant (p<0.05) increase in body weight was ob-
served in virginiamycin supplemented groups as compared to unsupplemented groups. Improvement of 41
gms of body weight in normal protein with virginiamycin and extra 11 gms in suboptimal protein with
virginiamycin diets over their respective controls were recorded. Significantly better feed efficiency was
recorded in both supplemented groups over their respective controls. Better body weight with lower feed
consumption was recorded in birds fed normal protein with virginiamycin diet and suboptimal protein with
virginiamycin diet. In both the antibiotic supplemented groups, 100 per cent livability was noticed where
as 98.75 per cent and 96.25 per cent livability was recorded in unsupplemented groups of normal protein
and suboptimal protein diets respectively. Litter score and litter moisture (p<0.05) differed significantly
among the groups. Litter score and moisture was lower in supplemented groups. Litter moisture in normal
protein with and with out virginiamycin did not differ significantly. There was drastic reduction in total
viable bacterial count (CFU/g) and total cocci count (CFU/g) of intestinal content in antibiotic supple-
mented groups. It differed significantly (P<0.05) among unsupplemented groups. Cost benefit analysis
yielded grater return in virginiamycin supplemented groups. In conclusion antibiotic virginiamycin improved
the overall performance of bird both in normal protein and also in suboptimal protein.
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MG 23
Effects of supplemental chromium picolinate on growth
performance and nutrient utilization in broilers
Atul Patil1, Jyoti Palod1, D. P. Tiwari1, Ashok Kumar2
1
Department of Animal Nutrition; 2Department of Livestock Production & Management;
G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary chromium supplementation on growth
performance, nutrient utilization in broilers. Day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed in com-
pletely randomized design into 4 treatment groups each with 2 replicates of 14 chicks. The whole trial was
replicated once more and the data of both the trials were pooled for analysis and inference purpose. The
broilers of treatment group T1 (control) were provided water without chromium while those of T2, T3 and
T4 were provided water containing 200, 400 and 600 ppb chromium (as chromium picolinate)/litre, re-
spectively. The results of both the experiments indicated that there was significant (P<0.05) impact of
dietary treatments on the weight gain, FCR and performance index of broilers. A reduction in feed intake
was observed during the finisher as well as experimental period, however improvements in FCR and
performance index was noted only during the starter phase by supplementation of chromium. The nutrient
utilization in terms of crude protein, crude fat, total ash, calcium and phosphorous were significantly (P<0.05)
improved in broilers of the chromium supplemented groups. It is concluded that supplemental chromium
may be used as a tool to impart positive influence on the overall performance of broilers.
MG 24
Effect of supplementation of Vitamin D3 at varying Ca:tP ratios
on the growth performance of broiler chicks
Jaswinder Singh* and S. S. Sikka
Department of Animal Nutrition; *Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension
GADVASU, Ludhiana-141004, India
A feeding trial using broiler chicks was conducted to see the effect of supplementation of vitamin D3
at varying Ca:tP ratios. A total of 192 chicks of one week age were randomly distributed in sixteen groups
of twelve chicks in each. Four wheat based diets with Ca:tP ratio of 1:1,1.2:1,1.4:1 and 2:1 were formu-
lated by varying deoiled rice bran and lime stone powder. Eight experimental diets with or without vitamin
D3 (600 IU) were constituted and randomly allocated to a duplicate group of chicks. The findings indi-
cated that supplementation of vitamin D3 at different Ca:tP ratios significantly (P<0.01) affected body
weight, weight gain, FCR, PCR and CCR (1-3rd and 1-5th week) and weight gain and feed intake (4-5th
week). Widening of Ca:tP ratio irrespective of vitamin D3 significantly (P<0.01) affected the feed lot
performance of the birds (1-3rd week). However irrespective of Ca:tP ratios, supplementation of vitamin
D3 significantly (P<0.01) affected feed consumption during 1-3,4-5 and entire growth period of 1-5 weeks
of age.
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MG 25
Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on performance of
broiler chicken on Salmonella gallinarum contaminated broiler feed
R. K. Swain, D. Thirumeignanam and D. Chhotaray
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, India
Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of dietary organic acids (Acifed-FS) on the
performance of broiler birds fed with Salmonella gallinarum contaminated broiler diets. In experiment
one the viability of S. gallinarum and pH of artificially contaminated (1.50x106 cfu/kg) broiler diets at
0,1,3,5 and 7 days after treatment with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% Acifed-FS was studied in vitro. Various
Acifed-FS levels in vitro showed a reduction in the pH of the diet depending upon the concentration of
Acifed-FS resulting in the significant (P<0.05) reduction of Salmonella colonization for all treatments with
time after treatment. In experiment two, day-old, straight-run Cobb broiler chicks (375) randomly distrib-
uted into five groups (three replicates of 25 chicks each) were offered either basal diet without S. gallinarum
challenge (negative control; NC), NC challenge with Salmonella gallinarum @ 1.50x106 cfu/kg (C), C
supplemented with organic acids (Acifed-FS) @ 0.5kg/ton (AS1), @ 1 kg/ton (AS2) and @ 1.5 kg/ton
(AS3). The average pH and Salmonella load of crop, gizzard, duodenal and caecal contents collected on
15th, 30th and 42nd day of experimental period were significantly reduced (P<0.01) in AS2 and AS3 com-
pared to AS1, NC and C. Mortality rate was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in AS1, AS2 and AS3 compared
to NC and C. The body weight of broilers at 6th week of age was significantly higher (P<0.01) in AS2 and
AS3 as compared to other groups. Feed conversion efficiency was better in AS2 as compared to other
groups. The ileal digestibility of nutrients and retentions of N, Ca and P were higher in AS2 and AS3
compared to other groups. The results indicate that addition of Acifed-FS in a total concentration of 1%
to the diet of broiler chicks significantly decreased the contamination of diet with S. gallinarum and
improved the nutrient utilization and production performances.
MG 26
Effect of selenium and /or turmeric powder on growth performance
of broiler chickens reared under heat stress condition
Zeinali1, A. Riasi1, H. Kermanshahi2, H. Farhangfar1, and H. Ziaie1
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran; 2Department of
Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
An experiment was conducted using 180 (Ross x Ross) broiler chickens to evaluate the effect of
different levels of sodium selenite (Se) and turmeric powder (TP) on growth performance of broilers. One
day old chickens were randomly allocated to 6 treatments (T1=control, T2= control + 5 g TP /kg, T3=
control+10 g TP /kg, T4=control+0.3 mg Se /kg, T5=control + 0.3 mg Se + 5 g TP /kg, and T6=
control+0.3 mg Se+10 g TP /kg), 3 replicates and 10 birds each. The air temperature was increased (32-
35°C) from day 28 to day 42. Feed intake, daily gain and feed conversion rate (FCR) was recorded
weekly until the end of experiment. The results showed final body weight and weight gain was the highest
for T3 (P<0.05). At the end of experiment FCR in T4 (1.88) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those
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the others. Interactions between Se and TP was significant (P<0.05) for body weight, weight gain, and
FCR at the different weeks. Concluded that supplementation the broiler chicken diets with selenium and
turmeric powder is important for heat stress suppression.
MG 27
Economics of broiler chicken as attributed by
probiotic feeding in Nagaland
Akangnungla, V. K. Vidyarthi, V. B. Sharma and Nizamuddin
Department of Animal Production & Management
Nagaland University, SASRD, Medziphema-797106, Nagaland, India
Commercial broiler chicks of Hubbard strain (120 nos.) were randomly distributed into four treat-
ment groups of 30 chick each. The chicks in group 1 (T1, control) were fed standard basal diet (broiler
starter and finisher) upto 42 days of age. The chicks of group 2, 3 and 4 were also fed the same basal
diet as in T1 along with commercial probiotics, namely Promix-Y forte at the rate of 200 g (T2), 400 g (T3)
and 600 g (T4) per tonne of feed. The overall cost of production was 75.84, 75.94, 75.52 and 77.56
rupees | bird in the groups T1,T2,T3 and T4, respectively which were 42.79, 47.10, 44.94 and 46.67
rupees / kg live weight of bird, respectively. The gross income was 113.47, 112.86, 117.62 rupees | bird
in the respectively groups of birds. Net profit was 37.63, 36.91, 42.10 and 38.76 rupees | birds in the
groups T1,T2,T3 and T4, respectively and when the profit was calculated on the basis of per kg live weight,
the values were 23.22, 22.89,25.05 and 23.32 rupees | kg live weight of bird in the T1,T2,T3 and T4
groups, respectively. It was also evident that out of the total expenditure, the share of feed cost was about
64 percent, while the share of chick cost was around 23 percent each and the remaining was miscella-
neous cost inclusive of labour charges and cost of probiotics. It was concluded that feeding of probiotic
(Promix-Y forte) at 400 g level to hubbard strain of broiler chicken is beneficial in terms of net return on
per kg live weight in Nagaland condition.
MG 28
Application of useful bacterial cultures in the feeding system of poultry
K. S. Sharma, B. S. Katoch, M. Kumari, Shivani Katoch, A. Sharma
COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India
The Biological evaluation of the various strains of microbes i.e 13, 14 & 19 Lactobacilli, Strepto-
cocci, and yeasts was respectively done on poultry broiler and layer chicks to study their effect on meat
and egg production. 15 growth and digestibility studies were done on one week old broiler chicks to test
the biological response of the different strains of microbes. Two short term and long term studies were
done on layers for egg production. 4 studies were done to test the strain specificity of the broiler stocks
to the response of the useful microbial combinations. The over all results revealed that the response of the
useful bacterial cultures was variable with the strains of the microbes or their mixtures and that of the
poultry stock on which they have been used. The compatibility of different microbes in a combination for
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producing desirable response seemed to be specific. The positive response of the microbial cultures was
shown by growth or feed conversion efficiency or control of chick mortality or by the combined effects of
these various parameters. The long term use of microbial cultures on laying stock has shown highly benefi-
cial effects as compared to the short term trials. Under field conditions, the promising microbes alone or
in combinations have shown the good responses especially in broilers based on the basis of field studies
done at 22 rural farms. It was also observed that the microbial culture (Lactobacilli, Streptococci and
Yeast) to be used as Probiotics, can be safely preserved in a cheaper medium for a period of 2 weeks at
ambient temperature ranging from 22 to 37 degree centigrade with 40 and 20% relative humidity respec-
tively.
MG 29
Effect of probiotic supplementation to diets on the
performance of broiler chicken
Akangnungla, V. K. Vidyarthi, V. B. Sharma and Nizamuddin
Department of Animal Production and Management
Nagaland University, SASRD, Medziphema-797106, Nagaland, India
One hundred twenty (120) day old mixed sex commercial broiler chicks of Hubbard strain was
distributed randomly into four treatment groups of 30 chicks each with 3 replication of 10 each on the
weight basis (mean weight, 32.50 g). The chicks of group 1 (T1, control) were provided standard broiler
starter and finisher ration upto 42 days as per BIS (1992). The chicks of the other three groups were also
provided the same basal diet as in T1 but supplemented with commercial Promix-Y Forte, a probiotic
preparation at the rate of 200 g (T2), 400 g (T3) and 600 g (T4) per tonne of feed. All birds were reared
under strict hygienic condition on deep litter system in 4 x 3 different compartment with a floor space of
1 square feet / bird. The overall body weight of birds at the end of sixth week of age was 1620.90,
1612.40, 1680.40 and 1661.80 g /bird in groups T1 -T4, respectively. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher body
weight was observed in T3 group of birds followed by T4-T1 and the least in T2 group. The average gain
in weight was 264.77,263.28, 274.62 and 271.57 g/bird/week in T1, T2,T3 and T4 groups, respectively.
Gain in body weight of broiler was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 followed by T4, T1 and the least in T2
group ; however, there was non-significant difference between T1 and T2 group ; even though, probiotic,
irrespective of levels, had positive impact on gain in body weight of the broilers. Total feed consumption
was significantly (P<0.05) the lowest (3.497 kg) in T3 group followed by T2, T1 and the highest (3.627 kg)
in T4 group. The overall feed conversion efficiency of broiler birds as 2.13, 2,13, 1.99 and 2.13 in T1,
T2,T3,T4 groups, respectively; however, the values were non-significant to each other. The livability per-
centage were almost cent-percent except in T1 which were also in normal standard range. The perfor-
mance index of broiler birds was the highest in T3 followed by T4, T2 and the last in T1 . The dressing
percentage, carcass weight and organ weight were numerically the highest in T4 ; however, the values were
comparable with T3. It was evident that use of commercial probiotic at the rate of 400 g per tones of feed
is beneficial in term of body weight, gain in weight, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and overall
performance of Hubbard strain of broiler chicken in Nagaland condition.
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MG 30
Efficiency evaluation of antibiotic alternatives growth
promoters on Iranian Ross broiler performance
H. Ziaie, M. Bashtani, H. Naeemipour, H. Farhangfar, A. Zeinali
Birjand University, Iran
An experiment was conducted on 240 one-day old male Ross chicken to evaluate efficiency of
antibiotic alternatives growth promoters on broiler performance. Chicks fed in a block completely ran-
domized design with 4 replicate pens (15 birds per pen). Four dietary treatment used: A) control B)
essential oil extract (commercial mixture, Digestarom) 450g/ton diet C) probiotic (commercial mixture of
lactobacillus, Protexin) 150g/ton diet and D) antibiotic (Virginiamycin) 15 ppm. Weekly body weights
(WBW), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured for individual chicks.
Broilers fed with the virginiamycin and protexin had significantly (p<0.05) greater WBW, ADG and FCR
as compared with those observed for other diets during the first 3 weeks. There was no significant differ-
ence (p>0.05) in WBW, ADG and FCR between treatments A and B and between treatments C and D.
During weeks 3 to 6, the WBW, ADG and FCR were significantly (p<0.05) greater for treatments B, C
and D than that of control treatment. Overall, supplementation with Virginiamycin, Protexin and Digestarom
significantly (p<0.05) improved WBW, ADG and FCR performance of Ross broiler during the first 42
days. For the traits under consideration, non-significant difference (p>0.05) was found between treat-
ments C and D suggesting that diet supplementation with Protexin could be used instead of Virginiamycin.
MG 31
Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus on
hematological and immunological parameters in broilers
H. S. Palve, B. R. Kolte, S. S. Chopade and J. M. Chahande
Department of Livestock Production and Management
Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, India
A 42 day trial was conducted on 80 broilers at Poultry Farm, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur
(India) during hot summer months. Birds were under standard managemental practice. 40 birds under
treatment group were supplemented with combination of Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactic Acid Bacil-
lus @ 250 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg feed respectively. Data was analyzed using standard statistical proce-
dures. Significant effect of treatment on hematological parameters viz. Hb, TEC, TLC, Heteroplil, Lym-
phocytes and monocytes (P>0.05) was observed whereas effect on eosinophil and basophil was non-
significant at both 21st and 42 day age. Weekly investigation of heamagglutination inhibition titre showed
highly significant effect of treatment (P>0.01) in the form of improvement of HI titre from 2nd to 6th week
post vaccination. This study concludes that the above supplementation has beneficial and economical
effect on broiler production.
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MG 32
Comparative performance of commercial broilers fed on diets
supplemented with ginger (Zingiber officinalis) powder and zinc bacitracin
Shaveta Sood, D. Wadhwa, Meena Kumari, V. K. Sharma and J. S. Chauhan
Department of Animal Nutrition, CSK HPKV, Palampur-176062, India
In a randomized block design using 150, day-old broiler chicks, the effect of supplementation of
ginger powder @ 250 g/q (G1), 500g/q (G2) and 750g/q (G3) and, zinc bacitracin @ 133 g/q (positive
control; PC) and a non-supplemented group (NC), was studied with the objective to determine the
replaceability of antibiotic growth promoter with ginger powder. The gain in weight from 0 to 4 weeks of
age ranged from 660.5 (G3) to 712.4 (G2), which differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other. The
overall gain in weight ranged from 1221.1g (G3) to 1280.0 g (NC). The overall feed intake ranged from
3514.6 g (NC) to 3615.4 g (G1). The feed consumption of PC was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the
rest of treatments. The supplementation of ginger, at all the dose levels, resulted in significantly (P<0.05)
higher feed consumption as compared to both the controls. The overall feed conversion ratio ranged from
2.77 (NC) to 2.99 (G3) and was statistically comparable. The FCR of G1 and G3 were significantly
(P<0.05) higher compared to the NC. It was concluded that the supplementation of ginger powder at
these dose rates, did not produce remarkable effects for clear comparisons with positive and negative
controls, so more work is needed to be done with a wide range of doses, to determine the replaceability.
MG 33
Rose pomace as a source of protein in poultry diets
Meena Kumari, D. Wadhwa, Shaveta Sood, J. S. Chauhan and K. S. Sharma
Department of Animal Nutrition, CSK HPKV, Palampur-176062, India
In a randomized block design, using 180, day-old broiler chicks, the effect of replacement of 5, 10
and 15%, protein leve of feed by rose pomace was studied. At starter phase (1-4 weeks of age) the gain
in weight(GIW) was found to be 629g, 606g, 551g& 428g, FCR was 2.41, 2.48, 2.71 &2.69 in control
5%, 10% and 15% replacement, levels respectively. At finisher phase(4-6weeks of age) GIW was 496g,
474g 447g &391g, FCR was 3.26, 3.18. 3.24 &3.47, respectively in control 5%, 10% and 15% re-
placement, levels respectively.The overall gain in weight from first to 6th week of age was 1125g, 1080g,
998g &819g different. It was 1152, 969, 1165 and 1013 gram in control, 5%, 10% and 15% replace-
ment leve, FCR was 2.64, 2.51, 2.74 & 3.06, in control 5%, 10% and 15% replacement, levels respec-
tively. At starter phase, the rate of mortality was nil in control, 5%,&10%, while it was found to be 10%
in 15% level, at finisher phase, it was again nil in control & 5% level and 10% in 10%& 15% levels.The
reduction in the cost of feed per quintal was Rupees 109.35/-, 214.05/- and 322.40/-, respectively in
5%, 10% and 15% level of substitution.The cost of rearing per Kg of live weight of broiler was Rupees
40.23/-, 37.72/-, 39.74 & 45.91/-, respectively in control 5%, 10% and 15% replacement, levels re-
spectively. The above data revealed that 5% level of protein substitution in broiler feed was comparatively
better as compared to the control , 10% & 15% levels. Thus, it was concluded from the findings that
rose pomace could be used to replace 5% protein obtained from conventional sources such as maize &
de-oiled rice bran to make the poultry farming as a profitable entrepreneur and save the valuable ingre-
dients for human as well as for other live stocks.
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MG 34
Effect of feeding probiotics on performance of broilers
V. H. Kalbande, S. M. Wankhede and A. B. Mane
One hundred twenty, day old, commercial straight run broiler chicks of Vencob-300 strain were
distributed into four equal groups with two replicates of 15 chicks. The experimental broiler chicks were
reared as per standard on deep litter system in well ventilated shed from 0-6 weeks. The diet fed during
0-6 weeks containing 21.41 per cent crude protein and 2965 Kcal/kg ME. A multi strain probiotic was
added in experimental ration at three different levels @0.025 per cent, 0.050 per cent and 0.075 per cent
to form treatments T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Group T0 was without probiotic and served as control
group.. At the end of 6th week average cumulative body weights (g) in T0, T1, T2 and T3 were 1591.9,
1852.30, 1716.0 and 1778.6, respectively. The daily weight gain (g) at the end of 6th weeks was 36.78,
46.96, 39.72 and 41.20 for T0, T1, T2 and T3 in that order. The broiler chicks under group T1 grew
significantly (P< 0.01) faster as compared to control T0 and T2 groups. The chicks under group T2 grew
significantly (P< 0.01) faster than control (T0) but statistically at par with T3. The average feed consump-
tion per bird per day (g) was 72.3, 72.63, 71.29 and 74.89 in T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively.
The broiler in T3 group consumed significantly (P<0.05) more feed as compared to T0,T1 and T3
which were statically at par. The average feed conversion ratio at the end of 6th week was 1.966, 1.743,
1.853, and 1.824 for T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. The FCR was significantly (P<0.01) better in
T1, T2 and T3 groups than control. FCR in T1, T2 and T3 did not differ statistically. The cost per kg live
weight gain was highest for T0 (Rs.18.18) control group followed by T3 (Rs.17.99), T2 (17.38) and the
lowest for T1 (Rs.16.05) groups. The live body weight was highest in treatment group T1 (1852.3 g)
followed by T3 (1778.6 g) and the lowest in T0 (1591.9 g) control group. The net profit per bird was
highest in T1 (24.67) followed by T3 (Rs. 19.59), T2 (Rs.19.38) and the lowest for T0 (Rs. 15.55) control
group. Nevertheless, on the basis of cost of feed required to produce one kg live weight gain and live
body weight T1 was economical for broiler production as compared to T0, T2 and T3. The treatment
group T2 and T3 were economically better than control but did not show any advantage over T1. From the
overall observations of the study it can inferred that the inclusion of multi-strain probiotic at @ 0.025 per
cent level seems to be beneficial as compared to the inclusion of higher (0.050 and 0.075 per cent) levels.
MG 35
Production and biological evaluation of microbial biomass by
fermentation of melon-peels with Aspergillus niger
Saima, M. A. Jabbar, T. N. Pasha and M. Z. U. Khan
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
There is tremendous progress in poultry industry for the last few decades but most of the area under
cultivation is used for growing cash crops for ever increasing human population. The fluctuating prices of
feed ingredients and quality of animal and vegetable proteins is adversely affecting the development of this
industry. The present experiment was conducted to introduce a new protein source for poultry birds and
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to reduce pollution problems caused by peels. For this purpose, melon peels were collected from different
places of local fruit markets. In phase-I, raw peels were chemically analyzed for proximate composition
which revealed that it continued 14.22% crude protein. Then various conditions like substrate: water ratio,
carbon : nitrogen ratio, temperature, addition of molasses, pH and incubation period were optimized for
fermentation of melon peels by Aspergillus niger. The results of growth condition revealed that maximum
crude protein contents were observed at 6 g substrate, 7:1 carbon to nitrogen ratio, 25 C, 1% molasses,
4.5 pH and total incubation time was 72 hours for fermentation. Fermentation melon peels contained 35%
crude protein. In phase-II, a ten days trial was conducting to evaluate protein quality of biomass in terms
of protein efficiency ratio (PER) and Net protein utilization (NPU) which were 35.71 and 50.41, respec-
tively.
MG 36
The effect of different levels of probiotic (primalac) on carcass properties,
internal organs size and abdominal fat in broiler chickens
Mehdi Nayebpor, Parviz Farhoomand, Ali Hashemi
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Uremia University, Iran
This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different levels of probiotic (Primalac) on
carcass properties, abdominal fat deposition and weight of organs of broilers slaughtered at 28 and 42
days of ages. One hundred and twenty 7-d- old chicks (Cobb 500) were assigned at random to 3 dietary
treatments with 4 replication: basal diet (control), basal diet + 0.1% and basal diet+ 0.15% probiotic. The
chicks had ad libitum access to feed and water. All data were analyzed by SAS (1999) software. The
results of this study were showed that addition of probiotic to broiler diets reduced the abdominal fat
deposition and improved carcass properties at(28 and 42 days) of ages(P<0.05). Carcass properties in
probiotic treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than control treatment, and the birds fed the treat-
ment with 0.1% probiotic containing diet produced the highest carcass weight, breast and leg meat at
different slaughter ages (28 and 42 d).There were no significant difference among treatments for gizzard,
liver and heart of broiler chickens. Spleen weight of birds fed with probiotic supplemented diets was
significantly (P<0.05) higher than birds fed the control diets. The borsa fabricius weight was effected
significantly (P<0.05) by probiotic supplementation at (28 d) but, was not effected 42 days of age.
MG 37
Study of various probiotics on growth performance of broilers
A. A. Zanzad, Shanu J. Markand, Ramteke and R. D. Lanjewar
Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur-440 006, India
Eighty, day old broilers were distributed to 4 groups of 20 each. One group acted as control and
remaining 3 were supplemented with three different probiotics. Better feed conversion efficiency was
observed on all probiotics supplemented groups. Amongst three probiotics viz. Sacchraromyces cervice,
Lactobacillus sporogenus and Sacchraromyces boulardi second group resulted in better growth of 14.0%
due to superior utilization and assimilation of nutrients.
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MG 38
Effect of different probiotics on the performance of broilers
H. K. Das, A. K. Medhi*, M. K.Ghosh and P. Konwar
National Research Centre on Yak (ICAR), Dirang-790 101
West Kameng District; *College of Vety. Sci., AAU, Khanapara, Assam, India
The dietary use of probiotic feeding is gaining momentum in broilers to counteract the stresses due to
their beneficial effects on live weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, nitrogen retention, and reduced
mortality. However, a number of studies have shown that probiotics feeding could not augment any appre-
ciable changes on broilers. Therefore, a study was taken up to observe the effect of probiotics on growth,
feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, mortality and cost of feeding per kg live weight gain in
broilers. Two hundred day old commercial broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups of fifty
birds each. Three different probiotic preparations viz. Bacticide, G-Probiotics and Improval were used in
the experiment in which Bacticide were offered in drinking water at the rate of 15 g /50 birds while the G-
Probiotics and Improval were incorporated in the feed at the rate of 50 g /100 kg each. The overall final
body weight at the end of the 6th weeks were recorded as 1334.06±12.09, 1412.13±14.97, 1439.27±14.41
and 1492.18±10.73 for T0, TB, TG and TI groups respectively. The total gains in body weight during the
experimental period were 1293.42±37.08, 1371.21±39.71, 1398.85±40.16 and 1452.04±40.73 for T0,
TB, TG and TI groups respectively. Addition of probiotic significantly (P<0.05) increased the body weight
and gain in body weight, however, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) did not differ
significantly (P>0.05) among all the experimental groups. The mortality percent of the experimental birds
were within the standard limit. The cost of feeding per kg gain in body weight was reduced in Improval
supplemented group (Rs. 18.04) as compared to control group (Rs. 20.12). Dietary retention of nitrogen,
calcium and phosphours were similar in all the experimental groups. From the experiment, it could be
concluded that addition of probiotics in broiler feed has improved the growth rate with great economic
advantage.
MG 39
Growth performance and immune response of broilers
fed diets containing herbal antimicrobial growth promoter
as an organic alternative to antibiotics
1 2
Asma Khan, S. S. Nagra, P. N. Dwivedi and S. Sodhi
Livestock Production and Management; 1Deptt. of Veterinary Microbiology; 2Deptt. of Veterinary
Biochemistry; Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141001, India
Ninety six, day old sexed Cob broiler chicks distributed into three treatment groups comprising 16
birds each in 2 replications and offered either control corn-soya diet (T0), T0 supplemented with AGP
(lincomycin) @ 25g/qtl (T1) or HGP (Herbiotic-FS™) @ 25g/qtl (T2). The body weights of broilers at 42
d of age were significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment group compared to control. Better feed conver-
sion efficiency was observed in T2 as compared to other groups. Significantly high titre against NDV &
IBD was observed in T2 compare to T1 and control. Serum AKP and AST were within the normal range
while ALT level was significantly higher in control. The percent difference of margin of receipt over the
control per unit live weight basis was 0.22% (T1) and 0.88% (T2).
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MG 40
Response of herb jiwanti (Leptidinia reticulata) on the growth
performance and nutrient utilization in commercial broilers
Ritu Grover, A. P. S. Sethi and S. S. Sikka
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004
An experiment was carried out on broilers to study the effect of inclusion of the herb Jiwanti on the
growth performance, nutrient utilization and carcass traits. One hundred and forty four broilers of one
week age were distributed to twelve groups. A standard broiler starter and finisher diets were formulated
and supplemented with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50g /qtl. of herb Jiwanti. Each diet was fed to a duplicate
group of chicks. The starter diets were fed upto 3 weeks of age and then birds were shifted to finisher
diets Final body weight, gain in weight and feed consumption were significantly (P=0.05) higher than
control with the supplementation of Jiwanti during the starter, finisher phases and the entire growth period.
However feed conversion ratio was not affected significantly by the dietary treatments. Digestibility of
ether extract was significantly (P=0.05) higher with 50g Jiwanti whereas digestibility of crude fibre and
percent nitrogen retention were not significantly (P=0.05) affected as compared to control. No significant
differences were obtained for meat:bone ratio, carcass fat, gizzard weight and heart weight. From the data
it was concluded that supplementation of herb Jiwanti @ 40g/ qtl in broilers diets improved the growth
performance.
MG 41
Effect of feeding prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic
on the performance of broilers
V. H. Kalbande, S. M. Wankhede, I. H. Pathan and M. A. Khan
Two hundred day old, commercial straight run broiler chicks of ‘Vencob’ strain were distributed into
four equal groups with two replicates of 25 chicks. The experimental broiler chicks were reared as per
standard on deep litter system in well ventilated shed from 0-6 weeks. The starter diet fed during 0-3
weeks containing 23.39 per cent crude protein and 2800.01 Kcal/kg ME. The finisher diet fed during 3-
6 weeks containing 20.19 per cent crude protein and 2901.6 Kcal/kg ME Different growth promoters
were added in experimental rations as 0.050 per cent probiotic, 0.010 per cent probiotic and 0.010 per
cent symbiotic to form treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Group T0 was without growth pro-
moter and served as control group. At the end of 6th week average cumulative weight (g) in group T0, T1,
T2 and T3 were 1712.0 g, 1821.2 g, 1871.2 g and 1903.8 g, respectively. The daily weight gain (g) at the
end of 6th week was 40.76, 43.36, 44.56 and 45.32 for T0, T1, T2, and T3 in that order. The broiler
chicks under treatment group T3, grew significantly (P< 0.01) faster than control (T0). However, the
performance of chicks in T3 group was statistically at par with those in T2.The average feed consumption
per bird per day (g) was 81.77, 82.16, 82.97 and 82.50 in T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. Feed
consumption by chicks did not differ significantly in treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and in control group T0.
The average feed conversion ratio (FCR) at the end of 6th week was 1.960, 1.8163, 1.7733 and 1.7354
for T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups. The FCR was significantly (P< 0.01) better in T1, T2 and T3 treatment
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groups as compared to control group (T0). FCR in T2 and T3 did not differ significantly. The feed cost per
kg live weight gain was highest for T0(Rs.20.06) control group, followed by T1 (Rs.18.61), T2 (Rs.18.39)
and lowest for T3 (Rs.18.05) treatment groups. The live body weight was highest in treatment group
T3(1903.8 g) followed by T2(1861.90 g), T1(1821.0 g) and the lowest in T0 (1712.0 g) control group.
The net profit per bird obtained was highest in T3 (Rs.28.52) followed by T2(Rs.26.85), T1(Rs.24.85)
and the lowest in T0 (Rs.21.27) control group. Nevertheless, on the basis of feed required to produce one
kg of live weight gain and live body weight, treatment group T3 was economical for broiler production as
compared to T0, T1, and T2. The treatment group T1 and T2 were economically better than control but did
not show any advantage over T3. From overall observation of the study it can be inferred that the inclusion
of symbiotic, probiotic seems to be beneficial as compared to the control group (without feed additive)
MG 42
Effect of feeding different levels of prebiotic on the
performance of broilers
V. H. Kalbande, S. M. Wankhede, S. M. Balsaraf and M. A. Khan
Two hundred, day old commercial straight run broiler chicks of Vencob strain were distributed into
four equal groups with two replicates of 25 chicks. The experimental broiler chicks were reared as per
standard on deep litter system in well ventilated shed form 0-6 weeks of age. The diets were fed to
broilers during 0-6 weeks experimental period, containing 23.35 and 20.76 per cent crude protein in
starter and finisher ration respectively. The ME content of ration were 2802.2 and 2903.3 Kcal/kg for
starter and finisher, respectively. The probiotic (Ecomos) was added in experimental ration at three differ-
ent levels @ 0.025 per cent, 0.050 per cent and 0.075 per cent to form treatment groups T1, T2 and T3
respectively. Group T0 was without probiotic and served as control group. At the end of 6th week,
average cumulative body weight (g) in T0, T1, T2, and T3 were 7121.50, 1881.80, 1790.30 and 1750.50
g respectively. The daily weight gain (g) at the end of 6th week was 46.70, 51.16, 48.62 and 48.20 g for
T0, T1, T2 and T3 in that order. The broiler chicks under group T1 grew significantly (P< 0.01) faster as
compared to T0, T2 and T3 groups. The chicks under T2 and T3 grew significantly (P<0.01) faster than
control but their growth rate was statistically at par with each other. The average feed consumption per
bird per day (g) was 92.53, 92.81, 90.64 and 90.69 for T0, T1, T2, and T3 groups respectively, form 0-
6 weeks of age. There were no significant differences in feed consumption among the various treatments
(T1, T2 and T3) groups and control (T0) group. The average feed conversion ratio (FCR) at the end of 6th
weeks was 1.856, 1.701, 1.745 and 1.761 for T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. The FCR was
significantly (P< 0.01) better in T1, T2 and T3 groups than control group T0. FCR in T1, group was
significantly (P< 0.01) better than T0 and T3. The FCR in T2 was statistically at par with T1 and T3 but it
was significantly (P<0.01) better than T0 control. The cost per kg live weight gain was highest for T0
(Rs.‘9.35) control group followed by T2(Rs18.55), T3(Rs.18.87) and it was lowest for T1(Rs.17.90). The
live body weight was highest in treatment T1(1881.80 g) followed by T2(1790.30 g), T3(1775.50 g) and
the lowest for T0(1721.50 g) control group. The net profit per bird was highest in T1(Rs.28.82) followed
by T2(Rs.25.47), T3(Rs.24.54) and the lowest for T0(Rs.22.49) control group. Nevertheless on the basis
of cost of feed required to produce one kg live weight gain and live body weight, treatment T1 was
economical for broiler production as compared to T0, T2 and T3. The treatment group T2 and T3 were
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economically better than control but did not show any advantage over T1. From the overall observations
of the study it can be inferred that the inclusion of probiotic at low level of 0.025 per cent seems to be
beneficial as compared to the higher levels inclusions.
MG 43
Effect of probiotic supplementation at varying levels in
broiler chicks diet on growth performance
Sunil Kumar Singh, Udeybir, P.S. Niranjan, S. Koley, Shiva Pratap Singh and D. N. Verma
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry,
N.D.U.A. & T, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224229, India
An experiment of 42 days was conducted with one hundred eighty day old broiler chicks which were
divided into three treatments (Control, T1 and T2) each having sixty chicks and three replicates of twenty
chicks in each treatments to study the effect of probiotic supplementation at 0, 0.02 and 0.03 percent
level in respective treatments broilers diet on average body weight, average body weight gain, average
feed intake, feed conversion ratio, performance index, protein efficiency. A metabolic trial of seven days
including three days adaptation and four-day collection period was also conducted at the end of the
experiment to evaluate digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen retention. Chicks led with varying level of
probiotic supplementation have 3.28-4.03 percent higher body weight than control. Probiotic supplemen-
tations in broilers diet had positive effect on growth performance and showed significant (P<0.05) effect
on body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio at 0-2, 2-4 and 0-6 weeks, performance index
and protein efficiency as compared to control. The digestibility coefficients of DM and nitrogen retention
were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatments than control and their values were 68.90±0.52, 71.43±0.2.3,
71.63±0.26 and 59.65±0.58, 61.65±0.28 and 61.54±0.22%, respectively in control, T1 and T2. It is
therefore concluded that probiotic supplementation was beneficial for better growth performances of broilers.
MG 44
Effect of varying level of probiotic supplementation in broiler chicks diet
on carcass traits and haematobiochemical parameters
Sunil Kumar Singh, Udeybir, P. S. Niranjan, Jaswant Singh and D.N. Verma
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry,
N.D.U.A. & T., Kumarganj,Faizabad- 224 229, India
An experiment of 42 days was conducted with one hundred eighty day old broiler chicks which were
divided into three treatments (Control, T1and T2) randomly each having sixty chicks and three replicates
of twenty chicks in each treatments to study the effect of probiotic supplementation at 0, 0.02 and 0.03
percent level in respective treatments broilers diet on carcass traits (carcass yield, giblet yield, thigh and
breast muscle composition) and haemato-biochemical parameters. At the end of 42 days blood samples in
two sets one with anticoagulant for haematology (Hb and PCV) and other without anticoagulant for serum
separation were collected to analyze biochemical parameters (serum glucose, cholesterol and total pro-
tein) were collected from two birds in each replicate after slaughtering the birds. Broilers diet with probiotic
did not have significant effect on carcass characteristics except ether extract content in thigh muscle com-
position which was higher in probiotic supplemented groups and haematobiochemical parameters in treat-
ment and control except serum cholesterol level which was significantly lower (P<0.05) in probiotic supple-
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mented groups T2 (156.94±0.42), T1 (158.15±0.51) than control (174.78±0.57). So it was concluded

that probiotic supplementation at varying levels did not had any significant effect on carcass traits and
haematobiochemical parameters.
MG 45
Effect of exogenous enzyme supplementation on the
economics of broiler chicken in Nagaland
V. K. Vidyarthi, R. Zuyie, N. Savino, C. Rutsa Nizamuddin, and V. B. Sharma
Nagaland University, SASRD, Medziphema- 797106, Nagaland
Vencob strain of broiler chicks 96 Nos. at day old stage was randomly distributed into four treatment
groups of 24 chicks each. The chicks of group 1 (T1, control) were provided standard broiler starter and
finisher ration (basal diet) upto 42 days of age. The chicks in other three groups were also provided the
same basal diet as in T1 (control) groups ; however supplemented with commercial Alvyzyme, an enzyme
mixture preparation at the rate of 200 g (T2), 400 g (T3) and 600 g (T4) per tonne of feed. The overall
cost of production of Vencob broiler birds was 94.06, 89.35, 85.11 and 94.51 rupees | birds in the
groups T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The cost of rearing in terms of per kg live weight was 46.73, 43.04,
37.02 and 44.60 rupees | kg live weight in the respective groups. The gross income was 140.91, 145.32,
160.93 and 148.33 rupees | bird-in the four groups, respectively. Net profit was 46.35, 55.97, 75.82 and
53.82 rupees | bird in the four groups, respectively. The net profit, when calculated in terms of per kg live
weight, was 23.27, 26.96, 32.98 and 25.40 rupees | kg live weight of broiler in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups,
respectively. From the experiment, it was also revealed that the share of feed cost out of total cost of
production was 66.94, 64.72, 62.54 and 65.65 percent in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively; while the cost
of birds became 21.26, 22.38, 23.50 and 21.16 percent in the four groups, respectively; and the remain-
ing being the cost of enzyme, labour charges and miscellaneous expenditure. From the above results, it
was concluded that feeding of enzyme (Alvyzyme) at the level of 400 g | tonne to Vencob strain of broiler
chicken is beneficial in terms of net profit per kg live weight under Nagaland condition.
MG 46
Performance of broiler chicken as influenced by the
diet supplemented with enzyme
V. K. Vidyarthi, R. Zuyie, N. Savino, Nizamuddin, C. Rutsa and V. B. Sharma
Nagaland University, SASRD, Medziphema- 797106, Nagaland, India
Ninety six (96) day old mixed sex commercial broiler chicks of Vencob strain was randomly distrib-
uted into four treatment groups of 24 chicks each with six replications of four chicks each on the weight
basis (mean weight, 47.0 g). The chicks of group 1 (T1, control) were provided standard broiler starter
and finisher ration upto 42 days as per BIS (1992). The chicks of other three groups were also provided
the same basal diet as in T1 but supplemented with commercial Alvyzyme, an enzyme mixture preparation
at the rate of 200 g (T2), 400 g (T3)and 600 g (T4) per tonne of feed. All birds were reared under strict
hygienic condition under cage system into 6 x 4 different compartment with a space provision of 1 square
feet / bird. The overall body weight of birds at the end of sixth week of age was 2.013,2.076, 2.299 and
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2.119 kg | bird in groups T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight was
observed in T3 group of birds followed by T4,T2 and the least in T1, group ; however, there was non
significant variation in T1 and T2 ; and T2 and T4. The mean gain in weight was 0.328, 0.339, 0.375 and
0.346 kg / bird / week in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Gain in body weight of broiler chicken was
significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 group followed by T4, T2 and the least in T1 group; however, there was
non-significant variation in gain in body weight between T1, T2 groups and T2 and T4 groups. Total feed
consumed by birds did not vary significantly amongst the four groups and it ranged between 3.725 to
4.406 kg | bird for the whole period of experiment. The overall feed conversion efficiency (FCE) was
0.460, 0.517, 0.625 and 0.512 kg weight | kg feed consumed by the birds of groups T1, T2, T3 and T4,
respectively. The values of FCE significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 ; however, there was no variation
amongst T1, T2, T3 and T4, groups. There was no mortality and 100 percent birds survived till the comple-
tion of experiment. The performance index of broiler birds ranged between 220.46 to 342.11 and was the
highest in T3 and the lowest in T1 group. The dressing percentage and giblet weight were also numerically
better in T3 groups. From the results it was concluded that use of commercial enzyme at the rate of 400 g
per tonne of feed is beneficial in terms of body weight, gain in weight, feed intake, feed conversion
efficiency and overall performance of Vencob strain of broiler chicken in the Nagaland condition.
MG 47
Effect of feeding tea waste (Camellia assamica) on the growth
performance of broiler with or without supplementation of enzymes
Jubee Phukan, Bhaskar Phukan, B. N. Saikia and K. K. Baruah
Deptt. of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Khanapara, India
Vencob broiler chicks (336; 47.62±0.03g BW) were equally divided into 8 groups following 2x4
factorial design. Eight concentrate mixtures were prepared as per BIS (1992). The rations were formu-
lated by replacement of wheat bran by factory tea waste at 0,5,10 and 15 percent level W/W with or
without enzyme supplementation. The mean total body weights and total body weight gain were signifi-
cantly lower at 15 percent incorporation of tea waste in place of wheat bran. The feed conversion
efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of the birds were not significantly affected either by level of tea
waste or by enzyme supplementation. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, NFE and retention of
nitrogen was significantly lower in T4 groups, but crude fibre and ether extract digestibility was compa-
rable between T3 and T4 groups. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein fibre and per cent nitrogen
retention were affected by levels of enzymes in the ration. The carcass yield i.e. dressing percentage was
not significantly affected by level of factory tea waste or by enzyme supplementation, but the giblet yields
were affected significantly by the levels of tea waste and enzymes. The blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen
(BUN), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase
(SGOT) were not significantly affected either by level of tea waste of by enzyme supplementation. The
cost of feeding per kg. live weight gain was found to be lowest with the diets in which 10 percent of
wheat bran was replaced by Factory tea waste and was supplemented with enzymes. However, 10 per-
cent wheat bran replacement by Factory tea waste with or without enzyme also showed lower cost of
production than the conventional diet. Thus it could be inferred from the findings of present experiment
that 10 percent factory tea waste with enzyme supplementation could safely be used in broiler diets with
distinct economic advantage.
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MG 48
Effect on nutrient metabolizability and carcass quality of
broilers fed pearl millet with enzyme supplementation
Nisha Jha, N. Kumar and R. S. Thakur
National Dairy research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
An experiment of six weeks duration was conducted on broiler chickens to study the effect of
pearl millet based diet with commercially available enzymes supplement replacing maize. Two hundred
and forty day-old broiler chicks were distributed into six treatment groups having two replicates each.
Maize and soybean meal based diets as per BIS(1992) requirement was formulated as control (T1).Other
rations were T2 (control + multi enzyme), T3 (50% maize replaced with pearl millet), T4 (T3 + multi
enzyme), T5 (100% maize replaced with pearl millet) and T6 (T5 +multi enzyme).A metabolism trial was
conducted during last week of growth period to determine the nutrient metabolisability and four birds per
dietary treatment were sacrificed at the end of the experiment to study the carcass traits and carcass
composition. The body weight gain and FCR of birds were statistically similar among all the dietary
treatment but numerically it was improved with the supplementation of enzyme. The metabolisability of
nutrients i.e dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy were significantly (P =0.05) reduced in T3 and T5 as
compare to T1. However these parameters increased with the supplementation of enzyme. There was no
significant difference observed in dressed, eviscerated, giblet and drawn yield (% of live weight), and
composition of thigh and breast muscle (%moisture,%crude protein <and 5 ether extract) among all the
dietary treatments. From this study it can be inferred that pearl millet can be a substitute for maize and
supplementation of enzyme is further beneficial.
MG 49
Effect on nutrient metabolisability and carcass quality of broilers fed
different levels of sunflower meal with enzyme supplementation
Nisha Jha, N. Kumar and R. S. Thakur
National Dairy research Institute, Karnal-132001, India
A six week growth trial was conducted on broilers to find out the effect of replacing soybean meal
(SBM) with different levels of sunflower meal (SFM) without and with multi-enzyme supplementation.
Two hundred and forty day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into six treatment groups with
two replicates of twenty birds each. Maize and SBM containing ration as per BIS (1992) requirements
was formulated as control (T1). Other rations were as T2 (T1 + enzyme), T3 (10% SBM replaced with
SFM), T4 (T3 + enzyme), T5 (20% SBM replaced with SFM), T6 (T5 +enzyme). To determine the
nutrient metabolisability,a metabolism trial was conducted at the sixth week of growth period and to
assess the carcass quality,four birds per dietary treatment were slaughtered. The body weight gain was
reduced and FCR increased significantly (p = 0.05) in birds fed 20% SFM containing diets (T5 and T6).
Dry matter metabolisability was reduced in T5 only but nitrogen and gross energy metabolisability was
reduced in T3 and T5. With the supplementation of enzyme only nitrogen retention was improved. Dressed,
eviscerated, giblet and drawn yield (% of live weight) and thigh and breast muscle composition (% mois-
ture,% crude protein and % ether extract) were statistically similar among all the dietary treatments. From
the above observation it can be inferred that SBM can be safely replaced with 10% level of SFM and
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supplementation of enzyme is not beneficial at all.
MG 50
Comparative efficiency of different xylanase preparations in
broiler diets incorporated with sunflower cake meal
G. Shyam Sunder, Arun Kumar, S. Suresh Kumar*, Rani Gupta*, A. K.Panda,
M. V. L. N Raju, S. V. S Rama Rao and Vijaya Kumar
Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030; * Department of Microbiology,
University of Delhi South Campus, Lodhi road, New Delhi, India
Four xylanase preparations, one from Delhi University (A) and three from commercial sources (B,C
and D) were compared for their relative efficiency in broiler chickens fed diets with 10 or 20% sunflower
cake meal (SFC). Apart from these diets, two SFC diets without xylanase and one without SFC and
enzyme were included in the experiment to constitute 11 experimental diets. They were tested on 385
Cobb broilers from day-old to 5 weeks of age in cages. SFC used in this trial contained 26.2% protein,
30.8% fiber, 33.6% NSP and 11.5% pentosans. All diets were isonitrogenous (22.0/19.0%) and isoca-
loric (2850/3000 kcal ME/kg) in both starter and finisher periods. Xylanase was added to SFC diets at
4500u/kg. Results at the end of 5th week showed that growth, FCR, meat yield, measurements of small
intestine, tibia mophometry,its mineralization, Ca and P content, composition of muscle and liver, apparent
digestibility of nutrients (except fat), and NSP content in small intestine segments were significantly af-
fected in groups fed diet with 20% SFC. Supplementation of xylanase in the diet with 10% SFC cor-
rected depression in performance and was comparable to control group. Among the four sources of
xylanase, the one from Delhi University (A) was more efficient than C and D sources, and was at par or
better than B for the parameters studied. The results suggest that xylanase supplementation improved the
feeding value of SFC included at 10% level without compromising on the performance of broiler chicken
at 5 weeks of age. Effectiveness of xylanase varied in relative terms.
MG 51
Carcass yield of broilers as affected by crude fibre levels
and multi-enzyme supplementation
R. S. Berwal, O. P. Lohan and Nand Kishore
Three hundred twenty, day old commercial chicks were divided in 8 groups having 40 birds in each
group. Each group consisted of two replicates having twenty birds in each subgroup. Four different crude
fibre (5, 7,9and 11 percent) levels of rations were achieved by inclusion of sunflower cake and deoiled
rice bran in the diets. The treatments were designated as T1, T2, T3, and T4. All the four treatments were
supplemented with commercially available multi-enzyme mixture (containing amylase, xylanase, cellulase,
pectinase and phytase) at the rate of 100g/quintal of feed and designated as T5, T6, T7 and T8. For
carcass evaluations four birds per dietary treatment (two from each replicate) were selected randomly at
the end of the experiment of 6 weeks. The dressed yield was highest in T7 and lowest in T5. No definite
trend was observed for dressed yield in enzyme supplemented or unsupplemented diets at various crude
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fibre levels. The values being 70.79±0.22,70.90±0.71, 70.77±0.23, 71.49± 0.65, 70.66± 0.25, 71.41±0.38,
72.21±0.31 and 71.12±0.54 inT1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8, respectively. Similarly no definite
trend was observed for eviscerated yield and drawn yield in different treatment groups. Giblets yield
ranged from 4.67± 0.23(T8) g/100g live weight to 5.14± 0.09(T1) g/100g live weight, the results being
statistically similar. From this study it could be concluded that carcass yield was not affected by crude
fibre levels used in the study and enzyme supplementation.
MG 52
Influence of crude fibre levels and multi-enzyme
supplementation on relative weight of giblets in broilers
An experiment was conducted on 320, day-old broiler chicks for 6 weeks. The birds were randomly
divided in eight treatments having two replicates in each treatment. Crude fibre levels in the diets T1, T2,
T3 and T4 was kept as 5, 7, 9 and 11%, respectively. The T1, T2, T3 and T4diets were supplemented
with multi-enzyme mixture and designated as T5, T6, T7 andT8, respectively. For carcass evaluations four
birds per dietary treatment (two from each replicate) were selected randomly at the end of the experi-
ment. The relative weight of heart was highest in T6 and lowest in T3. No definite trend was observed for
relative weight of heart in enzyme supplemented or unsupplemented diets at various crude fibre levels. The
values being 0.64±0.04,0.56±0.03,0.54±0.02,0.57±0.02,0.65±0.04, 0.69± 0.05,0.58± 0.04 and 0.56±0.04
forT1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6,T7and T8,respectively.The relative weight of liver and gizzard was non-signifi-
cantly different from each other at all the crude fibre levels and enzyme supplementation. From this study
it could be inferred that relative weight of giblets were not affected significantly (P<0.05) due to crude
fibre levels used in the study and enzyme supplementation.
MG 53
Studies on the relative weight of pancreas as affected by crude
fibre levels and multienzyme supplementation in broilers
The present study was conducted on 320 day-old broiler chicks divided randomly into eight groups
of 40 birds each. Each group consisted of two replicates having twenty birds in each subgroup. Four
different crude fibre (5, 7, 9 and 11 %) levels of rations were achieved by inclusion of sunflower cake and
deoiled-rice bran in the diets. The treatments were designated as T1, T2, T3, and T4. All the four treat-
ments were supplemented with commercially available multi-enzyme mixture (containing amylase, xylanase,
cellulase, pectinase and phytase) at the rate of 100 g/ quintal of feed and designated as T5, T6, T7 and
T8. At the end of a growth trial of 6 weeks four birds per dietary treatment (two from each replicate)
were slaughtered randomly for carcass evaluations. The relative weight of pancreas (g/100 g of live weight)
was 0.27±0.01, 0.32±0.01, 0.31±0.02 and 0.35±0.02 in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. There was a
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significant (P<0.05) increase in relative weight of pancreas in T2 and T4 as compared to T1. The enzyme
supplementation resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in relative weight of pancreas at higher (7, 9
and 11%) crude fibre levels. The values being 0.26±0.01, 0.20±0.00, 0.25±0.01 and 0.26±0.02 g/100g
live weight in T5, T6, T7 and T8, respectively. From this study it could be inferred that higher crude fibre
resulted in increased weight of pancreas which was reduced with the inclusion of enzymes.
MG 54
Mortality of the broilers as affected by dietary crude fibre
levels and multi-enzyme supplementation
R. S. Berwal, O. P. Lohan and Z. S. Sihag
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana
An experiment of six weeks duration was conducted on three hundred twenty day-old broilers. The
birds were randomly divided in eight treatments having two replicates in each treatment. Crude fibre levels
in the diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 was kept as 5, 7, 9 and 11%, respectively. The crude fibre levels were
achieved by inclusion of sunflower cake and deoiled-rice bran in the diets. All the four treatments were
supplemented with commercially available multi-enzyme mixture (containing amylase, xylanase, cellulase,
pectinase and phytase) at the rate of 100 g/ quintal of feed and designated as T5, T6, T7 and T8. During
the six weeks study daily mortality records were maintained and dead birds were sent to the department
of Veterinary Pathology College of Veterinary Sciences, CCSHAU, Hisar for post-mortem examination to
ascertain the cause of death. Out of three hundred and twenty, seven birds died during the study the total
mortality being 2.18%. The percent mortality was 5.0, 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 2.5, 2.5, 0.0 and 0.0 in T1, T2, T3,
T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8, respectively. The post-mortem reports of died experimental birds revealed that
death was not related to any dietary treatment.
MG 55
Effect of dietary supplementation of phytase on biochemical
and hematological parameters in broilers
Archana Jain
Department of Veterinary Physiology
College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Mhow-453446, India
A six-week duration feeding trial was conducted on 60 one-day-old broiler chicks of Arbor Acre
breed raised in battery brooders. Biochemical and Hematological parameters were studied on supplemen-
tation of phytase in feed and water. The chicks were divided into four groups of 15 chicks in each (Group
I control, Group II Phytase 500 IU / L, Group III Phytase 1000 IU / L of water, and Group IV Phytase
125 IU / kg of feed). The biochemical parameters viz. serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline and acid
phosphatases (ALP and ACP) levels were significantly (P<0.01) altered in the treatment groups as com-
pared to control. The serum calcium level which was 8.18±0.76 mg / dl in control group, significantly
(P<0.01) increased to 13.60±1.02, 12.68±1.12 and 12.37±1.01mg/dl in Groups II, III and IV, respec-
tively. Similarly serum phosphorus levels were also increased significantly in treatment groups (9.13±0.77,
9.59±0.86 and 9.52±0.98 mg/dl, respectively in Groups II, III and IV) as compared to control (4.73±0.68
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mg/dl). The serum ALP level which was 43.86±1.87 units in control group significantly (P<0.01) reduced
to 22 to23 units where as serum ACP levels were significantly (P<0.01) reduced 3.0-3.5 units in phytase
supplemented groups as compared to control (7.80 units). There was no significant effect of phytase
supplementation on hematological parameters such as PCV%, hemoglobin, total erythrocyte count and
differential leukocyte count.
MG 56
Effects of feeding processed wheat replacing maize in diets
for cost-effective broiler chicken production
S. J. Manwar* and A. B. Mandal
Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar- 243 122;
*Faculty of Vety. Sciences & A.H., SKUAST, Jammu- 181102, India
An experiment was carried out to examine the influence of reconstituted wheat inclusion and enzyme
supplementation on the performance and feed cost of broilers fed on reconstituted wheat-based diets.
Cereal grains were reconstituted by adding water to whole grain to raise the moisture level to about 30%
(DM 70 %), followed by storage in sealed plastic buckets with 0.5 g mixed enzyme preparation/kg diet
(Ambiozyme) or without feed enzymes for 21 days at room temperature (25°C). Subsequently, the grains
were sun-dried to 10 % moisture level on plastic sheet to avoid mould growth, if any. Day-old chicks
(n=520) were randomly selected, weighed and distributed into 52 groups of 10 chicks each. They were
offered thirteen dietary treatments; each to four subgroups (replicates) i.e. 40 chicks. A basal ration ad-
equate in all nutrients was formulated based on maize as a major source of energy and twelve dietary (iso-
caloric and iso-nitrogenous) treatments were formulated with three levels (50, 75 and 100%, replacing
maize) of wheat and its processed forms i.e. raw, raw supplemented with enzymes, reconstituted and
reconstituted with enzymes. The birds fed on diets containing reconstituted wheat grew significantly (P<0.01)
more as compared to birds fed raw wheat containing diets. In raw wheat groups, the weight gain reduced
(P<0.01) with increased level of wheat, during starter phase (0-3 wk). However, statistically higher body
weight gain to that of untreated wheat fed groups was observed in diets containing reconstituted wheat
replacing maize at any level. The chicks fed enzyme reconstituted wheat at 50% replacement level of
maize in diet recorded highest body weight gain. When different types of wheat grains were compared,
the higher (P<0.01) bogy weight gain was recorded either due to reconstitution or enzyme supplementa-
tion. However, feed intake did not differ significantly (P>0.05) up to 75% replacement level. In reconsti-
tuted groups, however, feed intake was lower (P<0.01) at higher levels of reconstituted wheat in compari-
son to its lower levels. The addition of enzymes or reconstitution of wheat with or without enzymes
significantly improved (P<0.05) the FCR over the raw wheat based diets. Similar and significant (P<0.01)
trends were observed in both the protein and energy conversion efficiencies as in FCR. Reconstitution
with or without enzymes decreased the cost of feed per unit gain or meat yield in comparison to 100 %
raw wheat fed groups which was comparable to control group. The processed wheat or supplemented
with enzymes can be economically added in diets replacing maize to an extent of 75 and 100 % for
optimum production in broiler chickens.
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MG 57
Effect of supplementary enzymes on nutrient utilization
and growth performance of Ven Cobb broiler
A. Sharma, S. P. Tiwari, M. K. Gendley and K. Kumari
College of Veterinary Science & A. H. Anjora, Durg -491001, India
The effect of phytase and cocktail enzyme individually or in combination replacing the dietary avail-
able P and dietary energy in the diet of 150 day-old Ven Cobb broiler chicken on the growth performance
and nutrient utilization, was studied. The starter (0-14d) diets were formulated to contain 23% CP with
0.45, 0.35, 0.35, 0.45 and 0.35% available P and 3000 kcal ME in T1 and 2900 Kcal/Kg feed in T2-T5.
The diets were supplemented with phytase (250g/tonn) and cocktail enzyme (500g/tonn feed) consisting
of amylase, cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase, b-mannase, b-glucanase, protease and lipase. Phytase was
supplemented in T3, cocktail enzyme in T4 and phytase+CE in T5. Grower’s diet contained 21.5% CP and
two levels of energy (3150 kcal in T1 and 3050 Kcal/Kg in T2 to T5). In the finisher stage the diets were
constituted with two levels of energy (3250 kcal in T1 and 3150 Kcal ME/Kg in T2- T5) with 20% CP and
same level of enzymes and available P as in starter or grower. The data were recorded for weekly DM
intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass characteristics up to 6 weeks of age. 3 days
metabolism trial was also conducted.
During 29-35 days the highest weekly weight gain was recorded in T3 (573 g) and T5 (571g) and the
lowest in T1 (514 g). At 42 days broiler chicken attained highest total body weight of 2409g in T3,
followed by T4 (2324g). The feed conversion ratio was highest in T2, followed by T1 and T3 and lowest in
T5 and T4. Despite of relatively lower body weight T5 and T4 ranked the best for the FCR. Nitrogen
retention was highest (79.76 %) in T5 and lowest (76.82 %) in T2. No significant difference could be
obtained amongst groups in Ca and P balance. There was no significant difference amongst groups in
biochemical as well as haematological parameters except serum P was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T5
group. Supplementation of exogenous enzyme had no significant effect on immunological response espe-
cially serum HI titers against Newcastle disease virus and weight of different lymphoid organs and liver.
Tibia ash, Ca and P were significantly (P<0.05) increased in T3. Enzyme supplementation significantly
increased Zn, Mn, Fe and Co levels in tibia and toe and Cu in tibia bone. Toe ash, Ca and P were also
significantly increased in phytase group.
MG 58
Effect of substitution of pearl millet and enzyme
supplementation in broilers pelleted diet
Udeybir*, K. R. Yadav, B. S. Tewatia and Mahesh Ahlawat
Department of Animal Nutrition, CCS HAU, Hisar;
*C.V.Sc. & A.H. N.D.U.A.& T. Kumarganj- Faizabad 224229, India
An experiment (42 days) was conducted on broiler chicks to study their performance in terms of
average body wt. gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency and performance index by
feeding without or with enzyme supplemented pearl millet based diets. Day old broiler chicks (n = 240)
were randomly distributed into six treatments having two replicates each. Control T1 (Maize-soyabean
based diet) was as per BIS (1992) whereas T2-T1 + multienzyme, T3- 66% maize replaced with pearl
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millet, T4- 100% maize replaced with pearl millet, T5-T3 + multienzyme, T6-T4 + multienzyme. The starter
ration (0-4 weeks) and finisher ration (4-6weeks) were formulated in pelleted form. Significantly higher
body wt. gain, improved feed conversion ratio, improved protein efficiency and improved performance
index were observed (P<0.05) at 66 percent pearl millet with or without enzyme supplementation. It was
concluded that pearl millet can replace maize on weight by weight basis completely but enzyme supple-
mentation did not improve the broiler performance in pelleted diet.
MG 59
Effect of post-hatch feed deprivation on yolk-sac utilization,
gastrointestinal tract development and performance of broiler chickens
A. K. Panda, M. V. L. N. Raju, G. Shyam Sunder, S. V. Rama Rao,
M. R. Reddy and R. P. Sharma
Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of post-hatch feed deprivation on yolk sac
utilization, performance and gastrointestinal tract development of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty,
male broiler chicks immediately after hatching were equally distributed into 3 groups of 40 each and
reared in battery brooder pens. The treatment consists of free access to feed after 0h, 24h or 48h after
placement in the brooder pens. The diet used in the study was based on maize and soybean meal with
2900 kcal ME/kg and 22% CP. All the chicks were received clean drinking water immediately after
housing. The body weights of chicks were recorded individually at 48h intervals upto 6 days of age. At 72
h, three chicks from each group were sacrificed to record the residual unabsorbed yolksac. After 96h of
experimental period, 3 chicks from each group were slaughtered and the weights of yolksac, liver,
proventiculus and gizzard, pancreas and small intestine was recorded and expressed as % live weight. The
results of the present study indicated that the residual yolk is used up more quickly by chickens that have
access to feed immediately after hatch than those fasted for 48 h. Chicks with early access to feed gained
significantly more weight compared to those deprived of feed for 48h during the first week of age. How-
ever, no difference in body weight could be found between chicks fed either immediately after hatch or
24h post hatch. The weight of liver, pancreas, jejunum and ileum increased significantly in the birds ac-
cessed to feed at 0 or 24h as compared to those deprived of feed during initial 48h. However, no
difference could be noticed between those fed immediately or fed after 24h of hatch. Thus, early feeding
has a greater effect in triggering the right momentum of growth in broiler hatchlings. Early nutrient intake
not only utilizes the residual yolk faster but also increases the body weight gain and enhances the gas-
trointestinal tract development in neonatal broiler chicks.
MG 60
Effect of wet feeding on the compensatory growth of broiler chickens
A. Khatibjoo, F. Shariatmadari1, A. A. Saki2 and H. Aliarabi3
1
Department of Animal Science, Tarbiate Modarres University, Iran; 2, 3Department of Animal
Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran
Wetting cereal based feeds caused significant improvement in feed intake, weight gain and feed con-
version efficiency of broiler chickens. Feed restriction reduces metabolic disorders, abdominal fat and
energy needs for body maintenance and improves feed efficiency. This study was investigated to deter-
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mine effect of wetting feed on compensatory growth of broilers. The experiment was conducted as a 2×4
factorial arrangement with two levels of feed form (wet or dry) and four levels of feed restriction (0, 10,
20 and 40 percent). 160 chicks at one week of age were divided into 8 groups of 5 replicates and 20
birds. Birds were restricted from 18-24 days of age and at the end of restriction period 4 groups of birds
were allowed to eat wet and the rest were allowed to eat dry feed until 42 days of age. Then one bird
from each replicate was killed and the breast meat, drumstick and abdominal fat were recorded, and
carcass protein, fat and ash were determined. Results of this study showed that wet feeding increased
feed intake, body weight gain, final body weight and relative growth rate but did not affect feed conver-
sion efficiency (P<0.05). However feed restriction in all the restriction levels significantly decreased body
weight gain (P<0.05) but differences between two forms of feed were not significant. Wetting of diet had
no significant effect on carcass and breast weights, carcass dry matter, ash, fat and protein percentages
but abdominal fat percentage in wet feeding was significantly (p<0.05) higher than dry feeding in all of
feed restriction levels. Feed restriction decreased carcass fat and dry matter percentages in both forms of
feed. There was a significant (p<0.05) interaction between form of feed and feed restriction for carcass
dry matter, fat, ash and protein percentages.
MG 61
Performance of broiler chickens under various stress conditions
V. S. Jadhav, R. A. Patil, S. G. Narwade and D. T. Samale
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science,
Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, India
The performance of birds reared under recommended management (T1 and T2 controls) was com-
pared with those reared under stress of poor feeding (T3), overcrowding (T4) high light intensity (T5) or
poor litter with poor sanitary condition (T6). The chicks were brooded under hovers with necessary light
and ventilation and later reared on deep litter system. Common 4 day feeding of crushed maize crumbles
was followed by respective treatments. The data on various parameters were analyzed in Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). At the end of period, the chicks under respective treatments, attained mean
live weights of under T1 through T6, respectively. Stress of overcrowding and poor litter conditions
affected body weight gains during latter weeks of age from 4th week. Feed intake was significantly af-
fected by overcrowding from 4th week onwards, by high light intensity from 2nd week onwards and poor
litter condition from 4th week onwards as compared to control birds. Stress of poor feeding did not have
any effect on feed intake during entire experimental period as compared with control birds. Feed Conver-
sion Ratio (FCR) under stress of poor feeding was significantly inferior from 2nd week onwards as com-
pared to control but overcrowding improved it significantly during 7th week of age as compared to con-
trol. FCR was not affected significantly either by high light intensity or by poor litter conditions.
MG 62
Nutritional evaluation of sugarcane press residue in layers
N. Suma, B. S. V. Reddy, K. Rajeswara Rao1, K. C. Singh and R. G. Gloridoss
Veterinary College, KVA FSU, Bangalore; 1CPDO, Hesaraghatta, Bangalore- 560 024, India
By-product of sugarcane industry i.e., the Sugarcane Press Residue (SPR) also known as Filter cake
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or Pressmud was evaluated for its nutritional worth in 32-week-old white leghorn laying hens. Eight prac-
tical types of isonitrogenous rations were prepared by incorporating SPR at 0, 5, 10 and 15 per cent
either in the soya based or fish based diets to form T1 to T8 diets in that order. The trial lasted for 84 days
and towards the end of the experimental period, (on days 82, 83 and 84) a three-day metabolic trial was
carried out by adopting total collection method. The average dry matter metabolisability values ranged
significantly (P<0.05) from 52.71 (T1) to 55.46 (T3) per cent. Similarly organic matter metabolisability
was maximum (P<0.05) in T5 (63.29%) and least in T7 (58.91%) groups. The statistically non significant
(P>0.05) metabolisability coefficients of CP ranged from 70.10 (T1) to 73.72 (T7). However, ether ex-
tract metabolisability values ranged (P<0.05) from 69.01 (T4) to 75.14 (T5) and the crude fibre metabolisability
was maximum (P<0.05) in 5 per cent SPR included fish diet (71.35%) and least in 10 per cent SPR
included soya diet (62.27%). Although there was a significant variation in metabolisabilities of various
proximate principles between SPR supplemented and control groups, birds could still tolerate SPR in the
diets.
MG 63
Utilization of sugarcane press residue in laying hens
N. Suma, B. S. V. Reddy, K. Rajeswara Rao1, K. C. Singh and R. G. Gloridoss
Veterinary College, KVA FSU, Bangalore; 1CPDO, Hesaraghatta, Bangalore-560 024, India
A biological trial on 160 white leghorn layers (32 week old) using Sugarcane Press Residue at 3
different levels (5%, 10%, 15) vis-à-vis in combination with two different protein sources (soya based:
T2–T4 or fish based: T6– T8) including control (Soya:T1 and fish based: T5) was carried out for 84 days.
The experiment was equally divided into 3-periods and gross efficiency of protein utilization as well as
gross efficiency of energy utilization was calculated. The treatment wise results revealed that the per cent
EPU was significant (P<0.05) during first period in that it ranged from as low as 26.74 (T8) to 30.34 (T6).
But however, this pattern of significance did not persist during the subsequent periods. The values ranged
non significantly (P>0.05) from 25.35 (T8) to 29.74 (T1) during Period II and from 25.39 (T3) to 29.21
(T4) per cent during Period III. As that of efficiency of protein utilization, the efficiency of energy utilization
was found to be significant (P<0.05) only during Period I while, during Period II and III, the values were
found to be non significant (P>0.05). The value during Period I ranged significantly (P<0.05) from 25.60
(T8) to 29.22 (T6) per cent during Period I. Non significant values ranged from 24.27 (T8) to 28.54 (T1)
during Period II and from 24.40 (T3) to 28.10 (T4) during Period III. Thus, the inclusion of SPR up to 15
per cent in the diets did not affect the ability of birds to transfer dietary protein and energy to the egg not
withstanding the apparently low nutritive value of SPR.
MG 64
Metabolizability of energy content of sugarcane
press residue in broilers and layers
B. N. Suresh, B. S. V. Reddy and C. Basavantha Kumar
Sugarcane press residue (SPR), a byproduct from sugar industry was evaluated for it’s energetic
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worth in broilers and layers. In metabolism trial involving broiler birds, a practical type broiler starter diet
using conventional energy and protein sources to serve as basal mixture (control) and three test diets by
incorporating sun dried SPR at 10, 20 and 30% replacing the corresponding proportion of basal mixture
were prepared. Further, another 12 diets were prepared by supplementing control and test diets with lipid
utilizers (lipase and lecithin) or NSPases or their combinations. Each of such diet was offered to duplicate
groups of 10 chicks (Hubbard strain, unsexed) each, for a period of 14 days including terminal 3 days
collection period. In an another metabolism trial involving layers, another set of 16 diets (layer type) were
was prepared by incorporating 0, 10, 20 and 30% SPR in combination with or without lipid utilizers
(lipase and lecithin) or NSPases. Each diet was offered to triplicate groups of 3 laying hens(BV-300
hens), for a period of 14 days including terminal 3 days collection period. The results revealed that the
average ME of SPR at 10, 20 and 30% inclusion level were 1036, 842 and 1437 kcal/kg, respectively in
broilers and 845, 937 and 1031 kcal/kg, respectively in layers. The inclusion of biotechnological agents
namely lipid utilizers or NSPases or their combination failed to improve the ME content of SPR. The
established ME content of SPR can be used to formulate economic rations for poultry, as the SPR is
cheaply and abundantly available in sugarcane growing regions of India.
MG 65
Egg production performance of layers fed diets
containing sugarcane press residue
B. N. Suresh, B. S. V. Reddy, N. K. S.Gowda1, N. Suma and P. C. Bolka
1
Veterinary College, KVAFSU (Bidar), Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024; NIANP, Bangalore, India
To find out the optimum level of inclusion of sugarcane press residue (SPR) in the diets of layers, 42-
wks old BV-300 laying hens (n=144) were assigned to twelve dietary treatments. Three isonitorgenous
and isocaloric experimental diets by incorporating 0, 5 and 10 per cent SPR to cater the organic nutrients
as well as mineral sources. Further, each diet was supplemented with lipid utilizing agents (lipase and
lecithin) or NSP degrading enzymes or their combination to result in another set of 8 test diets. Each such
diet was offered to triplicate groups of 4 laying birds each. The feeding trial was carried for 84 days,
which was divided into three periods of 28-day interval each. The results revealed that a significant (P£0.05)
difference in cumulative egg production (77.1 to 84.5 %), feed consumption (116.2 to 118.5 g/bird) and
egg weight (58.51 to 60.07 g) however, body weight changes were non-significantly varied among various
treatments. With regards to the main factors, SPR level (0, 5 and 10%) showed a significant differences
(P<0.01) among treatments for all the production parameters studied excepting egg weight. There was no
significant differences (P>0.05) in egg quality parameters viz., Haugh unit score, albumen index, yolk
index, yolk colour, shell thickness and yolk colour score among different treatments. In general, as the
level of SPR increased in diets, there was a decreased performance of layers and none of the biotechno-
logical approaches proved to be effective in improving the nutritive value of SPR.
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MG 66
Influence of dietary enzymes on the performance of
layers at different ages
Parminder Singh and M. L. Kansal
Department of Vet. and Animal Husbandry Extn.
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141001
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary enzymes on the economic parameters of
layers using 3 x 4 x 3 (enzyme source x dose x age) factorial in randomized block design. The experiment
was conducted simultaneously in three sheds of Kansal and Kansal Poultry Farm, Panipat having layers of
different age groups i.e. 40, 61 and 91 weeks of age. Three types of enzymes (A, B and C) were
procured from the market and were added in 12 bajra based diets @ four different doses i.e. control,
25% less than recommended, recommended and 25% more than recommended by the respective manu-
facturers in each age group. Each diet was fed to duplicate group of layers having 72 layers in each group.
The birds were reared in cages having 3 x 3 California type of rearing system. All the management
practices viz. lighting, ventilation etc. were performed as recommended. After one week of adaption
period data was recorded fro next four weeks. The results of experiment revealed that irrespective of age
of birds and dose of enzymes, supplementation of enzymes significantly (P £ 0.05) increased the hen day
egg production from 88.75 to 90.45 per cent. Feed conversion ratio did not improve significantly. Instead
weight of the egg supplemented with enzymes was reduced non-significantly. All the other parameters like
eggshell thickness, yolk and albumen qualities differed insignificantly. Birds supplemented with enzyme C
performed significant (P £ 0.05) better than the enzymes A and B. Irrespective of types of enzyme and age
of bird, dose 25% less than the recommended by manufacturer gave better results than the other doses.
Feed intake and hen day egg production was depressed significantly (P £ 0.05) when the brides were
given enzymes @ 25% more than recommended. Response of 40 week layer to enzyme supplementation
was significantly (P £ 0.05) better than the other age groups. In 91 week layers, there was no effect on
feed intake but egg production improved non significantly. So, it was concluded that performance of 40
weeks old layers supplemented with enzyme C @ 150 g/100 kg feed was significantly (P £ 0.05) better
than the other treatments. Type of enzyme and its dose influence the response particularly in younger
layers. Taking into consideration the increase in egg production, reduction in feed intake and cost of
enzymes there was a net saving of Rs. 7500/10000 layers per month at the above said farm.
MG 67
Effect of different levels of fibre with and without enzyme
on the production performance of layers
A. P. S. Sethi and S. S. Sikka
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, India
An experiment was conducted to see the response of commercial enzymes supplementation at differ-
ent dietary fibre levels on the egg laying performance and egg cholesterol levels. Three hundred and
twenty laying birds of 22 weeks age were randomly distributed in 16 groups. Each group contained 20
birds. The average weight of the birds in all the groups was same. Eight diets containing 8, 9, 10 and 11
per cent crude fibre without and with commercial enzyme were formulated. Each diet was offered to a
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duplicate group of birds. The data on the effect of different dietary treatments revealed a significant effect
on percent egg production and per day feed consumption. Supplementation of enzyme at 8 and 9 per cent
crude fibre levels significantly (P<0.05) increased the egg production and feed consumption, but at higher
dietary crude fibre levels, enzyme supplementation reduced the percent egg production. Increase in the
crude fibre level irrespective of enzyme supplementation from 8 to 10 per cent, increased the egg produc-
tion non significantly. The total cholesterol per egg reduced by supplementing the enzyme at all dietary
fibre levels except at 9 per cent. On per gram yolk basis the cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05)
affected by the dietary treatments. The data indicated that supplementation of enzyme at 10 and 11 per
cent dietary crude fibre decreased the cholesterol per gram of yolk. The cumulative effect of dietary crude
fibre irrespective of enzyme supplementation did not show any significant (P<0.05) effect On the other
hand, supplementation of enzyme irrespective of dietary crude fibre level decreased the total cholesterol
level and the cholesterol per gram of egg yolk.
MG 68
Performance of starter chicks fed different levels of enzyme
phytase at different levels of non phytate phosphorus
S. S. Sikka and A. P. S. Sethi
An experiment using 3x3 factorial design was conducted on week old egg type starter chicks to see
the effect of different levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) at different levels of enzyme phytase.
Eighteen groups of thirty chicks in each were constituted. The average weight between and among the
different groups was kept similar. Nine experimental diets with 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 % NPP levels at 400,
500, 600 units of phytase / Kg diets were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to a duplicate
group of chicks. The feeding was done adlib up to eight weeks of age. The different levels of dietary NPP
significantly (P<0.01) affected the body weight, gain in weight, feed consumption and feed conversion
ratio. However the level of enzyme did not significantly (P<0.01) affect the body weight and weight gain
but both the feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the
different level of enzyme irrespective of dietary NPP levels. Increase in enzyme level at 0.2% NPP level
significantly (P<0.05) reduced the body weight, weight gain and feed consumption with deterioration in
FCR. However at 0.3%NPP level, increase in enzyme level significantly (P<0.05) improved weight gain
and feed consumption. On the other hand at each level of enzyme, increase in dietary NPP level signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) improved the body weight and gain in weight with increase in feed consumption. The data
revealed that the highest body weight and gain in weight were achieved at 0.3% NPP with 500 units of
phytase followed by the diet with 0.4% NPP with 400 unit of phytase.
MG 69
Performance and egg quality of laying hens affected
by different sources of phytase
S. A. Hosseini Siyar, A. Ahmadi, H. Aliarabi, A. Saki, M. M. Tabatabaie
Animal Science Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
Ninety hens were divided into six groups as a 2x3 factorial design and fed diets containing wheat
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bran (WB) at two levels of zero and five percent and the enzyme phytase at three levels of 0, 150 and
300 FTU kg-1. Egg weight, egg production, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were deter-
mined. Eggs were collected on two consecutive days at fortnightly intervals to measure egg size and egg
component weights. Shell thickness was measured. Egg production, egg weight, FCR and feed intake
were not affected by WB. Egg production, egg weight and feed intake were significantly higher in phytase-
supplemented groups than unsupplemented groups. FCR differed significantly between dietary treatments
as phytase supplementation significantly decreased FCR. Inclusion of WB to the diets had no effect on
egg size and albumen weight. Phytase supplementation did not affect yolk weight, although albumen and
shell weight were significantly affected.
MG 70
Effect of dietary supplementation of tulsi leaf powder (Ocimum sanctum)
on egg yolk cholesterol and serum lipid profile in commercial layers
R. R. Deshpande, A. A. Zanzad, B. N. Ramteke and G. B. Deshmukh
Department Of Animal Nutrition,
Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur 440006, India
The Experiment Was Conducted On Layers From 24 Weeks Old To The Age Of 32 Weeks To
Investigate The Effect Of Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) On The Performance Of Layers. Forty-Five Experi-
mental Pullets Were Randomly Divided Into Three Experimental Groups Of 15 Pullets In Each. Control
(T0) Received Standard Layer Diet, Group T1 Received Standard Layer Diet With Tulsi (0.5%), Group
T2 Received Standard Layer Diet With Tulsi (1%). It Was Concluded That Supplementation Of Tulsi Leaf
Powder @ 0.5% Or 1% In Layer Diet Did Not Affect Body Weight, Egg Production, Egg Weight, Feed
Consumption And Feed Efficiency. The Average Egg Yolk Cholesterol Was Reduced Significantly From
45th Day Onward In Group T2 Supplemented With Tulsi Leaf Powder At The Rate Of 1% Of The Diet.
The Average Serum Total Cholesterol Was Reduced Significantly From 45th Day Onward In Group T2
Supplemented With Tulsi Leaf Powder At The Rate Of 1% Of The Diet. The Average Serum Hdl Choles-
terol Was Increased Significantly On 60th Day In Group T2 Supplemented With Tulsi Leaves/Leaf Powder
At The Rate Of 1% Of The Diet The Average Serum Triglycerides Were Numerically Reduced On 60th
Day In Group T2 Followed By Group T1 Supplemented With Tulsi Leaves At The Rate Of 1% And 0.5%
Of The Diet. The Average Serum Ldl Cholesterol Was Reduced Significantly On Day 60th In Group T2
Followed By Group T1 Supplemented With Tulsi Leaves At The Rate Of 1% And 0.5% Of The Diet. As
The Effect Of Tulsi Leaves Was Gradual, Long Term Feeding Of It In Laying Hens Diet At The Rate Of
1% Of The Diet, May Be Helpful In Lowering Egg And Blood Cholesterol.
MG 71
Productivity and economic feasibility of rearing indigenous laying birds on
conventional rations under intensive system of management in Assam
R. Buragohain , B. N. Saikia and K. K. Baruah
College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry
Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022
A study was undertaken to elucidate productivity and economic feasibility of indigenous laying birds
on conventional rations under intensive system of rearing in Assam. Eighty female birds at the point of lay
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were taken for the study and assigned four experimental rations dividing them randomly into four groups
with two replicates in each. One out of the four rations contained 18% CP and 2600 Kcal ME/kg (as per
BIS, 1992) and served as control (RC). The rest contained 16% CP with 2600 Kcal ME/Kg (R1), 16%
CP with 2800 Kcal ME/Kg (R2) and 18% CP with 2800 Kcal ME/Kg (R3), respectively. The cost
incurred per kg of ration formulated were Rs.7.99, 7.72, 8.78 and 7.85 for RC, R1, R2 and R3 respectively
as per the market price of the feed ingredients. Egg production (Hen-days basis) was found to be higher
in RC (36.40±3.28) followed by R1 (33.35±2.48), R3 (31.99±2.45) and R2 (29.49±2.81). Performance
Efficiency Index (PEI) was also observed to be superior in RC (12.62±1.05) followed by R3 (11.71±0.67),
R1 (11.48±0.81) and R2 (11.10±0.96) respectively. The total feed (kg) per dozen of eggs produced
ranged from 4.75 to 5.76 involving the lowest cost of production in control (Rs.32.53) and highest in
group with 18% CP and 2800 Kcal ME/kg ration (Rs.50.60). Considering the market price of eggs (@
Rs.3/egg) excluding other operational cost except feed, there may only be a meagre profit of Rs.3.47 in
case of control group, but losses in all the other groups. The findings of the present study thus adequately
justify the unfeasibility of the use of the conventional feed ingredients unless productivity can be improved
and the incorporation of low cost unconventional feeds and scavengeable feed resources (SFR) may be
suggested in the ration of indigenous laying birds to achieve economic viability under intensive system of
rearing in Assam.
MG 72
Energy requirements and energetic efficiency in
White Leg Horn chicks
S. K. Singh and B. R. Patle
College of Vety. Sci. & A.H., Jabalpur 482001, India
One hundred forty four energy balances studies were worked out on WLH male chicks at three ages,
two seasons, two diets and four level of feeding using comparative slaughter technique to estimate energy
requirement and energetic efficiency. Fasting heat production (FHP) were calculated by regression of log
heat production over ME intake. Anti log of the intersept gave the FHP (NE for maintenance). The values
for FHP of chicks at 8-28, 28-42 and 42-56 d age were 76.28, 78.07 and 99.43 during winter season
and 70.00, 77.68 and 91.60 Kcal / Kgw0.75/d during summer season, respectively. The change in body
energy was regressed on body weight gain with adequate fits obtained using the simple linear equations.
The slopes of regression lines indicated the NE requirement for gain (NEg). The NE requirement for gain
at 8-28, 28-42 and 42-56 d age were 3.24, 3.01 and 3.59 during winter and 2.53, 2.54 and 2.63 kcal/
g gain over Kgw0.75/d during summer season for the respective ages. The ME requirements for mainte-
nance (MEm) were calculated by regression of energy balance over ME intake with adequate fits ob-
tained using the simple linear regression equations. Maintenance ME requirements were estimated from
the fitted regression equation (Y= a + bx) as -a/b, which represents energy intake at zero body energy
gain. The values of MEm for chicks in winter season at 8-28, 28-42, and 42-56 d age were 96.72,
107.54 and 123.68 and in summer season 91.36, 108.47 and 117.70 kcal / kg w0.75/d, respectively. The
ME requirement to gain one g body weight was estimated by regression of ME intake over body weight
gain with adequate fits obtained using the simple linear equations. The ME required per g weight gain
(MEg) were 5.73, 4.50 and 4.30 in winter season and 3.50, 4.08 and 3.13 kcal / Kgw0.75/d in summer
season for 8-28, 28-42 and 42-56d age, respectively. The change in body energy was regressed on ME
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intake with adequate fits obtained using the simple linear regression equations. The slopes of the regres-
sion lines × 100 indicated the partial efficiency in percentage with which dietary ME, above that required
for maintenance, was utilized for body energy gain. The partial efficiency of ME utilization for body energy
gain in chicks for 8-28, 28-42 and 42-56d age during winter and summer season were 55%, 53%, 77%
and 67%, 60%, 73% for the corresponding age groups and seasons.
MG 73
Studies on the use of rock phosphate with and without aluminium
sulphate on the nutrient utilization in starting chicks
S. Nayak and R. P. S. Baghel
College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur, India
Raw rock phosphate (RRP) is comparatively much cheaper source of phosphorus in comparison to
dicalcium phosphate (DCP) for poultry. But its optimum level of incorporation in poultry diet is not con-
firmed. Further, it contains high level of fluorine which is detrimental to their health. Hence, to minimize the
effect of fluorine toxicity attempts were made to use aluminium sulphate which has property of forming
complex with fluorine. However, to what extent it works within the biological system is obscure. There-
fore, an experiment was conducted to see the effect of aluminum sulphate supplementation with raw rock
phosphate on the performance of starting chicks. WLH chicks (405; Babcock BV-300) of identical weights
were randomly distributed to 27 replicates of 15 chicks each. Starter diets were formulated using maize,
deoiled rice polish, soybean meal, minerals and vitamins supplements as per ICAR (1998) specifications.
There was variation only in the phosphorus supplement used in the mineral mixture of various diets. Total
nine diets were tested in the experiment. Diet 1 (T1) in which dicalcium phosphate (DCP) was exclusively
used as phosphorus supplement, was used as control. Whereas, in other four diets, DCP of control diet
was replaced by raw rock phosphate (RRP) @ 40, 60, 80 and 100% (T2, T4, T6, T8). To see the effect
of aluminium supplementation with RRP, it was added @ 486ppm, 729ppm, 972ppm and 1215ppm in
T2, T4, T6 and T8 diets, respectively and these diets were designated as T3, T5, T7 and T9. The
metabolic trial on total collection basis was conducted at 6 weeks of age replicate wise. Based on the
total dry matter consumed, excreta voided and their chemical composition nutrient retention was calculated.The
nutrient utilization in terms of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract and
calcium and phosphorus was studied. Studies indicated that feed utilization and retention of nutrients was
maximum in chicks assigned T1 diet. Use of RRP instead of DCP tend to reduce the nutrient utilization
significantly (P<0.05). Gradual increase in the level of RRP replacing DCP, reduced the utilization of dry
matter as well as retention of nutrients. Significant reduction was noted in dry matter utilization and reten-
tion of crude fibre and calcium. Up to 40% RRP instead of DCP, had no significant effect on retention of
crude protein, ether extract, NFE and phosphorus but it reduced the retention of crude fibre and calcium
significantly. Increase in the level of RRP to 60% of DCP, did not influence the dry matter utilization and
retention of protein, ether extract and NFE. But further increase in the its level to 80% and 100%,
reduced the retention of various nutrients signiifcantly. Use of aluminium sulphate with RRP did not have
beneficial effect on the retention of nutrients. Conversely, there was reduction in the retention of various
nutrients. Use of aluminium sulphate with 40% RRP or even at higher levels did not have any beneficial
effect on the utilization of nutrients. Use of aluminium sulphate with higher levels of RRP, only improved
the utilization of calcium and phosphorus significantly. Thus studies indicated that use of RRP instead of
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DCP had reducing effect on the retention of nutrients and use of aluminium sulphate did not have much
beneficial effect on the retention of nutrients in starter chicks.
MG 74
Studies on the use of rock phosphate with and without aluminium
sulphate on the nutrient utilization in growing birds
Sunil Nayak and R. P. S. Baghel
College of Veterinary Science and Animal husbandry, JNKVV, Jabalpur, India
The experiment was conducted using three hundred and seventy eight, White leghorn (WLH Babcock
BV-300) growing birds randomly allotted to 27 replicates. Grower diets were formulated as per ICAR
(1998) specifications using maize, deoiled rice polish, soybean meal, minerals and vitamins supplements.
Diets varied as regard to their phosphorus supplements with or without aluminium sulphate. Total nine
diets were used in the study. Each diet was randomly allotted to three replicates of 15 birds each. Diet 1
(T1) in which DCP was used as a sole source of phosphorus, acted as control. Whereas, in other eight
diets, DCP of control diet was replaced using RRP @ 40, 60, 80 and 100% without (T2, T3, T4 and T5)
or with aluminum sulphate (T6, T7, T8, T9). The metabolic trial was conducted at 17th weeks of age
replicate wise on total collection basis. Based on the total dry matter consumed, excreta voided and their
chemical composition nutrient retention was calculated. The nutrient utilization in birds was studied in
terms of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract and calcium and phos-
phorus. Studies indicated that inclusion of RRP instead of DCP at higher levels caused reduction in the
utilization of dry matter as well as retention of nutrients. Significant reduction in the utilization of dry matter,
crude protein, crude fibre NFE and calcium and phosphorus was noted. Only in case of ether extract
better utilization was recorded. Use of RRP above 60% level instead of DCP also caused significant
reduction in the utilization of ether extract. Use of aluminium sulphate with RRP had no beneficial effect on
the utilization of dry matter as well as protein and ether extract except at 40% level of inclusion where
significant increase in the utilization of crude protein and ether extract was noted. While utilization of crude
fibre was better with aluminium sulphate supplemented diets. The NFE retention was not influenced due to
use of aluminium sulphate. While the retention of calcium and phosphorus increased due to use of alu-
minium sulphate but significant increase was noted only with calcium when DCP was completely replaced
with RRP. It was concluded that use of RRP in growing birds caused reduction in the utilization of nutri-
ents except ether extract and use of aluminium sulphate with RRP was beneficial only at 40% level of
replacement as regards protein and fibre was concern while for calcium retention it was most beneficial
when DCP was completely replaced.
MG 75
Use of raw rock phosphate without and with aluminum sulphate
on the performance and nutrient utilization in layers
Sunil Nayak and R. P. S. Baghel
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, JNKVV, Jabalpur, India
The studies were undertaken to see the effect of use of Raw rock phosphate (RRP) with and without
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aluminium sulphate instead of dicalcium phosphate on the performance and nutrient utilization in layers.
The experiment was conducted using two hundred and seventy, White leghorn (WLH Babcock BV-300)
pullets of 20 weeks age randomly allotted to 27 replicates. Layer ration was prepared as per ICAR
(1998) specifications using maize, deoiled rice polish, soybean meal, minerals and vitamins supplements.
Total nine types of diet were used. Each diet was randomly allotted to three replicates of 10 birds each.
In diet 1 (T1) DCP was used as a sole source of phosphorus. Whereas, in other eight diets, DCP was
replaced using RRP @ 40, 60, 80 and 100% without (T2, T4, T6 and T8) or with aluminum sulphate
(T3, T5, T7, T9). The metabolic trial was conducted at 33rd weeks of age replicate wise on total collec-
tion basis. Based on the total dry matter consumed, excreta voided and their chemical composition nutri-
ent retention was calculated. The performance of birds as well as their nutrient utilization was studied. The
serum samples were also analyzed for enzyme study. Studies revealed that use of RRP instead of DCP
reduced the feed intake. It was significantly lower in groups assigned 40% and 60% RRP instead of DCP.
The percent hen day production was maximum in birds assigned control diet. It reduced significantly due
to use of RRP instead of DCP. Use of RRP instead of DCP did not influence the egg weight. The average
egg weight was about 50g in different groups. As a result of it, feed conversion ratio per dozen as well as
per kg eggs was maximum and significantly higher in T5 groups followed by those allotted T4, T3, T2 and
T1 diet. Replacement of DCP up to 80% had no significant effect on FCR of birds. Feed cost per dozen
egg as well as per kg egg was maximum and significantly higher in birds assigned T5 diet followed by
those allotted T4, T1, T2 and T3 diet. Lowest feed cost was registered in birds assigned T3 diet. How-
ever, it was statistically similar to those assigned T1 and T2 diet. Use of aluminium sulphate along with
RRP tend to improve the feed intake and egg production except at 40% level of RRP (T6) where signifi-
cant reduction was noticed. The egg weight was statistically similar in all the groups. The feed conversion
ratio (FCR) per dozen egg as well as per kg egg increased significantly due to use of aluminium sulphate
with 40% RRP. While, with higher levels of RRP, its supplementation led to reduction in their FCR. Use of
aluminum sulphate caused significant increase in the cost of egg production either per dozen or per kg
eggs. Maximum cost of egg production was noted in birds assigned diet containing 100% RRP instead of
DCP supplemented with aluminium sulphate. The higher cost of egg production due to aluminium sulphate
supplementation was due to its much higher cost. Studies indicated that dry matter utilization did not differ
significantly due to use of RRP instead of DCP up to 60% level of inclusion but further increase in the level
of RRP led to significant reduction in the utilization of dry matter in layers. While, retention of most of the
nutrients under study except nitrogen free extract, there was significant reduction due to inclusion of higher
levels of RRP instead of DCP. Minimum retention was noted in birds assigned diet containing RRP com-
pletely instead of DCP. The retention of NFE was maximum in birds assigned diet containing 40-60% of
RRP instead of DCP. Supplementation of aluminium sulphate along with RRP, did not improve the nutrient
utilization in birds. Retention of most of the nutrients reduced due to inclusion of aluminium sulpahte. There
was exception only with the retention of NFE which increased significantly when RRP was used to replace
the DCP completely. The analysis of serum samples indicated that use of RRP led to significant increase
ein the ALT while AST and ALPlevel were not influenced due to incorporation of RRP up to 60%.
However, further increase in the level of RRP increased the levels of AST as well as ALP. Due to use of
aluminum sulphate there was decrease in the level of ALT and AST but level of ALP was not effected
significantly. Thus, considering the total egg production and their cost of production, it is concluded that
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60% RRP can be used economically instead of DCP in the mineral mixture of layers. Although use of
aluminium sulphate increased the egg production and reduced the feed intake but its higher cost led to
uneconomical egg production. While, use of RRP above 60% led to decrease in the retention of nutrients
and use of aluminum sulphate did not improve the nutrient utilization.
MG 76
Effect of organic vs inorganic zinc on egg quality and
laying hens performance
H. Aliarabi , A. Ahmadi , S. A. Hosseini Siyar , M. M. Tabatabaie, A. Saki,
Animal Science Department, University of Bu-Ali Sina, Hamedan, Iran
Eighty layer hens were assigned in a completely randomized design to four dietary treatments con-
taining zinc sulphate or organic zinc as Albino-Zn in two levels of 25 or 50 ppm. Feed intake was ex-
pressed on a per hen basis. Daily egg collection was expressed on a hen-day basis. Eggs were weighed
to calculate egg mass production. Feed conversion ratio was calculated as feed consumed per egg mass.
Also all eggs produced on days 14, 28 and 42 were collected and used for egg quality parameters.
Albumen height was measured and Haugh Unit Index (HU) was calculated. The yolk and dried shell were
weighed and albumen weight was calculated. Comparison between mean values was done using the Duncan
Multiple Range Test method. There was no effect of zinc source or zinc level on egg production, egg
weight or feed conversion ratio, however, feed intake of the hens was significantly affected by dietary
treatment. No significant differences were observed for weight of egg components or shell thickness
between treatments, however in the second fortnight, HU differed significantly.
MG 77
Use of methionine and combination of methionine-betaine
compound to combat the residual arsenic concentration in eggs
and meat of layer chicken treated with sodium arsenate
G. Halder and Barun Roy
WB University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 037, India
An experiment was conducted to find out the residual concentration of total arsenic (As) in eggs and
meat of layer chicken treated with arsenic as sodium arsenate via drinking water. 120 Rhode Island Red,
16 week -old, were allocated into four groups having three replicates with nine hens and one cock in each
replicate. The experimental groups were C (control group fed with basal diet only), T1 (fed control diet
with 5.5 ppm As through water), T2 (fed control diet with 5.5 ppm As through water + 50 g methionine
per 100kg of feed) and T3 (fed same as T2 but 50% of the excess methionine supplement was replaced
with betaine). The birds were maintained in deep litter system of housing. All the components of egg from
treatment groups showed higher concentration of As (P<0.01) than control. The ratio of arsenic content in
yolk and albumen was found to be almost 3:1. Results also indicated that supplementation of methionine
or methionine-betaine combination reduced the residual concentration of As in eggs and meat of the
treatment groups (T2 and T3). It may be concluded that supplementation of either methionine or methion-
ine - betaine combination may protect the chronic arsenic toxicity during exposure of As in laying hen.
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MG 78
Pathological studies on intestine, heart, lungs and ovaries
of layer chicken induced chronic arsenic toxicity
G. Halder, B. Roy, S. Mondal and S. Koley
Department of Animal Nutrition, F/O- Veterinary and Animal Sciences
WB University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata- 700 037, India
An experimental trial was carried out for pathological studies on intestine, heart, lungs and ovaries of
Rhode Island Red laying hen induced chronic arsenic toxicity. 16 week old pullets (n=40) of Rhode
Island Red (RIR) were randomly assigned into four dietary treatments replicated three times with 10
birds/ replicate. The groups were control (C) - provided basal diet to meet all the nutrients requirement,
treatment (T) - birds were offered control diet with 5.5 ppm arsenic (As) through water. The birds were
maintained replicate wise in deep litter system of housing with a common system of management. Intestine,
heart, lungs and ovaries of the birds in the control group did not show any pathological changes.
Hislopathological observation showed sloughing off the tip of the villi with congestion and haemorrhage in
intestine, degeneration of myocardial fibres with extensive haemorrhage, whereas emphysema and thick-
ening of intra-alveolar septa with severe haemorrhage was observed in lungs of as intoxicated birds. Birds
of treatment group showed decreased number of follicles with thickening of stroma in ovaries. So it can
be inferred that As caused a marked pathological changes in intestine, heart, lungs and ovaries of laying
hen.
MG 79
Toxicopathological effect of arsenic on liver and
kidney in layer chicken
G. Halder, B. Roy and L. Biswas1
Department of Animal Nutrition, 1Department of Veterinary Pathology
WB University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata- 700 037, India
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of chronic arsenic toxicity on pathological changes
in liver and kidney of layer chicken. Forty Rhode Island Red, 16 weeks old, were randomly distributed
into two experimental groups, each having two replicates with 10 birds (9 hens, 1 cock) per replicate.
The experimental groups were Control (C) provided basal diet to meet all the nutrient requirements.
Treatment (T) -birds were offered basal diet with 1/20th LD50of arsenic (As) i.e. 5.5 ppm As through
water. The birds were maintained replicate wise in deep litter system of housing with a common system of
management. No pathological changes were observed in liver and kidney of control birds. But arsenic
treated birds i.e. T group showed coagulative necrosis, extensive haemorrhage, fatty changes in focal
areas and degenerative changes as well as bile duct proliferation in liver. Cellular infiltration and fibrosis in
liver also observed in liver. The section of kidney showed renal medullary necrosis, marked haemorrhage
in the inter tubular space and connective tissue proliferation between tubules, liquifactive necrosis, tubular
haemorrhage with hyaline cast in tubules and swelling of the epithelium in convoluted tubules. Therefore it
can be concluded that arsenic toxicity caused severe damage of the liver and kidney tissue in laying
chicken.
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MG 80
The concept of digestible amino acid profile in poultry diet formulation
P. Vasan2, Narayan Dutta1, A. B. Mandal3and K. Sharma1
1
Division of Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
2
Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Research Station, TANUVAS
3
Avian Nutrition and Feed Technology, CARI, Izatnagar, India
The present study was designed to assess the digestible amino acid profile of cereals and vegetable
protein meals and its applicability in practical dietary formulation. White Leghorn cockerels (n=60), about
30 weeks of age were selected from a single hatched flock. Half the numbers of birds (n=30) were
caecectomized as per standard technique with slight modifications. The birds were subjected to experi-
ment 30 days after surgery. Prior to experimental feeding, all the birds were starved for 48 h. Then the
test ingredients viz., maize, jowar and soybean meal were fed ad libitum for one hour to six caecectomized
as well as six normal birds (Farrell’s rapid ME method) each. The fourth and fifth group of birds of both
the treatments were precision fed with 50 g of sunflower meal and nitrogen free diet (Sibbald’s TME
method) respectively. Caecectomy had no influence on the true digestibilities of amino acids of maize, but
higher digestibilities were observed for most of the amino acids of jowar in caecectomized cockerels. The
intact cockerels underestimated the amino acid digestibilities of jowar. On the other hand the intact cock-
erels overestimated the digestibility of most of the amino acids of soybean and sunflower meal. A biologi-
cal trial was carried out to evaluate the practical applicability of digestible amino acid values in broiler feed
formulation. The total amino acid based (TAAB) diet was formulated as per NRC standards. The digest-
ible amino acid based (DAAB) diet was formulated based on the NRC recommendations that the digest-
ible amino acid requirements were 8-10% lower than the total amino acid requirements. Day old (n=80),
colour broiler chicks were wing banded individually, weighed and distributed randomly into two treat-
ments comprising of 8 replicates of 10 chicks each. The chicks were reared in electrically operated
battery brooders for 42 d. Throughout the experiment, similar management practices like vaccination,
lighting and watering were followed in all the test groups. The birds were provided with weighed quantity
of experimental diet ad libitum. No significant difference in feed intake (2643 vs 2756g), live weight gain
(1364 vs 1395g), FCR (1.94 vs 1.98) and immunocompetence were observed between the two treat-
ment groups. The protein efficiency (0.41 vs 0.39) and nitrogen retention (54.31 vs 51.62%) were similar
between the treatments. Even though there was no significant difference in feed cost per kg live weight
gain (Rs. 18.45 vs 18.01), but still the diet formulated on digestible amino acid basis was lesser by 44
paise per kg live weight gain as compared to total amino acid based diet. These results suggested that the
amino acid digestibility values of feedstuffs determined using caecectomized cockerels might be appropri-
ate, cost effective and reliable for poultry diet formulations.
MG 81
Ecofriendly dietary management systems vis-a-vis a novel approach
P. Vasan2, Narayan Dutta1, A. B. Mandal3and K. Sharma1
1
Division of Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
2
Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Research Station, TANUVAS
3
Avian Nutrition and Feed Technology, CARI, Izatnagar, India
The present study was carried out to determine the bioavailability of minerals such as calcium, phos-
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phorus, copper, magnesium and manganese from common vegetable and animal protein feedstuffs and to
assess the role of caeca in the utilization of minerals. The feedstuffs evaluated were soybean, sunflower
(undecorticated), rapeseed, sesame, fish meal and meat cum bone meal. About 60 adult cockerels (30
weeks of age) were used in this experiment. Half the number (n=30) was caecectomized as per standard
technique. Each feedstuff was fed to six caecectomized as well as six intact cockerels (six replicates).
Prior to experimental feeding, all the birds were starved for 48 h to make the gastrointestinal tract free
from the previous feed residue. Then the test feedstuff viz., soybean meal (50 g), sunflower meal (35g),
rapeseed meal (50g) and sesame meal (50g) were precision fed (Sibbald’s TME method) to the birds of
both the treatments. The fifth group of birds (intact as well as caecectomized) was force fed with 50g of
mineral free diet to determine the endogenous mineral excretion. The excreta voided for the following 48
hours were collected individually, weighed, oven dried at 80°C for 24 h and stored at -20°C until further
analysis. The mineral aliquots of all the test ingredients as well as individual excreta samples were pre-
pared as per AOAC (1995) method from their respective total ash and analyzed for the above mentioned
five minerals. The availability of copper from soybean meal (21.61 vs 13.93 %) and meat cum bone meal
(54.97 vs 36.05 %) were significantly higher (P< 0.05 to 0.001) in caecectomized cockerels. On the
contrary the bioavailability of manganese from all the test ingredients (except soybean meal) were mark-
edly higher (P< 0.01 to 0.001) in intact cockerels as compared to their caecectomized counterparts. The
retention of phosphorus from sesame meal (30.19 vs 18.87 %) and fish meal (34.33 vs 25.34 %) were
significantly (P< 0.01 to 0.001) higher in caecectomized as compared to intact cockerels. The present
observations revealed that the intact cockerels underestimated the bioavailability of copper from soybean
and meat cum bone meal and phosphorus from sesame and fish meal respectively. On the other hand the
intact cockerels overestimated the bioavailability of manganese from sunflower, sesame, rapeseed, fish
meal and meat cum bone meal. It is evident from the present study that caeca plays a pivotal role in
resorption of manganese. However, further research is required to study the possible role of caeca in the
absorption of minerals at different physiological stages of bird’s life. It can therefore be concluded that the
mineral digestibility values of vegetable and animal protein feedstuffs determined with intact cockerels
does not support its application in formulating practical feed.
MG 82
Chemical composition and metabolizable energy value of
soya lecithin and rice bran oil
S. Saritha, B. Mohan and D. Chandrasekaran
Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
Eight samples of each soya lecithin and rice bran oil were analyzed for its chemical composition. The
mean per cent moisture, total ash and acid insoluble ash in soya lecithin samples were 0.77, 10.70 and
3.69 %, respectively. While the mean hexane insoluble matter, acetone insoluble matter and benzene
insoluble matter in the soya lecithin samples were 1.65, 67.09 and 0.53, respectively. The chemical char-
acterization viz free fatty acid, acid value, iodine number, saponification value and ester value of the soya
lecithin were found to be 13.49 %, 26.84, 63.79, 162.91 and 136.07, respectively. The fatty acids profile
of the soya lecithin samples were found to be 22.44 % saturated fatty acids, which was dominated by
palmitic (19.63 %) and stearic (2.81 %). The total unsaturated fatty acids were 77.31 % of which 21.55
% was MUFA (palmitoleic-0.47 % and oleic-21.08 %) and 55.76 % was PUFA (linoleic acid-50.42 %
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and linolenic-5.34 %). In comparison the chemical characterization viz free fatty acid, acid value, iodine
number, saponification value and ester value of eight samples of rice bran oil were found to be 12.86 %,
25.58, 90.77, 185.92 and 160.34, respectively. The fatty acids profile of rice bran oil was found to
contain 21.94 % saturated fatty acids, which was dominated by palmitic (20.10 %) and stearic (1.84 %).
The total unsaturated fatty acid content was 74.09 % of which 40.05 % was MUFA (oleic - 40.05 %)
and 34.04 % was PUFA (linoleic-32.03 %, linolenic-1.48 % and arachidic-0.53 %). The gross energy
content of soya lecithin was estimated as 7883 kcal/kg, whereas the true metabolizable energy and appar-
ent metabolizable energy were found to be 7518 and 6421 kcal/kg.Soya lecithin with 55.76 % PUFA and
ME 7518 kcal/kg is a potential energy supplement for broiler ducks.
MG 83
Feeding value of soya lecithin for broiler ducks
S. Saritha, B. Mohan and D. Chandrasekaran
Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
A study was undertaken to evaluate the feeding value of soya lecithin (SL) replacing rice bran oil in
broiler duck ration and its influence on the keeping quality of broiler duck meat. At the end of six weeks,
the mean weight gain and feed efficiency in T1 (0 % SL), T2 (1 % SL), T3 (2 % SL), T4 (3 % SL), T5 (4 %
SL), T6 (4.5 % SL) and T7 (5 % SL) were 1874, 1863, 1814, 1823, 1860, 1845 and 1845g and 2.43,
2.45, 2.53, 2.47, 2.45, 2.47 and 2.48, respectively and did not differ significantly among the treatment
group. The mean cholesterol levels at the end of six weeks of age ranged from 144.44 (T7 -5 % SL) to
163.49 mg %.(T1 -0 % SL).The weights (% body weight) of liver, heart, gizzard, spleen and pancreas at
the end of six weeks ranged from 1.87 to 2.22 g %, 0.50 to 0.56 g %, 2.72 to 3.24 g %, 0.06 to 0.08
g % and 0.33 to 0.38 g %, respectively. The mean values of dressing percentage, weights of blood and
feather (% body weight) ranged from 62.86 to 66.17, 5.16 to 6.35 and 6.63 to 9.64 per cent respec-
tively. The data on sixth week intestinal morphometry values viz., intestinal weight, duodenal length, jejunal
length, ileal length and large intestinal length ranged from 63.5 to 76.5 g, 27.33 to 29.67 cm, 65.17 to
73.67 cm, 67.17 to 73.17 cm and 41.0 to 49.0 cm respectively. The keeping quality of broiler duck thigh
meat stored at-10° C were evaluated based on its thiobarbituric acid value (TBA). TBA value clearly
indicated there was less oxidation of meat in 0.95 (T4), 1.01 (T7), 1.02 (T6) and 1.05 (T1) groups stored
upto 21 days. The TBA value of thigh meat of broilers fed soya lecithin, were between 0.5 to 1.5 mg
malondialdehyde / kg, which indicated the meat has been somewhat oxidized, but acceptable for con-
sumption. The overall acceptability of the broiler duck thigh meat was noticed in birds fed up to 5 % soya
lecithin. Maximum profit of Rs. 0.84 /kg live weight was obtained in 5 % soya lecithin group. The overall
data revealed that inclusion of soya lecithin at 5 % level in an isocaloric and isonitrogenous broiler duck
diet was advantageous.
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MG 84
Carcass quality and value added products of spent ducks
fed different forms of trace minerals
T. K. Ghoshal, G. Halder and G. Samanta
West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata- 700 037
An experiment was carried out to find the effect of different forms of trace minerals on carcass traits,
meat quality and value added meat products of ducks. Sixty female laying ducks (20 weeks age) of Khaki
Campbell were randomly distributed into three experimental groups replicated two times with 10 birds per
replicate. The groups were control (C) -provided basal diet with inorganic mineral mixture, treatment 1
(T1) birds were provided basal diet with inorganic chelated minerals and treatment 2 (T2) - provided basal
diet with organic chelaled minerals of copper, manganese and zinc. Statistical analysis revealed that car-
cass traits such as live weight, eviscerated carcass percentage along with different percentages of cut-up
parts did not differ significantly among the groups due to dietary treatments. It was also found that meat
quality, nutritive value of duck meat and duck meat products and their sensory evaluation did not varied
due to supplementations of inorganic or organic chelated minerals when compared to traditional inorganic
minerals supplemented group. So it can be concluded that inorganic chelated minerals (T1 group) or
organic chelaled minerals (T2) had little effect on carcass traits, meat quality, nutritive value as well as
sensory evaluation of duck meat products compared to traditional inorganic minerals (To group).
MG 85
Performance of white pekin ducks on cassava tuber meal based ration
S. K. Sahoo, S. K. Naskar, B. K. Panda and M. K. Padhi
Regional Centre, Central Avian Research Institute
Infront of Kalinga Studio, Bhubaneswar-751 03, Orissa.
An experiment was conducted to study the performance of white Pekin ducks with different levels of
cassava tuber meals. The cassava tuber meal was prepared by chopping, drying and grinding the freshly
harvested cassava tubers. For this experiment 60 day old straight run white Pekin ducklings were taken
and randomly divided into five equal groups namely T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. All the ducklings were reared
under similar managemental conditions except different dietary treatments. The T1 ducklings were pro-
vided with conventional control ration without any cassava tuber meals. In groups T2, T3, T4 & T5 the
maize was replaced by cassava tuber meals at 40, 60, 80 & 100 % level, respectively. The experimental
ration was offered upto 6 weeks of age. Weekly body weight and daily feed consumption was recorded.
Blood samples were collected from three ducks from each group at 21st and 42nd day. After the end of
42nd day of experimental feeding a metabolism trial of five days collection period was conducted. At the
6th week of age, the average body weight was 2195.67±51.26, 2215.42±30.17,2219.50±61.98,
2175.67±56.71 and 2168.83±53.71 and FCR was 2.68±0.06,2.71±0.05, 2.72±0.07, 2.73±0.08 &
2.76±0.07 in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the
groups. The apparent metabolizability of DM, OM & CP was 75.56±0.72, 72.56±0.59, 73.33±0.49,
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
70.35±0.44 & 70.37,0.40; 78.13±0.65, 75.56±0.73, 76.49±0.32, 74.06±0.43 & 74.67±0.47 and
74.43±0.69, 75.28±1.82, 72.78±1.66, 72.94±1.47 & 71.80±1.45 in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively.
Significantly (p=0.05) higher DM, OM & CP metabolizability was observed in T1 than T2, T3, T4, T5 and
T2 & T3 than T4 & T5. No significant difference was observed in apparent CF & EE metabolizability. To
study the carcass characteristics in different groups, 4ducks (2 male & 2 female) from each group was
sacrificed on the 43rd day of experiment. Significantly (p=0.05) higher dressing percentage was observed
in T2 & T3 than T1 & T5 but not from T4. No significant difference was observed in leg, back, neck and
wings percentages. The blood samples collected on 21st and 42nd day were analysed for SGOT, SGPT,
Glucose, Protein, Total Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, Calcium & Phosphorus contents. No significant
difference was observed between the groups on 21st day. However, on 42nd day significantly (p=0.05)
higher SGPT activity was observed in T5 than T1, T2 & T3 and significantly (p=0.05) lower activity was
observed in T1 than T4 & T5. The cost per kg gain was Rs. 33.31, 32.42, 31.82, 31.53 & 30.94 in T1,
T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. From this experiment it was concluded that cassava tuber meal can be
used to replace maize completely in the ration of white Pekin ducks without affecting their performances.
MG 86
Evaluation of energy and protein levels of turkeys in hot
and humid condition
N. Panda, G. Dutta, P. K. Mishra, S. C. Mishra, B. K Sahu and P. K. Dehury
PG Department of Poultry Science
Orissa Veterinary College, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751003, India
One hundred and sixty two Beltsville Small White turkeys of 12 weeks old were reared on floor
system of management in nine groups with three replications in each having 6 turkeys per replication. Nine
dietary treatments, containing three energy levels (2500, 2700 and 2900 K.cal/Kg) and three crude protein
levels (18, 16 and 14%) in a 3 x 3 factorial design during growing period (12 to 24 weeks) were tried. Weekly
body weight, body weight gain and feed consumption were recorded and feed efficiency was calculated. Upto
16th week no significant difference of body weight was found in the turkeys but from 17 to 24 weeks, the body
weight gain and cumulative body weight gain of T7 (CP 18%, ME 2900 K cal/Kg) and T8 (CP 16%, ME
2900 Kcal/Kg) groups were significantly higher than all other groups. Lowest body weight was observed in T1
group (CP 18%, ME 2500 K cal/Kg) from 17th to 24th week. The cumulative feed consumption of the
turkeys during the growing period receiving ME 2500 K cal/kg was highest followed by medium energy group
(ME 2700 K cal/kg). Irrespective of protein content of the feed with the increase in energy content the intake
of feed decreases and highest intake were recorded in group receiving ME 2500 K cal/kg. The best cumula-
tive feed efficiency was noticed in the turkeys of T7 and the poorest being the T2 (CP 16%, ME 2500 K cal/
Kg). From the economic point of view lowest feed cost per production per Kg live weight gain was obtained
as Rs.43.50/ in T8 group (CP 16%, ME 2900 K cal/Kg). It concluded that the Belts Ville Small White grower
turkeys at the age of 12-24 weeks perform better at the energy level of 2900 K cal/Kg of feed with the CP
content of 16% in the diet in hot and humid climate.
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MG 87
Effect of energy and protein levels on carcass characteristics

of turkeys in hot and humid condition
N. Panda, G. Dutta, P. K. Pati, P. K. Mishra, S .C. Mishra , S. K. Das and P. C.Behera
PG Department of Poultry Science
Orissa Veterinary College, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India
One hundred and sixty two Beltsville Small White turkeys of 12 weeks old were divided into nine
groups with three replications in each having 6 turkeys per replication. Nine dietary treatments, containing
three energy levels (2500, 2700 and 2900 K. cal/Kg) and three crude protein levels (18, 16 and 14%) in
a 3 x 3 factorial design during growing period (12 to 24 weeks) were tried. Weekly body weight, body
weight gain, economics of production and carcass characteristics were calculated. At 24th week 2 birds (1
male and 1 female) from each replicate were sacrificed to evaluate carcass yield traits. No significant
difference of body weight was found in the turkeys upto 16th weeks but from 17 to 24 weeks, the body
weight gain and cumulative body weight gain of T7 (CP 18%, ME 2900 K cal/Kg) and T8 (CP 16%, ME
2900 Kcal/Kg) groups were significantly higher than all other groups. Irrespective of the protein content
the groups receiving lower energy (ME 2500 K cal/kg) the cumulative feed consumption of the turkeys
was was highest. No significant difference among different treatment groups for dressed yield, eviscerated
yield, neck yield, wing yield, back yield and giblet yield of the turkeys were found. But significant (P<0.01)
difference among for live or pre-slaughter weight, breast yield, thigh yield, drumstick yield and abdominal
fat yield were recorded. It was observed that with increase in energy level of the ration BMY% de-
creased, but thigh and drumstick yield% increased. Though the differences were very narrow among
different treatments still significant difference existed for BMY, thigh and drumstick yield%. A significant
increasing trend in abdominal fat yield% was found with high-energy diet.
MG 88
Influence of phytase on growth performance and nutrient
utilization in Japanese quails
S. K. Shukla, S. P. Tiwari, M. K. Gendley and K. Kumari
College of Veterinary Science and A. H. Anjora, Durg -491001, India
The experiment was conducted on 150, day-old Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicken
to study the effect of phytase on growth performance and nutrient utilization. Five experimental diets (T1-
T5) were formulated for starter (0-21d), grower (22-42d) and layer (43-77d) to contain 0, 125, 250,
375 and 500g phytase/tonn feed. The available phosphorus was kept as 0.5% in T1 (control) and 0.4% in
T2 to T5. The starter ration contained 2900Kcal ME/kg feed and 27% CP. Diets were made isocaloric by
adding vegetable oil (Soybean). The grower’s mash contained 2800Kcal ME/kg and 24% CP. The data
were recorded for weekly feed intake, body weight gain, FCR, carcass characteristics and biochemical
and haematological parameters upto 6 weeks. A metabolism trial was of 3 days was also conducted.
Daily eggs were recorded for five weeks (6-11weeks). The highest mean cumulative feed intake upto 6
weeks was recorded in T1 (806.02g) than any other groups. During 15-21 days the maximum weekly
weight gains (33.67g) was recorded in T4 and minimum in T1 (29.31g). The maximum mean weight gain at
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6th week was recorded in T3 (17.39g) as compared to other groups. During 0-21 days the highest cumu-
lative body weight was recorded in T4 (104g) and the lowest in control. The higher cumulative body
weight at 42 days was recorded in T4 (172.04g) than any other groups. At 42 days best FCR was found
in T4 (4.28) and minimum in control (5.20).Balance studies revealed that nitrogen, calcium and phospho-
rus retention were positive in all the groups. The maximum N retention (0.576g) was recorded in T4 and
the minimum (0.521g) in T1 which accounted to 66.24% and 62.28% respectively. Ca balance was found
highest (0.074g) in T4 and lowest (0.066g) in T1. The per cent Ca retained was maximum (32.53%) in T4
and minimum (29.09%) in T1. Phosphorus balance was found highest (0.034g) in T1 and lowest in T4 and
T5. However its per cent retention was highest (34.12%) in T4. The net profit for raising Japanese quail
chicken upto 42d was highest i.e. Rs 3.40 in T4 as against Rs 3.37 in T5 and Rs 2.80 in control. It could
be inferred from the present study that supplementation of phytase in a low available phosphorus diet has
a positive, economical and growth boosting effect on the productivity of meat and eggs.
MG 89
Influence of phytase on haemato-biochemical profiles and
carcass characteristic in Japanese quails
S. K. Shukla, S. P. Tiwari, M. K. Gendley and M. Dubey
to study the effect of phytase on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass characteristics, bio-
chemical constituents, haematological profiles and laying performance. Five experimental diets (T1-T5)
were formulated for starter (0-21d), grower (22-42d) and layer (43-77d) to contain 0, 125, 250, 375
and 500g phytase/tonn feed. The available phosphorus was kept as 0.5% in T1 (control) and 0.4% in T2
to T5. The starter ration contained 2900Kcal ME/kg feed and 27% CP. Diets were made isocaloric by
adding vegetable oil (Soybean). The grower’s mash contained 2800Kcal ME/kg and 24% CP. The data
were recorded for carcass characteristics and biochemical and haematological parameters upto 6 weeks.
The highest dressing per cent (66.41) was recorded in T4 as compared to other groups. The highest giblet
yield (8.87 %) was found in T4. The maximum duodenum length (6.76cm/100g) was recorded in T4 and
minimum (5.62cm/100g) in T1. The length of Jejunum, ileum and colorectum did not differ significantly.
The maximum right (3.92cm/100g) and left (3.84cm/100g) caecum length was recorded in T4 whereas
minimum in T1. No significant difference could be obtained amongst groups with regards to haematological
and biochemical parameters (ALP, AST, ALT activity, plasma total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/
globulin ratio, cholesterol and plasma glucose). However plasma Ca and P concentrations were signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) increased. The plasma calcium (14.76mg/dl) and P (7.7mg/dl) were highest in T4 as
compared to other groups. Maximum tibia ash (61.34%), tibia calcium (29.93%) and tibia phosphorus
(15.96%) were recorded in T4 whereas lowest tibia ash (47.86%), tibia calcium (29.85%) and tibia phos-
phorus (14.54%) were observed in T1. Results revealed no correlation between the percent mortality and
the levels of phytase supplementation in the diet.
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MG 90
Influence of phytase on laying performance in Japanese quails
S. K. Shukla, S. P. Tiwari and M. K. Gendley
to study the effect of phytase on nutrient utilization and laying performance. Five experimental diets (T1-
T5) were formulated for starter (0-21d), grower (22-42d) and layer (43-77d) to contain 0, 125, 250,
375 and 500g phytase/tonn feed. The available phosphorus was kept as 0.5% in T1 (control) and 0.4% in
T2 to T5. The starter ration contained 2900Kcal ME/kg feed and 27% CP. Diets were made isocaloric by
adding vegetable oil (Soybean). The grower’s mash contained 2800Kcal ME/kg and 24% CP. The layer’s
diet was constituted with 2700Kcal ME/kg and 22% CP. The data were recorded for FCR parameters
upto 6 weeks. A metabolism trial of 3 days was also conducted. Daily eggs were recorded for five weeks
(6-11weeks). During laying period highest feed intake (1010.39g) and low FCR (465.08) was recorded
in T1 whereas the lowest intake (931.76g) and best FCR was obtained in T4 (297). The highest feed/egg
ratio was recorded in T1 (38.76) and the lowest in T4 (24.75). The maximum egg numbers per quail was
recorded in T4 (39) and the minimum in control. There was no significant (P<0.05) difference amongst
groups with regards to egg quality traits. The highest hen day egg production during 6 to 11 weeks was
recorded in T4 whereas the lowest was in T1.
MG 91
Effect of dietary calcium concentration on performance
of laying Japanese quails
G. P. Mandal1, Y. Damodar Singh2, A. K Samanta1, R. J. Kukde1
1
Department of Animal Nutrition, 2Department of Veterinary Pathology
2
Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl-796014 (Mizoram)
To ascertain the effect of low dietary calcium in diet on performance of laying Japanese quails, 30
quails (b. wt. 213.2± 5.6 g) were divided into two groups of 15 each with 3 replicates of 5 birds in each
group. The birds of control group were fed on a basal diet (CP: 21.8%, ME: 2800 Kcal/kg DM, Ca:
1.16%), whereas birds in treatment group were fed on same basal diet with supplementation of limestone
to obtain 2.7% Ca. The study was conducted for a period of 30 days. At the end of feeding trial tibia-
tarsus bone from both the groups was collected after slaughter. Body weight and feed intake of quail did
not differ between groups, but egg production (henday egg production) was reduced (p< 0.001) drasti-
cally in control group (17.92 vs. 62.44 %). During the course of study 5 birds in control group exhibited
sign of typical cage-layer fatigue and subsequently died. Postmortem of birds reveled the sign of os-
teoporosis with enlarged joints and beaded ribs. Total ash (47.66 vs. 64.06 %), Ca (16.21 vs. 22.02 %)
and P (7.76 vs. 10.53 %) content of tibia-tarsus bone were lowered (p<0.01) in control group as com-
pared to treatment group. It was, therefore, concluded that a dietary concentration of about 1.2 % Ca in
laying quails resulted in reduced egg production and osteoporosis whereas 2.7 % Ca in diet was found
adequate in this study.
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MG 92
Utilization of niger seed cake with or without supplementation
of non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzymes in quail ration
M. R. Sinha, R. Bhakt, S. Thakur and A. K. Sinha
Ranchi Veterinary College,
Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi-834006, India
200 days old Japanese quail chicks were divided randomly in 5 equal groups (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5)
Group T1 was fed control ration consisting of Maize, Ground nut cake (GNC), fish meal, mineral mixture
and common salt. In the ration of group T2 and T4 GNC Nitrogen of control was replaced with Niger
seed cake by 50 and 100%, respectively. The ingredient composition of rations of group T3 and T5 were
same as that of T2 and T4, respectively but supplemented with Nutrizyme sp. @ 10g/100kg. After a
feeding period of 6 weeks a metabolic trial was conducted on 5 birds of each group with 3 days collec-
tion period. The average daily feed consumption did not differ significantly among the groups. The average
body weight (g) of quails of group T5 was significantly higher (159.68) than those of group T1 (142.43), T2
(144.00), T3 (149.73) and T4 (150.81). The mean body weight of quails of group T3 and T4 were signifi-
cantly higher than those of the quails of the group T1 and T2 but did not differ among themselves. Similarly,
the mean body weight of quails of groups T1 and T2 did not differ significantly. Quails of all the groups
were in positive balance for N, Ca and P. All carcass and organoleptic characters did not differ signifi-
cantly among quails of various groups. The ration of T5 showed the best FCR and T4 was the cheapest. It
was concluded that inclusion of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme in Niger seed cake feeding
improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio in Japanese quail ration.
MG 93
Studies on present status of fish production by the farmers
of Malda district of West Bengal
Adwaita Mondal, S. Barat1, S. K. Das2 and P. K. Gangopadhyay
Malda Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya
Block Seed Farm, Ratua, Malda-732205; 1Deptt. of Zoology, NBU, Darjeeling;
2
Deptt. of Aquaculture, F.F.Sc., WBUAFS, Kolkata, India
A survey was conducted to study the existing feeding and management practices of different fish-
ponds of six villages viz. Purba Rukundipur, Paschim Rukundipur, Faridpur, Carbona, Bhaluara and Chandmuni
of Malda District of West Bengal. Fifteen fish farmers from each village were randomly selected to collect
information related to existing practices of fish production. The current farming practice was characterized
by large number of fish fingerlings stocking (15,000- 20,000 fingerlings/ha) with minimum/no use supple-
mentary fish feed, leading to low productivity levels (1.9 tons/ha). The multistock and multiharvest pro-
duction system throughout the year is also a major cause of lowered productivity. The different feeding
and management practices were noticed among the various of fish farmers. Thirty per cent fish farmers did
not use any type fish feed/fertilizer whereas, 65% fish farmers irregularly used inorganic fertilizer i.e. urea
and single super phosphate as supplement to the pond and only 5% fish farmers used organic fertilizer i.e.
raw cow-dung and commercial fish feed. Apart from the high stocking density, they are not releasing
fingerlings in a proper ratio (Catla catla: Hypopthalmichthys molitrix: Labeo rohita: Ctenopharyngodon
idella: Cirrhinus mrigala: Cyprinus carpio = 2:2:2:1:1.5:1.5) during stocking. Management of ponds is
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
not in practice by the maximum fish farmers. However, application of lime was done by very few (8 per
cent) fish farmers only those who produce fingerlings. Due to use of only inorganic fertilizers, dense
macrovegetation occur which causes asphyxia in the fish pond. As a result malnutrition of fishes occurs
and sometimes mass mortality causes huge loss in fish production.
MG 94
Evaluation of fish feed supplementation on production performance
of fish in Malda district of West Bengal
Adwaita Mondal
Malda Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya
Block Seed Farm, Ratua, Malda- 732 205, India
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fish feed supplementation on the performance
of fish production at different fish ponds of six villages viz. Faridpur, Carbona, Paschim Rukundipur,
Purba Rukundipur, Bhaluara and Chandmuni of Malda districts of West Bengal, India. The current farming
practice was characterized by multistock and multiharvest production system without any feeding manage-
ment and scientific stocking rate which leads to low production (1.9 ton/ha) in fish. In the present study
locally available feed ingredients i.e. rice bran and mustard oil cake in 1:1 ratio applied into the fish pond
@ 2% of the body weight of fishes per day. Although the culture procedure was multistock and multiharvest,
the stocking rate of 7500-10000 fingerlings/ha was maintained through out the experiment. Total yield and
growth rate was recorded in each harvesting. The fishes were also observed for any disease conditions.
After final harvesting, the total yield was calculated and it was observed that the total production was
increased by 67% (3.17 ton/ha vs. 1.9 ton/ha). There was significant enhancement in growth rate in the
group supplemented fish feed (356.5%) as compared to that of non-supplemented group (240.8%). The
harvested fishes were also healthy without any sign of disease. Although total input cost was increased due
to supplementation of fish feed to the ponds, the relative profit was higher because of increased yield. The
study indicated that the supplementation of fish feed to the pond could augment fish production and
thereby economics of poor fish farmers.
MG 95
Carbohydrate requirement of Labeo bata
B. N. Paul, A. K.Data, S. S. Giri1 and S. N. Mohanty1
Wastewater Aquaculture Division
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, P.O. Rahara, Kolkata-700 118
1
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751002, India
A feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the carbohydrate requirement of Labeo bata early
fingerling (Av. wt. 2.53g). Five different purified diets were prepared having carbohydrate levels of 12%
(Feed-1), 18% (Feed-2), 24% (Feed-3) and 30% (Feed-4) and fed to L. bata. The diets consisted of
casein, gelatin, carboxymethyl cellulose, minerals, vitamins and vegetable oil along with dextrin as the
carbohydrate source. The experiment was conducted in Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) tanks hiving flow
through system. Significantly higher weight gain was observed in fish fed diet containing 24% carbohy-
drate in the present experiment. The carcass composition of fish reared on different diets was also ana-
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
lyzed. The experimental data reveal that L. bata has a requirement of 24% carbohydrate in diet for
optimum growth.
MG 96
Effect of mustard oil cake based diets on the performance of
common carp (Cyprinus carpio communis) fry
T. H. Bhat, M. T. Banday1 and M. H. Balkhi1
Department of Applied Aquaculture
Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462026; 1S.K.U.A.S.T. Srinagar-19006, India
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of graded levels (0, 25, 50, & 75%) of mustard
cake in soybean meal based formulated diet(40% protein) fed to Cyprinus carpio communis fry for 42
days. The experimental diets were fed to ten fishes in duplicate groups. The average live weight gain and
specific growth rate were significantly (P<0.05) higher in fishes fed diets containing mustard oil cake when
compared with soybean meal based diet. The feed cost (Rs/kg) for different diets were Rs.12.00, Rs.10.00,
Rs.9.25, Rs.8.50 respectively for diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 and 75% (w/w) mustard cake. The
survival rate for fishes fed different diets was cent percent. The study indicates that the mustard cake can
be efficiently incorporated in the diet of Cyprinus carpio communis fry as protein supplement with out
any adverse effect.
MG 97
Efficacy of ascorbic acid (Vitamin-C) on biochemical changes of Indian
river prawn, (Macrobrachium malcolmsonii) under yard condition
S. N. Sethi1, B. K. Das2, S. C. Mukherjee* and S. Sethi1
1
Central Agricultural Research Institute, CARI, Port Blair
2
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, CIFA, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
* Central Institute of Fisheries Education, CIFE, Versova, Mumbai-61, India
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Vitamin-C on biochemical changes at different
doses viz.0, 125,250 &500 mg/kg diet). The juveniles of Macrobrachium malcolmsonii of average
body weight of 1.38±0.27 g. were used for laboratory experiment. The experimental prawns were di-
vided into four groups for administration of vitamin C and were fed once daily for the period of 90 days.
Throughout the experimental period the water quality was maintained at optimal level. Monitoring of the
biochemical parameters (Glucose, Total protein, ACP & ALP,) was carried out after every four weeks
interval upto 90 days. At the end of this trial period of 90days, the prawns in each group were redivided
for challenge with 1.6 x 108 cfu ml-1 of A. hydrophila. The haemolymph glucose and total protein values
were found significantly different (P< 0.05) over all the exposure period while compared to control group,
The lowest haemolymph glucose was found in medium (250mg) dose at 90 days of experiment (40.28±2.09
mg/dl).similarly lowest total protein value was found in control (6.89±0.06 mg/dl) at 60 days of trial. The
haemolymph ACP activity of juvenile prawns was found significantly different (P<0.05) from control group
under yard condition over all the exposure period. The highest activity of ACP was found at 30 days of
trial in control (53.92±1.98 U/l) than other treatment groups. No significant changes were observed be-
tween control and treatments in haemolymph alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In overall performance, vitamin
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C at medium dose had shown the best response in terms of increased biochemical parameters. The
present study suggests that vitamin C at medium dose (250mg) can be introduced into the diet of M.
malcolmsonii, which could increase their resistance to infectious disease minimising the mortality rate and
offer economic profits by way of better growth.
MG 98
Scope of the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds
P. Sardar, B. K. Mahapatra, A. Sinha And S. Datta
Central Institute of Fisheries Education
32 GN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700 091, India
Intensification of aquaculture production depends upon the identification and standardization of sus-
tainable protein sources to replace more costly protein ingredients in aqua feeds. Various plant feedstuffs,
which may be incorporated into aqua feeds to support the sustainable production of various fish species in
aquaculture. Plant feedstuffs such as oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been
used as protein or energy concentrates in aqua feeds. The presence of anti-nutritional factors in these
feedstuffs t may negatively affect the target organisms. Novel products using these feedstuffs may be
developed through various processing technologies. Lipid composition of these feedstuffs is not specially
considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aqua feeds to achieve proper
fatty acid profiles to meet the metabolic requirements of fish and maximize human health benefits are
important aspects. Specific strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstuffs
and limit potentially adverse effects anti-nutritional bioactive compounds may be the future approach to
develop cheaper aqua feeds for sustainable aquaculture production. Such information may provide a
foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstuffs in aqua feeds
to reduce dependence of animal feedstuffs and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture.
MG 99
Effect of different pelleted feeds and feeding methods on
performance of carps and freshwater prawn under polyculture
P. Sardar, S. Datta, A. Sinha, R. C. Das and P. K. Patra
32 GN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700 091, India
Polyculture, the art of growing two or more compatible aquatic species together in a single pond, has
the objective of maximizing production using fish species with different spatial distribution of feeding.
Recently, Indian major carps and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) based polyculture is
gaining popularity at different parts in India. But using traditional mixture of rice bran and oil cakes as
artificial supplementary feed in this system fails to meet optimum nutritional requirement and feed intake of
fish and prawn resulting reduced production and increased aquatic pollution. To overcome this problem, a
sixteen-week feeding trial was conducted by taking care of optimum measures of pond preparation and
manuring in earthen ponds of 0.1 ha each to examine the effects of slow sinking extruded pellets and rapid
sinking steam compressed pellets on growth, feed utilization and carcass compositions in carps, catla,
Catla catla, rohu, Labeo rohita, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala
(average weight of advanced fingerlings 20.77 ± 0.02 g, 20.53 ± 0.06 g, 20.83 ± 0.18 g and 20.77 ± 0.02
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g respectivly) and freshwater prawn (average weight of PL-20 0.02 ± 0.01 g). Two kinds experimental
diets DI (slow sinking extruded pellets of 2-5 cm/min sinking rate and 0.5-2 mm particle size) and DII
(rapid sinking steam compressed pellets of 5 cm/sec sinking rate and 0.5-2 mm particle size) were fed to
triplicate groups of fish and prawn of two treatments (SSP-25 and RSPI-25 for diet DI and DII respec-
tively). Diet DI was applied by manual broadcasting @ 1% of BW for first month and @ 3% of BW
thereafter, Diet DII was applied by tray system of feeding method @ 2% of BW for first month and @
5% of BW thereafter. Triplicate groups of fish and prawn of RSPII-25 fed diet DII at the same rate of
RSPI-25 by manual broadcasting. Significant higher weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), protein
efficiency ratio (PER) whole carcass protein and ash and lower FCR, whole body moisture and lipid
content were observed in fish and prawn fed slow sinking extruded pellets than that of fish and prawn of
other dietary groups at the end of 16 weeks feeding trial resulting higher cost benefit ratio in earlier group.
Fish and prawn fed rapid sinking steam compressed pellets through tray system of feeding method showed
significantly better growth performances, feed utilization and carcass composition than that of fish and
prawn fed rapid sinking steam compressed pellets through manual broadcasting method. The results of the
present study suggest that slow sinking extruded pellets is the desirable supplementary artificial feed for
optimum performance of carps and prawn under polyculture to maximize the production and economic
return.
MG 100
Relative efficiency of formulated feeds and commercial feed with
different protein levels on water quality and body composition
of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi)
Khalid Bashir, S. Patil, A. M. Ganai1
Department of Applied Aquaculture, Barkatullah University, Bhopal;
1
Division of Animal Nutrition, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, Srinagar, SKUAST-K, India
The young stages of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) of average weight (2.66 0.02g) and
body length (4.2 0 0.02cm) were chosen for indoor experiment for a period of 60 days and were
assigned five different dietary treatments viz. A, B, C, D and E with crude protein percentage of 30.30,
24.40, 35.24, 43.00 and 27.23 respectively. The feed was dispensed @ 4% of body weight. The water
quality parameters viz; temperature, pH, alkalinity, dissolved O2, free CO2 and total ammonia did not
showed any significant difference between the treatments. All the water parameters were within normal
range. The leaching of nutrients into the water was 35.5%, 33.0%, 25.13%, 25.0% and 16.88% in
treatments E, B, D, C and A respectively. The body composition showed significant difference (P<0.05)
in protein, lipid and gross energy content of the body, with highest protein and lipid content in treatment
D (64.84 & 23.97) and treatment E (64.09 & 21.86). The gross energy (Kj/g) content of the body
showed the same trend. It was concluded that for growing stages of koi carp a crude protein level from
35.44 to 43.00 percent was better for water quality, body composition and nutrient utilization.
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MG 101
Relative efficiency of formulated feeds with different protein levels on
growth and nutrient utilization of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi)
Khalid Bashir, S. Patil, A. M. Ganai1
Department of Applied Aquaculture, Barkatullah university Bhopal (M.P); 2Division of Animal
Nutrition, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, Srinagar, SKUAST-K, India
Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) were reared for 60 days in the laboratory under five different
dietary treatments (A, B, C, D and E) with varying crude protein levels. A was commercial pelleted feed
(CP 30.30%) B, C, D and E feeds were formulated from locally available feed ingredients having CP
percentage of 24.4, 35.24, 43.00 and 27.23 respectively. The rearing of koi carp showed significant
(P<0.05) difference in body weight gain with 27.55±0.03g, 30.7±0.2g, 33.62±0.5g, 38.0±0.04g and
28.72±0.06g in treatment A, B, C, D and E respectively. The highest body weight gain was observed in
treatment D (38.02±0.04) and lowest in treatment A (27.55±0.32g). The dietary utilization in terms of
feed conversion ratio (FCR), Protein efficiency ratio (PER), Protein retention efficiency (PRE) and Energy
retention efficiency (ERE) showed significantly (P<0.05) better performance in treatment D. Commercial
peletted feed (treatment A) was cost intensive compared to other four formulated feeds. The water quality
parameters (temperature, pH, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, free CO2 and total ammonia) were within
normal range. It was concluded that for growing stages of Koi Carp a crude protein level of 43.00
percent was better for growth and nutrient utilization.
MG 102
Effect of replacement of conventional protein source with
Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal in Mugil parsia
Debasis De and T. K.Ghoshal
Kakdwip Research Centre of CIBA, Kakdwip, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal 743347, India
To study the effect of replacement of conventional protein with Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal
(LLM) on feed intake, growth and digestibility, four groups of Mugil parsia fry were taken with three
replicates in each group. Twenty five fishes of average wt. ranging from 1.51 to 1.79 g were stocked per
replicate in fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks containing 400 litre strained clear brackish water. Pellet
feeds (iso-nitrogenous) with four different levels of LLM, 0% (LLM0), 10%(LLM10)), 20% (LLM20)
and 30% (LLM30) were formulated and prepared using locally available feed ingredients and fed to fishes
of group I, II, III and IV, respectively. In every morning leftover feed was siphoned out and 50% of water
of rearing tank was exchanged. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity and alkalinity of the water of
different tanks were measured on weekly interval and the range were 31.5-33.5 oC, 7.2-8.8 ppm, 7.95-
7.97, 3.0-6.5 ppt and 96-128 ppm, respectively. After 154 days of experiment it was found that average
daily weight gain(ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and specific growth
rate (SGR) did not differ significantly among the groups. Nutrient (organic matter, crude protein, ether
extract) digestibility did not differ significantly among the groups. Body composition of fishes of four
groups also did not differ. So, Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (CP-22.68%) can be incorporated up
to 30% in diet of Mugil parsia without any adverse effect on growth.
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MG 103
Incorporation of non-conventional feed resources in fish diet
Asha Dhawan, Vaneet Inder Kaur and Meera D. Ansal
Fisheries Unit
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana-141004, India
Indian aquaculture is mostly pond based and semi-intensive in nature. It has reached the status of an
industry due to scientific interventions, government policies and extension net work. Fish productivity can
be increased by stocking quality seed in recommended ratio and rate, by managing water quality and fish
health, by feeding nutritionally balanced supplementary feed etc. Among these, supplementary feed and
feeding strategies play a significant role in achieving higher fish production. Dietary requirement of fish
depends upon the species, feeding habits, size, water temperature, diet composition, quality and biological
value of the protein source used, the source of non-protein energy etc and the expenditure on supplemen-
tary feed (from conventional feed resources) is more than 50% of the total input cost. So there is great
need to cut short this expenditure either by replacing costly conventional feed ingredients with non-con-
ventional resources and/or by manipulating feeding strategies (feeding rate, feeding schedule, feeding methods
etc). Replacement of conventional feed ingredients (rice bran, mustard meal, soybean meal, fish meal etc)
with non conventional resources (agro-industrial by-products, animal products/by-products, plants prod-
ucts/byproducts etc), having high biological value, will not only cut short the expenditure on supplementary
feed but will also serve as a means for eco-friendly disposal of these resources. The paper deals with the
studies conducted to replace (partially or wholly) these ingredients with some commonly available low
cost non-conventional resources like molasses, press-mud, maize gluten, brewery waste, poultry hatchery
waste, slaughter house waste, meat cum bone meal and aquatic plants like Azolla and Spirodella.
MG 104
The protein sparing effect of dietary lipids in carps
reared in polyculture system
Indu M. Kutty and K. Kaur
Fisheries Unit
Development of cost-effective nutritionally balanced diet for fish is the main factor affecting the aquaculture
profitability. Nutrients and energy are needed in the diet for growth and maintenance. Since protein sources
are among the most expensive feed ingredients, it is economically desirable to minimize the protein level in
the diet while keeping it high enough to sustain good growth. The present studies were conducted to study
the effect of four isocaloric diets having increasing lipid levels and decreasing protein levels, i.e. D1 (P30L3),
D2 (P25L6), D3 (P22L8) and D4 (P17L10) with protein/energy ratio of 1: 0.11, 1: 0.13, 1: 0.15 and 1: 0.19
respectively, on proteins utilization and biochemical composition of carps [Catla catla (Hamilton), Labeo
rohita (Hamilton), Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) and Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus)] in semi-intensive
polyculture system. Fishes were fed @ 2 % BW. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) as well as apparent
net protein utilization (ANPU) increased with increase in dietary lipids and decrease in dietary proteins. A
positive correlation between increase in dietary lipid content and protein utilization suggested that the
dietary proteins are spared for growth by inclusion of lipids in the fish diet. The protein sparing effect of
lipids is also confirmed by the insignificant differences in the flesh protein content of fishes fed on diets D1,
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D2 and D3 having decreasing protein level. A drastic decrease in fish flesh protein content observed in
fishes fed on diet D4 (P17L10) indicated that when the protein decreased beyond 22 %, the increase in
lipid content was unable to compensate for the decrease in protein level. Thus protein sparing effect of
lipids was found to be effective only up to 8 % dietary lipid. It was concluded that the dietary protein of
the carps can be decreased from 30 to 22% by an increase in dietary lipids from 3 to 8% as the inclusion
of dietary lipids spare proteins for growth.
MG 105
Effect of manuring and supplementary diet on growth of
fingerlings of Clarias batrachus
Asha Dhawan and Vaneet Inder Kaur
Fisheries Unit
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, India
The Indian magur (Clarias batrachus) is the most preferred food fish for the consumers of Asian
countries because of its good taste, less bones and medicinal qualities. It require supplementary feed to
fed at higher feeding rate (20% fish body weight) when reared indoor (without natural food i.e. plankton).
Feeding of magur at higher feeding rate of 20% adds to the operational cost of its culture. Here, manuring
with organic manures is a good option, if it reduces the expenditure on feed (hence of culture operation).
To cut short this high feeding rate in indoor rearing of Clarias batrachus, the present experiment was
conducted to observe if the manuring (for the production of natural food) along with feeding (at the same
level and at the lower level) can lower the normal feeding rate (20% of fish body weight). Experiment was
conducted with three treatments i.e. T1 (feeding at 20% fish body weight, control), T2 (20% feeding and
manuring @ 10t/ha/yr) and T3 (10% feeding and manuring @ 20t/ha/yr). The dry feed used include rice
bran 1: mustard cake 1: meat cum bone meal 1: soybean meal 1 and manure used was cow dung and
poultry droppings in the same proportion. The effect was studied on water quality parameters, zooplank-
ton production and growth of fish. Experiment was conducted for 60 days, in plastic pools (3’X2’6”X2’6”)
of 480 liters capacity. Ten fingerlings were stocked in each pool having average length and weight of
15.98 cm and 36.05 g respectively at the time of stocking. Percent increase in length and weight was
maximum in T2 (9.30, 23.06) followed by T3 (8.37, 16.53) and T1 (4.07, 14.60). SGR and PER also
showed the same trend. No significant differences were observed for water quality parameters whereas,
zooplankton population differ significantly among the three diets (T3>T2=T1). The study revealed positive
effect of manuring on growth of C. batracus, as manuring (10 t/ha/yr) along with supplementary feeding
(@ 20% fish body weight) resulted in significantly higher growth of fish than when manuring was done at
20t/ha/yr and supplementary feeding was reduced to 10% fish body weight and /or when fish were fed
only with supplementary feed (@ 20% fish body weight). Further, there were no significant differences in
the later two treatments. The study suggested that no doubt 10 t/ha/yr manuring along with feeding @
20% FBW is best but to reduce the cost, fish can be fed at 10% fish body weight along with 10 t/ha/yr
manuring.
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MG 106
Performance of crossbred pigs fed on raw and boiled sweet
potato tuber at various levels at different stages of growth
J. J. Gupta, P. B. Reddy, R. K. Bordoloi and K. M. Bujarbaruah
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya - 793103, India
Feeding studies were conducted to evaluate the utilization of sweet potato tubers (SPT) in the rations
of crossbred (Hampshire X Khasi local) pigs. Experiments were conducted in two phases by feeding raw
sweet potato tuber (RSPT) based diets in the first phase and boiled sweet potato tuber (BSPT) based
diets in the second phase. In first phase, two experiments were conducted. First experiment was with pigs
of 10kg body weight and the second was with pigs of 15 kg body weight. The experimental diets con-
tained RSPT at 0 (T1), 40 (T2) and 60 (T3) percent levels on DM basis. In the second phase, first
experiment was conducted to study the performance of pigs by feeding ration either without (T 1) or with
BSPT at 40% level (T2). In the second experiment, B8PT was included in diets at 0 (T1), 40 (T2) and
60 (T3) percent levels on DM basis. Irrespective of whether SPT was offered in raw or boiled form, the
overall dry matter intake (DMI) increased with inclusion of SPT at 40% level but then it decreased at
60% level. In RSPT based diets, DM digestibility (DMD) decreased (P<O.OI) at 60% level but CP
digestibility (CPD) decreased even at 40% level of inclusion. In B8PT based diets, DMD increased at
40% level and was on par with control at 60% level where as CPD was maintained up to 40% level and
then decreased at 60% level. Inclusion of RSPT in the diet decreased the average daily weight gain
(ADG) with the effect being significant at 60% level where as boiling of SPT increased (P<0.05) the
weight gain up to 40% level of inclusion and was on par at 60% level. It is therefore concluded that RSPT
can be included up to a maximum of 40% level where as boiling of 8PT increased its nutritive value and
BSPT can safely be incorporated up to 60% level on DM basis in swine diets.
MG 107
Effect of marua (Eleusine coracana) based diet and added level of
zinc on prevention of skin lesion and diarrhoea in indigenous pigs
K. Kumari, P. K. Mishra, S. P. Tiwari, M. K. Gendley and S. T. Thakur
The studies were conducted on 30 indigenous weaned growing piglets of 2-2.5 months of age, di-
vided into three equal groups following CRD design to assess the effect of marua based diet and added
zinc on prevention of skin lesion and diarrhoea in pigs. The 3 groups were maintained in 3 different
experimental rations. The concentrate ration for control group (T1) contained maize (60%), wheat bran
(16%), GNC (16%), fish meal (16%), commercial mineral mixture (1.5%), common salt (0.5%) and zinc
(4.48 g) as per NRC (1988) requirement of nutrient for growing pigs. In T2 group maize was completely
replaced by marua and in T3 group extra amount of zinc was added to make it 1.5 times more than the
NRC recommendation for zinc. The experiment was conducted for 13 weeks. The incidence of diarrhoea
was recorded on the basis of indexing according to its severity in the individual pigs. The average index
value of incidence of diarrhoea in three groups were 2.61±0.47, 1.77±0.69 and 2.38±0.67 in T1, T2 and
T3 groups respectively. The effect of the experimental ration on incidence of diarrhoea were non-significant
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(P>0.05) among the groups. The average index value of skin lesions on the basis of its severity were
3.08±0.64, 3.00±1.07 and 2.77±0.65 in T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. The values did not differ
significantly (P>0.05) among the groups. The addition of zinc upto 1.5times of the NRC recommended
level had no significant effect on biological performance of animals, skin lesions and incidence of diar-
rhoea.
MG 108
Effect of marua (Eleusine coracana) based diet and added level of
zinc on nutrient utilization and balance of nutrient in indigenous pigs
K. Kumari, P. K. Mishra, S. P. Tiwari and M. K. Gendley
An experiment was conducted on 30 indigenous weaned growing piglets of 2-2.5 months of age,
divided into three equal groups following CRD design to assess the effect of marua based diet and added
zinc on prevention of skin lesion and diarrhoea in pigs. The 3 groups were maintained in 3 different
experimental rations. The concentrate ration for control group (T1) contained maize (60%), wheat bran
(16%), GNC (16%), fish meal (16%), commercial mineral mixture (1.5%), common salt (0.5%) and zinc
(4.48 g) as per NRC (1988) requirement of nutrient for growing pigs. In T2 group maize was completely
replaced by marua and in T3 group extra amount of zinc was added to make it 1.5 times more than the
NRC recommendation for zinc. The experiment was conducted for 13 weeks. The metabolic trial was
conducted at the end of feeding trial. The digestibility of DM, CP, CF, EE, and NFE for T1, T2 and T3
groups were 74.91±0.57, 75.85±0.70 and 75.01±0.64, 72.63±0.93, 74.10±1.56 and 73.46±1.13,
53.28±1.12, 55.27±1.16 and 54.06±1.15, 78.57±1.34, 80.69±0.87 and 78.98±1.37, 79.45±0.55,
80.00±0.80 and 79.06±0.83 percent respectively. The average daily retention of N, P and Ca were
19.38±0.36, 19.81±0.94 and 19.67±0.87, 5.34±0.61, 7.98±0.35 and 5.42±0.28, 7.02±0.22, 6.03±0.22
and 7.12±0.34 g in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The retention values of Ca, P were significantly
(P<0.05) different, whereas N retention values were non significant (P>0.05) among the groups. The
values of retention of Ca and P in T2 group were significantly (P<0.05) lower from that of T1 and T3
groups respectively.
MG 109
Effect of marua (Eleusine coracana) based diet and added level
of zinc on economics of feeding in indigenous pigs
K. Kumari, P. K. Mishra, S. P. Tiwari, A.K. Sinha and M. K. Gendley
Thirty indigenous weaned growing piglets of 2-2.5 months of age, divided into three equal groups
following CRD design to assess the effect of marua based diet and added zinc on prevention of skin lesion
and diarrhoea in pigs. The 3 groups were maintained in 3 different experimental rations. The concentrate
ration for control group (T1) contained maize (60%), wheat bran (16%), GNC (16%), fish meal (16%),
commercial mineral mixture (1.5%), common salt (0.5%) and zinc (4.48 g) as per NRC (1988) require-
ment of nutrient for growing pigs. In T2 group maize was completely replaced by marua and in T3 group
extra amount of zinc was added to make it 1.5 times more than the NRC recommendation for zinc. The
experiment was conducted for 13 weeks. Significantly lowest cost for one kg gain was recorded in T2
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(Rs.39.32) than T3 (Rs. 51.42) and T1 (Rs. 55.00), however the difference between T1 and T3 was non
significant . The DMI as percent of body weight was significantly higher in T3 group compared to T1 and
T2 groups. The feed efficiency was more in respect of T2 followed by T3 and T1 groups, however, the
differences were statistically non- significant. The cost per kg gain in live weight was lowest for T2 group
followed by T3 and highest for T1 group. Complete replacement of maize grain with marua millet gave best
economical returns.
MG 110
Effect of feeding colocasia corm meal (Colocasia esculenta)
on the performance of growing piglets
R. Bhuyan and D. M. Medhi
College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, India
An experiment was conducted on 24 growing Hampshire X Assam local piglets (male) of about 2
months of age with an average body weight 13.55 kg. The animals were divided into 4 groups of six each.
Four different complete feeds were prepared where colocasia corm meal (Colocasia esculenta) was
incorporated at 0,10,20,and 30 percent level and fed to the experimental groups of T1, T2, T3 and T4
respectively. T1 was considered as control group. All the rations were prepared on isonitrogenous and
isocaloric basis. The experiment continued for a period of 120 days. The average gain in live weight (kg)
and rate of mean daily gain in live wt. (g) was 45.00,43.25 42.35 and 42.00 kg and 375.00, 360.42,
352.92 and 350.00 g respectively for groups T1 to T4 (P>0.05). The average feed conversion efficiency
ranged from 4.35 to 5.05. The cost per kg body wt. gain was found to be lower in groups fed diet
containing colocasia meal and the cost progressively decreased as the level of colocasia increased. The
cost of production per kg live wt. gain was Rs. 42.13, 41.33, 40.17 and 39.34 for groups T1 to T4
respectively. However the difference among the groups were non significant. It was thus concluded that
colocasia corm meal can safely be incorporated in the pig grower ration upto the level of 30 percent with
distinct economic advantage.
MG 111
Feeding value of colocasia (Colocasia esculenta) corm meal
as an ingredient for pig grower ration
R. Bhuyan and D. M. Medhi
College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, India
The feeding value of processed colocasia (Colocasia esculenta) in which tubers were dried in the
sun, milled and used to formulate isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets for growing piglets was studied. Diets
containing 0,10,20 and 30 percent colocasia meal were fed to 2 months old growing piglets in 4 groups
viz T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively for a period of 120 days. After 120 days of ad-lib feeding,a digestion
trial was conducted. DM intake/100 kg body wt. and DM digestibility were 3.51, 3.55, 3.45, 3.57 and
68.78, 67.50, 66.85 and 65.65 percent (p>0.05) in groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The digestibil-
ity coefficient of CP was comparatively higher in control group T1 compared to group T4 but did not differ
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significantly from groups T2 to T4. However, digestibility coefficient of CF, EE, NFE and OM did not
significantly among the 4 groups. It was thus concluded that colocasia (Colocasia esculenta) corm meal
can successfully be incorporated upto 30 percent in pig grower ration.
MG 112
Nutritional composition of banana (Musa cavendishii)
as swine feed in Aizawl district of Mizoram
R. Buragohain , G. Kalita and K. Sarma
Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram
The Banana (Musa cavendishii) is a versatile plant grown abundantly in Aizawl district of Mizoram.
It serves as one of the important alternative feed resources for pig particularly during the feed scare winter
months of the year. Limited availability and/or high cost of conventional grains for transportation burden
due to remoteness compels the farmers the uses of local feed resources among which the banana be-
comes the staple feed during this period in the district. The fresh green leaves and pseudo-stem in general
and roots of banana to a limited extent are used to compensate the nutritional needs of animals by pig
rearing communities. The samples of banana collected from different parts of the district were found to
contain dry matter (DM) 17.74±0.19% for fresh green leaves, 3.77±0.03% for pseudo-stem, 7.49±0.11%
for banana roots, 22.68±0.18% for ripe banana fruit and 20.57±0.11% for green banana fruit. Fresh
leaves of banana contained on average 11.19±0.27% crude protein (CP), 2.58±0.02% Ether extract
(EE), 34.19±0.15% crude fibre (CF), 9.52±0.10% total ash (TA), 0.20±0.02% acid insoluble ash (AIA),
42.51±0.39% nitrogen free extract (NFE), 0.89±0.01% calcium (Ca) and 0.19±0.01% phosphorous (P)
on DM basis. In pseudo-stem, the uses of which are very particular with rice polish/wheat bran in this
region, the average CP, EE, CF, NFE, TA, AIA, Ca and P were 5.39±0.27, 2.16±0.02, 28.22±0.14,
45.83±0.45, 18.40±0.14, 0.51±0.03, 0.77±0.01 and 0.82±0.02 per cent respectively. The banana root
was comparatively lower in nutrient composition containing high CF (21.51±0.24%) with 3.18±0.15 %
CP, 1.08±0.01% EE, 12.57±0.12% TA, 0.29±0.01% AIA, 61.65±0.32% NFE, 0.66±0.01% Ca and
0.18±0.01% P on DM Basis. The nutrient composition of both ripe and green banana fruits were compa-
rable with CP ranging from 4.78-6.32%, 1.75-3.65% EE, 2.30-8.10% CF, 75.79-80.71% NFE, 0.35-
0.42% Ca and 0.03-0.20% P on DM basis. The extensive uses of this particular plant adequately justify
its importance and considering the nutrient composition the appropriate level of inclusion may balance the
shortage and economize the swine feeding in Aizawl district of Mizoram.
MG 113
Cuttle fish waste silage as an alternate feed source for pigs
P. C. Sakthivel, A. D. Mercy and T. V. Viswanathan
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, Thrissur, India
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dried cuttle fish waste silage, on growth, feed
conversion efficiency, digestibility of nutrients, carcass characteristics and economics of gain in growing
and finishing pigs. Fifteen male and fifteen female weaned crossbred (Large White Yorkshire x Desi, 50
per cent) piglets with an average body weight of 13.50 kg were divided into three homogeneous groups
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of ten piglets in each, with regard to age, sex and body weight. The three groups of piglets were main-
tained for 152 days on three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets T1, T2 and T3 in which crude protein from
unsalted dried fish was replaced by the protein of dried cuttle fish waste silage at 0, 50 and 100 per cent
level. The piglets on the three groups were fed their respective grower rations which contained 18 per
cent crude protein and 3200 kcal digestible energy per kg until they attained an average body weight of
50 kg and thereafter changed to finisher rations containing 14 per cent crude protein and 3100 kcal
digestible energy per kg until the animals were slaughtered. A digestibility trial was conducted towards the
end of the experiment using chromic oxide added at 0.05 per cent to each diet as external indicator. At
the end of the experiment six animals from each treatment were slaughtered randomly to study the carcass
characteristics. The animals maintained under the three dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3 had almost similar
growth rate (P>0.05) with a cumulative average daily gain of 370.31, 353.15 and 364.90 g, respectively.
There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in cumulative feed conversion efficiency between groups, the
values being 4.16, 4.28 and 4.26 for the three dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The digest-
ibility coefficients of dry matter and crude protein were higher for the diets T3 and T1 than that of T2,
respectively. The digestibility coefficients of ether extract, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract were simi-
lar for the three diets T1, T2 and T3. Dressing percentage and carcass characteristics such as carcass
length, back fat thickness, loin eye area, meat percentage and meat bone ratio were not significantly
influenced by the inclusion of dried cuttle fish waste silage. The cost of feed per kg live weight gain of pigs
in the three dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3 were Rs.35.15, 34.40 and 32.25, respectively. The dietary
treatments T2 and T3 were economically efficient at 2 and 8 per cent over T1. The above results indicate
that the dried cuttle fish waste silage can be used economically as a substitute for unsalted dried fish in the
rations of growing and finishing pigs on protein basis, without any adverse effect on growth rate, feed
conversion efficiency, digestibility of nutrients and carcass characteristics.
MG 114
Effect of weaning weight on post weaned
performance in crossbred pigs
J. J. Gupta, P. B. Reddy, R. K. Bordoloi and K. M. Bujarbaruah
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India
A feeding experiment for the duration of 90 days was conducted to study the post weaned perfor-
mance of crossbred (Hampshire x Khasi local) piglets having 87.5% exotic inheritance and weaned at 60
days of age with different weaning weights. A mash ration with 16.5% protein and, 2890 Kcal/ kg DE
was offered to two groups of piglets weaned at 60 days of age with average initial body weight of 11.27
kg (T1) and 5.00 kg (T2). Piglets in T1 consumed significantly (P<0.0l) higher feed per day than those in
T2 (1217g vs 623g). Similarly, piglets in T1 attained significantly (P<0.0l) higher average daily gain (317g)
than those in T2 (172g) where as the feed conversion efficiency was not influenced by the weaning weight
of piglets. Thus, it was concluded that feed intake and growth rate in post weaned piglets was greatly
influenced by their weight at weaning even though age at weaning was similar for all the piglets.
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MG 115
Pig farming in Aizawl district of Mizoram: Key areas
of thrust - A case study
G. Kalita, K. Sarma and R. Buragohain
College of Veterinary Sciences& Animal Husbandry
Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
Rearing of Pig is deeply embeded in culture and customs of Mizo society. Scale of rearing ranges
from 1 to 5 pigs/farmer with a very few hundreds/farmer. To have an assessment of medium scale pig
farming practices in the District, a case study was undertaken in the first quarter of the year 2007. Mr.
Zothantuma, a Villager of Chite, Ramthar, Aizawl, is having a piglet producing farm with a strength of
about 136 Pigs (Pregnant sow-15, unweaned sow -7, weaned non pregnant sow-7, unweaned piglets-
60, weaned piglets 38, fattener -9); capable to sale 25-30 weaned piglets/month. Hampshire, Yorkshire
and their crosses are the breeds available in the farm. Feeding comprises of mixture of boiled- rice, jungle
leaves, waste vegetables, roots, tubers, kitchen waste with wheat, wheat bran, rice polish and commercial
pig feed (84.20% of total cost of production). Ankasa (Spilanthus Sp.), Vawkpui thal (Bidens biternata),
Khup nal (Hibiscup sp.) Japan hlo (Mikenia scanden), Buar (Conyza auriculata), Taham (Polygonum
Chinensis), Pumpkin, Bamboo shoots, Banana (psedostem, leaves and green banana fingers), Colocasia
(leaves, stem and tubers), Sweet potato(leaves and tubers) and Tapioca(leaves and tubers) are the com-
monly used indigenous feed resources for feeding of pigs. Due to low reproductive performance(age at
first fertile service 8-10 months, body weight of gilts at first service 70-80kg, litter size at birth 9-10 no,
litter size at weaning 7-8 no, service period 20-50 days, farrowing index-1.8), high mortality(10-30% due
to swine fever, diarrhea, cough, injury etc), poor quality of feed, lack of knowledge about scientific rearing
of pig farming, poor housing and hygiene etc. are the prime causes of low profitability. Enrichment of
present feeding with good quality nutrients, preventive measures against diseases, improvement of hous-
ing, hygiene & sanitation of farm, empowering the farmer with scientific knowledge and skills of pig
rearing etc may be the key areas of thrust for overall sustainable pig farming in Aizawl District of Mizoram
MG 116
Studies on effect of probiotics for effective utilization of kitchen
waste in swine under intensive system of rearing
M. C. Pandey, Ashok Kumar, M. Patel, R. Arya, B. C. Mondal and Jyoti Palod
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Pantnagar-263 145, Distt. U.S.Nagar, India
A study was conducted to evaluate the effective utilization of kitchen waste by supplementing probiotic
on weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and biochemical parameters in pigs. Four months’ old 20
Large White Yorkshire male pigs were divided into 4 dietary groups (C, K, P1 and P2) of 5 animals each.
All the diets were made equally nitrogenous. The diets consisted of only standard concentrate mixture in
group C, whereas 50 % of concentrate mixture was substituted with kitchen waste in group K, P1 and P2,
respectively. Further, in P1 and P2 groups, probiotic were supplemented @ 1g/ kg feed and @ 2g/kg
feed, respectively. The mean final body weight in K, P1 and P2 differed significantly (p<0.05) with C
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group. However, P1 and P2 treatments did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Average daily gain in body
weight was higher in P1 (566±28.4 g) followed by P2 (558±23.1 g) and then K (454±18.1 g) and lowest
in group C (334±20.6 g). Dry matter intake of pigs in 10th day interval were 17.617±1.88, 22.574±2.32,
24.994±2.09, 23.66±2.01 kg in groups C, K, P1 and P2 respectively and they were found to differ signifi-
cantly (p<0.05). The feed conversion efficiency was significantly higher in group P2 (4.17±0.248) which
was followed by P1 (4.271±0.178) and K (5.071±0.413) and lowest in group C (5.231±0.408). Serum
cholesterol value in C group was significantly (p<0.05) lower than other groups. The probiotic-fed groups
had significantly (P<0.05) lower value of serum cholesterol than K group. There was a highly significant
(p<0.01) effect of treatment on serum total protein, albumin and globulin. In total protein, no significant
effect was observed in groups K and P1. Digestibility of proximate principles viz, DM, OM, CP, EE, CF
and NFE were lower in C group. The nutritive value (CP, DCP and TDN) of diet was superior in groups
K, P1 and P2. Disease outbreak was lower in probiotic-fed groups. The total expenditure incurred on feed
was higher in C group and lower in K group. The total expenditure incurred on medicines was higher in C
group. In conclusion, the kitchen waste substituted diet was found to be the most economical diet.
MG 117
Effect of feeding different levels of rice bran to crossbred gilts during
growing and breeding periods on preweaning performances of piglets
A. P. Thirumurugan, A. K. Chhabra, R. Bhar1
Faculty of Livestock Production and Management
1
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
Fifty four crossbred (Landrace x local Indian) gilts were selected at 25 weeks of age and 26.38
±0.85 kg body weights. The animals were randomly put into three dietary treatment groups and were fed
respective rations containing maize, wheat bran and rice bran at 35, 47 and 0% in T1; 17.5, 23.5 and
41% in T2 and 0, 0 and 82% in T3. Soybean meal and fish meal were used as source of protein at 10 and
6%, respectively, in all the rations. After eight fortnights, out of 18 animals in each group 12 were selected
based on regularity in oestrus cycles and put into four replicates of 3 animals each. Twelve boars were
used to mate 36 gilts. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) of the respective diets
decreased with increase in the level of rice bran, on the other hand, ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF),
total ash and acid insoluble ash (AIA) content and GE value of the diets increased with increase in
percentage of rice bran incorporation in the diet T2 and T3. As the level of rice bran increased in the diets
(T2 and T3) plane of nutrition decreased and DM intake increased during lactation. However, during
gestation DM intake of gilt was lower (P<0.01) in T3. Total creep feed intake per piglet was lower
(P<0.01) in T3 than T1 and T2. Different types of ration and plane of nutrition during gestation did not
significantly influence birth weight (average 0.83 ±0.04 kg) of piglet. However, weight of piglet at weaning
was lower (P<0.01) in T3 than T2 and T1 and the difference between latter two was comparable. The
results suggest that rice bran could be incorporated at 41% level in the diet of breeding crossbred gilts
without affecting the preweaning weight gain of piglet.
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MG 118
Nutrition-Reproduction interaction: Effect of post mating
feeding level on embryonic survival in gilts
Rajesh Jindal and G.R. Foxcroft*
Dept. of Veterinary Physiology,
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana
*Dept. of AFNS, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
A high dietary intake for at least 4-5 days before mating (‘Flush feeding’) maximizes ovulation rate,
however, continuation of this high level of feeding after mating may have a detrimental effect on embryonic
survival (ES). The present study was conducted to establish the timing of changes in feed intake in the
immediate post-mating period in order to improve the ES rate in gilts. 82 pubertal gilts maintained on high
dietary regimen for one estrous cycle were randomly allocated to one of the three dietary groups after
their artificial insemination. Gilts were changed from earlier allowance of 2.5 kg/d to either 1.5 x mainte-
nance per day on d1 (Group N1) or d3 (group N3), or 2 x maintenance from d1 (Group H). From d15
onwards all gilts were fed a standard allowance of 1.8 kg feed/day until slaughtered on d28±3 of preg-
nancy. No difference was found in ovulation rates in the 3 groups. ES in group N1 was higher than pooled
results of N3 and H groups (85.93% vs 72.15 %), and that in group H was lower than combined
estimates of groups N1 and N3 (66.96 vs 81.64 %). There was no significant effect of dietary treatment
on total number of embryos or crown-rump length of embryos. However, mean viable ES in group N1
was higher than group H (84.67 vs 64.45 %) and group N3 (74.01%) was intermediate. Viable ES in
group N1 was also higher tan that in N3 + H combined and lower in group H when compared to groups
N1 + N3. It is concluded that the critical period during which a reduction in dietary intake has a positive
effect on early ES is the day after onset of estrus.
MG 119
Studies on supplementation of nutrimilk (vitamins and minerals feed
supplement) to lactation ration for sows on their performance
D. Srinivasa Rao and A. Ravi
All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs,
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati-517 502, India
An experiment was conducted with 22 sows randomly divided into two groups to study the effect of
supplementation of “Nutrimilk” (Vitamins and Minerals feed supplement) to lactation ration on the perfor-
mance of sows and piglets. The control group was given a standard lactation ration with 140 g CP and
3000 Kcal DE/kg and the treatment group was given the same ration supplemented with Nutrimilk @ 5
kg/ tonne of feed. All the sows were offered 2.0 kg maintenance ration + 250 g ration per piglet per day
from days 21 to 56 during lactation. The sows were weighed after farrowing and at weaning i.e. after 56
days. The piglets were weighed at weekly intervals. No significant differences were observed for pre-
weaning growth rates (165 Vs 174 g/d) and mortality of piglets.(3.57% Vs 3.77%). However, the loss of
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weight during lactation was 15% lower (25.77 kg Vs 22.36 kg) due to supplementation of Nutrimilk to
lactation ration for sows. These results indicate that feeding of Nutrimilk to lactation ration is beneficial
because these sows will take less time to recoup the weight loss occurred during lactation, will come to
estrus early and will be ready for breeding quickly.
MG 120
Effect of feeding probiotics on digestibility of
nutrients and growth in pigs
J. Bera and G. Samanta
West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences Kolkata-700037, India
Forty Large White Yorkshire piglets (one month old) were randomly divided into four groups with a
replicate of 5 each. The control group (C) was fed basal diet with no supplement. The treatment groups
were supplemented with pure yeast (saccharomyces) culture (Y) - (YL) or Y + mannanoligo-saccharides
(YMOS) respectively. In the pre-weaning period, 30 day old piglets for 30 days superior performance in
body weight gain and feed efficiency were recorded in group supplemented with YMOS followed by YL
and Y. In the post-weaning period for 60 days, similar trend was obtained and significantly higher (p<0.01)
body weight gain and feed efficiency were recorded in groups YMOS, YL, Y than control (C). The
digestibility of different nutrients indicated that significantly higher (p<0.01) digestibility of DM, OM, and
CP were obtained in probiotic treated groups (YMOS, YL and Y) than control (C). The blood plasma
biochemical parameters in post-weaning piglets revealed that probiotics treatment groups (YMOS, YL
and Y) have significantly higher effect on total.
MG 121
Performance of crossbred pigs on different feeding
regime under the condition of North East India
J. J. Gupta and K. M. Bujarbaruah
Performance of crossbred (Hampshire x Khasi local) pigs during post weaning and grower stages
was studied on maize-soy and deoiled rice polish (DRP) based rations. Pigs attained significantly (P<0.01)
higher growth rate (g/d) of 189±5.91 at post weaning and 406±27.23 at grower stage on maize-soy
based ration with better FCR values, less feed cost per kg gain and higher DM and CP digestibility than
DRP based ration. Supplementation of DL-methionine in maize-soy based ration during grower stage had
significantly increased (10.62%) more growth rate whereas supplementation of live fungi and enzymes
mixture in DRP based ration had increased 81.87% more growth rate in pigs than non-supplemented
groups. The overall growth rate was significantly higher in all stages i.e. post weaning and grower on
maize-soy based ration in comparison to DRP based ration. However, the nutritional value of DRP based
ration could also be improved through supplementation with live fungi and enzymes mixture.
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MG 122
Utilization of mulberry (Morus alba) leaves for
economic angora rabbit production
R. S. Bhatt and D. Mondal
Central Sheep and wool Research Institute Avikanagar,
Via Jaipur Raj asthan-30450 1, India
An experiment was conducted on thirty-eight adult, angora rabbit divided into two’ groups of nine-
teen raebit in each group. Rabbit inTI groups were offered 110 g of concentrate pellets and ad lib green
grass. In T 2 rabbit were given 80 g of concentrate, ad lib green grass and remaining 30 g of concentrate
was supplemented through 200 g of fresh mulberry leaves. 1he composition of concentrate was groundnut
cake 15, mustard cake 5, sunflower cake 5, soyaflakes 5, maize 25, wheat bran 15, deoiled rice bran 15,
fish meal .1.5 and common salt 0.5 parts. The green grass was a mixture of seasonal grasses with their
botanical composition as Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perene, Trofolium repens, Paspalum sp” Puereria
thunbergiana, Panicum sp. Themeda sp. and Setaria sp. All other management practices were kept
common in both the groups. The experiment was conducted for a period of 225 days. Initial body weight
in T 1 and T 2 groups was 3.14±0.08 and 3.14± 0.06 kg respectively. At the end of 3rd shearing the
respective body weights were 3.16±O.07 and 3.10±0.04 kg in both the groufs, however the differences
were non-significant. The wool yield in 1 st, 2nd and 3r shearing was 130.8±2.9 g, 133.7±3.4 g, 167.0±4.5
g in T1 and 125.3±4.8 g, 138.0±4.2 g, 158.5±6.5 g in T 2 groups. The total wool production in three
shearing in these groups was 431.5 and 421.8 g in T l and T2 group with the average wool yield/ shearing
as 130.8±2.9 and 125.3±4.8 g. The differences were non significant. Total dry matter intake in T l and T2
group was 139.3±8.3 and 162.8±5.3 g, respectively. Proportion of mulberry leaves in daily dry matter
intake was 66.3± l.7 g and was 40.7 percent of total daily dry matter intake. Non significant differences
were recorded for staple length, fiber diameter, medullation percent, pure fiber and guard hair. Significant
differences were recorded for the digestibility of crude fiber and ether extract, however the differences for
the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and nitrogen free extract was non significant. Dry matter
required for producing 100 g wool was 7.84 kg in T I and 9.12 kg in T 2 with the respective cost of Rs.
49.82 and 41.66. From this experiment it may be concluded that the mulberry leaves can succssfully
replace 30 g of concentrate from the feeding of rabbits.
MG 123
Effect of detoxified castor bean meal on the
performance of broiler rabbits
A. H. Syed Afsar Pasha, T. M. Prabhu, B. S. V. Reddy and B. N. Suresh
An attempt was made to the study the influence of incorporation castor (Ricinus communis) bean
meal (CBM) as a protein supplement on the performance of broiler rabbits. In completely randomized
design, thirty rabbits (6-7 wk old) of uniform body weight were assigned in equal number to five isonitrogenous
composite diets. The groundnut cake (GNC) was served as the protein source in control diet (T1) and in
the test diets, 25 and 50 % GNC-nitrogen of T1 was substituted by 4% lime treated (T2 and T3, respec-
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tively) and 2% salt treated CBM (T4 and T5, respectively) while the Rhodes hay was served as the
roughage source in all the diets. The diets were offered ad lib for a period of 70 days. The results
revealed that the daily dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were comparable
among different groups. Similarly, the digestibility of various nutrients including balance of nitrogen, cal-
cium and phosphorous were similar (P³0.05) among control and test diets. The status of blood parameters
namely Hb, SGPT, SGOT. AP, total protein, albumin and globulin were well with in the normal physiologi-
cal range and quite consistent among the different groups at different intervals. It was concluded that the
substitution of GNC-nitrogen up to 50% by processed CBM had no adverse effect on the performance
of rabbit and it can serve as a potential alternative source for mitigating chronic shortage of vegetable
protein supplement in economic broiler rabbit production.
MG 124
Performance of local rabbit under farm condition
C. M. Prasad, Rupa Lakra, Sushil Prasad and Ravindra Kumar
Department of Livestock Production & management
Ranchi Veterinary College, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, India
The present experiment was carried out on local rabbit under farm management condition of Ranchi
Veterinary College. A feeding trial was conducted for a period from birth to 25 weeks of age to see the
effect on growth performance under farm management conditions. The daily body weight gain during
preweaning (0-6 weeks) period was maximum (15.31±0.60g) during 3rd and 4th week while during post
weaning period (7-25 weeks), the maximum (16.66±0.46g) daily body weight gain was at 13th week of
age. The overall daily weight gain during preweaning period was 10.00±1.78g and birth to 13th week of
age was 11.39±1.51g. The average body weight of rabbits at sexual maturity was 1747.81±34.99g. The
average daily feed consumption (g/day) on DM basis was 45.64±1.80g at 7th week of age which become
115.45±1.78g at 25th week of age for concentrate (84.87±1.26) and greens (30.96±0.89) together. The
feed conversion ratio during 7-13 and 7-25 weeks of age were 4.92±0.07 and 12.27±0.16, respectively.
MG 125
Nutritional evaluation of sewen (Lasiurus sindicus)
grass hay in the ration of horse
Rajesh Nehra, G. R. Purohit, T. Sharma, R. K. Dhuria and R. A. Legha
Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner-334 001, India
In order to assess nutritional potentiality of Sewen (Lasirus Sindicus) grass hay in the diet of horses,
a feeding trial followed by digestion trial was conducted with 4 Marwari stallions of same age group, body
weight and confirmation. The horses were offered Sewen grass hay ad libitum. The DM intake calculated
as kg/100kg body weight was found to be 2.77± 0.07. The digestibility coefficient of DM, CP, CF, EE,
NFE, NDF, ADF, Hemicellulose and cellulose were found to be 52.39±1.01, 55.75±1.71, 45.46±0.96,
47.02±1.75, 67.35±1.56, 39.70±0.59,30.66±1.66, 49.48±1.72 and 47.91±1.71 per sent, respectively.
All the animals maintained good health throughout the experiment and the average body weight gain in
horses was found to be 1.62±0.239 kg. The value of digestible nutrient contents in terms of DCP, TDN,
NR and SE were calculated to be 2.45%, 57.47%, 1:22.46 and 52.31%, respectively. The results of
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study indicated that a horse utilizes sewen grass hay very efficiently and it can serve as basal feed for
horses in arid areas.
MG 126
Nutritional evaluation of green lucerne (Madicago sativa) in horse
Rajesh Nehra, G. R. Purohit, T. Sharma, R. K. Dhuria and R. A. Legha
In order to assess the nutritional worth of green Lucerne (madicago sativa) in the diet of horses
feeding trial followed by digestion trial was conducted with 4 Marwari stallions of same age group, body
weight and confirmation. The horses were offered Sewen grass hay and green Lucerne and then digestibil-
ity of green Lucerne was calculated by difference method. The DM intake calculated in terms of kg/100kg
body weight was found to be 2.78± 0.60. The digestibility coefficient of DM, gross nutrients and fibre
fractions were found to be 63.69±4.0 for DM, 76.10±2.38 for CP, 47.41±7.36 for CF, 39.34±2.67 for
EE, 71.45±5.72 for NFE, 48.66±1.04 for NDF, 47.41±7.36 for ADF, 50.22±2.95 for hemicellulose and
48.11±2.23 per cent for cellulose, respectively. All the four horses kept on sewen grass with Lucerne
maintained good health and assured an average body weight gain of 2.25±0.14 kg. The practical nutri-
tional worth of green Lucerne calculated in terms of DCP, TDN, NR and SE were found to be 15.06%,
55.89%, 1:2.71 and 54.64%, respectively. The results of study indicated that horses could be maintained
on sewen hay and green Lucerne without any adverse effect on health.
MG 127
Effect of feeding bread-milk-vegetables based homemade
diet with or without pulses on nutrient utilization and
blood metabolic profiles in spitz pups
C. Shakhar, A. K. Pattanaik, K. Sharmta and K. B. Kore
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122
Seven female Spitz, pups of two months age (2.50±0.32) were used in two periods involving a
complete switchover design to study the influence of pulses supplementation to bread-milk-vegetables
(BMV) based homemade diet. Accordingly, the pups were fed two diets viz. bread-milk-vegetables (15:55:30)
and bread-milk-vegetables-pulses (14:57:26:3). The experimental protocol, consisting of two subsequent
periods of 14d each, involved a digestion trial of 3d during days 12-14 involving daily recordings of food
intake, palatability score and faecal score, followed by blood collection on day 15. The palatability score
and mean daily intake of food improved significantly (P<0.05) in the pulses supplemented pups compared
to the BMV control. The mean daily intake both DE and ME tended to be higher in the pulses supple-
mented groups. The faecal DM percent and frequency of defecation was significantly (PO.05) higher in
the pups fed pulses supplemented diet; on the contrary, there was significant reduction (P<0.05) in faecal
lactate pet unit dry faeces and mean concentration (P<0.01) of faecal TVFA in said diet. Pups on pulses
supplemented diet achieved better average daily gain compared to control diet. The metabolic profiles of
the two groups were similar except for glucose which was significantly (P<0.05) lower accompanying
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higher values for inorganic phosphorous (P<0.05) and Hb (P=0.06) in pulses supplemented groups com-
pared to their control. The ME intake fell short of the requirements in both the group. Large deficits were
observed for protein, Ca, P and Zn in both the groups when compared vis-a-vis standard requirements.
MG 128
Comparative evaluation of soya nuggets and soybean meal as
protein source in homemade diet of adult spitz dogs
M. M. Pawar and A. K. Pattanaik
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, India
Four adult Spitz dogs were used in a complete switchover design to assess the comparative nutritive
value of soya nuggets and soybean meal as protein source in homemade diet. Accordingly, the dogs were
fed two diets viz. rice-milk-soybean meal (SBM) and rice-milk-soya nuggets (SN) with appropriate supple-
mentation of micronutrients as per prescribed standard. The experimental protocol, consisting of two
subsequent periods of 21d each, involved a digestion trial of 3d during days 18-20 involving daily record-
ings of food intake, palatability score and faecal score, followed by blood collection on day 21. There
was no variation in the feed intake, with similar palatability score between the two groups. The digestibility
of crude protein (93.98±0.60 vs. 96.06±0.50%) and ether extract (87.67±1.51 vs. 91.59±0.59%) found
to be significantly (P<0.05) higher on SN as compared to SBM diet. Moreover, digestibility of crude fibre
tended to be higher (P=0.066) upon SN feeding concomitant to a reduction in dietary crude fibre level.
The faecal excretion and score was similar between the two diets. However, the faecal ammonia concen-
tration showed the propensity to be lower (P=0.088) on SN diet as compared to SBM diet. Faecal
concentration of acetate, propionate as well as total SCFAs were found to increase significantly (P<0.05)
upon SBM inclusion in place of SN in the diet. The metabolic profile of the dogs on the two diets was
found to be without any significant variation attributable to the dietary manipulation. It is concluded that
soyabcan meal could replace the soy nuggets in the homemade diet of adult Spitz dogs without any
significant effects in the nutrient utilization and metabolic profile.
MG 129
A survey of feeding management and metabolic profile of
pet dogs in part of Western India
K. B. Kore, A. K. Pattanaik, Puneet Kumar and K. Sharma
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122
A benchmark survey (n=279) was undertaken in the Mumbai city to gather information on the feed-
ing and nutrition of pet dogs reared on homemade diets (HMD). It revealed that all the pet owners were
depending on HMD to feed their dogs, however, only 17.9% owners found to cook it exclusively for the
pets. Use of proprietary food as an occasional supplement was restricted to 7.2% of the surveyed pet
dogs. About 46% of the pet owners use bakery bread to feed their dogs. Most owners prefer rice as the
cereal of choice (45.2%) followed by sorghum (23.7%) and wheat (22.9%); 8.2% owners do not feed
any extra cereal to their pet dogs. Similarly, as protein sources, pulses is most prevalent (48.7%) followed
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by meat (17.9%), egg (4.3%) and fish (1.1%); about 28% pet dogs are reared without extra protein
feeding other than basal milk diet. More than two-third of the owners preferred non-vegetarian diet for
feeding their pets and only 31.9% using exclusive vegetarian diets. About 28% of the owners fed their
dogs with some vegetables in the diet. Milk was found as an indispensable component of dogs’ diet in
91.4% cases. Most of the pet owners were feeding milk and bread/cereal based diets to their dogs, either
with no other supplement (15.4%) or supplemented with vegetables (26.2%), egg (7.2%) meat with
occasional vegetables (20.8%,) or pulses (dal) (30.5%). Blood samples of pet dogs (n=5l) collected
during the survey were analyzed for metabolic profile. The clinical chemistry picture in terms of plasma
glucose, proteins, cholesterol and various macro- and micro-minerals also reflected wider prevalence of
protein deficit in the diets accompanying widespread Ca and P deficiency/imbalances in the surveyed
dogs, further, the plasma picture also reflected deficiencies with respect to zinc and copper. It is con-
cluded that the homemade diets for feeding pet dogs are variously deficient in terms of both major and
micronutrients.
MG 130
Effect of conjugated linoleic acid feeding on 7, 12 dimethyl benz (a)
anthrazene induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in rats
C. Kathirvelan and A. K. Tyagi
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001, Haryana
A study was conducted to investigate anticarcinogenic potency of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in
rats. A 21 day female wistar rats were taken for study and animals are divided into two groups of 30
animals each. Group I, animals were fed with soybean oil (20%) based diet where as group II animals
fed with Ghee (20%) which is having the CLA 19.36 mg/g of fat. Feeding of test diets were started on
the day of weaning. Animals of both the groups were given 7, 12 Dimethyl benz(a)anthrazene (DMBA) @
5 mg per animal as single dose by oral intubation. Feeding of test diets were continued 32 weeks after
DMBA administration. Animals were weekly palpated for its mammary tumour development and datas
were recorded. At the end of 32 weeks, animals of both the groups were sacrificed, tumour data were
recorded and histopathological of tumour was done. The tumour incidence in group I was 83.33%
where as in group II, 46.07%. The type of tumour occurrence based on histopathological were fibroma,
adenoma, fibroadenoma in both the groups where as in group one animals were showed malignant type of
tumour ie adenosarcoma. The incidence of fibroma, adenoma , fibroadenoma and adenosarcoma in group
I were 36.00%,24.00%,28.00% and 12.00% and in group II 57.14%,14.29%, 28.57% and 0.00%
respectively. Hence it was concluded that, feeding of CLA not only inhibited benign type tumour but
malignant tumour as well.
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Pasture/nutritional management in relation

Session - VI
to small ruminant production
SR 1
Nutritive value evaluation of peepal and pakar leaves
in growing Barbari kids
P. S. Niranjan, Udeybir, V. Srivastava, Shiva Pratap Singh and D. N. Verma
College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry
N.D.U.A. and T., Kumarganj, Faizabad- 224229, India
An experiment was conducted on twelve growing Barbari kids (8-9 kg BW) equally divided in to
two groups to evaluate nutritive value of peepal and pakar leaves when fed ad-lib respectively for a
period of 28 days including last 7 days as metabolism trial. The chemical composition (% DM basis) of
peepal and pakar leaves was DM 36.33±0.13, 43.61±0.19; CP 9.17±0.02, 12.65±0.04; EE 2.87±0.03,
2.96±0.02; CF 26.07±0.07, 20.42±0.07; NFE 45.26±0.13, 52.19±0.14; OM 83.46±0.l1, 88.22±0.09;
total ash 16.65±0.05, 11.78±0.09 and their digestibility coefficients were 52.38± 0.51, 57.04±0.80;
55.27±0.34, 62.23±0.65; 30.82±0.47, 56.52±0.63; 49.23±1.02, 51.47±0.58; 63.40±0.63, 53.90±0.36;
51.57±0.54, 63.35±0.77, respectively for DM, CP, EE, CF, NFE and OM. The dry matter intake of
peepal leaves (BWof kids 8.09±0.69kg) and pakar leaves (BW of kids 8.62±0.59kg) were 71.34±1.65
and 77.24±2.09 g/kg W0.75 respectively. The average daily gain was higher in pakar leaves (37.49±5.48
g) than peepal leaves (11.90±1.95 g) feeding. It was concluded that pakar leaves considered as mainte-
nance and production fodder while peepal leaves were comparatively poor and might be served as main-
tenance fodder for goats when fed as sole feed.
SR 2
Nutritive value of high tannin oak (Quercus incana) leaves in Pashmina
(Cheghue) goats reared at high altitude of Kumaon hills
Arun Lukose, V. B.Chaturvedi, Neeta Agrawal and R. Bhar
Indian Veterinary Research institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
Tree leaves of Quercus incana (Banj), Quercus semicarpifolia (Telunj) and Quercus floribunda
(Kharsu) were analyzed for total tannins and condensed tannins. Experiment was conducted in winter
season when leaves were fully mature. Total and condensed tannins in Quercus incana were 13.43 and
6.74 % respectively which was greater than the total and condensed tannin content of Quercus semicarpifolia
(12.27 and 7.91%) and Quercus floribunda (9.83 and 2.20%). Quercus incana was selected for animal
experimentation due to highest content of tannins. Quercus incana had 54.03, 11.3, 4.04, 57.11, 44.10,
19.32. 24.78, and 13 percent DM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and ADE, cellulose and hemicellulose, respec-
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tively. A feeding trial of sixty days was conducted by feeding of Quercus incana leaves as sole feed to
Pashmina goals. A metabolic trial for a period of six days was conducted to study nutrient utilization after
the feeding trial. Average daily-dry matter intake of the experimental goats was 2.52 kg/100 kg BW
(52.35 g/kg W0.75). Average digestibility of DM, OM, EE, CP, NDF, ADF, cellulose, and hemicellulose
were 52.49, 52.94, 52.56, 49.72, 42.36, 39.36, 39.19 and 40.58 percent respectively. OM, DCT and
TDN content of the leaves were 95.84, 5.61 and 53.46 percent respectively. All the animals were on
positive nitrogen balance. There was no reduction in body weight of animals due to feeding of oak leaves
as sole and ad-libitum feed and there was no adverse effect on Hb and PCV values. It shows that
Pashmina goats could utilize tannin rich feed effectively as there was no adverse effect of animal body
weight and blood parameter.
SR 3
Growth performance of Assam local kids under stall feeding
with parari (Schefflera wallichiana) tree leaves
P. B. Reddy and J. J. Gupta
Growth performance of male and female Assam local kids was studied under stall-feeding with parari
(Schefflera wallichiana) tree leaves as sole source of roughage along with concentrate supplementation.
Fourteen kids in the age range of 160 to 172 days were weaned and divided into two groups by sex.
Average initial body weight of male kids was 6.15 kg and that of female kids was 7.13 kg. Kids in both
the groups were offered parari tree leaves adlib throughout the experimental period of 90 days. Concen-
trate mixture with 16% CP and 65%TDN was offered in measured quantities daily in the evening.Initially,125g
concentrate was offered to each animal daily and once the animals attained an average of 9kg body
weight, the concentrate allowance was increased to 175 grams per animal per day. Body weights changes
and quantity of parari leaves consumed by animals was measured at fortnightly intervals. Apart from the
daily allowance of concentrate feed, male kids consumed slightly higher (P>0.05) quantity of parari leaves
(1.16 vs 1.08 kg per kid per day). Male kids gained 5.55 kg and females gained 4.37 kg body weight
during the experimental period. Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in males than
in females (61.67 vs 48.61g). It was concluded that parari tree leaves can be a viable option for feeding
of goats during lean season in the north eastern region.
SR 4
Nutritive value of mulberry (Morus alba L.)
green leaves in sheep and goats
S. C. Kantwa, B. P. Singh, Lokesh Gupta and S. P. Tailor
Department of Animal Production, Rajasthan College of Agriculture
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur-313001, India
An experiment was conducted by using ten growing animals, five each of Sonadi x Corriedale sheep
(18.5-23.4 kg) and Sirohi goats (19.5-24.8 kg). The animals were fed on mulberry green leaves ad lib.
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Mulberry green leaves contained 88 % OM, 15.20%CP, 9.85 % CF, 7.10% EE, 55.85% NFE and
12.00% Ash with an average DM content of 32.38% in fresh leaves. The digestibility coefficients for DM,
OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE in sheep and goats were 67.53 and 73.41, 67.31 and 69.83, 79.99 and
80.79, 48.58 and 54.14, 40.83 and 42.41 and 67.80 and 69.83 per cent, respectively. The differences
for OM, CP, EE and NFE digestibility in sheep and goats were non-significant, however, the DM and CF
digestibility was significantly (P<0.01) higher in goats than in sheep. The values of DCP, TDN, DE and
ME for mulberry green leaves in sheep and goats were 12.16 and 12.28, 61.34 and 63.48 per cent, 2.71
and 2.80 and 2.18 and 2.26 Mcal/kg, respectively. The dry matter intake in goat were significantly (P<0.01)
higher than in sheep. The higher DMI in goats may be due to their browsing habit and have relished well
as compared to sheep. Average daily gain (ADG) was higher in goats (42.40 g) as compared to sheep
(30.80g). It may be concludes that utilization of mulberry green leaves by sheep and goats was adequate
to meet their requirement, but supplement of mulberry green leaves with concentrate may result in opti-
mum growth rate in sheep and goats.
SR 5
Effect of Leucaena leucocephala and Ziziphus mauritiana, as sources of
tannin on nutrients digestibility and nitrogen utilization in goat fed on rice
straw diet supplemented with sesame meal
Tin Ngwe1, Khin Htay Myint2, Khin San Mu1, T. Mitani3, K. Ueda3 and S. Kondo3
1
Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw,
Myanmar; 2Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Yangon, Myanmar;
3
Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
In trial 1, the in situ study was conducted using a bull fitted with rumen cannula. Four diets used in
the trial 1 were S (sesame meal), S+L25 (sesame meal and Leucaena leucocephala 25% in the diet),
S+L50 (sesame meal and Leucaena leucocephala 50% in the diet) and S+Z50 (sesame meal and Ziziphus
mauritiana 50% in the diet). Crude protein (CP) disappearance of S+L25, S+L50 and S+Z50 were signifi-
cantly lower (P<0.001) than that of S. In trial 2, four indigenous male goats were randomly allocated to
four treatments using 4×4 latin square design. Four dietary treatments were RS (rice straw and sesame
meal), RSL25 (rice straw, sesame meal and Leucaena leucocephala 25% of diet), RSL50 (rice straw,
sesame meal and Leucaena leucocephala 50% of diet) and RSZ50 (rice straw, sesame meal and Ziziphus
mauritiana 50% of diet). The CP intakes of RSL50, RSL25 and RS were significantly higher (P<0.01) than
that of RSZ50. The digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF for RSZ50 were significantly lower
(P<0.01) than those of other treatments. The digestible DM intake and digestible OM intake for all diets
were not significantly different (P>0.05). The proportion of faecal nitrogen to total nitrogen intake for
RSZ50 was significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of other diets. The proportion of nitrogen retention to
the total nitrogen intake for RSL25 tended to promote in comparison with RS, RSL50 and RSZ50 diets.
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SR 6
Nutritive value of jhunjhuna (Trema sp.) leaves as a fodder for goat
Jyotindra Narayan, Chandramoni, Ayodhya Prasad, Lakshmi Kant
Jhunjhuna tree (Trema Sp.) is one of the fast growing tree available in plenty in several districts of
Bihar, Jharkhand and some other states of India. It is fast growing, evergreen tree attaining 25-35 feet
height and 2-3 feet girth only. The leaves are rough, oblong lanceolate or ovate laceolate having no
apparent bitterness. Jhunjhuna leaves are relished very much by goats. Its nutritive value has so far been
not reported from the state. Proximate composition of Jhunjhunaa leaves was found to be 34.00, 86.70,
19.00, 6.50,11.00, 50.20 and 13.30 percent of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE and Total ash, respectively.
Calcium and Phosphorous content of Jhunjhuna tree leaves was 1.90 and 0.22 percent respectively.
Nutritive value of Jhunjhuna leaf for Goats in terms of DCP and TDN percentage was calculated to be
12.10+0.21% and 58.36+0.59% respectively, which supported growth of goats satisfactorily.
SR 7
Effect of feeding jhunjhuna (Trema Sp.) leaves on performance of goat
Jyotindra Narayan, Chandramoni, Ayodhya Prasad, Lakshmi Kant
Department of Animal Nutrition, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna -14, India
Twelve Black Bengal Goats (Castrated, male 3-4 month old) were selected for 8 weeks experiment.
Animals were randomly divided into two groups of six in each. First group was kept as control and were
fed with Gram bhusa ad lib. and weighed amount of concentrate mixture. 2nd group was treatment group
and were fed with 100 percent Jhunjhuna leaves ad lib. Average of dry matter intake during 8 weeks
period showed significant (P<0.05) difference which was 260.75 gm/head/day and 300. 38 gm/head/day
in control and treatment group respectively. Average body weight attained after eight weeks was 7.44±0.13
and 8.08±0.22 kg in control and treatment group respectively. Weekly body weight gain of goat showed
that treatment group gained significantly (P<0.05) more than the control throughout the experiment. In
terms of nutrient balance, all the goats showed positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorous balance, how-
ever due to higher CP content in Jhunjhuna leaves, goats retained significantly (P<0.05) higher nitrogen
fed on Jhunjhuna leaves than the control. On the other side retention of Calcium was significantly low but
there was no effect on Phosphorous retention. Overall growth performance of kids revealed that average
daily gain in bodyweight was 46.70±2.20 gm/day and 38.96±1.47 gm/day in treatment and control group
respectively, showing significant (P<0.05) difference. Finally it was concluded that Jhunjhuna leaf might be
fed as a sole feed to the goat for maintenance and growth as well. No deleterious effect in goat after
feeding Jhunjhuna leaf for a period of eight weeks was observed.
SR 8
Influence of supplements on nutrition and growth performance of
Bundelkhandi goats maintained on natural grazing land
S. K. Mahanta, G. H. Pailan, Anil Kumar and A. K. Misra
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi- 284 003, India
A 90-day duration study was conducted to record the nutrition and growth performance in Bundelkhandi
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goats maintained on grazing alone and grazing plus limited quantity of different supplements. Forty growing
goats were divided into 4 groups (G1 to G4) of 10 animals in each. They were supplemented with 100 g
concentrate mixture (G2), 500 g green berseem (G3) and 400 g subabul leaves (G4), except animal under
G1group (control). All the animals were allowed to graze on natural vegetations for 6 to 8 hrs during the
winter months. Six animals from each group were identified and used for collection of representative
samples of herbage and faeces for estimation of herbage intake and nutrient digestibility. Herbage samples
were collected daily during the digestion trial period by snatching 40 to 50 bites from the mouth before
swallowing. The herbage samples contained 12.6 to 13.4% CP and herbage consumption during the
winter months varied from 2.57 to 3.28% of the body weight in growing goats. Average daily DMI (g/ w
0.75) was higher (P <0.05) in animal of G2 group (78.3) followed by G3 (75.1), G4 (67.1) and G1
(63.4), respectively. Similar was the trend with respect to DM and OM digestibility. However, NDF,
ADF and cellulose digestibilities were statistically comparable amongst the groups. Again TDN and CP
intakes were higher (P < 0.05) in growing goats supplemented with concentrates leading to higher body
weight gain. Average daily gain (ADG) was 31, 58, 46, and 41 g in G1, G2, G3 and G4 groups, respec-
tively. Study indicated that green forages (berseem) and top feeds (subabul leaves) can also be used as
economical supplements in growing Bundelkhandi goats.
SR 9
Relationship between urinary purine derivatives creatinine index and daily
excretion of purine derivatives in Deccani sheep fed pearl millet stovers
G. Alexander1, A. A. Khan1, F. R. Bidinger2 and M. Blümmel1
1
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), c/o ICRISAT, Patancheru-502 324,
2
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru-502 324, India
This study was conducted to assess the usefulness of urinary purine derivatives creatinine (PDC)
index as a relative measure of daily urinary total purine derivatives excretion. Allantoin, uric acid, xanthine
and hypoxanthine and creatinine were determined in the pooled urine samples collected for 7 days from
59 growing Deccani sheep (average body weight 20 kg) exclusively fed on 10 ICMV 221 pearl millet
stovers (grown as 5 trait specific experimental varieties such as control, high-grain yield, dual-purpose,
high-nitrogen and high-digest in 2 replications) representing close to sub-maintenance diets. Total purine
derivatives excretion ranged from 3.95 to 5.12 mmol/d. PDC index calculated as the ratio of purine
derivatives (mmol/l) to creatinine (mmol/l) concentration in urine in relation to body weight varied from
10.0 to 14.7. The PDC index tended to be positively correlated with daily total PD excretion (mmol/d) (r
=0.61; P = 0.06). Daily creatinine excretion expressed as mmol/kgW0.75 was significantly (P < 0.05)
influenced by the type of stover and varied from 0.346 to 0.458. Therefore, PDC index as a relative
measure of daily urinary purine derivatives excretion appears to be of limited value in Deccani sheep fed
on feeds marginally differing in chemical composition. However, PDC index or daily PD (mmol/d) excre-
tion calculated based on mean creatinine concentration (0.390 mmol/kgW0.75) from spot urine samples in
Deccani sheep may still be useful to evaluate the feeds of widely varying quality on microbial nitrogen
supply.
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7SR 10
Urinary purine derivatives excretion and microbial nitrogen
supply in sheep fed pearl millet stovers
G. Alexander1, A. A. Khan1, F. R. Bidinger2 and M. Blümmel1
1
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), c/o ICRISAT,
Patancheru-502 324, Andhra Pradesh; 2 International Crops Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru-502 324, India
Nutritional factors influencing the daily excretion of urinary purine derivatives (PD) and microbial
nitrogen supply was assessed (MNS) in sheep fed pearl millet stovers. Nutritional quality of these stovers
was close to sub-maintenance diets. Fifty nine growing Deccani sheep (mean body weight 20 kg) were
used to evaluate 10 ICMV 221 pearl millet stovers (4 trait specific experimental varieties of high-grain
yield, dual-purpose, high-nitrogen and high-digestibility plus the original variety grown and fed in 2 repli-
cations) of variable chemical composition in a completely randomized design (9 groups of 6 animals each,
one group of 5 animals). Chaffed stovers were fed to sheep as a sole feed ad libitum. Nitrogen intake
(NI), organic matter intake (OMI), organic matter digestibility (OMD), digestible organic matter intake
(DOMI), purine derivatives (PD) excretion, microbial N supply (MNS), efficiency of microbial nitrogen
synthesis (EMNS) and N retention were measured. All the measured variables differed significantly (P <
0.05) among stovers. NI (g/d) and DOMI (g/d) ranged from 4.12 to 5.72 and 229 to 301, respectively.
MNS (g/d) and EMNS (mg MNS/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen (OMADR, assumed to be
equal to 65% of DOMI)) varied from 2.98 to 4.13 and 15.9 to 23.7, respectively. NI (g/d) was strongly
positively associated (r = 0.87; P = 0.0012) with total PD excretion (mmol/d) and MNS (g/d). DOMI (g/
d) was not significantly related to total PD excretion (mmol/d), MNS (g/d) and EMNS. NI expressed as
g/kg OMADR/d was highly positively correlated (r = 0.91; P = 0.0003) with EMNS. A weak, but
significant positive relationship (r = 0.65; P = 0.04) was observed between total PD excretion (mmol/
kgW0.75/d) and N retention (g/kgW0.75/d). The results suggest that insufficient N availability in relation to
available energy for microbial growth in the rumen is the major factor affecting EMNS and daily MNS in
sheep fed pearl millet stovers.
SR 11
Effect of stylo feeding at different levels on the
growth performance of goats
C. R. Upreti1 S. B. Panday2, A. A. Degen3, M. Kam,3 L. N. Pandey4, B. K. Shrestha1
1
Animal Nutrition Division-NARC, Khumaltar, Nepal; 2Nepal Agricultural Research Council,
Kathmandu, Nepal; 3Ben-Gurion University, Negev, Israel;
4
Agricultural Research Station (Goat) Bandipur, Tanahun Nepal
Growing castrated male goats were used to evaluate the level of stylo on growth performance and
feed conversion efficiency. Growing goats (n= 20, 6 -7 month male goats) were divided into four groups
(n=5/group) and fed selected tree foliage such as Khanayo (Ficus semicordata), Sal (Shorea robusta ),
Kabro (Ficus lacor ), Pakhuri (Ficus globerima), Katus (Castanopsis triboloids ),and Annp (Magnifera
indica) as basal diets. The dietary treatments were D1=Seasonal fodder ad. lib. +No stylo +75g/d con-
centrate, D2 = Seasonal fodder ad. lib. +100gm. stylo +75g/d concentrate, D3 = Seasonal fodder ad. lib.
+300 gm. stylo +75g/d concentrate D4 = Seasonal fodder ad. lib. +500gm. stylo +75g/d concentrate.
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The results indicated that the supplementation of 300 gram fresh stylo to the goats diet is suitable to
improve on the growth performance compared to the control (zero level of stylo) and other level of stylo
supplementation such as stylo of 100 gram and 500 gram although the increased growth rate was not
significantly different. The highest total weight was obtained in Diet 3 (66.33±3.59) followed by Diet 2
(62.5±6.57), Diet4 (56.83±0.92) and Diet1 (53.0±6.61). Slower growth rate in D1 i.e. without stylo
indicated the need of stylo supplementation on the goat diet. A higher level of stylo could have negative
effect on the growth performance as D4 showed slower growth rate. Lowest feed intake was recorded
with D3 (491.49± 26.76 g/d) followed by D4 (542 .91± 38.97), D1 (547.26±19.87), D2 (577.72±37.12).
The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved while supplementing the stylo in Diet3 (7.43±0.27)
followed by Diet2 (9.50±0.82), and D4 (9.53±0.60). Lowest FC was recorded with Diet1 (10.91±1.23)
suggesting the need of stylo supplementation to improve on the feed utilization. It can be concluded that
supplementation of stylo about 20% of total diet is suitable to improve in feed utilization and growth
performance in the hills (sub-tropical environment) of Nepal.
SR 12
Prangos ferulacea as a replacement for alfalfa in fattening Lori
lambs diets: effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics
Fazlolah Azarfard
Animal nutrition specialist in Agricultural and Natural resources Research Center (ANRRC) of
Kohgiloya and Bovirahmad Province, Iran
This study was conducted to determine the effect of replacement alfalfa hay (Medicago Sativa) with
Prangos ferulacea hay, a plant found in the Mediterranean and Middle-east regions, where it is used as
animal fodder, on growth performance and carcass characteristics of fattening Lori lambs. Samples of
mature plants were collected from South-east Iran. In experimental diets, 1, 2, 3 and 4 alfalfa hay was
replaced with Prangos ferulacea hay at levels, 0, 35, 60, and 100% respectively on a dry matter basis.
Each diet was fed to 10 Lori lambs during a period of 84 days. The lambs were 3 months old with an
average weight of 20.8±1.1 Kg. The diets were formulated according to NRC (1985) to have identical
concentration of metabolizable energy and crude protein. Average dry matter intake (DMI) of lambs fed
diets 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 1.23, 1.27, 1.25, 1.30 (Kg/day) respectively. Average daily gain (ADG) and
standard deviation of lambs fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 during whole period of experiment were 230.1±21.7,
215 ±10.8, 220±23.3, 211±10.7 (g/day) respectively. Feed conversion (F/G) ratios were 5.34 ±0.75,
5.90 ±0.26, 5.68 ±0.4 and 6.16 ±0.66 for diets 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. The significant difference between
four diets for the DMI, ADG and F/G were not found (P>0.05). Replacement alfalfa hay with Prangos
ferulacea hay did not significantly affect on carcass meat and bone percentage, (P>0.05). However, fat
tail percentage was significant differences (P<0.01) among the diets. At present costs, replacement alfalfa
hay (Medicago Sativa) with Prangos ferulacea hay at level 60% in the ration of fattening lambs seems to
be cost effective.
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SR 13
Changes in energy and protein requirements during
maintenance and growth in Sangesari lambs
A. Kamalzadeh1, 2
1
Animal Sciences Research Institute, Karaj, I. R. Iran; Institute of Scientific and Applied Higher
Education, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, I.R. Iran
Sangesari lambs (24; 6 m old; 26 kg BW) were used to measure maintenance (zero growth) and
growth requirements of protein and metabolizable energy (ME). The lambs were divided into two equal
groups: maintenance (M) and a growth (G) group. The experiment had duration of 14 days adaptation
period and 36 days treatment period. The animals were individually placed in metabolism cages and fed a
diet based on pelleted concentrate mixture consisted of alfalfa, barley, cottonseed meal and barley straw.
During the experiment, the lambs of group M maintained a relatively constant live weight, while the ani-
mals of group G gained 19.98 g.kg-0.75.d-1. Nitrogen (N) and energy requirements were determined by
both measured and regression methods. Animals of the M group stayed at about zero N balance, whereas
the N retention of G group was about 0.70 g.kg-0.75.d-1. Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) and
energy requirement for maintenance (EM) were measured by both constant weight technique and regres-
sion method by regressing N balance on DOMI and metabolizable energy (ME) intake on daily weight
gain (DWG). The DOMI measured during constant weight and the DOMI calculated from regression
equation were 25.9 and 25.04 g.kg-0.75.d-1, respectively. The measured EM for M group during constant
weight and the EM calculated from regression method were 363 and 356 kJ.kg-0.75.d-1, respectively.
There was not significant differences between both measured and regression techniques. The metaboliz-
ability values obtained in this experiment were 0.40 and 0.52 for groups M and G, respectively.
SR 14
Effect of diets varying in partitioning factor on nutrient intake,
digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing ram lambs
T. Thirumalesh and U. Krishnamoorthy
Department of Livestock Production and Management, Veterinary College,
Bangalore-560 024, Karnataka
Effects of diets varying in microbial biomass synthesis were examined on dry matter (DM) intake,
weight gain, nutrient digestibility and N metabolism in growing ram lambs. Twelve lambs were divided into
four groups of three animals each based on body weight and age. Diets consisted of rhodes hay and
compound feed mixture were fed so as to consume total DM intake of 3 per cent of the body weight with
concentrate and roughage ratio 50 : 50 to meet the requirement of maintenance plus 50 g weight gain per
day according to ARC (1984). Four concentrate supplements viz. CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4 formu-
lated from different feed ingredients were iso-metabolizable energetic and iso-N, but differ in partitioning
factor (PF). The feeding trial was conducted in four periods in a switch over design, with each period
lasting for four weeks with a 7 day metabolism trial at the end of each period. The ME (MJ/kg DM), CP
content (g/kg DM) and PF (mg/ml) of CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4 were 13.47, 198 and 3.54, 11.87,
208 and 4.08, 12.49, 209 and 3.80, 11.34, 203 and 4.75, respectively. The intake (g/day) of DM,
organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF)
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for CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4 fed groups were 519.8, 486, 66.9, 314.5 and 195.2; 527.9, 485.9,
69.9, 342.1 and 217.9; 527.1, 490, 70.4, 337.7 and 214.5; 528.8, 481.3, 69, 350.1 and 226.3, respec-
tively. There was a significant (P<0.001) difference between the groups in CP, NDF and ADF intake
where as no significant difference in DM (P=0.06) and OM (P=0.07) intake. The body weight gain (g/
day) for the groups CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4 fed were 50.6, 42.6, 44.3 and 38.1, the difference
was non significant between the groups. The digestibility (g/kg DM consumed) of OM, CP, NDF and
ADF were significantly (P<0.001) different between the groups. The N retained in CS-2 fed group was
higher (P<0.04) than other groups, and urinary purine derivatives (PD) excretion (mmol/day) in groups
CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4 fed were 4.81, 4.30, 4.79 and 4.41, there was no significant difference
between the groups. Similarly, no significant difference was observed between the groups in PD absorp-
tion, microbial nitrogen (g/kg DOMR and ADOM) supply. The higher PF which is index of microbial
biomass synthesis of diets failed to influence higher microbial flow to the duodenum as reflected by similar
PD excretion in all the groups indicated that the other factors like rate of gas production (k) and associa-
tive effect of feed ingredients in diet formulation are also to be considered to influence higher microbial
biomass synthesis.
SR 15
The effect of dietary containing different supplemental protein on
performance and carcass characteristics in finishing Arabian lambs
Fazlolah Azarfard
Animal nutrition specialist in Agricultural and Natural resources Research Center
(ANRRC) of Kohgiloya and Bovirahmad Province, Iran
The effect of dietary containing different supplemental protein on performance and carcass character-
istics in finishing Arabian lambs were investigated during a period of 98 days using 32 lambs of 3 months
old with an average weight of 18.8 ± 1.1 Kg. The supplemental protein of diets respectively were (1)
Soybean meal (2) Soybean meal and poultry by product meal (3) Cottonseed meal (4) Cottonseed meal
and poultry by product meal. The lambs were allocated to the ration according to a completely random-
ized design. The diets were formulated according to NRC (1985) based analyzing the ingredient compo-
sition in nutrition laboratory and to have identical concentration of metabolizable energy (11.93 MJ/kg
DM) and crude protein (160 g/kg DM) and had approximately a similar contents of other nutrients.
Average dry matter intake(DMI) of lambs fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 during whole period of experiment were
1.09, 1.08, 1.10 and 1.12 (Kg/day) respectively. Average daily gain (ADG) and standard deviation of
lambs fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 during whole period of experiment were 230.1±57.7, 215.5±30.4, 251.7±49.8
and 226.2±61.7 (g/day) respectively. Feed conversion (F/G) ratio were 5.11± 1.75, 5.09± 0.73, 4.58±
1.07 and 5.35± 1.73 for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Statistically significant different (P>0.05) were
not found for the Average dry matter intake, Average daily gain and Feed conversion ratio. The lambs fed
cottonseed meal had highest ADG and lowest F/G. The effect of different supplemental protein on carcass
meat percentage, femur percentage, breast percentage, fat tail percentage were statistically significant
(P<0.05). In conclusion, result of economic investigation this experiment shows that the diet containing
cottonseed meal has best economic efficiency.
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SR 16
Effect of feeding sorghum grain in place of maize on nutrients
utilization and production performance of goats
Sajjan Sihag, V. S. Panwar and D. S. Dahiya
Fifteen lactating beetal goats of Ist lactation having average body weight of 25.75 1.05 kg were
selected and divided into 3 groups of 5 animals each. The animals of control group T1 were fed gram
straw, berseem fodder and concentrate mixture based on maize grain as energy source s per NRC stan-
dards while in the concentrate mixtures of groups T2 and T3, 50 and 100% maize was replaced with
sorghum grains, respectively. The crude protein content of the different concentrate mixtures were not
affected by replacing the maize with sorghum grains and varied between 18.64 to 18.68 per cent. How-
ever, NDF and ADF content increased by this replacement in T2 and T3. Dry matter intake in the three
experimental goats varied marginally and was 914.41, 971.04 and 943.00 g animal-1 and day-1 in treat-
ments T1, T2 and T3, respectively. It was revealed that digestibility of DM, CP, EE, NFE and cellulose
did not vary significantly by replacement of maize with sorghum grains in the concentrate mixture of
lactating goats, however, the digestibility of NDF and crude fibre decreased significantly (P<0.05) by
100% replacement which might be due to higher content of NDF and ADF in sorghum grains as com-
pared to maize. The TDN values of the diets were 59.62, 59.68 and 58.30 per cent in respective treat-
ments which did not differ significantly. N intake was similar in all three dietary groups, N retained g
animal-1 day-1 was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2. None of the parameter studied for milk produc-
tion and milk composition during the metabolic trial showed any variation between the experimental groups.
It was concluded from the present study that 100% replacement of maize grain with sorghum grains in the
concentrate mixture of lactating goats did not affect the performance of goats in terms of intake, digestibil-
ity of nutrients, nitrogen balance, milk production and milk composition.
SR 17
Sorghum grain as energy source in ration of kids
Sajjan Sihag, D. S. Dahiya and V. S. Panwar
Twenty male crossbred kids of 4-5 months age and 12-13 kg average body weight were equally
divided into four groups. All the experimental kids were fed gram straw ad libitum and weighed quantity of
concentrate mixtures for 180 days. The concentrate mixture of control group 1 was comprised of Maize
grain (50), Barley (22), soybean meal (10), Mineral mixture (02) and Common salt (01 part). In the
concentrate mixtures of experimental kids group II, group III and group IV, the maize grain of control
group was replaced with sorghum grain @ 33,66 and 100 per cent, respectively. The proximate compo-
sition of concentrate mixture was not affected due to incorporation of various levels sorghum grain, how-
ever, NDF and ADF content increased. The mean values of dry matter intake per day were 559.3,
570.41, 544.42 and 546.34 g, the DMI d-1 was slightly higher in T2, but statistical analysis showed non-
significant difference. Similarly DMI in terms of % body weight did not differ significantly among various
treatments. Non -significant differences in DMI among different groups indicating that the concentrate
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mixture having either maize or sorghum grain were equally accepted by the experimental kids. The digest-
ibility of all the proximate nutrients except CP were comparable in all the four treatments, CP digestibility
was significantly (P<0.05) less in G-IV as compared to others. The DCP and TDN percent in different
diets and DCP and TDN intake g per day/animal were similar in all experimental groups and were close
to the recommended levels. The intake of N and its balance did not differ among the groups. The mean
body weight gain values during experimental period were 9.80, 10.51, 9.98 and 9.57 kg in treatment G-
I, G-II, G-III and G-IV, respectively, indicating that there was significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight
gain in G-II as compared to others. It was concluded from the present study that 100% replacement of
maize grain with sorghum grains in the concentrate mixture of growing kids did not affect the performance
of kids in terms of intake, digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen balance and body weight gain.
SR 18
Optimization of metabolizable nitrogen and energy use in pregnant
ewes in the later half of conceptus growth
B. Srinivas, N. Swain and S. A. Karim
Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avkanagar 304501, India
Thirty Malpura breed of pregnant ewes were randomly divided into six groups of five on the basis of
body weights (25.64±0.05 kg BW). After 90 d of pregnancy animals were kept in individual pens and fed
guar straw as basal roughage. Animals in control groups (CG) was not provided concentrate supplement
(CS) while remaining 4 groups were provided CS (Maize 27, GNC 27, Wheat bran 40, Mineral Mixture
3, Common salt 1.5 parts and Vita blend 0.5 parts) 100 (EG1), 200 (EG2), 300 (EG3), 400 (EG4) and
500 (EG5) g/d respectively to fit the data into optimization models. True biological product (TBP) was
derived in a comparable terms based on metabolic body weights of the ewes. TBP for metabolizable
nitrogen (MN) was -0.07, 0.30, 0.53, 0.73, 1.07 and 0.71 g/KgW0.75 (SEm 0.10, P<0.001), respectively
in CG and EG1 to EG5. TBP of metabolizable energy (ME) was 0.30, 0.40, 0.46, 0.63, 0.60 and 0.57
MJ/ KgW0.75 (SEm 0.03, P<0.001), respectively in CG and EG1 to EG5. Average biological product
(ABP) for MN was 38.37, 33.50, 30.22, 23.98 and 23.15 mg/ KgW0.75 (SEm 4.04, P<0.01) respectively
in EG1 to EG5 over CG. ABP for ME was 48.58, 28.25, 26.03, 18.37 and 12.87 KJ/ KgW0.75 (SEm
3.43.14, P<0.001) respectively in EG1 to EG5 over CG. Marginal biological product (MBP) for MN was
42.88, 38.85, 20.00, 21.57 and -136.86 mg/ KgW0.75 (SEm 5.65, P< 0.01) respectively in EG1 to EG5
over CG. MBP for ME was 11.47, 7.37, 21.15, 7.21 and 0.51 KJ/ KgW0.75 (SEm 2.04, P< 0.01)
respectively in EG1 to EG5 over CG. Based on the three basic characteristics of production function; 1.
CS above 500 g/d was ineffective and uneconomical because TBP is declined, 2. when, MBP > ABP
where adding supplement of CS would increase ABP but a unit increase in MBP of MN (300 g CS) or
ME (100 g CS) was less and, 3. when MBP < ABP each unit increase in supplement there could be a unit
increase in biological product which was 100 g CS for MN and 300 g CS for ME. The result indicated
that the threshold and critical levels of CS for optimal use of metabolizable maternal energy and protein
were 100 and 300 g, respectively beyond which both in biological and economical terms CS is intangible.
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SR 19
Relative growth, heat increment and nitrogen accretion in foetus of
Malpura ewes in the last 30 days of pregnancy term
B. Srinivas, N. Swain and S.A.Karim
Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501, India
Thirty Malpura breed of pregnant ewes were kept on grazing consisted 4.22±0.25 % DCP and
57.27±2.01 % TDN with a nutritive ratio (NR) of 12.68±0.54. To substantiate the wider NR, all animals
were provided a concentrate supplement (CS) containing 218±9.0 g/Kg CP and 15.4±0.1 MJ/Kg gross
energy. After feeding all the animals for till 90d of feeding, ewes were grouped into six groups of five each
randomly on the basis of body weights (Average B. Wt. 25.64±0.05). Animals in the control groups (CG)
were not provided concentrate supplement (CS) while remaining 4 groups were provided CS (Maize 27,
GNC 27, Wheat bran 40, Mineral Mixture 3, Common salt 1.5 parts and Vita blend 0.5 parts) 100
(EG1), 200 (EG2), 300 (EG3), 400 (EG4) and 500 (EG5) g/d respectively. Data was fitted to optimum
production models. A metabolism trail was conducted at 120 d of pregnancy and data collected during the
period was subjected to analysis based on the empirical models for conceptus growth. Relative growth
rate of foetus was 25.79, 28.28, 29.32, 30.17, 27.15 and 24.89 g/d/kg (SEm 0.83, P=0.64), respectively
till the end of the term. Heat increment was 251.6, 274.9, 285.0, 292.8, 264.5 and 242.8 KJ/Kg/d (SEm
0.78, P= 0.38), respectively. Nitrogen accretion was 1.34, 1.46, 1.52, 1.56, 1.41 and 1.29 g/d/kg (SEm
0.04, P=0.23), respectively in foetus after 120d of conceptus growth. Relative growth rate, heat incre-
ment and nitrogen accretion in foetus were apparently appeared to decline when concentrate intake was
more than 300 g/d however, statistically CS had no influence on the foetus growth, heat increment and
nitrogen excretion.
SR 20
Influence of protein supplementation and processing of
sorghum stover on nutrient utilization in sheep
G. H. Pailan, S. K. Mahanta and N. C. Verma
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284003, India
To study the influence of protein supplementation and processing of sorghum stover on intake and
digestibility of nutrients, thirty growing Jalauni sheep (8-10 m old of 17.0±0.7 kg BW) were randomly
distributed into six groups of five each. The animals under group 1 to 3 fed chaffed sorghum stover (mash
form) as basal diet along with three levels of protein supplements i. e. 100, 150 and 200g through mustard
cake. However, animals under group 4 to 6 fed sorghum stover block as basal diet along with three levels
of protein supplements similar to the previous treatments (Gl to G3). Along with mustard cake all the
animals were supplemented with 100 g crushed barley grains as energy source fortified with 2% mineral
mixture and 1% common salt. A metabolism trial was conducted for a 7 days collection period after a
preliminary feeding of 60 days. Average daily DM intake (% body weight) in different groups ranges from
2.79 to 2.99 and the variation among the groups was non-significant. DM and CM digestibility was similar
in all the groups and the values ranges from 56.30 to 59.75% and 58.86 to 63.65%, respectively. CP and
FF digestibility was increased (P<0.05) from 49.74 to 59.50 % and 54.35 to 60.63%, respectively in
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chaffed stover (mash) fed animals and 50.19 to 60.45% and 56.63 to 63.39%, respectively in block fed
animals with increasing levels of protein supplementation. With higher levels of protein supplementation,
NDF and ADF digestibility decreased from 54.74 to 50.70% and 47.53 to 43.29%, respectively, how-
ever, variation among the groups was non significant. Daily nitrogen retention per animal increased (P<0.05)
from 1.97 to 3.77g and 2.12 to 3.61g with the increasing level of protein supplementation in chaffed
stover (mash) fed and block fed animals, respectively. The results indicated that supplementation of 150 g
mustard cake and 100g barley grains are required for optimum nutrient utilization from poor quality sor-
ghum stover based diet in growing sheep.
SR 21
Evaluation of complete feed for Madras red sheep
P. Vasan and T. Sivakumar
Institute of Animal Nutrition
Livestock Research Station, Kattupakkam, India
An experiment was carried out to study the performance of sheep fed complete diets prepared by
utilizing crop residues (Groundnut haulms, cumbu stover and sesame meal) prevalent in Northeastern zone
of Tamilnadu. Three isonitrogenous complete diets (I, II and III) were formulated @ 60:40 roughage
concentrate ratio. Eighteen numbers of weaned madras red female lambs of the same age group (84 d)
were randomly divided into three treatment groups. The lambs were housed in individual sheds; water and
feed were provided at libitum for 60 days period. Initial body weight and final body weight at the end of
60 days period were recorded. The final body weight ranged from 12.33 to 13.37 kg. The mean daily
weight gain ranged between 66.67g and 75 g. The average body weight gain at 142 d of age was 4.08,
4.23 and 4.63 kg for group I, II and III respectively. There was no significant difference in final body
weight and daily weight gain between the treatment groups. The cost-benefit ratio was Rs 42.36, 41.76
and 37.01 per kg live weight gain for treatments I, II and III respectively. Though there was no significant
difference in feed cost between treatment groups, the group fed complete diet III was lesser by rupees 4
to 5 per kg live weight gain when compared to groups II and III. The feed conversion ratio was 9.77,
8.83 and 8.96 for the treatment groups I, II and III respectively. No significant difference was observed
in FCR between the three experimental groups. From economical point of view it can be concluded that
the complete diet III would be a suitable dietary combination to the small animal farming community in the
northeastern zone of Tamilnadu.
SR 22
Effect of feeding complete feed on serum enzyme and
mineral profile of Madras red sheep
P. Vasan and T. Sivakumar
Institute of Animal Nutrition
Livestock Research Station, Kattupakkam, India
A study was conducted to assess the effect of feeding dry fodder based complete diet on the serum
enzyme and serum mineral profile of madras red sheep. Three isonitrogenous complete diets (I, II and III)
were formulated @ 60:40 roughage concentrate ratio. The experimental diets were prepared by utilizing
crop residues (Groundnut haulms, cumbu stover and sesame meal) prevalent in Northeastern zone of
Tamilnadu. About eighteen numbers of weaned madras red female kids, 84 d of age belonging to the same
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flock were selected for the present study. The experimental kids were randomly divided into three treat-
ment groups and housed in individual sheds. Each experimental animal was provided with separate wa-
terer and feeder. Feed and water were provided at libitum throughout the experimental period. At the
end of 60 days blood was collected and serum separated. The serum was analyzed for enzymes viz.,
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase and min-
erals namely calcium and phosphorus. The SGOT activity ranged between 9.89 and 10.10 IU ml the
treatment groups. No significant difference was observed in SGPT activity between the three experimental
groups. The alkaline phosphatase activity was 27.26, 36.29 and 33.97 KA units in the groups I, II and III
respectively. The ALP activity was significantly (p< 0.05) higher in animals fed complete diet II. The
concentration of serum calcium ranged between 7.39 and 7.93 mg/dl among the three experimental groups.
The concentration of phosphorus in serum was 7.09, 8.07 and 7.38 mg/dl in treatment I, II and III
respectively. There was no significant difference in mineral concentrations among the treatment groups.
But the mineral concentrations were within the normal range. The present study revealed that the serum
mineral and enzyme profiles were well within the normal range despite maintaining them on feedlot dry
fodder based complete diet regimen devoid of green forages.
SR 23
Effect of feeding of moth (Phaseolus aconitifolius) straw based complete
feed in Marwari sheep on nutrient utilization effeciency
J. Singh, T. Sharma, R. K. Dhuria and R. S. Arya
To study the effect of feeding of moth straw based complete feed on nutrient utilization efficiency in
sheep, six Marwari sheep of same age group and of uniform conformation were subjected to a feeding
trial followed by metabolism trial of 7 days for complete ration composed of moth straw (60 parts),
barley (15 parts), DORB (10 parts), groundnut cake (12 parts), mineral mixture (2 parts) and common
salt (1 part). The chemical composition of complete feed was recorded to be 92.28 % DM, 83.75 %
OM, 13.27 % CP, 3.67 % EE, 15.82 %CF, 51.06 % NFE, 16.18 % total ash, 31.26 % NDF, 23.29 %
ADF, 7.97 % hemi cellulose, 3.10 % calcium and 0.53 % phosphorus. All the animals maintained good
health throughout the experiment. The dry matter intake calculated both as % of body weight as well as g/
kgW0.75 was found to be 3.94 and 95.51, respectively. The digestibility of nutrients were 60.15% for DM,
70.76% for CP, 62.05% for EE, 51.48% for CF, 67.60% for NFE, 43.57% for NDF, 37.31% for ADF
and 61.89% for hemi cellulose. The practical nutritional worth of feed calculated in term of DCP, TDN
and NR were found to be 9.39, 66.88 and 1:6.12 respectively. The intake in respect of DCP and TDN
were recorded to be 127.46g/d and 908.32g/d, which supported a live weight gain of 111.96g/d. The
results of study indicated that sheep could be effectively maintained with high dry matter intake, nitrogen
balance and good health on feeding complete ration containing 60 % level of moth straw.
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SR 24
Effect of feeding of groundnut straw based complete feed block on
nutrient utilization and live weight changes in Marwari sheep
I. Singh, R. K. Dhuria, T. Sharma and R. S. Arya
Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner-334 001, , India
To study the effect of feeding of groundnut straw based complete feed blocks on nutrient utilization
and live weight changes in sheep, six Marwari sheep of same age group and of uniform conformation were
subjected to a feeding trial followed by metabolism trial of 7 days for complete feed blocks composed of
groundnut (Arachis hypogea) straw (60 parts), barley (9 parts), DORB (14 parts), groundnut cake (14
parts), mineral mixture (2 parts) and common salt (1 part). The complete feed blocks of 2 kg each were
prepared at 4000 PSI. The chemical composition of complete feed block were recorded to be 94.53%
DM, 87.42% OM, 13.74% CP, 2.45% EE, 19.69%CF, 51.52% NFE, 12.58% total ash, 52.53%NDF,
30.76% ADF, 21.76% hemi cellulose, 1.80% calcium and 0.66% phosphorus. All the animals maintained
good health throughout the experiment. The dry matter intake, calculated as % of body weight as well as
g/kgW0.75 was found to be 4.10 and 98.78, respectively. The digestibility (%) of nutrients were 63.94%
for DM, 65.52% for OM, 69.64% for CP, 70.51% for EE, 59.44% for CF, 67.37% for NFE, 56.87%
for NDF, 43.80% for ADF and 75.34% for hemi cellulose. The practical nutritional worth of complete
feed blocks calculated in term of DCP, TDN and NR were found to be 9.56, 59.87 and 1:5.25, respec-
tively. The intake in respect of DCP and TDN were recorded to be 131.37 g/d and 822.82g/d. The
feeding of complete feed blocks supported a live weight gain of 115.67g/d. The results of study indicated
that complete feed blocks having 60% groundnut straw could be effectively used for the feeding of sheep
to support production. It could also be concluded from the results of study that densification improved
feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization besides other advantages related with transportation
and storage of feed.
SR 25
Haemobiochemical profile of goats fed on mustard straw
based pelleted complete ration
R. N. Dhore and D. H. Rekhate
Post graduate Institute of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Akola- 444 104, India
Haemobiochemical profile of eighteen local goats fed on mustard straw based pelleted complete
ration in three groups was assessed during the experimental period of 120 d. The goats of group T1 were
fed on pelleted complete ration containing 60 per cent mustard straw and 40 per cent concentrate mix-
ture. T2 were given pelleted complete ration of 50 per cent mustard straw, 10 per cent gram straw and 40
per cent concentrate mixture and T3 were offered 40 per cent mustard straw, 20 per cent gram straw and
40 per cent concentrate mixture. The haematological profile studied fortnightly revealed significant varia-
tions for TEC, TLC, lymphocytes and eosinophils. The values for T1, T2 and T3 were Hb (g/dl) 10.88±0.18,
11.13±0.14 and 10.91±0.16, PCV (%) 34.63±0.46, 35.77±0.51 and 34.83±0.65, TEC (x106/cumm)
9.79±0.12, 9.52±0.09 and 9.94±0.11, TLC (x103/cumm) 7.52±0.22, 7.24±0.26 and 7.04±0.22, Neu-
trophils (%) 44.73±1.31, 46.23±1.13 and 43.43±1.15, Lymphocytes (%) 44.67±1.57, 43.90±1.28 and
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46.00±1.31, Eosinophils (%) 7.17±0.26, 6.13±0.33 and 6.83±0.31, Monocytes (%) 3.07±0.26, 3.73±0.30
and 3.57±0.34 and Basophils (%) 0.03±0.03, 0.00±0.00 and 0.10±0.06. The biochemical parameters
also studied fortnightly revealed significant variations for glucose, total lipids, creatinine and calcium. The
values for T1, T2 and T3 were glucose (mg/dl) 54.54±0.60, 58.90±0.97 and 54.96±0.53, total protein (g/
dl) 7.38±0.05, 7.37±0.03 and 7.37±0.03, albumin (g/dl) 4.42±0.06, 4.37±0.06 and 4.35±0.05, globulin
(g/dl) 2.95±0.06, 2.99±0.06 and 3.00±0.08, total lipids (mg/100 ml) 285.13±6.20, 287.46±7.02 and
306.19±7.29, creatinine (mg/100 ml) 1.37±0.05, 1.26±0.03 and 1.25±0.03, calcium (mg/dl) 9.66±0.06,
9.41±0.05 and 9.52±0.05 and phosphorus (mg/dl) 4.26±0.04, 4.34±0.06 and 4.24±0.04, respectively.
It was concluded that feeding of mustard straw based pelleted complete ration in goats has no adverse
effect on haematological and biochemical parameters, hence can be fed to goats for optimum growth
under stall fed condition.
SR 26
Nutritional evaluation of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) straw
based complete feed in loose and compressed form in Marwari sheep
N. Singh, R. S. Arya, T. Sharma, R. K. Dhuria, N. Saini And D. D. Garg
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, India
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional worth of clusterbean (Cyamopsis

tetragonoloba) straw based complete feed fed in loose and compressed form to sheep. The experiment
was conducted with sixteen male Marwari sheep of same age group and uniform conformation in random-
ized block design. The four dietary treatments were, T1 complete feed having 60% clusterbean straw in
loose form, T2 complete feed having 70 % clusterbean straw in loose form, T3 complete feed having 60%
clusterbean straw in compressed form and T4 complete feed having 70 % clusterbean straw in com-
pressed form. All the four complete rations were iso-nitrogenous and nearly iso-caloric. The complete
feeds thus prepared were evaluated by conducting feeding trial of 28 days followed by metabolism trial of
7 days. The dry matter intake, digestibility of dry matter, gross nutrients and fibre fractions, balances of
nitrogen and minerals, digestible nutrient content and their intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency
were studied for all the four experimental complete feeds. A significant decrease due to effect of increase
in level of clusterbean straw from 60 to 70 % and an improvement due to densification of complete feed
were observed on dry matter intake (g/kg W0.75 and kg/100 kg b.wt), nitrogen retention, average daily
gain, feed efficiency were observed. The DM, EE, CF, NFE, NDF, ADF and hemicelluloses digestibility,
balances of calcium and phosphorus were non-significant in statistical terms. The results obtained in present
investigation suggest that up to 70% level, clusterbean straw can be utilized successfully in sheep by
blending with other relishable ingredients in the form of complete feed, further it could also be concluded
from the study that densification of complete feed besides other advantages of transportation and storage
improves feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization.
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SR 27
Effect of feeding clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
straw based complete feed on rumen and
hemato-biochemical parameters in Marwari sheep
N. Singh, R. S. Arya, T. Sharma, R. K. Dhuria, N. Saini And D. D. Garg
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, India
To study the effect of feeding of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) straw based complete feed
in loose and compressed form to sheep on rumen parameters, a study was conducted on 16 Marwari
rams divided in four equal groups and fed 60% clusterbean straw based complete feed in loose form (T1),
70 % clusterbean straw based complete feed in loose form (T2), 60% clusterbean straw based complete
feed in compressed form (T3) and 70% clusterbean straw based complete feed in compressed form (T4).
Rumen fermentation pattern and hemato-biochemical parameters were studied in all four experimental
group subjected to one month feeding of clusterbean straw based complete feed in loose and compressed
form. Significant effect of increase in level of clusterbean straw from 60 to 70% were observed on TVFA,
ammonia nitrogen and total protozoal count with significant decrease in overall mean values. The rumen
pH did not exhibit any significant effect of increase in level of clusterbean straw. Regarding hemato-
biochemical studies, it was observed that all the parameters viz., hemoglobin, packed cell volume, blood
glucose and total serum protein estimated for four treatment groups were well with in the normal range
and also did not exhibit any statistical difference, indicated that all the animals were physiologically normal
irrespective of dietary regime. It could be concluded from the results of the study that clusterbean straw
could be incorporated up to 70 percent level in the ration of sheep to maintain the adult sheep satisfacto-
rily without any adverse effect.
SR 28
Performance of goats on urea treated wheat straw and
sugarcane bagasse based complete pelleted ration
R. N. Dhore, R. B. Pujrod, G. V. Chavan, Shital Chopde and A. P. Dhok
Postgraduate Institute of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Akola- 444 104, India
Local kids (n-18, 111.16±1.01 d old and 10.42±0.05 kg BW) were divided into three equal groups.
The animals in T1 group (control) were offered tree leaves of Apta (Bauhinia racemosa), Anjan (Hardwickia
binata) and Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala); T2 on urea treated sugarcane bagasse based pelleted
complete ration and T3 on urea treated wheat straw based pelleted complete ration for 90 days. The
pelleted feeds were having 8% DCP and 62% TDN. The roughage to concentrate ratio was kept 1:1.
The daily DMI and DMI/100 kg BW was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 group. The ADG for the
respective groups was 44.37, 68.73 and 76.31 g with significant (P<0.01) variations. The feed conver-
sion efficiency was significantly (P<0.01) better in T3 group. The non significant differences were observed
for digestibility coefficients for different nutrients except CP, EE and hemicellulose (P<0.01). The DCP
and TDN (%) were 6.61±0.25 and 52.26±1.32 in T1, 8.17±0.31 and 59.45±2.52 in T2 and 8.35±0.16
and 58.84±1.27 in T3 group. The goats in all the groups were in positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus
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balance. The rumen liquor profile studied at fortnightly intervals revealed significant (P<0.01) variations for
TVFA, NH3-N, total nitrogen, TCA-ppt-N and NPN. The fortnightly blood biochemical parameters also
revealed significant (P<0.01) difference for glucose, calcium, phosphorus and total serum protein. It was
concluded that urea treated wheat straw based pelleted complete ration performed better in respect of
weight gain and nutrient utilization, hence can be utilized successfully for economic goat rearing under stall
fed condition.
SR 29
Nutrient utilisation by goats fed on rations containing
urea-ammoniated korra (Setaria italica) straw
N. Nalini Kumari, T. Janardhana Reddy, G. V. Narsa Reddy and D. V. G. Krishna Mohan
Department.of Animal Nutrition
College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, A.P.
Korra (Setaria italica), a small millet crop is grown in 50,000 acres in Andhra Pradesh under semi-
arid conditions. An attempt was made to utilize the abundant crop residue efficiently in small ruminants.
Ammoniation through urea treatment was conducted to improve the quality of Korra straw. The chopped
straw was treated with 4% urea and incubated for 30 days at 30% moisture level. At the end of storage
period, four growing kids were fed on Ration 1 (control, untreated straw + concentrate mixture), Ration
2 (untreated straw+ Lucerne hay in the ratio of 3:4), Ration 3(urea treated straw + Lucerne hay in the
ratio of 3:4) and Ration 4(urea treated straw + Lucerne hay in the ratio of 4:3) in a Latin square design to
study the nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. The mean total DMI was non-significant among ani-
mals fed different experimental rations. Significantly higher (P<0.05) digestibilities of DM, OM and CP
were observed in R3 and R4 rations. Highest CF digestibility was observed in animals fed R4 ration.
Animals of all experimental groups were in positive nitrogen balance. The DCP intake of animals fed R3
ration was significantly (P<0.01) higher. There was no significant difference in TDN intake among different
rations. The results indicate that, Korra straw proved to be a good roughage source for feeding small
ruminants when enriched with 4% urea at 30% moisture and incubated for 30 days.
SR 30
Effect of urea molasses block on the performance of Black Bengal doe
M. M. Sarkar, M. M. Hossain, M. M. Rahman and S. M. E. Rahman
Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
Level of protein supplementation has an important impact on the performances of goat. In the present
experiment, 12 Black Bengal does of approximately 6 months of age were 3 blocked according to live
weight and these blocks were assigned to 4 treatments (T0, T1, T2 and T3) having 3 replications for each.
Among these, T0 treatment was assigned to control feeding (6 hours grazing) and another 3 treatments
(T1, T2 and T3) were assigned to UMB feeding. These T1, T2 and T3 treatments were grazing with 50 g,
100 g and 150 g UMB/day feeding with 6 hours grazing respectively. Live weight of individual does was
recorded fortnightly to detect their live weight changes according to pregnancy. Average initial live weight,
live weight at first kidding and final live weight of T0, T1, T2, and T3 were 11.63, 15.40 and 13.00 kg;
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11.60, 15.90 and 14.36 kg; 11.57, 16.20 and 15.33 kg and 11.63, 15.60 and 14.30 kg respectively but
the final weight differs significantly (p<0.05) among the treatment groups. Live weight of individual kids
was recorded weekly to detect their growth rate. The average live weight gain for treatments T0, T1, T2,
and T3 were 53.22, 67.51, 84.31 and 74.79 g/d respectively. Daily live weight gain was significantly
(p<0.01) higher in UMB supplemented groups than control group. Milk yield also significantly (P<0.01)
differed between the control and UMB supplemented group which valued 190, 224, 275 and 225 ml/day
for T0, T1, T2, and T3 treatments respectively. The average post partum heat period of treatments T0, T1, T2,
and T3 were 110, 88.6, 50.0 and 61.6 days respectively which differs significantly (P<0.01). The average
birth weight of kids for treatments T0, T1, T2, and T3 were 1.23, 1.47, 1.57 and 1.43 kg respectively which
also differs significantly (P<0.05). Cost benefit ratio estimated was 1:2.00, 1:2.50, 1:2.66 and 1:2.12 for
the aforesaid treatments respectively. In conclusion, among 4 treatments overall performances of 100 g
UMB/d fed goats were more satisfactory than control group and others UMB supplemented groups.
SR 31
Utilization of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) cobs husk
in pelleted complete diet of goats
D. H. Rekhate, A. P. Dhok and R. S. Kalge
An experiment was conducted for 120 d on 18 local goats (12.64±0.02 kg BW) divided into three
groups. The goats of group T1 were fed on pelleted complete ration containing 60 per cent pearl millet
cobs husk and 40 per cent concentrate mixture. T2 were given pelleted complete ration of 50 per cent
pearl millets cobs husk, 10 per cent sunflower heads and 40 per cent concentrate mixture and T3 were
offered 40 per cent pearl millet cobs husk, 20 per cent sunflower heads and 40 per cent concentrate
mixture. All the three rations were maintained with 12 per cent CP and 60 per cent TDN. The daily DMI
was 792.27±25.91, 807.39±18.82 and 754.97±13.66 g in T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively with signifi-
cant (P < 0.01) variations. The DMI on per cent body weight basis was 3.86±0.15, 3.84±0.15 and
3.97±0.16 kg and feed conversion efficiency was 10.02±0.89, 10.92±1.34 and 10.37±0.95 for the
respective groups. The ADG was 77.03±6.96, 80.66±9.34 and 73.00±7.90 g in T1, T2 and T3 group,
respectively. The mean digestibility coefficients for different nutrients in T1, T2 and T3 were DM 56.31±2.48,
59.40±2.85 and 57.97±3.23; OM 53.25±2.27, 56.45±3.17 and 55.10±4.05; CP 69.15±0.83, 72.79±0.75
and 70.00±1.49; CF 57.95±1.08, 62.18±0.90 and 62.24±1.74; EE 74.91±1.04, 81.63±3.61 and
71.93±0.82; NFE 63.99±0.82, 65.78±0.99 and 62.56±1.99; NDF 58.23±0.85, 63.85±1.40 and
61.17±1.02; ADF 52.03±1.29, 55.53±1.09 and 56.00±1.28; Cellulose 55.16±0.42, 57.69±0.60 and
58.38±1.52 and Hemicellulose 67.75±0.66, 77.66±0.80 and 70.50±1.00 per cent, respectively. The
digestibility coefficients of ether extract, NDF and Hemicellulose varied significantly (P < 0.05), while
digestibility coefficients for other nutrients were found to be non significant. The DCP and TDN contents
for T1, T2 and T3 were 8.26±0.10 and 60.54±0.47; 8.64±0.08 and 63.30±0.68 and 8.46±0.10 and
60.78±0.80 per cent, respectively. The goats under all the groups were in positive nitrogen, calcium and
phosphorus balance. The rumen liquor profile studied fortnightly for T1, T2 and T3 was pH 6.80±0.06,
6.78±0.08 and 6.73±0.07; NH3-N (mg/100 ml SRL) 20.35±0.39, 20.24±0.39 and 19.78±0.29; TVFA
(m mol/100 ml SRL) 10.31±0.37, 10.81±0.54 and 10.14±0.37; Total N (mg/100 ml SRL) 90.82±1.21,
90.19±1.34 and 89.08±1.16; TCA-ppt-N (mg/100 ml SRL) 47.59±1.16, 47.05±0.91 and 48.78±0.75;
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NPN (mg/100 ml SRL) 43.23±1.08, 43.13±0.84 and 40.30±1.32, respectively. The TVFA concentra-
tion varied significantly (P<0.01), while the other rumen liquor constituents were found to be non signifi-
cant. It was concluded that pearl millet cobs husk can be successfully incorporated in pelleted complete
diet of goat upto 60 per cent, however inclusion of 50 per cent pearl millet cobs husk with 10 per cent
sunflower heads and 40 per cent concentrate mixture fulfills the requirements of growing goats under stall
fed condition.
SR 32
Utilization of mustard (Brassica compestris) straw in
pelleted complete ration of goats
D. H. Rekhate, A. P. Dhok and S. G. Bhoyar
The study was conducted for 120 d on 18 local goats (13.8±1.1 kg BW) divided into three groups.
The goats of group T1 were fed on pelleted complete ration containing 60 per cent mustard straw and 40
per cent concentrate mixture. T2 were given pelleted complete ration of 50 per cent mustard straw, 10 per
cent gram straw and 40 per cent concentrate mixture and T3 were offered 40 per cent mustard straw, 20
per cent gram straw and 40 per cent concentrate mixture. All the three rations were maintained with 12
per cent CP and 60 per cent TDN. The daily DMI was 764.92±39.47, 869.43±50.94 and 892.64±50.64
g in T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively with significant (P<0.01) variations. The DMI on per cent body
weight basis was 4.13±0.09, 4.65±0.13 and 4.77±0.12 kg for the respective group. The ADG was
71.16±1.81, 74.30±1.87 and 73.40±1.47 g in T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively. The feed conversion
efficiency was significantly (P < 0.01) better in T1 group. The mean digestibility coefficients for different
nutrients in T1, T2 and T3 were DM 46.81±1.38, 43.57±1.60 and 44.36±1.50; OM 47.00±1.37, 44.85±1.59
and 45.68±1.47; CP 61.31±1.04, 58.43±1.21 and 56.96±1.16; CF 41.04±1.69, 37.49±1.87 and
39.97±1.67; EE 74.06±1.02, 66.92±1.34 and 55.03±1.22; NFE 46.07±1.30, 44.62±1.72 and 45.74±1.51;
NDF 54.34±1.19, 50.34±1.45 and 52.36±1.30; ADF 40.98±1.57, 38.72±1.76 and 42.82±1.53; Cellu-
lose 42.36±1.64, 37.72±1.74 and 44.91±1.47 and Hemicellulose 74.07±0.82, 68.30±5.09 and 67.15±1.33
per cent, respectively. The digestibility coefficients for ether extract varied significantly (P<0.01), however
digestibility coefficients for other nutrients were found to be non significant. The DCP and TDN contents
for T1, T2 and T3 were 7.04±0.12 and 46.83±1.32; 6.75±0.14 and 44.15±1.22 and 6.57±0.13 and
45.73±1.25 per cent, respectively. The goats under all the groups were in positive nitrogen, calcium and
phosphorus balance. The rumen liquor profile studied fortnightly for T1, T2 and T3 was pH 6.44±0.04,
6.69±0.04 and 6.67±0.04; NH3-N (mg/100 ml SRL) 19.30±0.35, 19.27±0.36 and 19.61±0.35; TVFA
(m mol/100 ml SRL) 9.79±0.35, 9.93±0.34 and 10.26±0.40; Total N (mg/100 ml SRL) 100.23±1.56,
101.61±1.63 and 102.29±1.71; TCA-ppt-N (mg/100 ml SRL) 48.98±1.10, 51.24±1.18 and 51.27±1.28;
NPN (mg/100 ml SRL) 51.19±0.54, 50.37±0.53 and 51.07±0.52, respectively. All the rumen liquor
constituents revealed significant (P<0.01) variations among the groups except NPN. It was concluded
that mustard straw can be successfully incorporated upto 60 per cent level to fulfill the maintenance and
growth requirements of goats growing at 75 g daily under stall fed condition.
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SR 33
Effect of different sources of nitrogen and barley processing on microbial
protein synthesis, nitrogen retention and blood urea concentration
S. Najafi, M. M. Tabatabaei, H. Aliarabi, A. A. Saki,
K. Zaboli and A. Ahmadi
Animal Science Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
The objectives of this study were to determine effects of barley processing, urea and SBM on micro-
bial protein synthesis, nitrogen retention, blood urea concentration and nutrient digestibility in sheep. Four
Mehraban sheep as a randomized complete block design with a 2´2 factorial arrangement of dietary
treatments were used. Animals were fed with a diet containing alfalfa stem to concentrate ratio of 40:60.
The dietary concentrate includes: intact barley grain/ or rolled barley, urea/ or SBM and mineral supple-
ments. Daily collection of urine and feces were made in the last 5 d of each period. Urine samples were
analyzed for allantoin by the method of Yong and Conway, modified by Fujihara (1987). Microbial protein
synthesis was estimated according to the equation y = e (0.83+2.08x) proposed by Puchala and Kulasek(1992).
At the end day of each period blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes at 5 times. Results showed
that microbial protein synthesis were not affected by nitrogen sources and barley processing (P>0.05).
However digestibility of crude protein (CP) increased with rolled barley and SBM (P< 0.05), digestibility
of other nutrients were not affected by dietary treatments. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher for
intact barley grain and SBM. Blood urea concentration increased at 1 and 3 h after feeding for rolled
barley and urea (P<0.05).
SR 34
Carcass traits of finisher lambs fed diets incorporating varying
levels of damaged wheat in complete feed
S. A. Karim, M. K. Tripathi and M. Nasimuddin
Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar- 304 501, India
Finisher lambs maintained on 25: 75 RC based complete feed replacing maize as cereal supplement
(G 1) with damaged wheat @ 25 (G2), 50 (G3), 75 (G4) and 100 (G5) % in post weaning phase of
growth were used in a slaughter study to evaluate carcass traits. The pre slaughter weight, empty live
weight, hot carcass weight, weight of edible offal and saleable meat yield were similar in the five groups
with overall average of 26.5, 23.6, 13.3,1.8 and 15.1 kg,/respectively. Likewise the carcass measure-
ments viz. length (64.6 cm), width (59.1 cm) and depth (67.1 cm) were similar in these lambs. The
dressing % on PSW was higher (P<0.05) in G5 (51.73 %) and lower in G3 (49.3 %) and an intermediary
value was recorded in Gl, G2 and G4 (49.86 %) whereas the dressing yield expressed in terms of empty
live weight was similar in the five groups (56.04 %). The loin eye area as an index of muscle growth was
similar in these lambs (13.9cm1. The retail cut proportion of leg (31.61 %), rack (13.33 %), neck and
shoulder (24.76 %) and breast and fore shank (16.49 %) was also similar the five groups while loin cut
was significantly (P<0.01) higher in G2, G4 and G5 (14.29 %) than Gl and G3 (13.03 %). Manual
dissection of standard cuts showed similar lean, subcutaneous fat, inter muscular fat, total fat, dissected
bone and KOH bone content in the five groups with corresponding average values of 56.16, 8.27, 11.69,
19.96, 23.09 and 14.25 % of the half carcass. It is concluded that incorporation of damaged wheat
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replacing conventional cereal supplement at varying proportions did not influence the dressing yield, sale-
able meat yield, retail cut yield and overall carcass traits of finisher lambs while feeding 75 % concentrate
increased the carcass fat content to 20 % requiring feed manipulation to reduce it for improving feed
conversion efficiency.
SR 35
A comparison between sheep and one-hump camel
in digestion and digesta kinetics
M. Zahedifar1, S. N. Tabatabaee2, A. Nikkhah3, M.J. Zamiree4 and M. Rezaeian5
1
Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, 2Azad Islamic University - Khurasgan branch, 3Faculty of
Agriculture of University of Tehran, 4Faculty of Agriculture of University of Shiraz, 5Faculty of
veterinary of University of Tehran
The aim of this study was to compare the digestion and digesta kinetic parameters between sheep
and Iranian one-hump camel. Four fistulated camel and 4 fistulated sheep were used in this study. A 2×2
Latin square design with 4 replicates was used to assess the effect of two different rations including 0%
and 30% concentrate on digestive potential and kinetic of digesta. The results showed that when the two
different rations were offered to camel a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in pH values and
VFA concentrations in the rumen but such differences was not detected (p>0.05) in sheep. The difference
in VFA concentrations between sheep and camel was significant (p<0.05) but such difference (p>0.05)
was not observed in ammonia nitrogen concentration and pH values in rumen between the two animals. In
camel the digestibility of NDF and ADF of the ration containing 0% concentrate was higher (p<0.05) as
compared to the ration containing 30% concentrate. No difference (p>0.05) was observed in bacterial
and fungal populations between camel and sheep but protozoa population in sheep was significantly higher
(p<0.05) as compared to camel. In sheep and camel the pH value and urea concentrations of blood were
not affected (p>0.05) by the two rations but the difference between the two animals was significant
(p<0.05). The maximum particle size in feces was 2 mm for sheep and 2.8 mm for camel.
SR 36
Nutrient intake and utilization of local Bannur breed ewe
at different dietary levels of copper and zinc
D. T. Pal, N. K. S. Gowda, C. S. Prasad, S. R. Bellur, and U. Bharadwaj
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030, India
An experiment was conducted to study the nutrient intake and utilization in local Bannur breed ewes
of 4-6 months of age at three different dietary levels of Cu and Zn. The ewes were stratified into three
groups of six animals each as per their body weight and fed a ragi straw-corn-soybean meal based diets
for a period of 180 days. The ewes in group-I were fed the above diet without supplementation of Cu and
Zn over the basal diet (0%), group-II & III were supplemented with either 50% or 100% more Cu and
Zn over the basal diet. Feed dry matter intake was statistically similar among the ewes of all the three
groups but feed: gain ratio was comparatively better in supplemented groups than unsupplemented control
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group. Intake and digestion of various organic nutrients were statistically (P<0.05) similar among the
groups. Digestibility coefficients of nutrients were found to be similar between the supplemented and
unsupplemented groups. Total DM and TDN intake did not differ significantly amongst the three different
groups but DM and TDN intake (per 100kg B. Wt. & per kg W0.75) was significantly lower in supple-
mented groups than unsupplemented control group. Dry matter intake (per 100kg body weight) was
recorded to be 3.02+0.16kg in group-I, 2.64+0.11kg in group-II and 2.57+0.04kg in group-III, respec-
tively. The TDN intake (per 100kg body weight) of ewe was found to be 2.35+0.10kg in group-I,
2.08+0.09kg in group-II and 2.00+0.04kg in group-III, respectively. No significant difference was found
in crude protein intake in sheep supplemented with different levels of Cu and Zn in the diet and it varied
from 80.50 to 89.50g/d. The nutritive value (DCP and TDN%) of the diets were similar among the three
different groups and DCP % varied from 9 to 10% and TDN varied from 71to 73%. The body weight
gain was numerically higher in supplemented though it was not significant. Supplementation of additional
quantity of Cu and Zn showed that the ewes consumed less feed to attain the targeted body weight may
be due to better nutrient metabolism.
SR 37
Effect of high glucosinolates rapeseed-mustard cake
on the performance of growing lambs
M. Singh, M. K. Raikwar, P. Kumar, A. Singh, Narayan Dutta,
A. K. Pattanaik and K. Sharma
This experiment was undertaken to assess the effect of feeding high glucosinolates (>100 mmol/g)
rapeseed-mustard cake (RMC) on the performance of growing lambs. Twelve growing lambs about 4
months old were divided into two groups and each group of 6 lambs was randomly allocated to SBM and
RMC treatments, containing soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed mustard cake (RMC) as major protein
source, respectively. All the animals were offered a basal diet of wheat straw ad libitum along with
required amount of concentrate mixtures to meet their nutrient requirement for maintenance and growth.
Intake of wheat straw, concentrate mixture and DM remained comparable between SBM and RMC
treatments. Similarly, digestibility coefficient of DM, OM and CP did not differ significantly between two
treatments; however, digestibility of NDF and ADF was found to be significantly lower by lambs in RMC
group. Nutrient intake (g/kgWo.75) and density (%) in terms of DCP and TDN did not differ significantly
(P<0.05) between SBM and RMC. Nitrogen intake and retention (g/d) was comparable (P<0.05) in
lambs given SBM or RMC. Average daily gain (g/d) was lower (P<0.06) in RMC as compared SBM
treatment. Feed conversion ratio (kg, DMI/ kg, gain) was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher by
lambs given SBM as compared to RMC. Various target blood-biochemical parameters remained within
the normal range, while serum thiocyanate level was increased significantly (P<0.01) by lambs fed RMC
as compared to SBM. It can be concluded that feeding of supplements containing rapeseed-mustard cake
from traditional genotypes, adversely affected the performance of growing lambs.
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SR 38
Assessment of sodium, potassium and magnesium levels in blood of plasma
of small ruminants in Okara and Hafizabad districts of Punjab
T. N. Pasha, S. Riffat, M. Z. U. Khan, M. A. Jabbar, U. Farooq, S. Abbas1,
H. Ahmed , A.S. Hashmi1,and Saima
Department of Animal Nutrition, 1Department of Physiology and Biochemistry
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
A study was conducted to assess and compare the sodium (Na), potassium (K) and magnesium
(Mg) status of small ruminants (sheep and goat) of two districts of Punjab. Districts under study were
Okara form central mix zone and Hafizabad from rice zone. Five sub-locations were selected for sam-
pling, form each district. Samples of blood, feedstuffs, water and soil were collected and tested for their
minerals profile. Plasma Na levels were found below the critical level (145-152mEq/L) in both districts.
These values were higher (116.91 mEq/L) in district Okara as compared to district Hafizabad (91.93
mEq/L) and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Plasma K levels in district Okara (4.45
mEq/L) and Hafizabad (5.97mEq/L) were within the critical limits (3.9-5.4 mEq/L). The difference be-
tween the districts was found significant (P<0.05). Plasma Mg levels in district Hafizabad were slightly
above (3.92 mg/100ml) the critical limits (2.2-2.8 mg/100ml), whereas in district Hafizabad these values
(13.07 mg/100ml) were many folds above the critical limits and the differences were statistically significant
(P<0.05). Higher Na levels were found in feedstuffs and soil. Water sodium values were nearly within the
range. Higher levels of K were found in roughages, soil and water. Concentrates were found deficient in
K. Water and feedstuffs were found deficient in Mg whereas higher levels were found in soil. District
Hafizabad was higher in the Mg values of feedstuffs, water and soil, as compared to district Okara.
SR 39
Assessments of immunogenic effect of mahua
(Bassica latifolia) saponin in sheep
V. B. Chaturvedi, R. Bhar, P. Singh and V. K. Chaturvedi
To assess the beneficial effects of dietary deoiled Mahua seed cake (DMSC) saponins on immune
status of the animals, a feeding trial was conducted on 10 adult sheep. Animals were randomly divided
into two groups of five each. Diets of both the groups were similar except concentrate mixture of treat-
ment group which contained five percent DMSC (having 5.54% saponins) by replacing similar quantity of
mustard cake (w/w) for inclusion of 0.28% saponin in the concentrate mixture. Animals of both the groups
were fed concentrate mixture and wheat straw at a ratio of 50:50 to meet out the nutrient requirement.
Intake of dry matter was 635.1±90.0 and 645.8±86.3 g/ day in control and treatment groups,respectively.
Body weight of sheep did not differ significantly between two groups during experimental period of sixty
days. Animals were injected Brucella abortus antigen after one month of experimental feeding and serum
of each animal was collected on day 0, 14, 21 and titre was estimated. Titre on day 0, 14 and 21 in
control and experimental group was 4, 55, 80 and 2, 80 and 120 respectively. Animals fed concentrate
mixture containing DMSC (0.28% saponins) had higher titer values compared to control group. From the
results it may be deduced that saponin of DMSC showed immunogenic effect in sheep.
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SR 40
Effect of different levels of selenium supplementation on growth rate,
nutrient utilization and feed efficiency in lambs
Neeraj Kumar, A. K.Garg, Vishal Mudgal and R. S. Dass
Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition,
Eighteen healthy male lambs of 8-9 months of age (25.00±0.90kg body weight) were divided in to
three groups of six animals in each following complete randomized block design and fed concentrate
mixture (30% maize, 27% soybean meal, 40% wheat bran, 2% mineral mixture and 1% common salt) and
ad libitum wheat straw. Experimental feeding was similar in the three groups, except for the level of
selenium (Se) supplementation (through sodium selenite), which was 0, 0.15 and 0.30 ppm in group Tl
(control), T2 and T3, respectively. Experimental feeding was done for a period of 90 days including a 6
days metabolism trial. Intake digestibility of the nutrients was similar (P>0.05) among the three groups.
Balances of Ca and P and level and intake of DCP and TDN were also similar (P>0.05) among the three
groups. However, nitrogen balance was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the Se supplemented animals.
Feed required per kg gain was also less in both the Se supplemented groups by 11.1 and 16.5% in group
T2 and T3, respectively; as compared to control (Tl) group. Average daily gain was significantly (P<0.05)
higher at 108.5 g in group T3 (0.3ppm Sc) as compared to 89.1 g in the control (Tl) group. These results
indicated that the supplementation of 0.15 and 0.3 ppm Se significantly improved the growth rate, nitro-
gen metabolism and feed conversion efficiency in lambs.
SR 41
Effect of different levels of selenium supplementation on blood metabolic
profile, serum enzymes, thyroid hormones and immune response in lambs
Neeraj Kumar, A. K.Garg, Vishal Mudgal, R. S. Dass, V. K. Chaturvedi and V. P. Varshney
Healthy male lambs (18; 8-9 m old of 25.0±0.90 kg BW) were divided in to three groups of six
animals in each following complete randomized block design and fed concentrate mixture (30% maize,
27% soybean meal, 40% wheat bran, 2% mineral mixture and 1% common salt) and ad libitum wheat
straw. Experimental feeding was similar in the three groups, except for the level of selenium (Se) supple-
mentation (through sodium selenite) which was 0, 0.15 and 0.30 ppm in group T1 (control), T2 and T3,
respectively. Experimental feeding was done for a period of 90 days. To assess the immunological re-
sponse, all the lambs were intramuscularly inoculated with a single dose (2ml) of Haemorrhagic septi-
caemia oil adjuvant vaccine on 0d and blood samples were collected on 0 day and thereafter at 30 days
interval. Results revealed that Se supplementation had no significant effect on serum total cholesterol, total
protein, albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin ratio, T3, T4:T4 T3 and SGPT and SGOT activity in the lambs.
However, there was a significant increase in the plasma Se levels, RBC GSH-Px activity and humoral
immune response in the Se supplemented animals. These results indicated that supplementation of sele-
nium at 0.15 and 0.3ppm levels significantly improved blood Se status, immune response and capacity to
protect from free radicals in lambs.
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SR 42
Dietary manipulation to enhance conjugated linoleic acid,
vitamin A and E contents in goat milk
Manju Saluja, Amrish Tyagi and K. K. Singhal
An attempt was made to increase conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), vitamin A and E contents in milk of
goats by dietary manipulation. Twelve lactating crossbred goats (Sanan x Beetal) in early lactation were
divided into two groups of six each. Group I was fed on fresh berseem fodder (Trifolium sativem)
whereas group II was fed on berseem fodder and concentrate mixture in 1:1 ratio to fulfill their nutritional
requirements as per NRC (1981). Feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily and milk samples were
collected on 0, 30, 45 and 60 days of experimental feeding for the estimation of fat, vaccinic acid , CLA,
vitamin A, E and total antioxidant activity. There was no significant effect of dietary treatments on daily as
well as total milk yield and its composition, however, average total CLA (mg/g fat) content in milk during
trial was improved significantly in group I (18.92) in comparison to group II (10.94). During experimental
period of 60 days, vitamin A content averaged 0.46 and 0.27 mg/ml and vitamin E 1.20 and 1.38 mg/ml
in milk of groups I and II, respectively, and variation between groups was significant. Total antioxidant
activity of milk was also significantly higher (P<0.01) in group I than in group II. It was concluded that
sole feeding of berseem fodder increased the CLA, vitamin A and E contents in milk. This increase will
enhance the nutritional value of goat’s milk as well as improve its shelf life due to higher antioxidant status.
SR 43
Physico-chemical carcass characteristics of rams fed diets incorporated
with processed castor (Ricinus commuins) bean cake
M. H. Lade, V. R. B. Sastry, S. K. Saha and Shrikant Katole
Studies were conducted to find out the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal protein with salt
(2% NaCl w/w), lime (0.25% Ca(OH)2) and water washed processed CBM diets to see the effect on
physicochemical carcass characteristics of rams. Rams were fed five (isonitrogenous and isocaloric) diet
containing 20% soybean meal (SBM) (reference diet), 33% raw CBM diet and equally 33% processed
CBM salt, lime and water washed diets to meet 80% of CP requirements along with ad libitum oat straw
for 350 days. Processing methods for bulk preparation of castor bean cake for animal experimentation
were selected on the basis of residual ricin left in the processed cakes on laboratory scale (Haemagglutination
test). Carcass characteristics such as dressing percentage, empty body weight, carcass weight, dressed
weight (%PSW), dressed weight (%EBW), carcass length (cm), eye muscle area, yield of wholesale cuts
including legs, loin, rack, breast, shoulder and neck, loin eye area were comparable among rams fed on
different diets. No significant difference could be noticed with respect to protein, fat and moisture content
of Longissimus dorsi muscle due to dietary variations. However, the per cent of total ash was significantly
(P<0.05) higher in rams fed on diet incorporated with 0.25% Ca(OH)2 i.e. lime treated as compared to
that of other dietary groups. From this study it can be concluded that feeding of castor bean cake in the
diet of rams did not cause any adverse effect on physicochemical characteristics of carcass.
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SR 44
Nutritional evaluation of detoxified castor bean meal in growing kids
G. G. Bhavishya Kumar, T. M. Prabhu, B. S. V. Reddy and B. N. Suresh
An experiment was conducted to the study the performance of stall-fed goat kids fed concentrate
mixture containing detoxified castor (Ricinus communis) bean meal (CBM) as protein supplement. Twelve
non-descript male kids (3-4 months old) of uniform body weight were assigned equally in completely
randomized design to three isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures (CM). CM was prepared
using groundnut cake (GNC) as a protein source to form the control (T1) and the test CMs were pre-
pared using lime treated (T2) and salt treated CBM (T3) replacing 100 per cent GNC-nitrogen of T1. All
animals received their daily-required dry matter in the form of their respective CM to the extent of 80% of
protein requirement while the chaffed finger millet straw was provided ad lib. The feeding trial lasted for
120 days. The results revealed that the daily dry matter intake (T1-298.7 to T3-317.3 g; T1-2.66 to T2-
2.69 % of body weight; T1-48.5 to T2-49.7 g/kg-1W0.75), average daily gain (T3-30.11 to T1-33.95 g) and
feed conversion ratio (T3-4.85 to T1-9.95 unit DMI/unit weight gain) were uniform among treatments. The
digestibility coefficients of proximate principles and fibre constituents were similar (P0.05) among control
and test diets as well as the balances of nitrogen (T2-5.11 to T1-5.21 g/day), calcium (T2-0.45 to T1-0.60
g/day) and phosphorous (T3-1.04 to T1-1.39 g/day). The blood biochemical parameters, Hb, SGPT,
SGOT. AP, total protein, albumin and globulin at different intervals of the experiment also remained statis-
tically (P³0.05) similar. The cost/kg live weight gain was Rs.58.69, 52.16 and 58.60 in T1, T2 and T3,
respectively. It was inferred that CBM after detoxification can substitute 100% nitrogen moiety of con-
ventional vegetable oil cakes for chevon production both nutritionally and economically.
SR 45
Processing and utilization of deoiled mahua (Bassia latifolia)
seed cake in kid grower ration
M. Paswan, A. K. Sinha, S. Thakur and R. Bhakt
Department of Animal Nutrition, Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi-834006 , India
Twenty four cross bred (Black Bengal X Beetel) uncastrated male kids ( 4 month age, 6.80 kg b.wt)
were divided randomly in four equal treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4 ). The diet T1 served as control
consisted of maize, wheat bran, decorticated ground nut cake, mineral mixture and common salt. In the
diet of group T2, T3 and T4 untreated deoiled mahua seed cake (DMSC), 5% Urea treated DMSC and
5% ferrous sulphate treated DMSC, respectively were incorporated at 20% level w/w basis replacing
wheat bran. Diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric. After a feeding period of 90 days a metabolic trial
was conducted using all kids with 7 days collection period. Body weight of kids were recorded fort-
nightly. Samples of feed, faeces and urine were analyzed as per AOAC (1980). Feed efficiency and
economics of feeding were calculated. The total feed consumption was significantly higher in group T1
than T2,T3 and T4 whereas later did not differ among themselves. However, the DM intake as percent of
body weight did not differ in various groups. The average daily gain in live weight, digestibility co-efficient
of various organic nutrients and balances of N, Ca and P and cost of feed per unit gain in live weight did
not differ significantly among the four groups. The DM intake, kg/kg gain in live weight were calculated to
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
be 5.95, 5.83, 5.06, and 4.79 for the kids of group T1, T2, T3 and T4,respectively,which did not differ
significantly. It was concluded that untreated DMSC can be incorporated in the concentrate mixture of
growing finishing kids upto 20 % level(w/w) without adverse effect and with economic advantage.
SR 46
Evaluation of castor seed cake as a protein supplement
in the total mixed ration of adult sheep
N. K. S. Gowda, D. T. Pal, S. R. Bellur, Satyanarayana,* C. S. Prasad, K. S. Ramachandra
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore-560 030
* Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Bangalore-560 024, India
This study was conducted to evaluate the castor (Ricinus Communis) seed cake (CSC) as a protein
supplement with or without lime treatment in the total mixed ration (TMR) of adult sheep. Three TMR
were prepared comprising ground ragi straw and concentrate mixture at 65 : 35 proportions. Diet 1
contained soybean meal (SBM) as a major protein supplement and diets 2 & 3 contained raw and lime (4
%, w/w, feed grade) treated CSC (CP : 39.4 %), respectively replacing SBM on isonitrogenous basis.
The three diets were fed at maintenance level of requirement to three groups of adult male sheep of 8
animals in each group allotted in a completely randomized design. The feeding was continued for 150 days
and nutrient utilization, body weight change, carcass traits and histopathology of vital organs were studied.
The ricin content of CSC (314 ppm) was reduced by 50 % after lime treatment. The DM intake was
significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups fed raw(633g/d) or lime treated CSC (636g/d) as compared to
control (595g/d) and the percent digestibility of DM, CP and NDF was comparable amongst all the
groups. The ADF digestibility (vs 39-41 %) was significantly (P<0.05) better in raw CSC fed group
(45%) compared to other groups (40%). The net retention of nitrogen (5.4 vs 3.9 gm) and Zn (22 vs 15
mg) was superior (P<0.05) in the control group. The average initial and final body weights were similar in
all the groups. The dressing percentage (46-47.6%), weight of liver, kidney, heart and spleen did not
differ amongst the dietary treatments. Microscopic examination of visceral organs (liver, kidney, lungs,
spleen and intestine) showed no deleterious effects in either of the CSC fed groups. The data suggested
no adverse effects of feeding CSC on performance of adult sheep. This could probably be due to dilution
of the toxic effect of ricin in the TMR and / or also feeding of the diet at maintenance level. The results
indicated that inclusion of CSC either raw or lime treated in the TMR of sheep had no adverse effect on
nutrient intake and utilization. However, these observations should be confirmed through a longer period
of feeding, more particularly in productive livestock (growing / milking) before arriving at a final recom-
mendation.
SR 47
Rumen fermentation pattern and enzyme profile in adult sheep fed castor
seed cake with or without lime treatment
N. K. S. Gowda, D. T. Pal, M. Sridhar, U. Bharadwaj, K. S. Ramachandra and C. S. Prasad
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560 030
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding either raw or lime (4 %, w/w, feed
grade) treated castor seed cake (CSC) in the total mixed ration (TMR) of adult sheep. Twenty four
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numbers of adult male sheep of similar age and body weight, distributed equally under three dietary
treatments were maintained on total mixed ration (TMR : 65 ground ragi straw : 35 concentrate mixture)
containing either soybean meal (SBM), raw CSC or lime treated CSC as major protein supplements for
150 days. During 120-130 days of feeding period, four sheep of similar body weight and feed intake from
each dietary group were selected for the study of rumen fermentation parameters. The rumen liquor was
collected from each of the sheep under three groups through a stomach tube at 0, 3, 6 and 9 hr of
feeding. The pH of strained rumen liquor was immediately recorded and aliquots collected for estimation
of fermentation parameters and enzyme profile. No significant differences were observed for rumen pH
(6.2-7.3), TVFA (7.0-13.3 m mol/dl), NH3-N (13.3-34 mg/dl) and total-N (90.9-195.9 mg/dl) amongst
the dietary treatments at different hours of feeding. However, the TVFA, NH3-N and total-N values in all
the groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher between 6 and 9 hours as compared to 0 and 3 hours of
feeding, indicating maximum fermentation activity. On the other hand, the enzymes (cellulase, CMcellulase,
protease, xylanase, acetyl choline esterase, amylase) activity was significantly (P<0.05) higher between 3-
6 hours of feeding in all the groups. The activity of protease (9570-1191 vs 751 U/mg protein) and
xylanase (1983 - 2396 vs 1693 U/mg protein) was significantly (P<0.05) more in sheep fed diets contain-
ing raw and lime treated CSC. However, the amylase activity (70-78 vs 103 U/mg protein) was signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) lower in sheep fed these diets as compared to control. The overall dietary treatment and
period interaction was significant for cellulase, CMcellulase and amylase, indicating that the diet had a
significant effect on these enzyme activities with different hours after feeding.
SR 48
Effect of ionophores monensin and lasalocid on performance
and carcass characteristics in fattening Arabi lambs
N. Dabiri and Kh. Heydari
Department of Animal Science
Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resource University, Ahwaz, Iran
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of ionophores monensin and lasalocid on
performance and carcass characteristics in fattening Arabi lambs. Thirty fattening male lambs with similar
conditions (22.14±0.72 Kg body weight) were included in this experiment from day 90 until day 150.
Three high concentrate diets containing with 30ppm monensin (M), 30ppm lasalocid (L) and none addi-
tive (Control=C) were offered to lambs in a completely random design. The body live weight (BLW),
average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of lambs were
measured two weeks interval until eight weeks. Carcass components were recorded at the end of trial.
Total ADG and final BLW of fattening lambs fed the diets containing ionophores were significantly higher
(P<0.05) than lambs fed the control diet. DMI of the lambs fed diet containing monensin were significantly
lower (P<0.05) than other two groups. The same trend was found for FCR, while the differences was
significant (P<0.05) only between M and C group lambs. Carcass characteristics wasn’t affected by
treatment (p>0.05), but lambs fed diet containing lasalocid had greater dressing (%) and boneless meat
(%). It is concluded that the performance and carcass characteristics were improved in diets containing
ionophores.
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SR 49
Investigate the effect of ionophores monensin and lasalocid on the
performance and nitrogen balance in Arabi suckling lambs
N. Dabiri, J. Momeni and Kh. Heydari
Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Ahwaz, Iran
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two types of ionophore (monensin and
lasalocid) in creep feed diets on performance and N balance of suckling lambs. 27 male lambs with similar
birth weight (4.9±0.22 Kg) from a flock of Arabi sheep of Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources
University were included in this experiment from birth until weaning (week 12). The lambs were divided
into 3 equal groups. Three creep feed diets (with similar composition) containing with 30ppm monensin
(M), 30ppm lasalocid (L) and none additive (N) were offered to suckling lambs in a completely random-
ized design. The diets were formulated according to NRC (1985) and were isonitrogenous (167 g/Kg
DM CP) and isocaleric (12.01 MJ/KgDM ME) and had similar concentrations of other nutrients. The
diets were offered ad libitum to all groups. DMI for individual lamb was estimated from difference be-
tween feed offered and refusals. The body live weight (BLW) of lambs were recorded 2 weeks interval.
At the final of performance trial, 9 lambs (3 lambs in each experimental group) were allocated to nitrogen
balance metabolic cages. In nitrogen balance trial lambs fed in metabolism cage during a 4 period weeks
(with a two-week adjustment period, a one-week preliminary period and a 7 days collection period).
Average daily gain and body live weight of suckling lambs fed diet containing lasalocid were significantly
higher (P<0.05) than lambs fed the control diet (212.8 vs 185.5 g/d). Dry matter intake of the lambs fed
the diets containing ionophores were none-significantly lower than control group. Feed conversion ratio of
lambs fed ionophore were significantly (P<0.05) lower than control group (M (1.91), L (1.81) and C
(2.36). The N balance of lambs wasn’t affected by treatment (p>0.05), but lambs fed diet containing
monensin had higher N balance and N biological value than other groups. These results are shown that by
using both ionophore (M and L) as an additive can improve lamb growth rate. Thus, it is recommended
that, using ionophores (particularly L) as an additive would be useful for suckling lambs.
SR 50
Effects of monensin on microbial protein synthesis and blood urea
concentration from two different nitrogen sources in sheep
Kh. Zaboli, Sh. Najafi, M. M. Tabatabaei, H. Aliarabi, A. A. Saki,
A. Ahmadi, and M. M. Rahmati
Animal Science Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran
This study was conducted in the department of Animal Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran. Objec-
tives of the study were to determine effects of monensin, urea and SBM on microbial protein synthesis,
blood urea concentration and nutrient digestibility in sheep. Four Mehraban sheep as a randomized com-
plete block design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments were used. Animals were fed
with a diet containing alfalfa stem to concentrate ratio of 40:60. The dietary concentrate includes: barley
grain, urea/ or SBM, monensin and mineral supplements. Daily collection of urine and feces were made in
the last 5 d of each period. Urine samples were analyzed for allantoin by the method of Yong and Conway,
modified by Fujihara (1987). Microbial protein synthesis was estimated according to the equation y = e
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
(0.83+2.08x) proposed by Puchala and Kulasek(1992). At the end day of each period blood samples
were collected in EDTA tubes at 5 times of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7(h) after feeding. Blood samples were
immediately centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes and plasma samples were transferred to laboratory in
order to analyze urea content. Results showed that there was no significant difference between treatments
for allantoin excretion in the urine and as a no significant difference was consequent of this observed for
microbial protein synthesis. Digestibility of nutrients were not affected by nitrogen sources and monensin
(P>0.05). Blood urea concentration increased at 5 h after feeding for urea and monensin (P<0.05).
SR 51
Effects of monensin on mineral and nitrogen absorption and
retention from two different nitrogen sources in sheep
Sh. Najafi, M. M. Tabatabaei, A. Aliarabi, A. A. Saki,
A. Ahmadi, Kh. Zaboli and M. M. Rahmat
Department of Animal Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran
Objectives the study was to determine effects of monensin, urea and SBM on nitrogen and mineral
retention, urine urea nitrogen and nutrient digestibility in sheep. Four Mehraban sheep as a randomized
complete block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments were used. Animals were
fed with a diet containing alfalfa stem to concentrate ratio of 40:60. The dietary concentrate includes:
barley grain, urea/ or SBM, monensin and mineral supplements. Daily collection of urine and feces were
made in the last 5 d of each period. Digestibility of nutrients was determined by in vivo method and
chemical composition of feed, feces and urine were determined by AOAC (1990) methods. Amount of
urea in urine was determined by colorimetric procedure. Feces, urine and feed were digested by wet
digestive method to determine Fe, Cu, Zn, Na and K retention. Fe, Cu and Zn were determined by ICP
and Na and K by flame photometer. Results showed that monensin and nitrogen sources didn’t bring
about any significant effect on digestibility of nutrients. Nitrogen and mineral retention were not affected by
diet treatments (P>0.05). But urea content of urine decreased in diet containing SBM and monensin (P<
0.05).
SR 52
Effect of aswagandha (Withania somnifera) on performance
and immune response in growing lambs reared
under semi-intensive system
D. Nagalakshmi, D. Narasimha Reddy, K. Dhanalakshmi and V. Srinivasa Rao
Twenty four, male Nellore lambs (3-4 m) of uniform body weight were randomly allotted to 4 groups
of 6 in each group, reared under semi-intensive system to evaluate the immunomadulatory effect of root
extract of Aswaghanda (Withania somnifera) (WS) on performance and immunity. The reference group
lambs were fed basal concentrate mixture (no herb), other three groups of lambs were fed the concentrate
mixtures so that the received 40, 80 and 160mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively for a period of 180
days. Incorporation of WS in concentrate mixture (0-160mg/kg BW) did not influence the body weights
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
of lambs and grew with daily gain of 82.31, 82.44, 81.50 and 79.55g in lambs fed 0, 40, 80 and 160mg/
kg BW of WS. The blood glucose, cholesterol, urea-N, creatinine, serum protein and TLC were not
affected by inclusion of WS in diet of lambs, while the TEC was higher in lambs receiving 40 and 80mg/
kg BW of the WS compared to those fed basal mixture or 160mg/kg BW of WS. The humoral immune
response against Brucella abortus S99 antigen was higher in lambs receiving 80 and 160mg/kg BW
compared to those fed basal or 40mg of WS. Against chicken RBC, the total immunoglobulin (Ig) and
IgG titres were higher in lambs compared to those receiving no herb. Maximum Ig titres were observed
when fed 160mg of herb/kg BW. The lymphocyte proliferation stimulation index (cell-mediated immune
response) was higher (P<0.01) in lambs fed 80mg of WS/kg BW compared to other groups. The study
indicated that Withnia somnofera root extract had immunostimulatory effect at dose rate of 80mg/kg BW
in lambs with no effect on growth performance.
SR 53
Effect of herbal immunomodulator and probiotics for organic
meat production from growing kids
Rijusmita Sarma Deka,V. P Agarwal, Pratishta Sharma and Mamta Dahiya
Apollo College of Veterinary Medicine,Jaipur
The experimental study is in progress in college Goat farm animals with the objective of studying the
effect of feed intake and nutrient utilization, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in 3-9 month
trial. The basal ration consisted of groundnut straw adlib and green Lucerne restricted to 500gm /animal/
day and a standard concentrate mixture having 12%DCP and 65% TDN with 2% mineral mixture and 1%
salt. 12 Jammunapari /Sirohi weaned kids were divided into identical 3 groups on the basis of breed, age,
sex, body weight after deworming and vaccination. Group I was kept as control and group II kids were
given 3 gm probiotic(Biobloom) as feed additive along with the basal ration. Probiotic used for the experi-
ment in form of Biobloom is a live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affect the host animal by
improving its microbial balance.The Group III of animals were given herbal growth promoters as Tulsi and
Aswagandha dried powder @ 5gm and 2gm per animal per day.Tulsi Ocimum Sanctum has anti stress
and immunomodulator property and Aswagandha Withania Somnifera has adaptogenic and immunomodulator
property. The average growth rate during complete 3 month period observed in control group was 88gm/
day and in group II and group III the growth rate observed was114 gm and129 gm/day with FCR as
5.6:1,4.3:1and 3.8:1 respectively. The trial is still in progress for additional three month period during
which the digestion trial will be undertaken to evaluate the plane of nutrition of animal and also to study the
nutrient intake.
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SR 54
Effects of supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia as a
functional feed additive on nutrient metabolism, metabolic
profile and erythrocytic antioxidant status of adult sheep
A. K. Pattanaik, Narayan Dutt, K. Sharma, Puneet Kumar and M. Singh
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, India
The influence of supplementing Tinospora cordifolia, as a functional feed additive, was ascertained
using ten adult sheep divided into two equal groups (control and TC). The sheep under both the groups
were fed a standard diet and those under TC were supplemented with the whole plant powder of T.
cordifolia at 1.0 g/kg LW. A metabolism trial conducted at 90d post-feeding revealed no impact of TC
on intake and digestibility of nutrients. The mean daily nitrogen retention as percent of intake and ab-
sorbed nitrogen were 15.41±2.43 and 19.1±2.1O, and 30.0±3.92 and 35.5±3.44 for the control and
TC groups, respectively. The data on periodic serum metabolites and erythrocytic antioxidants, deter-
mined at 45d intervals during the 180d of the experimental duration, revealed no significant influence of
TC supplementation on the overall metabolic profile of the adult sheep. The mean concentrations of serum
proteins, urea, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were similar
between the two groups. However, the mean values for haemoglobin and packed cell volume tended to
increase in TC supplemented sheep with a concomitant decrease in serum glucose. However, a significant
impact of the TC supplementation was apparent in terms of the erythrocytic antioxidant status, as indi-
cated by the improved profiles of catalase, reduced glulathione, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation
in the TC supplemented sheep as compared to the control. It is concluded that supplementation of crude
powder of whole plant of Tinospora cordifolia in the diet of adult sheep positively influenced the antioxi-
dant status without any discernable impact on the nutrient metabolism. However, this positive effects need
to be further validated in situations wherein the animals arc under situations of oxidative stress.
SR 55
Effect of probiotics and nutri-mix feeding on Marwari kids of arid region
P. P. Rohilla1, N. V. Patil2 and H. C. Bohra3
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station; 1LPM,
2
Division of Animal Science & Forage Production; 3Animal Nutrition Division
CAZRI Jodhpur- 342 003; Pali-Marwar- 306 401, India
Probiotic preparations have a beneficial influence on animals, manifested by higher body weight gains,
increased activity of saccharase and maltase, stimulation of the immune system, a decrease in level of
blood cholesterol, anti-neoplastic effects and they also affect the microbiological equilibrium in the alimen-
tary tract. The aim of present study was to determine the effects of probiotics (Yea-Sace1026 i.e. Saccha-
romyces cerevisiae) alone and/ or in combination with nutri-mix on growth of kids. A six-month experi-
ment was conducted on sixteen Marwari male and female kids from the day of their birth; divided into
four equal groups viz.; T1 – kids receiving probiotics from 3rd day after birth; T2– kids provided nutri-mix
@ 100g/d after weaning (8 week); T3 – combination of half doses of T1 and T2, and the last Group T4 –
combination of full doses used in group T1 and T2. Natural grazing on pasture land for 6 to 8 hr was
common to all groups. Observations on live body weight, body measurements, dry matter and water
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intake, rectal temperature, cardiac activity and pulse rate were recorded at monthly interval. Nutri-mix
(containing 26.85% CP and 75% TDN) used in the study was prepared in animal nutrition laboratory of
our CAZRI institute, containing-guar meal, soybean, urea, molasses, dolomite, salt, mineral mixture, guar
gum-dust and water in a definite proportion. Analysis of variance revealed that probiotics and nutri-mix
feeding had a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on growth of kids. At six-month age kids receiving probiotics
and nutri-mix weighed heavier (23.46kg) than kids not receiving probiotics (19.15kg) indicating that the
product positively influenced body weight gain of kids. Average daily gain of kids under T1 and T4,
respectively averaged 57.25 and 46.4g/d which differed significantly (P<0.05) from kids of T2 (37.75g/d);
while ADG of kids under T3 didn’t differ significantly (46.25g/d). Response of growing kids to probiotics
and nutri-mix might be due to increased dry matter intake; as cell products stimulate gut microbes in the
rumen, resulting in improved digestibility of starch, fiber and crude protein present in the diet. Live cells
present in probiotics causes better ammonia rumen utilization. It further produces more microbial protein
and VFA, while decreases lactic acid peaks in the rumen and stabilizes rumen pH. During the trial it was
also observed that kids under T1 and T4 had less feed refusals, increased DM and water intake and had
overall sound health. Net returns per kid was recorded highest under T4 (Rs 971.0/-only) followed by T1,
T3 and T2 respectively, Rs 968.0, 930.5 and 885.5/- only. Based on present findings it may be suggested
that growing kids may be reared economically if provided probiotics alone or even in combination with
nutri-mix for higher profits in arid region. Further, if goat framers of arid region start providing probiotics
(since birth) and nutri-mix to weaned kids; it would definitely help in promoting their income through sale
of heavier kids.
SR 56
Growth performance, nutrient utilisation, rumen fluid pH, ciliate
protozoa population and microbial protein synthesis in pre-weaner
lambs fed diets with or without liquid mixed live yeast culture
M. K. Tripathi, S. A. Karim, O. H. Chaturvedi, D. L. Vernla
Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304501, India
The most common method of repressing undesirable microbes has been the use of antibacterial agents.
Growing interest had focused on non-antibiotic feed additives because of public concern over drug ~esidues
in animal products and development of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic organism. Probjotics inclusions in
feed are the possible non-antibiotic additives, could be an alternate of antibiotics for manipulation of
growth performance and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria. Present study invesygated the effect of feeding
mixed live yeast culture {Kluyveromyces marximanus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvarum
in 1: 1: 1, ratio) on performance, nutrient utilisation, rumen fluid pH, ciliate protozoa population and
microbial protein synthesis in pre-weaner lambs. Twenty pre-weaner lambs (27:i: 8.3 days old and 6:i: 1.5
kg body weight) were fed for 63 days in two equal groups. The control group of lambs were offered ad
libitum creep mixture, while other group received yeast culture in addition to creep mixture. The mixed
culture was fed 1ml kg-1 live weight, which had 1.5-2x1013 live cells mr . Dry matter intake was not
different (P>0.05) between two groups, which were 75.2 and 73.7 g kg-1 WO.75 or 3.63 and 3.61 %
of live weight in control and yeast group, respectively. Digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, NDF and
ADF were higher for yeast-supplemented animals but did not reach statistical significance. The improve-
ment in digestibility was observed to the tune of 2-5 % units. Nutritive value of diets, energy intake (ME,
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MJ/day), DCP intake (g/ day) and nitrogen utilization were similar in control and yeast supplemented
lambs. Urinary allantoin excretion (varied 78 to 100 mg/ kgWO.75) and efficiency of microbial protein
synthesis (ranged 78 to 123 g/ kg DOM!) was also not affected by yeast feeding. However, yeast feeding
increased rumen pH, which was 5.9 in control and 6.5 in yeast fed lambs. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen,
total volatile fatty acid concentration and ciliate protozoa population was also not different between two
groups. Total weight gain during experiment was 9.8 and 10.3 kg, and ADG was 156 and 163g in control
and yeast fed lambs, respectively. Though, yeast supplementation did not improve growth significantly still,
a trend of increased growth, digestibility coefficients and higher rumen fluid pH is the indicative of benefi-
cial effects of yeast feeding in pre-weaner lambs. Possibly short duration and small amount of yeast
feeding did not exaggerate appropriate response on growth and digestibility of lambs in present experi-
ment requiring further experimentation.
SR 57
Effect of fibrolytic enzyme treated roughage on nutrient
utilization and growth performance in kids
K. K. Singh and M. M. Das
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institut, Jhansi-284 003, India
Twelve growing male local (Bundelkhandi) goats (13 kg BW) were randomly divided into 2 groups
of 6 each. All the goats were offered ration consisting of dry grass and oat hay (50:50) along with
concentrate mixture. The animals of Tl served as control and were offered untreated roughage while the
animals of T2 were offered fibrolytic enzyme treated (@ 4 g/kg DM) roughage along with concentrate
mixture. The TVFA (113.0 vs 99.5 in mmol/1) concentration was higher (P<0.05) in T2 as compared to
Tl. The ruminal pH, ammonia N and total N concentrations were similar in both groups. The CM Case
(955 vs. 1113 ug glucosc/h/ml) and xylanase (1751 vs. 2103 ug glucose/h/ml) activities were higher in
goats received enzyme treated diet as compared to untreated diet. The dry matter intake was similar (541
and 530 g/d) in Tl and T2 group, however, the digestibility coefficient (%) of DM (60.28 vs. 63.59), OM
(62.64 vs. 65.65), NDF (58.57 vs. 62.53) and cellulose (60.33 vs. 65.00) were significantly (P<0.05)
higher in enzyme treated roughage fed group. The N balance and average daily gain (48.89 vs. 57.41 g/
d) were higher while the feed to gain ratio was lower (10.16 vs. 9.05 kg) in T2 as compared to Tl. It was
concluded that fibrolytic enzyme treatment of grass and oat hay (50:50) improved the digestibility of
nutrients with positive effect on average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency in growing kids.
SR 58
Effect of fibrolytic enzyme treated oat hay on rumen fermentation
and nutrient utilization in adult goats
A. K. Samanta, K. K. Singh and M. M. Das
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284003, India
Adult male local (Bundelkhandi) goats (12; 21.0 kg BW) were randomly divided into 2 groups of 6
in each. All the goats were offered ration consisting of oat hay and concentrate mixture. The animals of Tl
served as control and were offered untreated roughage while the animals of T2 were offered fibrolytic
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
enzyme treated (@, 4 g/kg DM) roughage along with concentrate mixture. The TVFA (159.4 vs. 147.9
mmol/1) concentration was higher (P<0.05) in T2 as compared to Tl. The ruminal pH, ammonia- N and
total N concentrations were similar in both groups. The CM Case (820 vs 702 µg glucose/h/ml) and
xylanase (2482 vs. 1965 µg glucose/h/ml) activities were higher in goats received enzyme treated diet as
compared to untreated diet. The dry matter intake was similar (724 and 692 g/d) in Tl and T2 group,
however, the digestibility coefficient (%) of DM (72.6 vs. 68.0), OM (75.0 vs. 71.3). NDF (65.4 vs.
62.1) and cellulose (77.7 vs. 73.2) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in enzyme treated roughage fed
group. The N balance was similar. It was concluded that fibrolytic enzyme treatment of oat hay improved
the digestibility of nutrients with positive effect on rumen fermentation in goats.
SR 59
Effect of probiotic feeding and nutrient-mixture
supplementation on growth of Marwari kids
P. P. Rohilla, N. V. Patil* and H. C. Bohra*
Central Arid Zone Research Institute ; *Division of Animal Science and Forage Production
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342 003;
Regional Research Station, Pali-Marwar-306 401, India
In a six month study involving sixteen Marwari kids divided into 4 equal groups viz., T1, kids fed
probiotic from day 3 after birth, T2 kids fed supplementary nutrient mixture (26.85 % CP and 75 % TDN)
@ 100 gm/day post-weaning from 8 week onwards, T3 receiving probiotics and nutrient mixture as per T1
and T2, respectively, but at half doses and T4 receiving probiotic and nutrient-mixture as per T1 and T2 in full
dose. All the animals after weaning were allowed grazing in the institute farm for 6-hrs daily and the
nutrient-mixture supplement offered to the kids was prepared from local feed concentrates. The average
daily gain of kids in T1 and T4 groups was significantly (P<0.01) higher than T2. The weight gain in T3 was
higher than T2 but differences were not significant. The net returns (Rs.) per kid were highest in T4, followed
by T1, T3 and T2, which indicated that probiotic feeding alone in addition to grazing, or probiotic+nutrient
mixture supplementation in addition to grazing is beneficial for growth of Marwari kids.
SR 60
Feed restriction and compensatory growth in young male goats
M. Dashtizadeh1,2, M. J. Zamiri1, A. Kamalzadeh3, A. Kamali2
1
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran;
2
The Center for Research in Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bushehr, Iran;
3
National Animal Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
Forty eight 8-month-old male goats were divided into three groups. In each group, eight goats were
feed-restricted for 45, 60 or 75 days, and eight goats served as the control. Restricted groups were fed
with a maintenance ration, and the control goats were fed with a ration supporting 50 g of daily weight
gain. At the end of restriction period, the restricted goats were offered the same ration as the control
goats. When the average weight of the 75-day restricted goats approached that of the control, the goats
were slaughtered. Feed restriction only decreased the proportion in live weight of the dissectible fat,
internal fat, liver and testis weight, meat dry matter and fat content but proportion of intestinal and splenic
weights, and meat protein content were increased. Re-alimentation after 75 days of restriction was asso-
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ciated with a greater daily gain and less internal fat. Other measurements were not different from the
control. The data showed that 8-month-old native kids are capable of considerable compensatory growth
after 75 days of feed restriction without any deleterious effect on carcass composition. This approach may
be applicable to certain husbandry practices.
SR 61
Effect of different management systems on biometry of testes and
semen characteristics of Osmanabadi bucks
A. A. Hanmante, R. P. Barbind, S. V. Baswade and R. A. Patil
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science,
Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani-431 402, India
Eighteen weaned Osmanabadi male kids of same body weight and age were selected and randomly
distributed among the three groups each of six kids viz. grazing system (T1), stall fed system (T2) and
semi stall fed system (T3). The kids under grazing system were allowed for browsing 8 hrs. no concen-
trates was offered. Kids under stall fed system were given adlib green and dry roughages on their dry
matter requirement and also provided 300 gm concentrates per kid/day. In semi stall fed system kids
were allowed for browsing 4 hrs and then they were kept under stall and were given adlib green and dry
roughages along with 150 gm concentrates per kid/day. It was observed that kids under semi stall fed
condition had significantly higher body weight and biometrical parameters of testes and also superior
semen quality as compared to grazing and stall fed conditions.
SR 62
Nutritional status of non milking sheep in Banda
district of Uttar Pradesh
Pankaj Dwivedi and V.K. Vidyarthi
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya
Chitrakoot, Satna-485331, India
The beneficiaries possessing sheep form some blocks of Banda district of Uttar Pradesh covered
under this study were having 108 sheep. The sheep were categorized on the basis of their age groups, i.e.
upto 6,12, 18, 36 and 42 months of age as groups 1,2,3,4 and 5, respectively. The volumetric intake of
feeds was collated with the values given by ARC, 1980; and the collated values were used to determine
the dry matter intake keeping in view that grazing land was very much degraded; and a negligible and very
poor density of energy was available. From the cursory glance of data, it was revealed that the total
number of non-milking sheep was 41, 40,1,18 and 8 in the groups 1 to 5 , respectively. Lower population
of sheep in higher age groups might be due to fact that either they could have been sold or in the milking
phase. The average body weight was 18.5, 19.5, 26.0, 33.1 and 45.6 kg/sheep in groups 1-6 , respec-
tively. Higher body weight in the older age groups might due physiological phenomenon. The mean daily
dry matter intake (DMI) was 556.00, 581.60, 780.00, 1006.70 and 1366.90 gram/ sheep in groups 1-6,
respectively. The dry mater intake was deficit by 52.7, 65.3, 100.00, 51.9 and 75.5 g/sheep/day in the
five groups, respectively with a value of 100 percent deficiency of DMI in all the five groups. The mean
daily digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) was 32.985, 35.008, 46.800, 60.120 and 77.013 g/sheep/
day in the respective five groups. The corresponding values for deficiency in supply of DCP was 16.426,
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16.880, 13.800, 7.612 and 10.030 g/sheep/day with an overall 100 percent deficiency of DCPI in all the
groups. The mean daily intake of total digestible nutrient (TDNI) was 303.324, 321.890, 429.000, 550.911
and 751.781 g/sheep/day in the five groups, respectively. The corresponding values for deficiency in
supply of TDN was 78.071, 77.041, 149.00, 73.700 and 39.344 g/sheep/ day with an overall 100
percent deficiency of TDNI in all the groups. From the results, it can be revealed that the non-lactating
sheep under the present invegating area were poorly fed in terms of DMI, DCPI and TDNI irrespective
of their different ages which was due to non-availability of good feedstuffs in addition to non-diffusion of
improved nutritional technologies.
SR 63
Improving the livelihood of landless and marginal farmers
through goat up gradation in Southern Rajasthan
P. C. Dangi and Brijendra Singh
RCA, Maharana Pratap university of Agriculture and Technology
Udaipur -313001, India
Small ruminants are essential component of rain fed farming systems in southern Rajasthan of India.
The Goat rearing unit represents a very reasonable livelihood option for agricultural laborers as it require
less resource and do not demand specialized skills. The breed improvement, which requires only part time
involvement of the farmer, or his family member, provides a very stable and attractive additional income
source for small and marginal farmers without affecting their main occupation. Two approaches of Goat
rearing i.e. Goatry and breed improvement has been promoted as a source of income generation and self-
employment for the poor and landless households in selected villages of two tehsils in Udaipur districts of
Rajasthan. Community Based Organization (farmer’s advisory committee) facilitated implementation and
monitoring of intervention. The core principle of the process was active, decision-making involvement of
people at all stages of the program with technical input and facilitation by project staff. Exposure visits and
dialogue were used as a guiding principle, involving open discussion among farmers and NGO worker
SR 64
Feeding and management status of goats in
Bhandara district of Maharashtra
S. F. Nipane, G. B. Deshmukh, B. N. Ramteke, S. B. Kawitkar and S. R. Lende
Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur 440006-India
A survey was conducted to study the feeding practices and nutritional status of goats in bhandara
district of Maharashtra. 350 goat keepers were selected by purposive sampling technique and interviewed
by using standard questionnaire for study. It was observed that semi-intensive management system was a
choice of goat rearing. Dry/green fodder feeding after 8.00 hrs. grazing was practiced by most of the goat
keepers. Mineral and Vitamin supplementation was not practiced and goat keepers were not aware of
supplementation. Kids were fed with milk and greens resulting into better growth rate. Goats fed only on
dry fodders were found to be surplus by 18 % in DMI, however the DCP and TDN were deficit by 40
and 24% respectively. The goats fed on greens were found deficit in DMI, DCP and TDN by 57,39 and
63% respectively and goat fed on dry + greens found to be excess in DMI, DCP and TDN by 24,27 and
5% respectively. 238
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SR 65
Growth performance of Jamunapari goat under the
agro climatic condition of Bihar
S. K. Das1, B. P. S. Yadav2, S. K. Barari3 and A. Dey4
Livestock and Fishery Improvement and Management Programme; 1LPM, 2, 3, 4 Animal Nutrition,
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna - 800014, Bihar
Ten Jamunapari goats of 2-3 months age of both sexes were selected for the study from the existing
herd of the institute. Goats were reared in semi intensive system of management ie 7-8 hours grazing and
stall feeding. In addition to grazing goats were fed concentrate mash feed consisting of 65 % crust maize
and 35 % arahar chuni. @ 100 g/head/day. It was found that live weight of goat was increasing gradually
with significant (P<0.01) difference between the weeks. Highest growth was observed in the 1 st week
i.e. 134.07 g/day with an overall mean of 79.19 g/day during the study of 44 weeks. Similar to live weight
significant (P<0.01) difference was observed in case of weekly weight gain and average daily gain. During
the period of study the highest maximum temperature was recorded in the month April (36.90º C) with an
average value of 31.74 ± 4.62º C. Highest evening RH was found in the month September (74.73%) with
an average value of 57.43±13.28%. It was found that live weight; weight gain and average daily gain were
significantly correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning RH, evening RH and
solar radiation, but non - significantly correlated with wind speed and rainfall. Multiple regression analysis
indicated that weekly live weight of Jamunapari goat was decreased significantly (P<0.05) by 180 g per
% rise of evening relative humidity.
SR 66
The compression of efficiency grazing systems on characteristic
rang plants and animal live weight gain
Fazlolah Azarfard and Abdolhoseyn Ashtyani
of Kohgiloya and Bovirahmad Province, Iran
Selection the best grazing system is most important factors in the balance of animal and range in
different regions of country. This study was carried out in the Margoon research station, 65 Km North
east of Yasuj, Iran. In this research, different properties for example pasture covered area range capacity,
Soil protection, Forage production, pasture condition, Quantities of pasture plants production in the class
of 1, 2, 3 and animal live weight gain on different grazing system were researched. In this project used of
local sheep and goats that grazed in pasture. The five treatments were continuing grazing, alternative
grazing, delay grazing 15 day, high rate grazing with the low repetition and common grazing as control.
There was significant difference (p>0.05) between treatments for covered area range capacity, Soil pro-
tection, Forage production, pasture condition, Quantities of pasture plants production in the class of 1, 2,
3 and animal live weight gain. Results indicated that high rate grazing with low repetition had the high mean
covered area (63.6%), Soil protection (84.9%), Class 2 plants production (16.2%), mean forage produc-
tion (337ton/hec), animal live weight gain (115g/day) and highest pasture capacity (1/3 UA) and were
significantly (P<0.05) different with other treatments, So this treatment were the best selection for cold
regions. The effects of grazing system on conditions and tendency of range lands showed that common
grazing, alternative grazing, delay grazing with 15 days delay, Continuing grazing and high rate grazing had
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the negative tendency, Poor conditions, Positive and medium, static and medium, Static, Medium, Positive
and good respectively. So attention to economical and social problem, range lands low wide, grazing time
limiting in the ration of study we can recommended the high rate grazing system as a suitable system for
the cold regions in Iran.
SR 67
Performance of sheep reared under different
feeding management systems
A. K. Misra, G. R. Rao, G. Subba Reddy and Y. S. Ramakrishna
Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059, India
Sheep rearing in drylands is mainly dependent on grazing, where animals face low nutritive value
feeds and water scarcity particularly during summer months. Improvement in sheep productivity through
concentrate supplementation is not sustainable due to high cost and non-availability of quality feed at
village level. To overcome this limitation, efforts were made to evaluate the effect of various forage legume
supplements under intensive and semi-intensive system of management for sustainable sheep production.
Thirty adult sheep were divided into three groups of 10 each (8 female and 2 male) and maintained on
intensive, semi-intensive and extensive system of feeding management round the year. The animals of
intensive system were offered sorghum stover and mixed grass hay as a basal roughage whereas animals
of semi-intensive and extensive systems were allowed for grazing on common lands for 6-7 hours daily.
Animals of intensive and semi-intensive systems of management were supplemented forage legumes as per
availability at the farm. The average birth weight of male lambs was 3.07 kg and female lamb was 2.94
kg. Average DM intake (g/kgW0.75) in various months was significantly lower in grazing animals (extensive
system) than that of intensive or semi-intensive sheep, where DM intake was more or less comparable
and did not differ significantly. The average manure production under intensive system was 21.1 and 42.9
% higher than semi-intensive and extensive system of management. The crude protein content in manure
increased from 4.9 % with a traditional diet to as much as 7.3 % with supplementation of forage legumes
(Stylo, Horse gram, Leucaena). The DM intake and its digestibility were significantly enhanced due to
supplementation of various forage legumes. The results showed that performance of sheep under semi-
intensive system was better compared to intensive and extensive system of feed management. The poten-
tial difference at six months of age in lambs live weight under semi-intensive system was 20.19 % from
extensive and 11.22 % from intensive system. Based on the preliminary results, it is inferred that changes
in supplementation strategy according to forage availability permitted nutritional optimization of the system.
Semi-intensive system performed better in terms of nutrient utilization and productivity. However, intensive
system of management facilitates judicious use of available resources, produced more manure with better
quality.
SR 68
Utilization of potato tops in the diet of finishing lambs
M. R. Zobdeh1, S. A. Mousavi2 and H. Fazaeli3
1
Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan province, Iran; 2Agricultural Research Center of
Kermanshah province, Iran; 3Animal Science Research Institute, P.O. Box 31585, 1483 Karaj, Iran
Potato is one of the most annual crops of Hamedan area in Iran. After harvesting of the tuber, a
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considerable amount of biomass remained from this crop in the area where the farmers are oppose to the
problem of disposal it. At the same time, deficiency of feed resources is a serious problem for livestock
holders in the area. This research was conducted to study the effect of potato top (PT) as a roughage in
the diet of finishing lambs. In a completely randomized experiment, with 4 treatments and 6 replications,
sun dried PT was included in amount of 0, 10, 20 and 30 percent in the diet of finishing Mehraban male
lambs, for 75 days period. The average body weight were 34.5, 34.3, 34.1 and 33.9 kg for the animals
received diets contained I) 0.0, II) 10, III 20 and IV) 30 percent of PT respectively which were not
statistically varied among the treatments. Results showed that the average daily feed intake was 1476,
1480, 1469 and 1457 g for the diets I, II, III and IV respectively that were not significantly different
between the treatments. The average daily body weight gain was 174, 189, 181 and 159 g/day respec-
tively when they were significantly (P<0.05) different among the treatments. Regarding the feed conver-
sion ratio, no significant differences was found between the animals received various diets where it was
respectively 8.59, 7.84, 8.15 and 9.16 for the treatments I to IV. It is concluded that potato top may be
used up to 20 percent of the diet for finishing lambs.
SR 69
Effect of supplementary feeding frequency on production and
reproduction performance of arid goats
N. V. Patil, A. K. Patel, B. K. Mathur and H. C. Bohra
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342 003, India
Twenty two Marwari and Parbatsar lactating does in early lactation phase were divided in two equal
groups T-1 and T-2 based on the parity and body weights. Both groups were allowed for grazing in the
institute pasture dominated by grasses- Cenchrus ciliaris, Cenchrus setigerus, Cenchrus biflorus, Aristida
funiculate, Bracharia spp. Ergrotis spp. etc. and common arid weeds like celosia argentia, Amaranthus
spp., Digiteria Margunata, Cyprus rotunndus, Dactyloctinium sindicum etc. In addition to grazing,
the animals were offered ad lib supplementary feeding with complete feed blocks (CFBs) prepared out of
locally available concentrate and roughages having 50:50 proportion, respectively and having 14.44% CP
and 60% TDN for a period of 23 weeks. The animals in groupT-1 were offered supplementary CFB
daily whereas animals in group T-2 were offered supplementary CFB on every alternate day. The body
weight gain in T-1 group animals was significantly (P<0.01) higher. The average daily milk yield (l) was
higher in T-1 group does but differences were non-significant. The feed, DM and Nutrient conversion
efficiency for milk production was better for T-2 group animals and differences were significant (P<0.01).
The cost of CFB feeding for milk production was less for T-2 group animals. The reproduction perfor-
mance as regards pregnancy rate (%), Prolificacy (n), Birth weight of kids born to experimental does (Kg)
was similar in both groups indicating alternate day feeding to arid goats is beneficial for economic produc-
tion and reproduction performance.
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SR 70
Nutrient availability to milch ewes in Banda district of Uttar Pradesh
Pankaj Dwivedi and V. K. Vidyarthi
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya
Chitrakoot, Satna-485331, India
The present study was undertaken with 58 milch ewes in Banda district of Uttar Pradesh. The ben-
eficiaries were divided into 3 groups, on the basis of their ages, i.e. upto 18,36 and 42 months as groups
1,2 and 3, respectively. Out of total 58 beneficiaries, the number of ewes in the groups 1,2 and 3 was 22,
27 and 9 , respectively. Lower number of ewes in the higher age group might be due to their disposal
either far income generation or due to health deteriorated. The daily mean milk yield was 126.5, 111.4
and 120.6 g/d/ewe in the groups 1-3, respectively. The average body weight was 27.0,31.0 and 43.8 kg
in the respective groups. The dry matter intake (DMI) was determined by the values of volumetric feed
intake collated with the values given by ARC, 1980 and keeping in view that the grazing land was very
much degraded ; and a negligible and very poor density of energy was available. From data, it was
revealed that the mean daily DMI was 808.10 , 930.00 and 1295.00 g/d/ewe in groups 1-3, respectively.
The DMI was deficit by 82.00, 90.66 and 73.90 g/d/ewe in the three groups, respectively ; with an
overall 100 percent DMI deficiency of DMI in all the groups. The mean daily digestible crude protein
intake (DCPI) was 48.4, 55.8 and 77.6 g/d/ewe in the groups 1-3, respectively. The corresponding
values for deficiency in the supply of DCP was 12.2, 9.8 and 4.9 g/d/ewe with an overall 100 percent
DCPI deficiency in all the groups. The mean daily intake of total digestible nutrients (TDNI) was 466.60,510.80
and 708.50 g /d/ewe in the three groups, respectively. The corresponding values for deficiency in supply
of TDN was 73.3, 73.0 and 51.6 g/d/ ewe with an overall 100 percent TDNI deficiency in all the groups.
From the results, it revealed that the milch ewes under the present investigating area were poorly supplied
with the nutrients in terms of DMI, DCPI and TDNI which were particularly either due to non-availability
of good feedstuffs or non adoption or unavailability of improved feeding technologies of ewes.
SR 71
Nutrient availability to milch ewes in Jaunpur
district of Uttar Pradesh
V. K. Singh and V. K. Vidyarthi
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya vishwavidyarlaya
Vhitrakoot, Satna-485331, India
The present field experiment was conducted with 142 milch ewes in Kerakat block of Jaunpur
district of Uttar Pradesh. The beneficiaries were categorized into three groups on the basis of their ages,
i.e. upto 18,36 and 42 months as groups 1,2 and 3, respectively. The number of milch ewes was 46,46,
and 50 in groups 1,2 and 3, respectively and their respective mean body weight was 22.28, 28.00 and
32.00 kg/ewe. Average milk production was 138.04, 139.67 and 166.50 g/day/ewe in the three groups,
respectively. The dry matter intake (DMI) was determined by the values of volumetric intake of feeds
collated with the values given by ARC, 1980 and keeping in view that the grazing land was very much
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degraded; and a negligible and very poor density of energy was available. From the data, it was revealed
that the mean daily DMI was 668.28, 840.05 and 960.02 g/ewe in the three groups, respectively. The
DMI was deficit 392.98, 399.93 and 383.99 g/ewe in the three respective groups with an overall 100
percent deficiency of DMI in all the groups. The mean daily digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) was
40.11, 50.60 and 57.60 g / ewe in the three respective groups. The corresponding values for deficit
supply of DCP was 14.78, 11.94 and 8.14 g/ ewe with an overall 100 percent DCPI deficiency in all the
groups. The mean daily total digestible nutrient intake (TDNI) was 366.97, 462.00 and 528.15 g / ewe in
the three groups, respectively. The corresponding values for deficit supply of TDN was 248.91, 233.96
and 199.90 g / ewe with an overall 100 percent TDNI deficiency in all the groups. From the above
results, it can be concluded that the milch ewes under the present investigation couldn’t get adequate
quantity of nutrients in terms of DM, DCP poorly supplied with these nutrients which might be poor
availability of feedstuffs in the non-adequate and degraded grazing land for milch ewes and non-diffusion
of improved nutritional technologies.
SR 72
Nutritional status of non-lactating sheep in Kerakat block
of Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh
V. K. Singh and V. K. Vidyarthi
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna- 485331
The present study was conducted in Kerakat block of Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh with 176 non
lactating sheep and was categorized into five groups on the basis of their ages, i.e. upto 6,12,18,36 and
42 month as groups 1,2,3,4, and 5. The number of sheep in the five different age categories was
65,67,16,17and 11 with an average body weight of 12.68, 17.85, 22.74, 27.94 and 32.10 kg in the five
groups, respectively. The volumetric feed intake was collated with the values given by ARC, 1980; and
the collated values were used to determine the day matter intake (DMI) keeping in view that grazing land
was very much degraded and energy was available in very negligible and poorly dense quantity. The mean
daily DMI was 380.47, 535.48, 682.25, 838.35 and 942.95 g/sheep in the groups 1-5, respectively. The
mean values for daily dry matter supply was deficit by 36.98, 51.40, 81.93, 99.97 and 107.45 g/sheep in
the five groups, respectively with an overall 100 percent deficiency of dry matter in all the groups. The
mean daily digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) was 22.85, 32.13, 40.94, 50.30 and 57.76 g/sheep in
the five ages groups of sheep, respectively. The corresponding values for deficit supply of DCP was
20.75, 16.93,15.29, 12.08 and 8.13 g | sheep with an overall 100 percent deficiency of DCP in all the
groups./ The mean values for daily total digestible nutrient intake (TDNI) was 209.38, 294.52, 375.65,
461.09 and 529.31 g/sheep in the five groups, respectively. The corresponding values for deficit supply of
TDN was 68.59,71.07, 84.67, 72.26 and 71.19 g/sheep with an overall 100 percent deficiency of TDN
in all the groups. From the results, it can be concluded that the non-lactating sheep under the present
investigation could not get the adequate quantity of nutrients in terms of DM, DCP and TDN as per the
nutritional principles and were poorly supplied with these nutrients which might be poor availability of
feedstuffs in the non-adequate and degraded grazing land for non-lactating sheep and non-diffusion of
improved nutritional technologies.
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SR 73
Feeding and management status of goats in
Bhandara district of Maharashtra
S. F. Nipane, G. B. Deshmukh, B. N. Ramteke, S. B. Kawitkar and S. R. Lende
Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur- 440006, India
A survey was conducted to study the feeding practices and nutritional status of goats in Bhandara
district of Maharashtra. 350 goat keepers were selected by purposive sampling technique and interviewed
by using standard questionnaire for study. It was observed that semi-intensive management system was a
choice of goat rearing. Dry/green fodder feeding after 8.00 hrs grazing was practiced by most of the goat
keepers. Mineral and vitamin supplementation was not practiced and goat keepers were not aware of
supplementation. Kids were fed with milk and greens resulting into better growth rate. Goats fed only on
dry fodders were found to be surplus by 18% in DMI, however the DCP and TDN were deficit by 40
and 24% respectively. The goats fed on greens were found deficit in DMI, DCP and TDN by 57, 39 and
63% respectively and goat fed on dry + greens found to be excess in DMI, DCP and TDN by 24, 27 and
5% respectively.
SR 74
Farmers’ profile, feeding practices and chemical composition of
feed resources for goat in Alwar district of Rajasthan
T. K. Dutta, P. Tripathi, R. K. Dular and Mahima
Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, India
A survey was conducted during monsoon season of 2006 to study the goat farmer’s profile, feeding
practices followed by goal farmers under field condition and chemical composition of goat feed resources
in Alwar district of Rajasthan. Total 49 goat farmers were interacted in four villages in this district. Average
family size, literacy percentage and average goat population/farmer in the district were 5.25, 21.42, 29.00
for landless, 5.27, 39.29, 35.87 for marginal, 6.12, 49.57, 32.25 for small, 5.25, 69.44, 20.50 for
medium and 3.50, 57.14, 60.00 for large category farmers respectively. Goat farmers reared 34.14 goats/
family with adult male and female ratio of 1: 21.47. Goat farmers generally allow 7-10 hours grazing in the
nearby hilly areas. During this season grazing and lopping resources were abundant in this hilly area. Kids
were offered colostrums and allowed for milk feeding with their mother for 2-3 months. The farmers in
this region do not supplement any green or concentrate mixture or straw to their goats but provide com-
mon salt with water. In this district anoestrus, abortion and repeat breeding in female goats was observed
in the range of 1.64 (medium farmers) to 6.47% (marginal farmers), 1.09 (medium farmers) to 9.23%
(small farmers) and 1.26 (landless group) to 5.39% (marginal group) respectively. The reproductive prob-
lems in goats under field condition of above region were not found alarming. The CP, EE, NDF, ADF and
Ca contents were 15.55, 2.48, 51.42, 41.22 and 0.31 per cent; 14.65, 1.31, 61.01. 47.56 and 0.15
percent; 15.53. 2.79, 49.39, 35.36 and 0.17 per cent, and 12.92, 1.89, 54.28, 38.25 and 0.19 per cent
in tree leaves and shrubs collected from Dharampura, Madhogarh, Nagalheri and Bisa-ka-bass villages of
this district respectively.
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SR 75
Intake, eating pattern, nutrients utilization and rumen metabolites
concentration in sheep and goat fed grass-tree leaves diets
Sultan Singh and A. Gupta
Feeding trials (2) were carried out on 4 adult male animals each of sheep (Muzzfarnagari) and goat
(local) with mean body weight of 25.7±1.32 and 29.0±1.29kg for 105-120 days each on Cenchrus
ciliaris-Leucaena (CC-LL) and Cenchrus ciliaris-Grewia optiva (CC-GO) diets. Sheep and goats
were fed grass and tree leaves in 75:25 and 50:50 ratios (DM basis), respectively. Two months post
feeding a digestion trial was conducted on each diet to assess the feed intake and nutrients digestibility.
Rumen liquor samples were collected separately on both diets at 0 and 4 h post feeding to determine
metabolite concentration in rumen of sheep and goat. CP was relatively more in LL had more CP (20.10)
and lower fibre than GO (16.87%). DMI was relatively lower in sheep (58.23±4.28) than goat (61.14±6.41
g/kg W0.75) on CC-LL diet, while on CC-GO diet both species had identical feed intake. Sheep and goat
had 9-10 units (P<0.05) more DM digestibility on CC-GP than CC-LL diet, while species exhibited no
difference for DM digestibility on tested diets. Both species exhibited 9-10 units more digestibility of
NDF, ADF and cellulose on CC-GO than CC-LL diet. Goat had significantly (P<0.05) higher (71.18±1.24)
CP digestibility than sheep (57.60±2.03%) on CC-GO diet. Bating rate (g/kg W0.75) was relatively more
in sheep up to 4 and 6 h feeding on both CC-LL (44.10±2.3 and 49.62±2.4) and CC-GO diets (48.75±2.2
and 62.3±2.65) than sheep. Mean TVFA concentration in rumen liquor of sheep was higher on CC-GO
(99.30m eq/l) than CC-LL (77.40 meq/1) diet. Total-N in rumen liquor of sheep was significantly (P<0.05)
higher in sheep on CC-LL (99.28) than CC-GO (83.81 mg/dl) diet, while comparable in goats on both
diets. Results indicate that sheep and goats had relatively higher feed intake, nutrients digestibility and
TVFA production on CC-GO than CC-LL diet.
SR 76
Establishment of protozoa in the foregut of kids
Sonu Rai*, A. K. Samanta**, K. K. Singh and M. M. Das
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi- 284003, India
*Kendrya Vidyalaya, Jhansi; ** AN Division, NIANP, Adugodi-560030,India
An experiment was conducted to see the establishment of protozoa in the foregut of kids (goat). Six
newborn kids of local breed (Bundelkhand) were kept along with their dams and allowed for free choice
of either mother’s milk or tender pasture. The stomach contents were collected at weekly intervals through
stomach tube. The protozoa started to appear in the foregut of kid from the 2nd week of age. During this
age, their total population was 7.04x104/ml, which was comprised of Oligotrichs (7.04xl04/ml) only with
Entodinia (6.67x104/ml) and Polyplastron (0.37x104/ml). The Entodinia population was consisted of
E.bursa, E. bimastus and E. rostralum. At the age of 3rd week, there was a slight increase in total
population (8.28xl04/ml) comprising of only Oligotrichs with Entodinia (6.76xl04/ml), Polyplastron (1.11xl04/
ml) and appearance of Diplodinium (0.16xl04/ml) with Eudiplodinium (0.25xl04/ml). In the 4th week,
total population was 12.52xl04/ml with one new genera of Ophryoscolex with 0.13xl04/ml count. In the
5th week of age, total population was 13.67 x l04/ml which was consisted of Oligotricha (13.24xl04/ml)
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as well as Holotricha (0.43x104/ml). The Hololricha included Dasytricha only (0.43x104/ml). Same
genera were found in 6th and 7th week, with total population 22.95xl04/ml and 28.53xl04/ml respectively,
which was consisted of Oligotricha as well as Hololricha. The protozoa population was higher in 8lh
week with total population of 41.55xl04/ml which was consisted of Oligotricha (41.04xl04/ml) as well as
Hololricha (0.51xl04/ml) with all previous genera and new genera Isolricha (0.05x104/ml). At end of
experimental period i.e. at 9th week, a slight decline was found in total population (37.97xl04/ml) consist-
ing of Oligotricha (36.65x104/ml) as well as Holotricha (1.32x 104/ml) with Isotricha (0.17x 104/ml)
and Dasytricha (0.05xl04/ml).
SR 77
Evaluation of rain-fed pastures for goat production in
semi arid region of Uttar Pradesh
Prabhat Tripathi, T. K. Dutta and R. S. Upadhayay
Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura -281 122, India
Three pastures namely natural pasture, Cenchrus ciliaris pasture and Cenchrus ciliaris + Tephrosia
purpurea pasture were evaluated for biomass production, qualitative parameters and their carrying ca-
pacity under rain fed condition. The total rainfall during the course of investigation was 328 mm, which
was approximately 50% of the normal rain fall. For carrying capacity seven adult Barhari male per hectare
were allowed to graze in situ for a period 196 days from end of August to March. Dry matter yield in
natural, Cenchrus ciliaris pasture and Cenchrus ciliaris + Tephrosia purpurea pasture were 2.41, 3.14
and 2.79 t/ha respectively. During rainy season maximum average DM content was 38.56% in natural
pasture. The CP production was maximum i.e. 408.12 kg/ha in Cenchrus ciliaris + Tephrosia purpurea
pasture over other pastures. The nitrogen uptake in natural pasture, Cenchrus ciliaris pasture and Cenchrus
ciliaris+ Tephrosia purpurea were 42.55, 59.03 and 65.30 kg/ha respectively. The dry matter digestibil-
ity in rainy season was 68.69, 64.67 and 67.95% in natural, Cenchrus ciliaris and Cenchrus ciliaris +
Tephrosia purpurea pasture respectively. However, in winter the DM digestibility was 59.59, 72.50 and
61.19% respectively. The goats fed under these pastures maintained their initial body weight up to No-
vember and thereafter it showed declining trend. Therefore, concentrate supplementation @ 1% body
weight was initialed in December month for all the animals in each group. During entire grazing period
(196 days) average daily body weight gains were 8.64, 15.74 and 16.04g. in natural, Cenchrus ciliaris
and Cenchrus ciliaris+Tephrosia purpurea pasture. Dry matter intakes (g/h/d) were 395.73, 572.23
and 703.33 in natural pasture, Cenchrus ciliaris pasture and Cenchrus ciliaris+ Tephrosia purpurea
pasture respectively. It was also observed that after rainy season decline trend in body weight was slower
in Cenchrus ciliaris+ Tephrosia purpurea containing pasture.
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SR 78
Performance of different legume straw based rations on
growth and nutrient utilization in weaned Barbari kids
Kapil Bandil and T. K. Dutta
Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura -281 122, India
To study the effect of feeding leguminous straw based rations on growth performance and nutrient
utilization in early growing kids, eighteen Barbari kids (75.22 days old of 6.84±0.05kg BW, 9 males and
9 females) were randomly divided equally (3 male, 3 female) into three treatment groups. Kids under
three treatment groups were fed in groups with concentrate mixture @ 2% of BW along with leguminous
straw (cowpea, Medicago sativa (T1) or guar, Cymopsis tetragonoloba (T2) or dolichos, Dolichos
lablab (T3) ad-lib and limited quantity of available green fodder (300-500 g/head/day). Total DM intake
and DMI/kg W0.75 ranged from 343.75 (T1) to 351.03g (T3) and 72.88 (T2) to 75.42 g(T3), the varia-
tions among three treatment groups were non significant. Whereas, CPI (g)/kg W0.75 was significantly
(P<0.01) higher in T1 than T2 and T3. Average daily gain (ADG) and FCR (Feed DMI/kg gain) varied
from 36.98 (T1) to 48.17 g (T2) and 8.93 (T3) to 10.41 (T1), respectively. Although ADG in T2 was
higher by 11.19g overT1, but the variation was statistically similar among three groups. Water intake/kg
W0.75 was found similar among three groups. Digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, TCHO, NDF,
ADF, hemiccllulose, cellolose, Na and K were statistically similar among three treatment groups. Ca
digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 (91.05%) and T1 (85.57%) than T3 (72.68%). Na
and K digestibilities were found similar among three treatment groups. TDN intake was measured about
2% of the body weight in all three groups. TDN and DCP intakes per kg W0.75 ranged from 32.79 (T3)
to 37.51g (T2) and 6.37 (T2) to 7.44 g (T3), however, the variations were similar among treatment
groups. Cost of feed per kg weight gain was cheaper in T2 (Rs 39.03) group fed with guar straw based
ration than other two groups. N and Ca balances/day were statistically similar among three groups. It was
concluded that early growing Barbari kids under guar straw based ration (T2) performed in a better way
in terms of average daily gain (ADG, 48 g) and feed cost per kg weight gain (Rs.39) m comparison to
other two treatments.
SR 79
Effect of complete feed or grazing and supplementation of lambs on
performance, nutrient utilization and feed cost of production
O. H. Chaturvedi , Sushil Kumar, Anil Kumar, A. L. Arora and S A Karim
Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan- 304 501, India
1
DrO. H. Chaturvedi, Animal Nutrition Division,
Central Sheep and Wool Research, Institute, Avikanagar- 304501
A study to compare two feeding systems, stall feeding (SF) and grazing plus supplementation (GR)
was carried out, based on body weight gain, nutrient utilization and feed cost of production of Avikalin
lambs. While SF animals received ad lib complete feed (CF), GR animals were allowed grazing for 8 h
on a pasture and supplemented with concentrate pellets at 300 g per head per day. Intake in grazing
animals was determined using chromium III oxide as internal marker. The intake of DM (g/kgW0.75) by
GR lambs was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those by SF lambs. The lower intake of DM by GR
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lambs reflected in an obvious effect on DCP intake, which was also lower in the GR lambs. The DM,
DCP and ME intakes in terms of metabolic body weights by GR lambs were 16, 24 and 77% higher
against their requirements, whereas these were further higher in SF lambs to the tune of 38, 50 and 83%,
respectively. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, Cellulose and hemi-cellulose was higher (P<
0.01) in GR animals. The average body weight gain (10.6 kg) and average daily gain (ADG, 118 g) in the
SF group was higher (P<0.05) than that of GR group (7.2 kg and 80 g). A significantly lower (P<0.05)
feed conversion ratio (8.7 vs. 11.3 g/g) and higher (P<0.01) feed cost of production (40.6 vs. 28.2 Rs./
kg live weight gain) was observed in SF animals than those of GR animals. The SF system of feeding
where CF was offered to lambs appeared superior in terms of intake and animal performance. Therefore
the SF feeding system can be advocated as an alternative to grazing and supplementation feeding strategy
for sheep production, especially where the pasture are highly eroded and need resting for regeneration or
curing. Feeding of complete feed can also be adopted under adverse situations such as drought or famine,
which are common phenomenon in arid and semi-arid regions.
SR 80
Economics of mutton production under intensive production system
F. A. Mattoo1, A.M. Ganai, and H. A. Ahmad
1
Directorate of Research, SKUAST-K, Shalimar Srinagar;
S.K.U.A.S.T., Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar-1900006, India
Eighteen apparently healthy male weaner sheep 6 each of corriedale, Polled Dorsat and their Crosses,
were selected randomly and divided into 3 equal groups (T1, T2 and T3). All the animals in each group
were maintained on a ration comprising of concentrate mixture (CP 18.11% TDN 72.00%), oats hay (CP
6.32% & TDN 54.64%) and greens (CP 12.13 % & TDN 25.86% for 150 days. Ad. lib. concentrate
mixture was fed to each animal during the experimental period. Restricted quantities of hay and greens
were fed to these animals. Initial average body weight of the animals was 13.80, 13.40, 21.00 Kg. for
Corriedale, Polled Dorsat and Crossbred animals. Average body weights of the respective groups re-
corded at 65 day and 150 days of feeding were 16.90, and 21.00. 27.41, and 30.90, 31.45, 37.60 kg,
respectively. Total average body weight grain for 150 days was 17.11 ±0.05, 18.05±0.15 and 16.60 ±
0.19 kg for group T1, T2, and T3 animal respectively. ADG recorded was 114.00, 120.30 and 110.60g
for T1, T2, and T3 animal respectively. Polled Dorsat gained significantly (<0.05) high body weight than
Corridale and Crossbred animals. Dry matter consumption was 194.20, 202.00 and 191.00 kg for groups
T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. Feed consumed per kg live weight gain recorded for T1, T2 and T3
groups was 11.35, 11.19 and 11.5 kg respectively and the difference were non significant .Cost of feeding
per kg live weight gain was 76.80±3.5. 76.73 ± 4.3 and 78.19 ± 2.4 and the differences were non-
significant among the groups. It is concluded that mutton production under intensive system is a possibility
and economically viable activity in view of demand and market price of mutton.
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SR 81
Blood biochemicals and histopathological studies of Assam local kids
on feeding ajar seed (Lagerstroemia flos reginae) based diets
D. Deori, S. Sarma, T. Rahaman, K. K. Baruah, B.N. Saikia,
B. Phukan and P. K. Saikia
College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahiati-22
Assam local kids (20; 4-5 m old of 6 kg BW) were randomly divided into four groups following
completely randomized design. Animals in GR-I were fed conventional ingredients whereas in GR-II, III
and IV were fed ajar seed kernel at 25, 37.50 percent level replacing maize by 50, 75 and 100 per cent
level. Feeding trial was conducted for a period of 91 days and which includes digestibility trial of 7 days
collection. Green Para grass was fed all the groups as a roughage source. During the experimental period
blood was collected at 0, 45 and 91 to estimate blood glucose, total protein, blood urea nitrogen and
blood cholesterol. There animals from each group were slaughtered to study gross and histopathological
changes of liver and kidney. No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed amongst the group in re-
spect of blood glucose, total protein, blood urea nitrogen and blood cholesterol. Gross and histopatho-
logical studies of liver and kidney did not reveal significant (P>0.05) changes in all the groups. On the
basis of performance of kids and blood bio-chemical and histopathological studies it can be inferred that
ajar seed kernel can be used to fed Assam local kids by replacing 50 per cent maize (25/100 kg) in the
concentrate mixture.
SR 82
Effect of replacing maize grain with ajar seed kernel in the diet of Assam
local kids on the intake, growth and nutrient utilization
D. Deori, K. K Baruah, B. N. Saikia, B. Phukan, P. K. Saikia and D. Sinha
College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22
An investigation was carried out to find out the ratio of hull: kernel, chemical composition and effect
of feeding ajar seed kernel (Lagerstroemia flos reginae) at different level replacing maize grain (w/w) in
the concentrate mixture on the performance of Assam local kids. The average hull and kernel ratio of ajar
seed was 54.87: 45.13. The percentage of CP, EE, NFE, TA and GE (kcal/g) was higher in kernel and
CF, NDF was lower. Based on chemical composition, Ajar seed kernel was used to replace maize grain
in the concentrate mixture of kids. Twenty apparently healthy Assam local kids (4-5 month and mean
body weight of 6 kg) were randomly divided into four groups following completely randomized design.
Animals in GR-I were fed conventional concentrate mixture containing maize as major energy source
whereas in GR-II, III and IV were fed ajar seed kernel at 25, 37.5 and 50 percent grass as roughage.
Feeding trial was continued for 91 days including a digestibility trail of 7 days collection. Three animals
from each group were slaughtered to study the carcass characteristics and body composition. The aver-
age DMI per 100 kg and per kg metabolic body weight were significantly (P<0.05) higher in GR-I and
GR-III and IV. The average daily gain in body weight of kids and feed conversion efficiency of kids were
32.11=0.64,31.67=0.41, 27.72=0.04 and 23.54= g; 7.46=0.16, 8.38=0.07 and 9.56=0.05 kg respec-
tively. No significant (p>0.05) difference was observed between GR-I and II in respect of average daily
gain in body weight and feed conversion efficiency. However, average daily gain in body weight and feed
conversion efficiency significantly P<0.05) decreased in GR-III and IV from GR-I an II. The digestibility
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of DM, CP,EE, CF, NFE, T-CHO, NDF and ADF were significantly (P>0.05) higher in GR-I and II than
GR-III and IV. Similarly percentage retention of intake and absorbed nitrogen and digestibility of gross
energy were significantly (P<0.05) higher in GR-I and II than GR-III and IV. The dressing percentage did
not show any significant (P> 0.05) difference was found between GR-I and II, II and III and III and IV.
However, significantly (P<0.05) difference was found between GR-I and III, I and IV and II and IV. The
body composition did not reveal any significant (P>0.05) difference amongst the groups. However, the fat
percentage significantly ( P<0.05) decreased in GR-IV from GR_I, II and III. The DCP and TDN re-
ceived in different groups were 148.54, 98.37, 139.07, 94.71; 120.68, 80.97 and 95.57, 66.82 percent
of ICAR recommendation (1998). Overall observation revealed satisfactory performance in Assam local
kid on feeding Ajar seed kernel by replacing 50% maize (25 kg/100 kg) in the concentrate mixture.
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Feed quality assurance and

Session - VII
feed marketing strategies
FQA 1
Effect of pesticides on in-vitro and rumen fermentation
S. B. N. Rao, S. Anandan, K. Giridhar, Pramod Singh* and K. T. Sampath
*Senior Scientist, NEH region, Barapani, Meghalaya
Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030, India
Six technical grade commonly used pesticides namely endosulfan (organo-chlorine), monocrotophos,
chloropyriphos, methyl-parathion, dimethoate (organo-phosphorous), and cypermethrin (synthetic pyre-
throids) were taken up for in vitro studies. A substrate containing ragi straw and maize grain (50:50) was
used. 40 ml of McDougall’s buffer and 10 ml strained rumen liquor was incubated with 0.5 g of substrate
for 48 h in shaking water bath. The pesticide concentration was maintained at 100 ppm in the incubation
medium. The parameters studied were IVDMD (1st stage), IVTDMD, pH and TVFA. The IVDMD after
48 h incubation was significantly reduced (P<0.01) in case of endosulfan and chloropyriphos while me-
thyl-parathion, cypermethrin, dimethoate and monocrotophos did not have any significant effect. The IVTDMD
was significantly (P<0.01) reduced in case of endosulfan, cypermethrin and chloropyriphos. pH was found
to be unaffected by pesticides used in the study. However, the total volatile fatty acids in the incubation
media was reduced in case of endosulfan and chloropyriphos indicating the deleterious effect of these
pesticides on rumen fermentation.
FQA 2
Effect of storage of sorghum straw based complete
diet on its nutritional quality
D. Nagalakshmi, P. Pavani and M. Rajendra Prasad
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad- 500030, India
The effect of storage period, storage structure and preservative on keeping quality of sorghum straw
based complete diet was studied for a period of 6 months. The samples collected at the monthly intervals
were assessed for nutrient composition, microbial load and aflatoxin. Storing of complete diet in HDPE
bags with no preservative had higher (P<0.01) OM, CP, NFE and cell contents and lower (P<0.01) CF,
NDF, ash and aflatoxin level compared to gunny bags stored feed. Combination of 2% neem oil and 0.5
% calcium propionate added to gunny bag stored feed increased (P<0.01) the OM, CP, NFE and cell
content and decreased the fungal and aflatoxin concentration. Addition of single preservatives or combina-
tion had no effect on nutrients when stored in HDPE bags. Aflatoxin level reduced (P<0.01) by adding
calcium propionate or in combination with neem oil, irrespective of storage structure. The period of stor-
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age affected (P<0.01) all the nutrients. The DM, OM, CP, EE, NFE and cellulose content gradually
decreased (P<0.01), while the CF, ash, NDF and ADF increased (P<0.01) gradually with increase in
storage time. The bacterial and fungal count (log cfu/g feed) and aflatoxin (ppb) level from 0-6 months
increased significantly (P<0.01) from 4.60, 3.59 and 7.90 to 6.23, 5.55 and 88.40, respectively. The
aflatoxin level in HDPE stored feed, irrespective of preservatives was comparable between 0-2 months
and increased thereafter. Similar trend was observed for gunny bag stored complete feed containing com-
bination of preservatives, while in other gunny bag stored feeds, the aflatoxin level increased by the end of
1 month. The study indicated that nutrient quality was affected by end of 1st month itself. It is advantages
to store sorghum straw based complete diet in HDPE woven bags than gunny bags. The combination of
herbal and chemical preservatives was effective in reducing the aflatoxin and fungal load.
FQA 3
Techniques for enhancing shelf life of distiller’s grain
P. Geetha, C. Valli, V. Balakrishnan
Department of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, India
Distillers grain, a potential protein and energy rich livestock feed is available in abundance due to the
increasing growth of grain based ethanol industry. However the major limiting factor in its utilization is its
short shelf life (3-7days). Hence a study was conducted to enhance the shelf life of distiller’s grain adopt-
ing various preservation techniques. Samples of distiller’s grain were collected from Mohan Breweries and
Distilleries Limited Chennai, Tamil nadu and were subjected to various preservation techniques like sun
drying, oven drying and propionic acid (2%) treatment. Prior to adopting these techniques distiller’s grains
were mixed with moisture adsorbents like rice bran, cassava thippi and soya bean hull. The proportion of
distiller’s grain to adsorbent used was 50:50, 40:60 and 30:70.The distiller’s grain adsorbent mixture
were subjected to sun drying and oven drying.Another lot of the same combination were treated with 2%
propionic acid and maintained at room temperature. The preserved distiller’s grain were evaluated for
moisture percentage, pH, yeast and mould count (CFU). The data revealed that distiller’s grain with
cassava thippi at 30:70 proportion subjected for sun drying for 12 hours was found to be the best tech-
nique for enhancing shelf life of distiller’s grain.
FQA 4
Organophosphorus pesticide residues in concentrate feeds of Karnal
Pramod Singh and Aruna Chhabra
DCN, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana
A total of 66 concentrate feeds i.e barley (4),maize(8),rice(3), wheat(5), rice bran(8), wheat bran(8),
cotton seed cake(3), ground nut cake(7), compound feed(8) and pelleted feed(5) collected randomly
from Karnal district of Haryana were analyzed for the residues of organophosphorus pesticides.
Monocrotophos was the most prevalent pesticide in feeds. A total of 20 feed samples were contaminated
with monocrotophos in a range of 0.0035-2.1645 ppm on dry matter basis. For barley and wheat the
values were 0.2594 and 0.0602 ppm respectively. In five samples of maize, the concentration of MCP
varied from 0.0035 to 2.1645 ppm. Two samples of cottonseed cake contained 0.0072 and 0.4535 ppm
MCP respectively. The MCP contents varied from 0.0046 to 0.2136 ppm in three samples of rice bran,
0.0109 to 0.8646 ppm in four samples of wheat bran and 0.0615 to 0.2087 ppm in three samples of
mash type compounded feed. One sample of pelleted compounded feed contained 0.0360 ppm of MCP.
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Dicrotophos was present in one sample each of maize and mash type compounded feed at a level of
0.0057 and 0.0016 ppm respectively. Dichlorvos (DCV) was detected in two samples of barley and in
one sample each of groundnut cake, mustard cake and wheat bran, the values were 0.0041-0.2658,
0.0036, 0.0371 and 0.4201 ppm respectively. Chlorpyriphos (CPP) was found in two samples each of
rice and wheat, the values were 0.0185-0.1526 and 0.0015-0.0512 ppm respectively. It was also present
in one sample each of cottonseed cake, groundnut cake, mustard cake, rice bran, wheat bran, and mash
type compounded feed and pelleted feed at a level of 0.01564, 0.0088, 0.0065, 0.0887, 0.0159, 0.0346
and 0.0064 ppm respectively. Chlorpyriphos-methyl (CPP-me) was detected in one sample each of maize
and mustard cake, the respective values were 0.0023 and 0.0018 ppm. Two samples each of mash type
compounded feed and pelleted feed contained CPP-me, the values were 0.0068-0.0094 and 0.0021-
0.0180 ppm respectively. Malathion (MTN) was detected in one sample of wheat (0.2356 ppm) and in
two samples of wheat bran ranging from 0.1616-0.4505 ppm. Parathion-methyl (PTN) was detected in
one sample each of wheat, wheat bran and mash type compounded feed, the respective values were
0.0115, 0.0161 and 0.0126 ppm. Two samples of pelleted feed contained 0.0057-0.1561 ppm of PTN.
Quinalphos (QNP) was detected in one sample of groundnut cake, two samples each of barley and rice
bran and three samples of mustard cake, the respective contents were 0.0038, 0.0035-0.0068, 0.0013-
0.0136 and 0.0086-0.0765 ppm. The order of contamination of OPP in feed samples was MCP>CPP>
QNP>CPP-me>DCV and PTN>MTN>DCP and the respective contaminated samples in percent were
30.0, 16.67, 12.12, 9.09, 7.58, 4.55 and 3.03. The order of contamination for MCP in different feeds
was cottonseed cake>maize>wheat bran>rice bran and mash type compounded feed>barley>wheat and
pelleted compounded feed.
FQA 5
Aflatoxin and fumonisin contents in sorghum stover traded for
urban and peri-urban dairy production in Hyderabad in
dependence of stover type and season
CH. Ramakrishna Reddy1, F. Waliyar2, D. Ravi1 and M. Blümmel1
1
International Livestock Research Institute, Patancheru- 502324
2
International Crop Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502324
Chopped sorghum stover is the major source of dry fodder for urban and peri-urban dairy produc-
tion in Hyderabad. Different types of stover are offered by each fodder shop at the same time at different
prices and the purchaser has usually the choice between at least two types of stover. Discussions with
fodder traders suggested that stover prices vary because of types (cultivars) and cropping season (rainy
versus post rainy) and that plant disease and molding might play a role in pricing. Stover are transported
to Hyderabad in lorries from sorghum growing regions as far away as 400 km and storage and transport
procedures might lead to contamination with mycotoxins such as aflatoxin and fumonisin. Six major Hyderabadi
traders were sampled monthly from November 2004 to November 2005 and per trader and type of
stover, four replicate samples of 2500 g each were collected from stover heaps. Six types of stover were
traded and data about price and origin of stover were noted. After dry matter determination and grinding,
stover samples were analyzed by ELISA for aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin. On average (across traders and
month) none of the stovers types analyzed had above the permissible 30µm of aflatoxin B1 per kg. Only
one type of stover (Local yellow) had-non-permissible levels of fumonisin (101 µm /kg compared to > 60
µm /kg) when traded in the Rabi season. Traded in Kharif season the same stover type contained on
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average only 18.9µm fumonisin per kg. Mycotoxin contamination and price of stover are unrelated.
FQA 6
Organo phosphorus and organochlorine pesticides residues in
roghages collected from Karnal
Pramod Singh and Aruna Chhabra
DCN, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
The organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticide residues were analyzed in 46 samples of differ-
ent roughages i.e.Berseem(7), Jowar (5), Maize (4), Oats (4), Paddy Straw (8), Wheat Straw (9) and
Kadbies(4) collected from Karnal district of Haryana. The chlorpyriphos (CPP) residues were found in
one sample each of berseem, lucerne and maize and the respective values were 0.0061, 0.0138 and
0.0041 ppm. Two samples of wheat straw and three of paddy straw had 0.0067-0.5711 and 0.0084-
5.5631 ppm of CPP respectively. The residues of chlorpyriphos-methyl (CPP-me) were detected in one
sample each of jowar, lucerne and paddy straw at a level of 0.0027, 0.0092 and 0.0057 ppm respec-
tively. Dicrotophos (DCP) was detected in one sample of paddy straw at a concentration of 0.0646 and
two samples of maize fodder at levels of 0.0027-0.0087 ppm. Diclorvos (DCV) residues were detected
in one sample each of jowar and kadabies, the values being 0.0096 and 0.0101 ppm respectively. Quinalphos
(QNP) was detected in one sample each of berseem, oats and paddy straw, the respective concentrations
were 0.0406, 0.0064 and 0.0072 ppm. Two samples of wheat straw contained 0.0014-0.1901 ppm of
QNP residues. Monocrotophos, parathion-methyl and malathion were not detected in any of the green or
dry roughages. The order of contamination of organophosphorus pesticides was CPP>QNP>DCP and
CPP-me >DCV and the respective contaminated samples in percent were 7.39, 10.87, 6.52 and 4.35.
One sample each of maize, oats and paddy straw contained 0.0845, 0.1817 and 0.3118 ppm of endosul-
fan (ESF) respectively. The residues of 2,4 DDE were detected in one sample each of berseem , maize ,
paddy straw, wheat straw and kadabies at a respective concentration of 0.0021, 0.0031, 0.0088, 0.0081
and 0.0071 ppm. The residues of 2, 4 DDT were present in one sample each of jowar, maize, paddy
straw and kadabies at a level of 0.0097, 0.0021, 0.0063 and 0.0021 ppm respectively. The residues of
4,4 DDD were detected in one sample each of berseem, jowar , lucerne and kadabies , the respective
values were 0.0165, 0.0086, 0.0041 and 0.0062 ppm. The metabolite like 4,4 DDT was detected in only
one sample of maize which contained 0.0071 ppm. The residues of aldrin (ADR), endrin (EDR) and
diendrin (DER) were not detected in any of the samples of roughages. The order of contamination of
organochlorine pesticides was 2,4’DDE > ESF > 2,4’DDT and 4,4’DDD > 4,4’DDT and the respective
contaminated samples in percent were 15.22, 10.87, 8.70 and 2.18.
FQA 7
Impact of animal feeding practices on human health
S. R. Garg
Department of Veterinary Public Health
C.C.S. Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, India
Animal products constitute an important component of human diet. Foods of animal origin, in view of
the consumers’ health, are required to be safe and wholesome. Animal feeding practices have a direct
impact on the quality of animal products and consequently on public health. Animal feed is considered to
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be an important source of hazards leading to entry of foodborne pathogens and other hazardous sub-
stances in the food chain. Hazards associated with animal feed and feed ingredients can be grouped as
biological hazards, chemical hazards and physical hazards. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and prions
are grouped as biological hazards. Some important examples of these are Salmonella, Trichinella spiralis
and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. Chemical hazards include mycotoxins, industrial and en-
vironmental contaminants, residues of veterinary drugs, antibiotics, pesticides, heavy metals, radionucides
etc. Foreign substances such as pieces of glass, metal, plastic or wood constitute physical hazards. It is
desirable that the levels of all these undesirable substances are sufficiently low in feed and feed ingredients
so that they do not pose threat to human health through their residues in animal products. It is essential
that Good Manufacturing Practices are followed during production, handling, storage, processing and
distribution of feeds for food producing animals. Similarly Good Animal Feeding Practices should be
adopted in livestock farms to ensure food safety.
FQA 8
Status of organo-chlorine pesticide residues of milk in
different zones of Haryana
Monica Puniya, Aruna Chhabra and Vinod Kumar
Dairy Cattle Nutrition
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
The state of Haryana was divided into three zones based on agro-climatic and agricultural patterns.
Zone 1 included Hisar, Sirsa and Fatehabad, zone 2 included Rohtak, Jind, Bhiwani, M. Garh, Rewari,
Jhajjar, Gurgaon, Faridabad, zone 3 included Ambala, Kuruskhetra, YamunaNagar, Karnal, Panipat, Sonipat,
Kaithal and Panchkula. A total of 131 milk samples were collected with minimum of six samples from
each district. Milk samples were extracted in acetonitrile and analyzed by HPLC as per Singh (2004) for
organo-chlorine pesticide residues namely Aldrin (ADR), Diendrin (DER), Endosulfan-a (ESF), Endrin
(EDR), Heptachlor (HCR), 2-4’ DDE, 2-4’ DDT, 4-4’ DDD and 4-4’DDT. In Zone 1, out of 30 samples
25,30,1,11,11;11,1and 1 sample contained ADR HCR DER EDR ESF 4-4’ DDT 2-4’ DDE 4-4’ DDD
and 2-4’ DDT at a level of 0.281,0.212, 0.184.0.116,0.084,0.067,0.044,0.028 and 0.025 ppm respec-
tively. In zone 2, the respective values were 0.035,0.027, 0.023,0.015, 0.010, 0.008,0.005, 0.003,
0.003 ppm in 27,41,1,10,14,1,1,and 1 samples out of a total of 61. Out of 40 samples in zone 3- 1
sample contained ADR (0.009 ppm), 31 samples HCR (0.007 ppm), 1 sample DER (0.00 6ppm), 19
samples EDR (0.004 ppm), 14 samples ESF (0.003 ppm), 1 sample 4-4’ DDT (0.002 ppm), 1 sample
2-4 DDE (0.001 ppm). More numbers of samples were contaminated in zone 1 and 2 containing Aldrin,
Heptachlor, Endrin and Endosulfan, where as Heptachlor and Endrin were present in samples of zone 3.
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FQA 9
Presence of organochlorine pesticide residues in milk
samples in Bareilly district
M. K. Raikwar, Narayan Dutta, K. Sharma, A. K. Pattanaik, M. Singh and A. Singh
Indiscriminate use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) poses a considerable risk of contamination of

animal feeds and their products with OCP residues, which could be injurious to human health. OCPs and
their metabolites are widely distributed in the global ecosystem, accumulate in adipose tissues of animal
and are excreted in association with the fat portion of milk. A sizeable number of milk samples collected
from two different blocks (Bhojipura and Bithrichainpur) and analyzed by GLC using ECD detector for
the presence of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues. About Forty-one percent of the milk samples
collected from Bareilly District were found to be contaminated with organochlorine pesticide residue (OCPs;
HCH isomers, endosulfan, DDT, heptachlor and aldrin). Initial trend indicates heavy contamination of milk
with OCPs in villages adopting improved agricultural practices. The major OCPs residues (mg/kg) de-
tected from milk samples were HCH isomers Endosulfan, Heptachlor, Aldrin, DDT, DDD and DDE. The
levels of OCPs were found to be higher than the minimum permissible limit for contaminated milk samples
(52%). It may be concluded that despite the prohibition on OCPs use in agriculture since a decade, 41%
of the milk samples collected from Bareilly District were found to be contaminated with OCP residues.
FQA 10
A multiresidue method for simultaneous determination of
neonicotinoids using HPLC
Navneet Saxena, Chander Mohan, Yogesh Kumar and D. Lal
Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar-125 001, India
The first neonicotinoid insecticide introduced to the market was imidacloprid in 1991. Due to its high
insecticidal activity at very low application rate (0.3 mg/ml) imidacloprid is regarded as a promising insec-
ticide. A few more insecticides of this class has been introduced recently amongst them acetamiprid and
thiacloprid are also being applied in the cotton fields now a days. For this reason, sensitive analytical
method was need of the hour for measuring low levels of these pesticides in cotton seed cake, most
common feed for the buffaloes in Haryana and nearby states. In contrast to GC, HPLC utilizes mild
conditions for the separation and detection of analytes. Previously a HPLC method had been developed
for the measurement of imidacloprid residues in crops and the method was also tested for soil and water.
However, no HPLC method for simultaneous analysis for the residues of these three neonicotinoids in
cotton seed cake (CSC) is available in the literature. Thus a rapid and sensitive HPLC method was
developed and tested for residues in cotton seed cake samples. The method developed involves extrac-
tion of the three neonicotinoids in cotton seed cake with acetonitrile: water (80: 20 v/v) followed by
sequence of liquid-liquid partitioning and lastly column clean-up. The percent recovery in concentrations
from 0.5 to 2.0 ppm varied in the range of 95.6 to 81.17 for imidacloprid, 92.76 to 84.99 for acetamiprid,
and 96.96 to 88.50 for thiocloprid. The detection limit was 0.5ppb, 10ppb, 20ppb for imidacloprid,
acetamiprid and thiocloprid, respectively.
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Feeding strategies for livestock in

Session-VIII
relation to environment
LNE 1
Variations in expired methane and carbon dioxide emission
from sheep fed on finger millet straw supplemented with
different rumen degradable nitrogen levels
M. Chandrasekharaiah, K. S. Roy, A. Thulasi and K. T. Sampath
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore- 560 030
An experiment was conducted to study the pattern of expired methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide
(CO2) emission in stall-fed sheep maintained on finger millet straw supplemented with different rumen
degradable nitrogen levels (RDN) through soybean extraction. Twelve sheep were divided into four groups
of 3 animals in each group based on live weight. Animals in Group I (control) were fed with ad libitum
finger millet straw (FMS). Animals in Group II, III and IV were offered soybean extraction at 15, 22 and
30 g RDN levels long with FMS as basal diet. The Douglas bags, gas meter (Harvard Instruments Ltd.,
UK) and gas analyzers (Columbus Instruments Ltd., USA) were used for compositional analysis of ex-
pired air from sheep. The average quantity of expired methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emis-
sions recorded were 3.76±0.60 liters and 15.06±3.83 liters per day in Group I., 3.63±0.34 liters and
14.54±2.33 liters per day in group- II; 3.15±0.42 liters and 15.11±1.98 liters per day in group-III and
2.98±0.22 liters and 15.31±2.24 liters per day in group-IV animals respectively. The data clearly indi-
cated that the animals, which were maintained under high roughage diet, produced significantly (P<0.01)
higher quantity of expired methane in comparison to RDN supplemented diet. But no significant changes in
average carbon dioxide production were observed during these trials in all groups of animals.
LNE 2
Strategies on feed formulation and feeding system for
waste reduction in aquaculture
P. Sardar, A. Sinha, B. K. Mahapatra and S. Datta
Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700 091, India
Fish culture is an industry generating significant economic activity in rural and costal areas in India
and elsewhere around the world. The environmental impacts of fish culture operations are becoming a
burning concern by the public and government. Long term sustainability of fish culture is, therefore, very
much related to how effective fish culture operations can minimize their release of solid and dissolved
nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) wastes. Since most aquaculture wastes are ultimately from dietary origin,
reduction of waste outputs should first be through improvement of diet formulation, use of feed additives,
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appropriate processing of feed ingredients and implementation of appropriate feeding strategies. The first
step in the production of feeds producing less solid waste is to eliminate poorly digestible ingredients and
to use highly digestible ingredients with good binding properties. Further reduction of solid waste can then
be achieved through careful selection of ingredients to improve apparent digestibility and the nutrient
balance of the feed. Feed formulation improvements aimed at improving efficiency of retention of amino
acids and phosphorus (P) by fish is key factors to reduce dissolved N and P waste outputs. Nitrogen
waste outputs can be reduced through the reduction of the digestible protein to digestible energy (DP/DE)
ratio of the diet. Phosphorus waste outputs can be reduced through careful selection of ingredients and
optimization of digestible P content of the diet to meet the requirement of the fish but avoid greatly
exceeding this required level. Judicious use of exogenous enzymes, such as phytase, can also help to
improve digestibility of certain feed nutrients and potentially reduce solid and P waste outputs. Use of
appropriate indigestible feed binders as additive may also have the potential of improving setting and
recovery of solid wastes from land-based farm effluents. Simple processing of common ingredients such
as air classification/elutriation of fish meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-products meal and several
plant products may also be effective yet economical approach to produce feeds resulting in lower waste
outputs. Feeding practices that minimize feed wastage can have a very significant impact on waste outputs
from fish culture operation. Implementation of new bioengineering and biotechnological strategies are also
vital for alleviating the environmental impacts of the rapidly expanding global aquaculture industry. The
development of new generation of automated feeding device and recirculation technologies may result in
reduced waste production. Use of probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids and non starch polysaccharides
(NSP) as feed additives, physiological modification as sustained exercise and compensatory growth may
also be the strategies to reduce waste outputs. Recent biotechnological approaches such as endocrine
manipulation, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA and transgenic technologies may have also led to
renewed interest in these strategies.
LNE 3
Disposal pattern of pig manure and its significance in Mizoram
G. Kalita, R. Buragohain and K. Sarma
Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India
Rearing of pigs is an aged old tradition of Mizo farmers constituting around 78% of the total livestock
population in the state. There is immense production of pig manure (@10-35g Dry matter/kgW0.75) in the
state which is generally remained unutilized due to improper disposal system. Pig manure is considered as
poor quality fertilizer by the Mizo farmers and are rarely used by them. Usually pig sties are constructed
with locally available materials like bamboo, wood etc. with slatted floor which is raised 1-2 feet from the
ground level. Sties are either abandoned or repaired for reuse after each production cycle (fattener and
sow).Pig manure is usually left unused below the slatted floor or dumped in open area and part which is
generally washed by heavy rains in each year. Manure is considered as an important source of nutrients
because of their substantial losses (eg. efficiency of nitrogen utilization is only 20%) in pigs. The poor
disposal pattern of manure leads to not only losses of nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium) but
also causes substantial amount of Nitrous Oxide (N20) and Methane (CH4) emission from manure man-
agement, which predisposes considerable environmental (air, water and soil) pollution of in the state.
Adopting proper manure disposal systems and creating awareness among the farmers about the impact of
manure and livestock on environment may be considered as important areas for efficient utilization.
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LNE 4
Economical transport and storage of paddy straw as animal fodder
P. D. Gupta, P. K. Pathak and P. N. Dwivedi
Paddy is one of the three most important staple food crops in the world forms the diet of 2.7 billion
people. It is grown in all counties except Antarctica, occupying 150 million ha, providing 573 million tones
paddy with an average production of 3.83 tonnes/ha. India is largest paddy growing country because of
this huge quantity of paddy straw is available for animal feeding. Southern States of the country and West
Bengal are feeding a lot of paddy straw to animals but their transport and storage are expensive and
uneconomical due to higher volume. It has been noticed that in northern India due to mechanization and to
keep the plot ready soon for next crop cultivation, the advance farmers do paddy harvesting by combine
harvester and left over crop residue in field are mostly burnt causing environmental pollution and creating
scarcity of animal fodder. To overcome the above problem a need was felt to collect information for loose
paddy straw transport and develop technology for baling of paddy straw for economical, transport and
easy storage. IGFRI, Jhansi has conducted transportation study of loose paddy straw weighing 12.0
tonne from a distance of 95 km away from the IGFRI, Jhansi. It was noticed that a tractor trolley is
required to collect the paddy straw from field and to transport it to the main road, from where it is loaded
in the truck and transported to desired place. It has been found that 2.29 labour hrs were required to load
about 6 q of paddy straw in tractor trolley. It took about 11.2 minute to travel about 250 meter (to and
fro) distance from buyer field to the main road for loading in the truck. Unloading the tractor trolley
weighing 6 q on ground required about 0.36 labour hrs. A full loaded truck weighing about 24 q of straw
needs 20.56 labour hrs in loading. Unloading the truck required 1.73 labour hrs at IGFRI, Jhansi machine
site. It took about 7.88 hrs to travel a distance of 95 km (to and fro) for a full loaded truck on the road.
The total cost of 12 tonne straw was Rs 2000/- and its transportation charges cost Rs.22750.0 means
straw cost Rs.167/- per tonne where as transportation cost about 11 times i.e Rs 1896/- per tonne.The
transported paddy straw was baled by IGFRI Jhansi stationary type densifying machine to produce rect-
angular bales of size 330x300 and length of bales adjusted between 380 and 460 mm with out put
capacity ranging from 150-200 kg/h . The machine is equipped with crank-piston drive mechanisms and
rectangular piston cross-section. The machine is operated by a 15 hp electric motor with V-belt and
pinion gear power transmission system. The study also compared the actual expenses incurred in trans-
porting loose paddy straw with that of baled straw as density of loose paddy straw transported is 40 kg/
m3 and baled straw 165-200 kg/m3 . It was observed that about five times of the paddy straw when
densified can be transported in comparison to loose paddy straw in a single trip of truck as well as
storage space can also be minimized five times. Density of bales up to certain extent can be adjusted with
the help of spring tension mechanism provided at the outlet point of the machine. A force fed mechanism
has been provided for pre-compression of the loose paddy straw inside hopper, which in turn increases
the straw input inside the compression chamber. The tying mechanism of bales was manual by using 3 mm
steel winding wire. The cost of the machine including electrical accessories are about 3.50 lakhs.
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LNE 5
Precision animal nutrition: a tool to economic and
ecofriendly animal production
D. V. Reddy
Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Puducherry-605009
The challenge for modern animal nutrition is to develop rations (without antibiotics and meat and
bone meal) and produce animal products that are acceptable to the consumers and to formulate rations
that do not cause environmental pollution, that maintain animal health and that remain economically viable.
Maximizing protein and energy utilization is dependent upon a healthy gastrointestinal microflora. Modern
animal nutrition must target a status of intestinal eubiosis, ‘eubiotic nutrition’. Consequently, the job of the
animal nutritionist is beyond the traditional role of formulation of least-cost balanced diets, and is extended
to precision animal nutrition (PAN) in formulation and feeding management. Precision animal nutrition is be
defined as providing the animal with the feed that precisely meet its nutritional requirements for optimum
productive efficiency reducing the excretion of nitrogen (ammonia emission), phosphorus and other com-
pounds into the environment and thereby ensure profitability.The tools to achieve PAN include more
precise ration formulation based on nutritional value of each batch of ingredient, proper weighing and
mixing of ingredients, use of nutricines / feed additives and improved feed processing techniques, imple-
menting phase feeding and split-sex feeding. One of the roles of nutricines is to improve the digestion of
feed and help the absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. These include acidifiers, antioxi-
dants, feed enzymes, lecithins, prebiotics, probiotics, phytogenics. These frequently referred “natural growth
promoters” (NGPs) are increasingly used as alternatives to feed antibiotics in order to maintain gut health.
Acidifiers are often used synergistically with phytogenic substances and essential oils. Enzyme supplemen-
tation reduced (P < 0.10) the feed consumption and increased the breast muscle yield implying that higher
lean muscle mass was laid in the enzyme supplemented broiler chicks which is reflected in slightly better
feed efficiency. The role of nutricines in achieving PAN is discussed.
LNE 6
Effect of various ratios of wheat straw and concentrate mixture
on digestibility and methane production in cattle
Madhu Mohini and Veena Mani
DCN Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal -132001, India
Nine male calves were divided into three groups of three each (B.wt 250 Kg) and were fed three
rations comprising Conc. Mix and wheat straw in the ratio of 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70 to get 40, 50 and
60% NDF in the diet. With the decrease in concentrate mixture, protein and ether content decreased from
14.80 to 8.28 and 3.16 to 1.70 with the increase in the fiber content (wheat straw). DMI (kg/d) was
6.32, 5.29 and 4.47 in the three groups, respectively. DMI decreased by 30% from 6.32± 0.82 to
4.47±0.39 kg/d. GE intake also decreased. Digestibility of DM and OM was lower in group III ( 56.64,
50.51) and that of CF and NDF was lower in group I (45.15 and 48.20) as compared to other groups.
Amount of methane produced (g/d) was significantly lower in group III (67.55), the difference was not
statistically significant between group I and II. The values of methane per kg DMI were 13.77, 14.08 and
15.04 while taking digestibility into account the values ranged from 20.48 to 26.52g (group III).
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LNE 7
Methane emissions in expired air of buffaloes
K. S. Roy* and R. C. Upadhyay
*NIANP, Bangalore, India
Methane produced in the rumen of cattle and buffalo is emitted mainly through pulmonary system.
The methane emission with expired air is not uniform and factors that affect fermentation like feeds,
composition of feed, and rumen activity affect. The information on appearance of methane in expired air
of cattle post feeding is limitedly available in buffaloes. In order to fill gaps on appearance of methane in
expired air post feeding the study was conducted on growing buffaloes weighing 200-275 Kg. Animals
were maintained on chaffed green maize and dried Sorghum hay (80:20) and were fed 1.5 Kg concen-
trate mixture. Water was available ad lib. The expired air samples were collected in Douglas bag after
every 30 min post feeding and volume of expired air was measured on Wet test meter (Precision Instru-
ments, USA). The expired gases were analyzed for contents of Oxygen (OM-11, Beckman), CO2 (LB-
2 Analyzer, Beckman) and methane (ADC, UK). The methane emissions were calculated and STPD
corrections were made. The buffaloes at rest had a respiratory frequency of 7- 20/ min and ventilation
volume of 45-60 liters /minute. The CO2 content in expired air ranged between 1.2 to 2.32% and oxygen
content in expired air was 17.8-18.9 %. The methane content of expired air varied from 0.02-0.20%.
The computation of total methane appeared in expired air indicated that immediately after feeding methane
content was low in expired air which increased after about 2-3 hours post feeding. Peak levels of methane
were observed after 3 hours post feeding. The level of methane varied from 0.02 lit/min at pre feeding to
0.11 lit/min. The results indicated that growing buffaloes maintained on green maize and sorghum emit 50-
68 lit methane /day and methane emission account 5-6 % of gross energy.
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Scope of GM feeds in
Session - IX
animal nutrition
GMF 1
Cloning of cellulase gene from Orpinomyces spp isolated
from the goat in Escherichia coli
A. Thulasi, M. Chandrasekharaiah and K. T. Sampath
Studies were conducted to construct a genomic library from Orpinomyces spp isolated from sheep.
The fungus was isolated from the faecal material and purified. DNA was extracted from the purified fungi
by the CTAB method. The purity of the extracted DNA was in the range of 1.85- 1.9. A fraction of the
isolated DNA was used for the molecular characterization of the fungi by amplification of the ITS1 region.
Another fraction of the DNA was utilized for the construction of a genomic library. The DNA was re-
stricted and fragmented using the restriction endonuclease Eco R1. The vector pUC 18 was linearized and
the 3 to 8 kb fragments were ligated into the vector. Escherichia coli DH 5a was made competent by
using calcium chloride. The E.coli were transformed using heat shock and by electroporation. The trans-
formation efficiency was higher using electroporation. The cells were then plated on LB- Ampicillin for
the selection of the transformed cells. The library obtained was then screened for getting the colonies
harboring the cellulase gene. A master plate was done by spotting single colonies on plates with LB
Ampicillin- carboxy methylcellulose and LB- Ampicillin- avicel. The recombinants were then obtained by
the Congo red assay. Studies are in progress to estimate the cellulase activity clones that were positive in
both the plates.
GMF 2
To study the diversity of rumen bacteria in buffalo
by 16s rRNA gene amplification
Sanjeevani Lad, P. R. Pandya, R. S. Gupta, G. R. Patel, H. H. Mehta,
Nandasana K. N. and C. G. Joshi
Animal Nutrition Research Department
Veterinary College, AAU, Anand, Gujarat
Rumen liquor samples were collected from three buffaloes by stomach tubing 2 hours post feeding.
Samples were filtered through four layers of cheesecloth. The strained rumen liquor were used for the
microbial study. DNA was isolated from 5 ml ruminal fluid following proteinase K digestion and
phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol extraction. Pooled DNA was dissolved in 500ìl of TE buffer (pH
8.0). DNA concentration and purity was be determined by absorbance at 260 and 280 nanometers. Universal
primers 27f and 1492r were used to amplify bacterial 16s rRNA gene. The PCR products (1346 bp)
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lysis method. Cycle sequencing reaction was carried out using appropriate primer (M13). The sequencing
the DNA sequence in the present study matching with the Bacteroides, and unidentified rumen bacteria.
GMF 3
To study the diversity of rumen protozoa in buffalo
using 18s rRNA gene amplification
Kinjal Trivedi, P. R. Pandya, H. H. Mehta, U. V. Ramani, Sanjeevani Lad,
C. D. Bhong, S. Parnerkar and C. G. Joshi
Rumen liquor samples were collected from three buffaloes by stomach tubing. Samples were filtered
through four layers of cheesecloth. The rumen liquor was strained through four layer cheese cloth and then
flocculated in water bath at 39oC for 45 minutes. The scum was removed and the fluid was filtered
through fine sterile cloth. The pellet was resusended in autoclaved DW and pooled and DNA was isolated
from 5 ml fluid following proteinase K digestion and phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol extraction. DNA
was dissolved in 500ml of TE buffer (pH 8.0). DNA concentration and purity was be determined by
absorbance at 260 and 280 nanometers. Universal 18 S protozoa specific primers primers were used to
amplify bacterial 18s rRNA gene. The PCR products (Approx. 900 bp) were cloned in the TA cloning
vector and transfected in to competent cells. Approximately 8 different clones were selected for subse-
quent processing. The recombinant plasmids were extracted by the alkaline lysis method. Cycle sequenc-
ing reaction was carried out using appropriate primer (M13). The sequencing reaction products were
resolved on ABI genetic analyzer 310. The obtained sequences, after curetting, were queried online in the
RDP-II and Genebank database. A Phylogenetic tree was constructed to position the cloned sequence in
the neighbor-joining trees with Phylip (ver 3.6). The study revealed the DNA sequence in the present
study matching with the sequences of unidentified rumen protozoa.
GMF 4
Study of bacterial diversity in rumen by cultural
independent molecular approach
P. R. Pandya, Nisha, Harshala Thube, S. Parnerkar, , U. V. Ramani,
C. D. Bhong, and C. G. Joshi
Diversity of bacteria in rumen liquor in buffalo was studied by amplifying 16S rRNA gene. Rumen
liquor samples were collected from three buffaloes by stomach tubing. At 2, 4, 6 hrs. post feeding.
Samples were filtered through four layers of cheesecloth. The strained rumen liquor were used for the
microbial study. DNA was isolated from 5 ml ruminal fluid following proteinase K digestion and
phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol extraction. Pooled DNA was dissolved in 500ml of TE buffer (pH
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8.0). DNA concentration and purity was determined by absorbance at 260 and 280 nanometers. Univer-
sal primers 27f and 1492r were used to amplify bacterial 16s rRNA gene. The PCR products (1346 bp)
lysis method. Cycle sequencing reaction was carried out using appropriate primer (M13). The sequencing
the DNA sequences in the present study matching with the Firmicutus and unidentified rumen bacteria.
GMF 5
Molecular characterization of Indian isolates of Orpinomyces based on the
internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region sequence of the fungal genome
Manpal Sridhar, Deepak Kumar, S. Anandan, C. S. Prasad and K. T. Sampath
National Institute of Animal Nutrition & Physiology,
Adugodi, Bangalore-560030, India
In this study, DNA-based methodologies were used to identify anaerobic fungi isolated from Indian
cattle and buffaloes using Internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 ) analysis of the fungal r DNA genes.
Genomic DNA was extracted from the biomass of each of the individual genera obtained after repeated
subculturing, using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. DNA concentrations of high
purity ranging from 1.8 –2.0 (absorbance ratio 260/280) was obtained. The PCR amplification of the
genomic DNA was carried out using the ribosomal JB206 and ITS2 primer set: 18S forward primer
JB206 (GGA AGT AAA AGT CGT AAC AAG G) and the 28S reverse primer JB205 (TCC TCC GCT
TAT TAA TAT GC). The amplification of the cDNA was carried out in 50 ml of final volume. The PCR
mix consisted of 5ml of 10XPCR buffer, 2.5mM MgCl2, 2mM dNTPs, 10pmol of primers JB206 and
JB205, 2.5U Taq DNA polymerase and 300ng of cDNA. The hot start procedure was adapted for
thermal cycling in thermal cycler (icycler, Bio-rad, USA). The thermal profile of the PCR reaction was
initial denaturation 940 C for 5 min, 1 cycle; denaturation 940 C for 30 seconds, annealing 500 C for 30
seconds, extension 720 C for 50 sec, 35 cycles and final extension 720 C for 10 min 1 cycle. The amplified
products obtained were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis and purified by gel extraction method.
The purified amplicons were ligated with pGEMT-Easy vector and E Coli JM109 competent cells were
transformed as per the manufacturer’s protocol. The cells were inoculated into SOC broth and incubated
for 1hr at 370 C, before being spread on Luria bertani (LB) agar plates containing ampicillin (100ìg/ml), X
gal (80ìg/ml) and IPTG (0.5mM) and again incubated for 12 hrs at 370 C. The transformed colonies
(white) were isolated and re-inoculated in fresh LB agar plates and colony PCR was done using the same
set of primer for detection of specific product. The colonies showing positive results were grown in 4 ml
of LB broth (with Ampicillin) for 12 hrs at 370 C and plasmid extraction was done by Qiagen miniprep kit
method as per manufacturer’s protocol. The extracted plasmids were reconfirmed by Eco R I digestion
for 3 hrs at 370 C and visualized for the released insert on agarose gel. The samples were then sent for
sequencing. Multiple alignments of sequences were generated using CLUSTAL and manually edited using
Align. These sequences were clustered to identify different motifs with differing levels of degeneracy within
each of the four variable regions of the ITS1 sequences. Motifs were drawn from sequence 62-96 for
variable region I; 130-196 for variable region II; 198-266 for variable region III and 264-318 for vari-
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
able region IV. The ITS1 fingerprints showed that all the isolates fell within a single group together with the
Piromyces II group.
GMF 6
Effect of feeding transgenic Bt. brinjal fruits on feed intake, nutrient
utilization and body weight change in lactating crossbred cows
D. P. Tiwari, B. C. Mondal, Anil Kumar, P. C. Saxena and Ila Pandey
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences,
G..B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, India
An experiment was conducted to assess the nutritional value of transgenic (Bt.) brinjal fruits in com-
parison to non-transgenic (non-Bt.) brinjal fruits in 16 lactating crossbred cows divided into 2 groups of 8
in each in terms of feed intake, body weight change and digestibilities of nutrients. The cows in both
groups were fed concentrate mixture (54.50 percent type 1 cattle feed, 11.0 percent type II cattle feed,
9.0 percent crushed soybean, 24.0 per cent crushed wheat, 1.0 percent mineral mixture and 0.5 percent
common salt) along with ad libitun mixed green fodder (maize fodder + grasses) daily. The cow’s in
group I were provided 2 kg fresh non-transgenic brinjal fruits, whereas cows in group II were given 2 kg
fresh transgenic brinjal fruits. The non-transgenic brinjal fruits contained 93.94 % organic matter, 16.88 %
crude protein, 4.77 % ether extract, 18.93 % crude fibre, 53.36 % nitrogen-free extract and 6.06 % ash
on dry matter basis The corresponding values for transgenic brinjal fruits were 94.05, 15.20, 9.57, 18.85,
50.43 and 5.95 %. respectively. The transgenic brinjal fruits were found to contain 16.61 µg Bt. protein/
g of dry brinjal fruits. On an average cows consumed 9.89±0.07 and 9.87±0.24 kg DM, 5.24±0.31 and
5.17±0.17 kg TDN and 1.03±0.03 and 1.01±0.04 kg DCP per day in groups I and II, respectively. The
DM, TDN and DCP intakes/W kg0.75 were 129.55±4.40, 68.40±4.10, 13.47±0.47 g in group I and
139.39±4.46, 73.00±2.90, 14.151±0.50 g in group II, respectively. The intake of non-transgenic and
transgenic brinjal fruits was 1.54 and 1.73 % of the total dry matter intake in group I and II, respectively.
The average daily body weight gain was 436.46±54.89 g in group I and 356.19±52.77 g in group II. The
Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE was 54.36±2.14, 56.71±2.17, 75.10±1.75, 74.36±1.26,
50.76±2.02, 54.24±3.23 and 52.14±1.71, 54.67±1.69, 74.03±1.67, 75.69±1.17, 46.46±1.64, 53.06±1.88
respectively in groups I and II. There was no significant difference in dry matter intake, body weight
change and nutrients digestibility between two groups of animals. The present study indicated that the Bt-
brinjal and non-Bt-brinjal fruits had similar nutritional value in terms of feed intake, body weight change
and nutrient digestibilities in lactating crossbred cows.
GMF 7
Effect of feeding transgenic brinjal fruits on milk production and
composition in lactating crossbred cows
D. P. Tiwari, Anil Kumar, B. C. Mondal, Divya and Ila Pandey
Department of Animal Nuirition, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar- 263 145, India
A study was conducted in 16 lactating crossbred cows (85 to 190 days in milk) divided into 2
groups of 8 animals each to assess the effect of transgenic (Bt.) brinjal fruits in comparison to non-
transgenic (non-Bt.) brinjal fruits feeding on milk production and milk composition and to determine if the
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Bt. protein was detectable in milk and blood of lactating crossbred cows fed ration containing transgenic
brinjal fruits. The cows in both groups were fed concentrate mixture (54.50 percent type I cattle feed,
11.0 percent type II cattle feed, 9.0 percent crushed soybean, 24.0 percent crushed wheat, 1.0 percent
mineral mixture and 0.5 percent common salt) along with ad libitum mixed green fodder (maize fodder +
grasses) daily. The cows in group 1 were provided 2 kg fresh non-transgenic brinjal fruits, whereas cows
in group II were given 2 kg fresh transgenic brinjal fruits. The experimental feeding period lasted for 42
days, The average daily milk yield, 4% FCM yield, fat yield and SNF yield were 5.95±0.23 kg, 6.52±0.29
kg, 275.26±14.09 g and 575.93±22.47 g in cows of group I fed non transgenic brinjal fruits whereas, the
corresponding values in group II fed transgenic brinjal were 6.26±0.29 kg, 6.83±0.25 kg, 288.53±9.98
g and 618.57±26.98 g, respectively. There was no significant difference in milk yield, 4% FCM yield, fat
yield and SNF yield between the two groups of cows. On an average the milk contained 14.37±0.19%
total solids, 4.62±0.10% fat, 3.53 ±0.10% protein, 5.51±0.15 % lactose, 0.71±0.01% ash and 9.69±0.10%
solids-not-fat in group I fed non-transgenic brinjal fruits. The corresponding values in group II fed transgenic
brinjal fruits were 14.45 ±0.24, 4.64±0.12, 3.39 ±0.08, 5.69±0.11, 0.73±0.01 and 9.90±0.15 per cent,
respectively. The values for total solids, protein, fat, lactose, ash and solids-not-fat content did not differ
significantly between the two groups of cows. The Bt. protein in the milk of cows fed transgenic brinjal
fruits collected on 27th and 35th day of experimental period was not detected. The Bt. protein was not
detected in the blood of cows collected on 32nd day of feeding trial, from the present studies, it was
concluded that both transgenic and non-transgenic brinjal fruits had similar nutritional value in terms of
milk yield and milk composition without any adverse affect on health of lactating crossbred cows.
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Feed additives and

Session - X
supplements
FAS 1
Milk production and composition in buffaloes fed ration
fortified with Ca salts of acid oil fatty acids
Rakesh Raikwar and S. S. Thakur
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing Ca salts of acid oil fatty
acids (bypass fat) @ 4 per cent of DMI on the nutrient intake, milk yield and milk composition in buffa-
loes in early lactation. Twelve Murrah buffaloes (7.08, 6.92 kg/d milk yield; 30.5 and 31.5 days in milk)
were divided into two groups of six in each and fed concentrate, wheat straw and green maize fodder in
50:15:35 proportion on DM basis (Control group) and the same ration as fed to control group plus Ca
salts of acid oil fatty acids supplemented at 4 per cent of DMI(Experimental group). Milk yield and 4%
FCM yield were 9.49 and 11.86 kg in control group and increase (P <0.05) of 12.54 and 13.41 per cent
was observed in buffaloes of experimental group over 120 days of feeding . Milk fat, total solids, SNF
and protein contents were 5.54, 6.06; 15.26, 15.40; 9.32, 9.35; 3.59 and 3.72 per cent in control and
experimental groups respectively, which did not differ in the two groups. DMI (kg/d and kg /100kg BW)
was 12.12, 12.29; 2.48, 2.42; fat intake(g/d and g/100 kg W was 297.90,730.50 ; 61.10,144.30; and
CPI(g/d and g/100kgBW) were 1590.00, 1540.00; 328.30,305.40, in the control and experimental groups
respectively. Digestibility coefficients of OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF were 62.83,60.80,70.68,45.07 and
35.40 per cent in control group and increase of 5.98, 9.47,23.16,13.86 and 22.89 percent was observed
in buffaloes of experimental group over those of control. Thus, it was concluded that supplementation of
Ca salts of acid oil fatty acids to the ration of buffaloes during early lactation improved the milk yield and
FCM yield due to higher intake of digestible nutrients.
FAS 2
Effect of feeding rumen protected fat on nutrient utilization in buffaloes
P. K. Naik, S. Saijpaul and Neelam Rani
Rumen protected fat (RPF) i.e. calcium salt of long chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) was prepared from
rice bran fatty acid oil (RBO) by fusion method. Nutrient utilization was studied on twenty adult buffaloes,
randomly divided into five groups i.e. T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 and were offered basal concentrate mixture
supplemented without or with 3 % RBO, 2 % RBO + 1% RPF, 1 % RBO + 2% RPF and 3% RPF of
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the total dry matter intake (DMI) along with, wheat straw and green fodder (Chari). Results indicatd that
the DMI were similar among the groups but the digestibility was lowest (P<0.05) in T2 (51.28%) and
highest (P<0.05) in T4 (55.16%) and T5 (54.48), which were similar. There was no difference (P<0.05) in
the digestibility of OM, CP and NDF among the groups. The fat digestibility was lowest in T1 (74.53%)
and highest (P<0.05) in T2 % (86.54) and T3 % (89.04) groups, which were similar. The digestibility of
total carbohydrate and ADF in T2 was lowest (P<0.05) than the RPF fed groups which were similar. All
the animals were in positive nitrogen balances and the mean values were similar among the groups. The
DCP was similar but the TDN was comparable in T3, T4 and T5 and lowest in T1. The Calcium (Ca)
excretion though faeces in T3- T5 groups were comparable and higher (P<0.05) than T2. However, all the
animals were in positive Ca and phosphorus balances and the values were comparable among the groups.
Supplemental RPF in the form of Ca-LCFA can be included at 2% level in the straw based diets to
increase the energy density of the diet without adversely affecting the DMI and fiber digestibility.
FAS 3
Effect of inclusion of rumen protected fat in concentrate
mixtures and total mixed rations - an in vitro study
S. Saijpaul, P. K. Naik and Neelam Rani
Rumen protected fat (RPF) prepared from rice bran fatty acid oil (RBO) by fusion method was
incorporated in twelve isocaloric and isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures (CM1-CM12) to find out its
optimum level of inclusion in concentrate mixtures (CM) and total mixed rations (TMR). The natural fat in
CM1- CM7 was replaced at 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 percent by RPF whereas in CM8-CM12 the
natural fat was 90% replaced by RPF. Limited grain was present in CM8 (10%) and CM9-CM12 (5%)
along with 50-65% deoiled rice polish and 1% urea (CM11 and CM12). Twelve total mixed rations (TMR1-
TMR12) were prepared with the respective CMs (CM1-CM12) by mixing with non-leguminous fodder
(Chari) in 50:50 ratio. The in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter degradability
(IVOMD) was determined by two stage in vitro fermentation system. The CP% and the fat% of the CMs
ranged from 20.34 to 21.88 and 5.85 to 6.10, respectively. The mean values of the IVDMD remained
highest from CM4 (73.00) to CM7 (75.70), which were similar (P<0.05). The mean values of the IVDMD
showed a decreasing trend when the natural fat was more than 3% (CM1-CM3) or with limited grain and
high RPF (CM8 to CM12). The mean values of the IVDMD in CM6 to CM12 were statistically (P<0.05)
similar (97.87 to 98.87%) and were higher than the mean values in CM1 to CM5 (89.93 to 91.2 %). The
CP% and fat% of the TMRs ranged from 14.74 to 15.66 and 4.25 to 4.55, respectively. The mean
values of the IVDMD (97.73%) and IVDMD (97.73%) were highest (P<0.05) in TMR3. It was con-
cluded that RPF should be used in energy dense concentrate mixtures containing 3% natural fat for higher
IVDMD. In concentrate mixtures with limited grains, high DORP and 1% urea, use of RPF was not
beneficial. In TMRs, maximum IVDMD was obtained when CM with 6% fat contained 40% RPF.
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FAS 4
Effect of rumen protected fat on nutrient utilization in crossbred cows
Nitin Tyagi* and S. S. Thakur
Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001
*Deptt. of Animal Nutrition,
To investigate the effect of supplementing bypass fat on nutrient utilization nineteen crossbred cows
were allotted to two dietary treatments. The distribution of nine animals to group 1 (control diet) and 10
in group 2 (control diet plus 2.5% bypass fat of DMI) was made on the basis of Most Probable Produc-
tion Ability (MPPA) and lactation number. The cows were fed as per NRC (1989) requirements. The
experimental period started from 1 month before expected date of parturition to 7 months post parturi-
tion. During Pre parturient period the changes in body weight was not statistically different between the
groups. The average DMI at -30 days was 10.62 and 11.41(kg/d) in group 1 and 2, respectively. The
average CPI and TDNI were statistically similar during pre parturient period. During post parturient pe-
riod a declining trend in body weights of cows of both the groups was observed. The percent loss in body
weight during the entire experimental period was 5.64 kg in group 1 and 0.16 kg in group 2 respectively.
The overall mean DMI was 13.84 kg and 14.18 kg/d in group 1 and 2, respectively and the difference
between the groups was statistically non significant. The overall average CPI was 2.04 and 2.03 kg/d in
the group 1 and group 2 respectively, which was statistically similar. The average TDNI was higher
(P<0.05) by 5.1 % in group 2 over that of group 1.The digestibility trial was conducted at mid lactation
on six highest yielders of the respective groups. The average FCM yield was higher (P<0.05) at 19.12 kg
/ d in group 2 than group 1(18.40 kg/d). The digestibility coefficients of DM were 64.28 and 64.51 per
cent in group 1 and 2 which did not differ significantly between the groups. Similar trend was observed in
the digestibility of other nutrients except EE in which the digestibility was significantly higher (P<0.05) in
group 2 than that of group 1. The digestibility coefficients of OM, CP, CF, NFE, NDF and ADF were
67.62, 64.01, 52.77, 70.48, 52.00 and 45.17 per cent in group 1 and 67.74, 65.40, 52.01, 70.68,
53.18 and 46.83 per cent in group 2, respectively. In present investigation, the digestibility of fiber frac-
tions was not adversely affected on supplementation of Ca salts of FA. Intake of nutrients was not differ-
ent between the groups during digestion trial.
FAS 5
Effect of rumen protected fat on lactation performance of crossbred cows
Nitin Tyagi* and S. S. Thakur
* Deptt. of Animal Nutrition
The effect of supplementing protected fat was investigated on lactation performance nineteen cross-
bred cows. The distribution of nine animals to group 1 (control diet) and 10 in group 2 (control diet plus
2.5% bypass fat of DMI) was made on the basis of Most Probable Production Ability (MPPA) and
lactation number. The cows were fed to meet NRC (1989) requirements. The experimental period started
from 1 month before expected date of parturition to 7 months post parturition. Average milk production
was 17.57 kg in group 1 and 18.65 in group 2 over the entire experimental period. Average daily milk
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yield was 6.15 per cent higher in group 2 than that of group 1. Peak milk yield was recorded in fourth
fortnight in both of the groups (18.76 kg in group 1 and 19.15 kg/d in group 2). The average daily 4 %
FCM yield was 17.47 in group 1 and 19.26 in group 2. FCM yield was higher (P<0.05) by 10.25% in
group 2 than that of group 1. The average daily milk yield, when the animals were observed till three
months after the cessation of protected fat supplementation was 13.79 kg while in group 2 it was 14.81
kg, thereby showing that milk yield was 7.4% higher in group 2. The efficiency of utilizing DM for milk
production was 0.81 and 0.78 kg/ kg milk, DM was utilized significantly better (P<0.05) for milk produc-
tion on supplementation of bypass fat in group 2. CP intake per kg milk production was 0.12 and 0.11kg
in group 1 and 2, respectively. TDN intake per kg milk yield was 0.52 in group 1 and 0.51kg in group 2,
which were statistically similar. There was no significant difference in milk composition between the groups
but the average fortnightly MUN was lower (P<0.05) in group 2 as compared to that of group 1.The
increment was observed in total unsaturated fatty acids content, total LCFA and total MUFA in milk fat of
group 2 while the saturated fatty acids content was decreased with respect to group 1.The blood glucose
concentration, plasma triglyceride concentration and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values remained within
the normal range and no significant difference was observed at any stage of experiment. While the feeding
of Ca salts of fatty acids maintained a higher concentration of NEFA in group 2 during the entire experi-
mental period but the difference between the two groups was statistically non significant.
FAS 6
Effect of rumen protected fat on reproductive
performance of crossbred cows
Nitin Tyagi* and S.S.Thakur
* Deptt. of Animal Nutrition,
The study was carried out to ascertain the impact of protected fat on crossbred cows. The two
groups were formed on the basis of MPPA and Lactation Number of the animals. The group 1 was fed
control ration as per NRC 1989 specifications and the Group 2 was supplemented with 2.5 % of fat over
and above the control ration. The experimental period started from 1 month before expected date of
parturition to 7 months post parturition. The average body weight of calves at the time of birth was 24.94
kg in group 1(including the premature birth) and 27.95 kg in group 2 which was higher by 12 % in group
2 than that of group 1. The calving percent was higher by 13.6 % in group 2 cows than those of group 1.
The average time required for expulsion of foetal membranes (EFM) postpartum was 9.28 and 3.88 h in
group 1 and 2, respectively. Similarly, the involution of uterus was completed in 49.44 days in group 1
and 35.40 day in group 2. There were two cases of premature births, during the preparturient period, in
group 1, one of them being still birth. Four cases of RFM were recorded in group 1 while one case was
observed in group 2 post partum. Two cases of abortions were also observed after AI in the post partu-
rient period in Group 1. The average duration for commencement of cyclicity was 56.17 days in group 1
and 49.67 days in group 2. There was no significant difference in the length of first and second estrous
between the groups. The average service period, of the five animals, conceived in each group were
147.67 and 116.00 days in group 1 and 2 respectively. The conception rate during the experimental
period of 210 days was 55.56 % in group 1 and 50.00 % in group 2. Though plasma cholesterol and
progesterone concentrations were relatively higher in group 2 the difference was statistically non signifi-
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cant. After insemination during post parturient period the average progeterone concentration during the 30
days post conception was 3.18 ng/ ml in group 1 and 3.98 ng/ml. The average insulin concentration was
8.42 and 8.61 mU/ ml in group 1 and 2, respectively.
FAS 7
Effect of feeding bypass fat on milk production and
composition in lactating crossbred cows
D. S. Sahu, Nazim Ali, J. Yadav and Y. P. Singh
Department of Animal Husbandry
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agri. and Tech. Meerut-25110, India
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding bypass fat on milk production and
composition in lactating crossbred cows. Fifteen lactating crossbred cows yielding 10-16 litres of milk
daily were distributed into three groups 5 animals in each. The average milk yield remains uniform in all
7groups. The animals in group I, II and III were fed control (no bypass fat), 2 and 4% bypass fat,
respectively, with the concentrate mixture. The average daily dry matter intake in various groups ranged
from 11.15 to 13.65 kg. Ether extract digestibility in groups of cows fed 4% bypass fat as significantly
(P<0.05) higher than control group and there was no significant difference among different groups for
DM, OM, CP, and CF digestibility. The average milk yield in cows of group III (4% bypass fat) was
significantly (P<0.05) higher than groups I and II. Similarly a significant (P<0.05) increase in milk fat yield,
5% FCM yield and SNF yield was noticed in group III. The milk composition showed a varying response
during the feeding trial and bypass fat feeding did not have any effect on milk composition of different
groups. The supplementation of bypass fat (Calcium salts of palm oil fatty acid) with ration caused a
reduction in caproic, caprylic and capric acids and significant (P<0.01) increase in palmitic, oleic, stearic,
linoleic and linolenic acids in the milk fat. It can be concluded that feeding of bypass fat at 4% in concen-
trate mixture is beneficial for milk yield and unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat without affecting the digest-
ibility of nutrients.
FAS 8
Supplementation effect of bypass fat on nutrient utilization and
milk production performance fed to lactating Sahiwal cows
S. K. Sirohi, S. S. Thakur, T. K. Walli, R. K. Kohli and Raman Malik
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal -132001, India
Lactation study was conducted on fifteen lactating Sahiwal cows. Animals were divided into three
groups of five in each on the basis of milk yield, lactation stage and body weight. The animals were fed
experimental diets ; Concentrate mix + Green fodder + Wheat straw (as per ICAR standard) Control diet
; Same as in control diet but supplied extra 200g/day bypass fat of Palm Oil (Treatment I) ; Same as in
control but supplied extra 200g/day bypass fat of Acid Oil respectively. Bypass fat of acid oil and palm oil
cotains about 89 percent fat.Duration of experimental study was three months after fifteen day adaptation
of animals.In mid of experiment digestibility trial was conducted for seven days to see the nutrient digest-
ibility and DMI. Results indicated that average milk yield over 90 days period remained similar in all
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groups i.e 7.86, 8.01 and 7.14 kg/day in control, treatment group-I and treatment group –II respectively.
The milk composition i.e fat, protein, SNF and TS also remained similar in all groups. Similarly DMI and
digestibility coefficients of DM ,OM , CP, EE, NDF, ADF and TCH were unaffected due bypass fat
supplementation except EE which was higher in treatment groups I and II than control group (66.78,
80.52 and 82.55 % ) . It was concluded from the study that bypass fat supplementation @ 200g of acid
oil and/or palm oil in Sahiwal cows was not effective in terms of improvement in milk production and
nutrient digestibility. This may be due to the late stage of lactation and low production level of cows.
FAS 9
Nutrient utilization for growth in buffalo heifers fed rations
fortified with bypass fat
Brishketu Kumar and S. S. Thakur
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of bypass fat supplementation at 2.5 %
and 4.0 % of the total DM intake on growth and nutrient utilization of growing female Murrah buffalo
calves. Fifteen female Murrah buffalo calves of 6-8 months of age (109.54, 109.82, 109.72 kg body
weight) were randomly divided into three groups of five each. All the calves were offered basal diet
consisting of concentrate mixture, green oat and wheat straw in the ratio of 50:35:15 on DM basis,
(control), basal diet + bypass fat supplementation @ 2.5 percent of total dietary DM intake (T1 group),
and basal diet + bypass fat supplementation @ 4.0 percent of total dietary DM intake (T2 group). A
growth trial was conducted for 90 days in which feed intake was recorded daily and body weights were
recorded fortnightly. In the middle of the experiment, a digestibility trial was conducted. Average daily gain
(ADG) g/d was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T1 group by 23.90 than that of control while it was higher
by 12.21 per cent in T2 group over that of control, though statistically non significant. Similar trend was
observed in total live weight gain. There was no difference between three groups in mean DM intake, CP
intake, DCP intake and TDN intake in ( kg/day, kg/100 kg BW, and g/kg W0.75 ). The digestibility
coefficients of EE were significantly higher(p<0.05) by 9.44 and 11.89 %, in T1 and T2 groups over that
of control while no effect was recorded on the digestibility of other nutrients. Feed conversion ration was
improved (p<0.05) by 20.70 and 11.79 per cent in T1 group over that of control and T2 groups, respec-
tively. Blood total cholesterol, triglycerides and NEFA concentrations were also increased (p<0.05) on
bypass fat supplementation. The results of the present study indicated that supplementation of bypass fat
at 2.5% of the ration consisting of 50% concentrate, 35% green oats and 15% wheat straw on DM basis,
significantly increased (P<0.05) live weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio than un-
supplemented and 4 per cent bypass fat supplemented buffalo calves.
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FAS 10
Rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid supplements decrease
milk fat content in Jaffarabadi buffaloes
S. K. Gulati1, M. R. Garg2, P. L. Serashia2, B. M. Bhandari2,
P. C. Thomson1, K. J. Shingfield3, P. P Vala4 and T. W. Scott1
1
Faculty of Veterinary Science (B19), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; 2 National Dairy
Development Board, Anand, Gujarat, India; 3 MTT Agrifood Research, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Fin-
land; 4 Village Kadodra, Kodinar, Dist: Junnagarh, Gujarat, India
Previous studies have demonstrated that dietary supplements of a rumen protected (RP) mixture of
conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers containing trans-10, cis-12 reduce milk fat content, increased
milk production, improved tissue-energy balance and nitrogen retention in cows during early lactation
(Shingfield et al. 2004). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of RP-CLA in Jaffarabadi
buffaloes producing milk containing 2-3 times higher milk fat concentrations compared with dairy cow. In
experiment 1, 4 buffaloes were fed RP-CLA supplements supplying 10g/d of trans-10, cis-12 isomer.
Milk fat content and fat yield was reduced by 31% and 30%. (Control(C) and RP-CLA 10.0 vs 6.9 %
and 1073 vs. 747 g/d, respectively). In the second experiment, 9 buffaloes were fed the same dose of
isomer; the milk fat content and fat yield was reduced by 27% and 22% (8.6 vs 6.3 % and 699 vs 547
g/d, for C and RP-CLA, respectively). In both experiments RP-CLA tended to enhance milk yield and
milk protein secretion. Further long-term studies are required to assess the impact of RP-CLA on energy
balance, nutrient re-partitioning, reproductive performance (reduced inter-calving intervals) in buffaloes to
allow a cost-benefit analysis.
FAS 11
Effect of different levels of rumen degradable and undegradable
protein levels on reproductive performance in crossbred cows
G. Mondal and R.C. Chopra
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal -132 001
A study was conducted to observe the effect of three levels of rumen degradable and undregradable
protein (RDP: UDP-70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) in an isonitrogenous and isocaloric ration on changes some
blood metabolites, milk progesterone and reproductive performance in crossbred cows. 14 cows were
divided into three groups based on similar milk production. Plasma insulin increased, but serum urea
nitrogen decreased significantly (P<0.05) in higher UDP fed groups. Mean blood glucose level was 53.70±
1.54, 52.60±2.00 and 54.27±2.21 mg/ dl; mean NEFA concentration was 59.89± 1.81, 53.85±1.81 and
50.82 ± 1.64 mg/ l, mean serum protein was 10.04± 0.95, 9.85± 0.90 and 10.60 ±1.03 g/dl, respec-
tively in groups I, II and III and not affected by dietary treatments. The mean insulin concentration was
11.87± 0.26 mU/ ml, 13.37±0.16 mU/ ml and 14.52± 0.53 mU/ ml, respectively in groups I, II and III.
The insulin concentration in groups I and II was statistically lower from group III (P<0.05). Mean SUN
concentration was 21.55±0.61, 17.80±0.35 and 17.88±0.85 mg/ dl in group I, II and III respectively.
SUN concentration in both groups II and III was significantly lower (P< 0.05) than group I, however,
groups II and III had no difference. The mean concentration of Mg was 31.46±1.20, 30.04±1.62 and
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33.37±0.84; P was 330.22± 10.62, 330.39± 10.29 and 349.03± 3.41 ppm; K was 204.405.16, 206.825.11
and 201.374.42 ppm; Cu was 0.88 ± 0.02, 0.87 ± 0.02 and 0.91 ± 0.0.04 ppm and Zn concentration
was 1.20± 0.06, 1.21±0.04 and 1.20±0.01 ppm, respectively in groups I, II and III. Mean concentra-
tions of each of the minerals were statistically similar between the groups. Milk progesterone and repro-
ductive parameters i.e. calving to 1st observed were 70.2 ± 8.0, 71.6 ± 6.2 and 68.8± 6.2; days open
were 113.2 ± 80.0, 116.2 ± 0.6 and 113.2 ± 10.0. The average estrus cycle length was also similar in all
the groups i.e. 21.4 – 21.8, 22.0 – 23.0 and 21.7 – 23.1 days as also the services/ conception and the
values were 2.0 ± 0.00, 2.2± 0.2 and 2.0 ± 0.00 in group I, II and III, respectively. The values were
statistically similar and unaffected by dietary treatments and it was concluded that the RDP: UDP ratio in
the isonitrogenous and isocaloric ration to medium producing crossbred cows had no significant effect on
reproductive performance in animals.
FAS 12
Effect of different levels of rumen degradable and undegradable
protein levels on milk production and composition in crossbred cows
G. Mondal and R. C. Chopra
A study was conducted to observe the effect of three levels of rumen degradable and undregradable
protein (RDP: UDP-70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) in a isonitrogenous and isocaloric ration to observe the
changes in quality and quantity of milk in medium producing crossbred cows. 14 cows within 40 days of
calving were divided into three groups based on similar milk production. Average DMI values for the
whole experimental period were 11.24 ± 0.45, 11.18± 0.52 and 11.39±0.76 kg/d; DMI (% body weight)
2.87±0.09,2.84±0.11 and 2.99±0.16 kg/100kg in groups I, II and III, respectively. Body weight of the
cows during the experimental period did not change and the mean values were 379.45±21.10, 376.90±9.21
and 392.43± 20.33 kg, respectively in groups I,II an III. The values were statistically similar. DM digest-
ibility was 61.27 ±2.41, 59.53 ±2.31 and 62.90±2.53 percent; OM digestibility was 61.24± 2.72, 57.55±
2.08, and 60.82± 2.52 percent; CP digestibility was 56.80± 2.71, 62.60± 1.19 and 57.59±1.94 percent
and ether extract digestibility was 64.18± 2.48, 68.36± 2.98 and 65.88±2.67 percent; total carbohydrate
digestibility was 62.34± 2.74, 60.16± 3.25 and 65.59± 2.67 per cent respectively in groups I, II, and III.
TDN intake during the digestibility trial was 7.34±0.14, 7.37 ±0.28 and 7.88 ± 0.32 kg/d. The values
were statistically similar in all the groups. Though undregradable protein intake was 150 and 200 percent
higher in groups II and III as compared to group I. Average daily milk yields were 10.88±0.40, 13.14±0.62
and 12.74±0.84 kg, respectively in group I, II and III (P<0.01). 4% FCM and Solid corrected milk yield
was significantly higher (P<0.05) in group II and III as compared to group I. However, between second
and third group, there was no significant difference. Average fat percent of the groups I, II, III was
4.00±0.26; 3.74± 0.24; 3.80± 0.24; milk protein was 3.86±0.21, 3.89 ±0.13 and 3.89±0.10 per cent;
total solid was 12.20± 0.47, 11.88± 0.71, 12.35± 0.88 percent and SNF was 8.30± 0.41, 8.14± 0.47
and 8.55± 0.99 percent, respectively. It was concluded that the feeding of bypass protein (RDP and UDP
ratio 60:40) is quite beneficial in increasing the milk yield without affecting composition of milk of medium
producing crossbred cows under Indian condition.
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FAS 13
Effect of formaldehyde treated groundnut cake on nutrient
utilization and growth performance in crossbred calves
K. S. Dutta1, J. P. Srivastava, R. N. Singh and A. K. Sinha
ARO, Gujrat Agricultural University, Junagarh, India
A feeding trial of 210d was conducted on 12 crossbred {HF x LOCAL}male calves divided in 3
equal groups using RB design to evaluate formaldehyde {FA}treated groundnut cake for growth. Each
group was fed concentrate mixture (19% CP and 69.3% TDN) containing either 20% untreated GNC
(T1, control) or same proportion of GNC treated with FA @ 1.0 g/100 g CP (T2) or 1.5 g /100 CP
(T3). Each animal was fed 3 kg mixed green fodder paddy straw to appetite. DM intake, nutrient digest-
ibility and retention of Ca and P did not differ significantly between the groups. DM and organic matter
digestibility, and N retention were higher in T2 than in T1. SE, DE, and ME values of T2 were higher
(P<0.05) than those of T1. However, the intake of DCP, TDN, SE, DE, and ME did not differ signifi-
cantly between the groups. Live weight gain (LWG) was higher (P<0.05) in groups T2 and T3 than in
group T1. Feed intake and cost of feeding per kg LWG were lower in T2 than in T1. The FA treatment
of GNC @1.0g/100g CP proved advantageous for growth on account of protection of GNC protein from
ruminal degradation.
FAS 14
Effect of atmospheric temperature and humidity on physiological reactions
of feeding formaldehyde treated groundnut cake of crossbred heifers
C. M. Yadav*, J. L. Chaudhary** and B. S. Bhimawat**
*Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dungarpur; **Programme Coordinator, KVK, Sirohi
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, India
A experiment was conducted on Eighteen crossbred heifers were divided into three groups of six
animals each and allotted to three dietary treatments. All the animals were offered wheat straw ad lib. + 5
kg green berseem. In treatment T1 animals were given untreated GNC, while in treatment T2 and T3 FA
treated @ 0.5 g FA/100 g CP and FA treated @ 1.0 g FA/100 g CP respectively as a source of protein
in the concentrate mixture was give. Effects of different dietary treatment groups on average daily DM,
CP, DCP and TDN intake were non-significant. The over all maximum temperature in routine manage-
ments treatments was 34.88 oC recorded during the experimental period and the minimum temperature
was 17.14 oC recorded. The average weekly relative humidity in the morning and evening ranged from
33.0 to 90.0 per cent and 10.0 to 54.0 per cent, respectively and the overall values ranged from 21.5 to
63.5 per cent. The average RH was 30.77 per cent higher in the morning as compared to evening.
Protected protein did not influence the morning and evening rectal temperature. The respiration rate of
heifers was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 as compared to T1. There was non-significant difference
between T2 and T3 on one hand and T2 and T1 on other. Morning pulse rate was significantly (P<0.05)
influenced by the treatments. It may inferred that feeding formaldehyde treated GNC increased supply of
essential amino acids with out any adverse effect on rumen function, causing significant increase in growth
rate in crossbred heifers.
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FAS 15
Evaluation of maximum growth potential of growing
Nili-Ravi buffalo heifers
S. S. Paul, G. Singh, N. V. Patil1 and S. M. Deb
Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Sub Campus, Nabha-147 201, Patiala
1
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
Twenty eight Nili-Ravi females with average initial body weight of 148 kg were equally divided into
four group of 7 animal in each and allotted to four different plane of nutrition where concentrate to fodder
ratio were 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. The heifers of group 1 and 2 were also fed with protected
protein at 9-12% of concentrate to meet requirement of rumen undegradable protein. The heifers of group
1 and 2 were also fed with buffer at the rate of 1% of concentrate mixture to prevent acidosis. After 392
days heifers of group 1 were offered ad lib fodder and concentrate ration to allow for compensatory
growth. The feeding trial continued for 570 days. Digestibility trials were conducted at each change in
diet. The average daily weight gains were 375, 526, 528 and 556 g/d during first 392 d of study whereas
average daily weight gains were 574, 596, 589 and 540 g/d during 393 to 570 days of the trial. At the
end of 570 day of feeding the average weight of heifers in different groups were 397, 456, 460 and 457
kg. Empty body fat percentages at 250 kg body weight were 4.4, 3.9, 6.8 and 7.2 %, respectively. It was
concluded that between 150 and 450 kg body weight Nili-Ravi buffaloes can grow maximum at rate of
547 g/d. The maximum growth was achieved at dietary concentrate level of 50%. Concentrate level
above 50% had no positive response on growth rather decreased dry matter intake. It was concluded that
for optimum growth performance concentrate level in diet should not exceed 50% of DM intake. Even
inclusion of buffer could not prevent growth depression due to acidity in high concentrate diet.
FAS 16
Effect of feeding bypass protein supplement on production and
reproduction of lactating cows under field conditions in Kerala
M. R. Garg, S. Sathish Kumar1, P. L. Sherasia and B. M. Bhanderi
1
A critical aspect of protein nutrition is to watch how a supplement high in rumen undegradable protein
affects production and reproduction of dairy animals under village conditions. Sixty four crossbred cows
(2-3 weeks post-calving) yielding 9-12 kg milk per animal per day, were used to evaluate the effect of
feeing bypass protein supplement (Aldehyde treated groundnut meal; CP 41%, UDP 76.0% of CP, NDIN
1.98%, ADIN 1.26%) under field conditions. Animals were divided into two groups of 32 each (control
vs experimental), based on milk yield, fat % and stage of lactation. All animals were fed similar basal
ration. In addition to basal ration, animals in experimental group were fed 1.0 kg bypass protein supple-
ment, either by replacing 1.0 kg protein meal being fed by the farmers or by replacing 1.0 kg cattle feed.
Milk yield and milk composition was monitored for individual cow for a period of 8 months. On feeding
1.0 kg protected protein supplement, average increase in milk yield per animal per day was 1.20 kg.
Increase in milk yield in experimental group was significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to control
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group. However, no significant effect was observed on the level of fat and SNF content in milk. Positive
results on reproductive parameters were obtained in cows, where the days to first post-partum estrus
decreased after feeding bypass protein supplement in experimental group. Average number of days show-
ing first signs of post-partum estrus was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in experimental group (87 days) as
compared to control group (107 days). This positive trend in reproductive efficiency could be attributed
to lower plasma ammonia concentration and higher amino acids availability observed in animals fed by-
pass protein supplement. From the present study, it is evident that the supplementation of 1.0 kg bypass
protein meal in the form of treated groundnut meal was found to be economical under field conditions.
FAS 17
Effect of feeding bypass protein supplement on growing
animals under field conditions in Kerala
M. R. Garg, S. Sathish Kumar1, P. L. Sherasia and B. M. Bhanderi
National Dairy Development Board, Anand 388 001, India
1
Southern Regional Demonstration & Training Centre, NDDB, Erode, India
Over the past decade there have been a number of studies to evaluate the potential of feeding bypass
protein to augment calf growth and body protein deposition. A field level study was conducted to see the
potential of feeding bypass protein supplement on growth performance of 60 female crossbred calves (2-
3 months of age) in Trichur district of Kerala State. All calves were divided into two groups of 30 each
(control vs experimental), based on their body weight. Traditional feeding practices were followed in both
the groups. In addition to basal ration, calves under experimental group were given 250 or 500 g bypass
protein supplement (Aldehyde treated groundnut meal; CP 41.0%, UDP 76.0% of CP, NDIN 1.98%,
ADIN 1.26%) per calf per day, depending upon body weight and growth rate. Growth rate was recorded
based on heart girth and body length of individual calf at fortnightly intervals. On feeding bypass protein
supplement, average daily weight gain (ADG) increased significantly (P<0.05) in experimental group, as
compared to control group, indicating 31.75% improvement on growth performance under field condi-
tions. Field level study on growth performance of calves revealed significant improvement in daily weight
gain of calves that could help reducing age at first calving significantly and improve productive life of dairy
animals.
FAS 18
A field study on by-pass protein feeding in crossbred cows
J. C. Markanday, P. S. Oberoi, Dalip K. Gosain and Sanjay Kumar
Krishi Vigyan Kendra and Dairy Training Centre
National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), India
Ruminants obtain their protein needs from both dietary sources and the protein synthesized by mi-
crobes in rumen. Recent researches have shown that rumen by-pass proteins provide additional nutritional
support beyond that which is associated with normal degradable and microbial protein sources. The
benefits of ruminal by-pass proteins have been reported not only for high producing dairy animals, but
also for medium producing dairy animals. The extra supply of amino acids after feeding of by-pass protein
are converted to glucose in liver to increase the synthesis of lactose in mammary gland, which conse-
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quently increases milk volume, since lactose controls the osmotic pressure of milk. By-pass protein (form-
aldehyde treated mustard cake) technology tried and recommended by Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division of
National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) was tested under field conditions by Krishi Vigyan Kendra of
NDRI.. Mustard cake was treated with formaldehyde @ 1.2 per cent of the cake protein, after grinding
the cake. Feeding trials were conducted on 45 cross-bred cows (yielding more than 17 litres of milk per
day), using treated cake as by-pass protein, in seven villages of Karnal District. Analysed data indicated
that Milk yield increased by 0.4 kg to 2.8 kg /animal/day in different animals. The paper highlights the
procedure/methodology for formaldehyde treatment of mustard cake, feeding schedule, duration and in-
crease in milk production in the cattle. The findings suggest that the formaldehyde treated mustard cake
feeding is a safe technology that needs to be propagated amongst the dairy farmers throughout the coun-
try, for increasing milk production at a cheaper cost.
FAS 19
Effect of feeding different levels of bypass fat/protein supplement
on milk yield and milk composition in crossbred cows
M. R. Garg, P. L. Sherasia and B. M. Bhanderi
National Dairy Development Board, Anand 388 001, India
Controlled feeding trial was conducted for five months to determine potential effects of bypass fat/
protein supplement feeding on milk yield and composition in crossbred cows (HF x Jersey). Twelve
lactating cows (2-3 weeks of lactation), yielding 11-14 kg milk/animal/day were divided into three groups
(I, II and III) of four each, based on milk yield, fat% and stage of lactation. Animals in all the three groups
were fed basal ration, comprising 6 kg wheat straw and 12 kg green maize fodder per day. Concentrate
mixture was given according to level of milk production. In addition to basal ration, animals in groups II
and III were fed 0.5 and 1.0 kg bypass fat/protein supplement (Fat 33%, CP 28%, NDIN 1.82%, ADIN
1.14%), respectively, by replacing 1.0 kg cattle feed. Degree of fat protection was 71% of the total fat in
the supplement, whereas, protein protection was 76% of total CP in the supplement. Average increase in
milk yield (kg), as compared to control, was 0.82 and 1.55 (P<0.05) in groups II and III, respectively.
Average fat percent increased by 0.20 and 0.48 (P<0.05) in groups II and III, respectively. However, no
significant effect was observed on level of protein percent in milk at both the levels of feeding bypass fat/
protein supplement. Saturated fatty acids reduced @ 5.34 & 13.81% and unsaturated fatty acids in-
creased @ 4.23 & 11.38% in milk fat in groups II and III, respectively. On feeding 1.0 kg bypass fat/
protein supplement, significant reduction was observed in C16:0 (@ 18.62 %), whereas, C18:2 (@ 59.57%)
and C18:3 (@ 23.43%) increased significantly (P<0.05) in milk fat. Increase in level of oleic acid (C18:1)
was @ 9.07% in group III as compared to control group. Average net daily income increased by Rs.
4.92 and 11.20 on feeding 0.5 and 1.0 kg bypass fat/protein supplement in lactating cows. This study
demonstrated that feeding of 1.0 kg bypass fat/protein supplement in the ration of lactating cows yielding
11-14 kg milk daily was economical and advantageous for human health benefits point of view.
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FAS 20
Nutrient utilization for milk production in Sahiwal cows fed wheat
straw based rations fortified with exogenous and xylanase
Keneilhoutuolie Miachieo and S. S. Thakur
The effect of supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) at 3 levels to a substrate con-
taining wheat straw (40%), concentrate (40%) and green oats (20%) on DM basis on IVDMD,
IVNDFD,TVFA concentrations in in vitro incubation medium was studied. Fibrolytic enzyme mixture
(containing 4470 IU/g of cellulase and 7800 IU/g of xylanase, 50:50 w/w) was added to the substrate at
three levels (0.0g,E0; 1.5g,E1 and 3.0g,E2 per kg DM). IVDMD, IVOMD and IVNDFD were higher
(P<0.05) at E1 and E2 levels of supplementation at both 24h and 48h post-incubation, but no significant
difference was observed between E1 and E2. TVFA concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) at E1
and E2 supplementation levels as compared to that of control at both 24h and 48h post-incubation. Ac-
etate concentration (mM/L) was significantly higher (P<0.05) at E2 level as compared to that of control at
24h post-incubation. At 48h post-incubation, acetate concentration was higher (P<0.05) at E1 and E2
levels as compared to the control. Based on the results of the in vitro study, 1.5g EFE/kg DM was
selected for lactation study. Twelve lactating Sahiwal cows were divided into two groups based on milk
yield (8.74 and 8.73 kg/d), days in milk (60.17 and 60.00) and lactation number (2.17 and 2.00). The
control group cows were fed a TMR comprising of 40% wheat straw, 40%concentrate and 20%green
oats, on DM basis, whereas in the treatment group, in addition to TMR, EFE (cellulase + xylanase, 50:50,
w/w) was supplemented at 1.5g/kg DM through the concentrate. Mean DM intake (kg/d, kg/100kg body
weight and g/kg W0.75) were higher in treatment group than those of control TDN intake (kg/d) was higher
(P<0.01) by 18.79 percent in the EFE supplemented group. The average daily milk yield and 4% FCM
yield of 90 days experimental period increased (P<0.05) by 7.66 percent and 8.58 percent respectively,
in the EFE supplemented group over that of control, without any effect on the milk composition. The
digestibility coefficients of CF and NDF were higher (P<0.05) by 8.24 and 7.49 percent respectively, in
the enzyme supplemented group over that of control. The results of the present study indicated that
supplementation of cellulase and xylanase mixture (50:50 w/w) at 1.5g/kg DM of the TMR containing
wheat straw (40%), concentrate (40%) and green oats (20%) on DM basis, significantly increased (P<0.05)
average daily milk yield and FCM yield in Sahiwal cows due to improved dietary fiber digestion.
FAS 21
Effect of commercial enzyme preparation of performance
of crossbred growing calves
R. S. Gupta, B. R. Devalia, G. R. Patel, D. C. Patel and S. Parnerkar
An experiment was conducted on 15 female crossbred calves (average 7 months of age) to study the
effect of commercial enzyme preparation (high proportions of arabinoxylans and arabinoxylans + betaglucans)
on growth performance. The treatments were T1: Control (Without Enzyme), T2: Commercial enzyme
preparation @ 0.5 kg/tonne of compound concentrate mixture, T3: Commercial enzyme preparations @
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1.0 kg/tonne of compound concentrate mixture. The experiment was conducted following CRD over a
period of 20 weeks. Calves were fed individually following ICAR (1998) feeding standards. The av. daily
growth rate was found 0.380, 0.421 and 0.361 kg, respectively in T1, T2 and T3 with nonsignificant
treatment differences. Similar trend was also observed for body measurements viz, body length, height at
wither and heart girth. The av. daily DMI (kg) and % DMI were in the range of 4.650 to 4.686 and 3.54
to 3.70, respectively. The rumen fermentation parameters viz., SRL, TVFA (87.52-99.04 m.eq./l), Total-
N (111.27-117.54 mg%) and Ammonia-N (19.08-22.22 mg %) revealed more or less similar among the
treatments (P>0.05). Digestibility coefficients (%) for CP (61.48-63.22), EE (63.64-72.50), CF ( 61.27-
64.61), NFE ( 55.36-58.46), OM (59.24-61.78) and DM (55.55-58.44) were observed within the
normal range and were on par among the treatments. The average balances of N, Ca and P were found
positive in all the groups. The average daily feed cost (Rs.) was in the range of 20.48 to 20.80 among the
treatments, however, the av. feed cost (Rs./kg gain) was found the least in T2 (49.61) followed by T1
(54.61) and T3 (58.00) groups. The study revealed that supplementation of commercial enzyme prepara-
tion had no effect on growth performance, feed intake, rumen fermentation and digestibility of nutrients in
growing calves.
FAS 22
Effect of commercial enzyme preparation feeding
to lactating crossbred cows
P. R. Pandya, S. G. Vahora, G. R. Patel, D. C. Patel, B. R. Devalia and S. Parnerkar
A commercial enzyme preparation (high proportions of arabinoxylans and arabinoxylans + betaglucans)

was evaluated through a lactation study on 15 lactating crossbred (J x K) cows over a period of 20
weeks following CRD. The treatments were T1: Control (Without Enzyme), T2: Commercial enzyme preparation
@ 0.75 kg/tonne of compound concentrate mixture, T3: Commercial enzyme preparations @ 1.0 kg/
tonne of compound concentrate mixture. Cows were fed individually following ICAR (1998) feeding
standards. The average daily milk yield was 8.63, 8.32 and 8.65 kg in T1, T2 and T3 with corresponding
values of 4.22, 4.24 and 4.32 % for milk fat. The treatment differences were non significant. Similar trend
was also observed for other milk constituents viz., TS, SNF, CP, Ca and P. The average DMI in terms of
kg/d (11.16-11.27), per cent of body wt. (3.2-3.41) and per g/kg W 0.75 (132.79-155.31), were more or
less similar and on par among the treatments. The rumen fermentation pattern did not change on account
of enzyme supplementation as revealed by SRL pH (6.49-6.58), TVFA (101.8-107.7 meq./l) and various
nitrogen fractions. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients were in the range of 47.56—50.41 (CP),
58.92-65.09 (EE), 65.07-69.53 (CF), 54.78-59.40 (NFE), 56.13-61.66 (OM), 53.19-58.13 (DM)
with non significant treatments differences. The feed efficiency (CP, DCP and TDN intake per kg milk and
per kg FCM yield) was also similar among the treatments. The feed cost (Rs./kg milk) and per kg FCM
was observed in that range of 5.38-5.51 and 5.22-5.33, respectively. The return over feed cost (%) was
176.61, 170.30 and 196.80, respectively in T1, T2 and T3 groups.
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FAS 23
Evaluation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes supplementation at
different levels in high energy diets under in vitro conditions
D. Vyas, S. K. Sirohi and S. S. Thakur
The present experiment was carried out to find out the enzyme activity at different pH, incubation
periods and maximum efficacy of enzyme combination (cellulase and xylanase) on wheat straw fibre
degradability and total sugars released at different levels, viz., Level I (no cellulase or xylanase), Level II
(cellulase @ 2000 IU and xylanase @ 2674 IU), Level III (cellulase @ 4000 IU and xylanase @ 5348
IU) and Level IV (cellulase @ 6000 IU and xylanase @ 8023 IU). Selected level of cellulase and
xylanase further tested to see the effect of supplementation on IVDMD, IVOMD,,gas production and
fibre degradation kinetics. The results of the enzyme activity assay showed higher activity for xylanase
(8010 IU) as compare to cellulase (5990 IU). The enzyme activity at different pH revealed that the
activity of cellulase was maximum at pH 7.0 (6020 IU) and the activity of xylanase was maximum at pH
6.0 (8630 IU). The results of enzyme activity at different incubation period showed that both the enzymes
(cellulase and xylanase) maintained their activity up to 48 h (5900 and 8000 IU) with no significant
decrease in their enzyme activity as compare to 24 h (5980 and 8020 IU). The enzyme combination
(cellulase and xylanase) was also evaluated for its efficacy on wheat straw fibre degradability and release
of total sugars at different levels, Results inferred that the maximum degradability (as percent) was achieved
at Level IV (28.65±1.57) as compare to control (16.78±0.79) with significant (P<0.01) increase at Level
II (20.40±1.28) and Level III (23.30±1.28), similarly the total sugars released (mg/g of DM) was maxi-
mum for Level IV (3.15±0.24) as compare to control (7.95±0.14) with significant (P<0.01) improvement
at Level II (4.58±0.29) and Level III (6.90±0.43), respectively. The enzyme combination was evaluated
at different levels, on IVDMD, IVOMD and gas production. The results obtained revealed that as the
level of enzymes increased IVDMD significantly increased (P<0.01) up to Level III (62.21±0.88%) and
it was decreased slightly at Level IV (58.25±1.73%) at 48 h. Similar trend was observed for IVOMD in
which the values were significantly (P<0.01) increased up to Level III (65.26±0.61%) and further it
decreased at Level IV (61.52±0.63%). For gas production the values were maximum for Level III (54.66±0.84
per 0.5 mg of substrate) and it was maintained at Level IV (54.66±0.71 per 0.5 mg of substrate) at 48 h.
Level III was selected from the above findings and it was further applied on different TMRs containing
maize and barley rich concentrates for estimating the fibre degradation and in vitro gas production kinet-
ics by estimating IVDMD, IVOMD and gas production at different hours of incubation, viz., 12, 24, 36,
48, 72 and 96 h. It was observed that there was significant improvement (P<0.01) in IVDMD, IVOMD
and gas production as the incubation period increased. The volatile fatty acid production was measured at
48 and 96 h, and it was observed that there was no significant effect on VFA production due to different
TMRs (62.15±3.01, 62.32±3.35 and 64.95±2.53 for control, TMR I and TMR II, respectively). Signifi-
cance (P<0.01) was achieved between different incubation periods (58.60±1.41 for 48 h and 67.68±1.04
for 96 h), the difference between values of acetate in different diets were statistically significant. Highest
concentration of acetate was observed in TMR II in comparison to control and TMR I. Results of propi-
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onate and butyrate also showed significant variation in different diets but clear-cut variation was not estab-
lished between different diets may be due to variation in values of particular diet. In vitro gas production
and fibre degradation kinetics revealed that the effective gas production and effective degradability was
higher in TMR II (33.86) than in TMR I (29.79) and control (33.86).
FAS 24
Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on nutrient utilization and growth
performance of heifers fed high energy ration
S. K. Sirohi, Diwaker Vyas, S. S. Thakur, J. P. Sehgal
To investigate the effects of supplementing fibrolytic enzymes (cellulase @ 4000 IU and xylanase @
5348 IU) mixture on nutrient utilization and growth performance, three treatment groups with 5 heifers in
each group were made on the basis of their body weight. The control and Treatment I groups were fed
concentrate mixture without enzyme supplementation and with enzyme supplementation (cellulase @ 4000
IU and xylanase @ 5348 IU), respectively, along with wheat straw and oats fodder whereas Treatment II
group was fed different concentrate mixture (having more proportion of barley) fortified with enzymes
(cellulase @ 4000 IU and xylanase @ 5348 IU) along with wheat straw and oats fodder. Experiment was
continued up to 150 days.The heifers were fed to meet the requirements according to Kearl’s standard
(1982).The body weight was recorded weekly and it was observed that there was no significant effect of
enzyme supplementation in feed on body weight changes in crossbred heifers among the different treat-
ment groups, however, the differences between average values in different weeks remained significant.
Dry matter intake was also recorded fortnightly and it was observed that there was significant effect
(P<0.05) of enzyme supplementation in feed on fortnightly DM intake among different dietary groups and
maximum increase was noticed in Treatment II group in comparison to control and Treatment II group,
respectively.The intake of various digestible nutrients, viz., digestible DM intake, digestible OM intake,
digestible EE intake, digestible CP intake, digestible NDF intake, digestible ADF intake, digestible total
carbohydrates intake and digestible hemicellulose intake was numerically higher for Treatment II group,
but statistically the values were insignificant. Similarly, DM intake per 100 kg BW and DM intake per
W0.75 were also remained non-significant among groups. Apparently the higher intake of all digestible
nutrients was noticed in Treatment II group in comparison to control and Treatment I groups. Results of
ADF digestibility coefficient was significantly higher (P<0.05) for Treatment II group as compare to con-
trol and Treatment I groups; whereas the digestibility coefficients of all other proximate principles, viz.,
DM, OM, EE, CP, NDF, total carbohydrates and hemi cellulose were found to be non-significant. DCP
and TDN intakes were numerically higher for Treatment II group, but the values were statistically non-
significant indicating that enzyme supplementation had no effect on nutrient utilization among three different
groups. Due to non-significant variation in nutrient utilization among different groups, the feed conversion
efficiency and feed gain ration were also not altered significantly. It was felt in the present study that the
enzyme concentration was lower in growth experiment and it could have produced some significant results
if provided in higher concentration.
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FAS 25
Effect of exogenous enzyme supplementation on feed utilization,
blood constituents and reproduction in dairy cows
S. G. Vahora and M. B. Pande
Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Anand Agricultural University, Muvaliya Farm, Dahod-389 151, India
Eighteen Jersey and crossbred (J x K) lactating cows randomized into three groups (6 each) with
similar body weight (256kg-334kg), milk production (8.20kg-11.20kg) and fat % (3.0%-3.9%) after
attaining peak: T1-concentrate mixture without enzyme; T2-Concentrate with Enzyme A (50 g/100kg),
comprising live yeast cells with 5.2 billion units activity/g and mixture of enzymes like xylanases-2812,
phytase-18, cellulase-44, b-glucanase-218, pectinase-85, amylase-249, protease-787, a-galactosidase-
433, b-galactosidase-545 and lipase-376 units activity/g; and T3-concentrate with Enzyme B (200g/100kg),
comprising mixture of enzymes like cellulases-35, proteases-200, phytases-500, invertases-40, amylases-
25, hemi cellulases-5000, xylanase-100 and lipases-20 units activity/g, as per the manufacturer recom-
mendation for the period of 24 weeks. The average total dry matter intake of cows found to be 9.14 (T1),
9.65 (T2) and 9.05 (T3) kg for 1 to 8 weeks period (P>0.05). Similar, non significant differences for dry
matter intake were also observed during 9 to 16 and 17 to 24 weeks period. Efficiency of milk produc-
tion was higher (P<0.05) in cows fed T2 diet after initial 8 weeks period. However, efficiency for FCM
production was significantly higher in cows fed T2 and T3 diet than the cows fed T1 (control) during 1 to
8 weeks period and highly significant during 9 to 16 and 17 to 24 weeks period. At the same time, no
differences were observed for different blood constituents and reproductive parameters for whole experi-
mental period. The supplementation of a mixture of enzymes with yeast improved feed efficiency of cows
without increase in feed intake and any adverse effect on blood constituents and reproductive behavior.
FAS 26
Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme treatment of wheat straw on rumen
fermentation and nutrient utilization in growing buffalo calves
M. M. Das and K. K. Singh
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi- 284 003, India
Fibrous feeds like natural grass and crop residues are staple feed for livestock. They are character-
ized by low digestibility resulting in lower consumption thus making them too poor to maintain the live-
stock. Hence, an effort was made to improve the utilization of crop residue through application of fibrolytic
enzyme. Twelve growing buffalo calves (aged 12-14 months, weighing about 96 kg) were randomly di-
vided into two groups of six each. The animals of group T1 served as control and were maintained on
wheat straw and concentrate mixture (consisting of maize grain, mustard cake, mineral mixture and com-
mon salt in the ratio of 63: 35: 1:1. respectively) while the animals of group T2were maintained on enzyme
treated wheat straw along with concentrate mixture for a period of 30 days. The TVFA concentration was
significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 (84.83 m mol/l of SRL) as compared to T1 (74.50 m mol/l). The rumen
ammonia- N and total- N concentration were similar in both groups. The CMCase activity (µg glucose/ h
/ ml SRL) in buffalo calves, which were fed on enzyme treated diet, was higher (1116.90) as compared to
untreated diet (973.00). Similarly xylanase activity was also higher in enzyme treated group than the
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untreated group. The dry matter intake was 2.33 and 2.23 kg/d in T1 and T2 respectively. DMI as percent
body weight was 2.31 and 2.46 kg. The DCP intake by the calves was similar in both the groups. TDN
intake was 1.18 and 1.28 kg/d in the respective groups. The digestibility coefficient of DM, OM and fiber
was significantly higher in T2 than T1 The N balance was apparently higher (10.32 g/d) in treated group
than the untreated group (8.47 g/d). Thus, it was concluded that enzyme treatment (4 g/kg DM) of wheat
straw improved the digestibility of DM by 6% and TDN availability (per 100 kg body weight) by 9.7 %.
FAS 27
Influence of tartarate buffer on milk composition, blood metabolites
urine and faecal pH in cows fed high or low concentrate or hay diets
M. S. Sharifi and P. Farhoomand
Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Iran
Three Holstein cows were used in a 3x3 change over design arrangement of treatment s with 3-week
experimental period to evaluate the effects of tartarat buffer in the high concentrate diet on milk composi-
tion ,blood metabolites (Urea, Ceratinin, Triglyceride and Cholesterol),Urine and Faecal pH .Treatments
includes :1-Diet with 60:40 forage to concentrate ratio without buffer as a control diet.2-Diet with 40:60
forage to concentrate ratio with %2 Tartarat buffer and 3-Diet with 25:75 forage to concentrate ratio with
%2 Tartarat buffer .Milk fat ,milk protein and SNF did not differ significantly (p>0.05) as a result of
dietary treatment. Blood metabolites, Urien and faecal PH were not effected with treatments (p>0.05).Results
of this experiment show that Tartarat buffer can be used in dairy cows diets without negative effect on
cow health.
FAS 28
Effect of tartarate buffer on milk production, feed intake and rumination
time in cows feed high or low concentrate or hay diets
P. Farhoomand and M. S. Sharifi
Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Iran
The objective of this study was to evaluate the buffering value of Tartarat in high concentrate rating
feeding lactating Holstein cows. Three Holstein cows were used in 3x3 changes over design with 3-week
experimental periods. he 3 treatments were :1-Diet with 60:40 forage to concentrate ratio without buffer
as control diet.2-Diet with 40:60 forage to concentrate ratio with %2 Tartarat buffer and 3-.Diet with
25:75 ratio forage to concentrate with % 2 Tartarat buffer. Milk yield increased as concentrate increased
in diets and cows fed 25:75 forage to concentrate ratio had highest milk yield (p<0.05).Dry matter intake
increased with increasing concentrate ratio in diets but was not significant (p>0.05) .Decrease of rumina-
tion is not observed with increasing of concentrate in diets indicate that Tartarat had effective role in
prevent of rumination time depression. Feed conversion rate increased as concentrate increased but not
significant (P>0.05).
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FAS 29
Studies on rumen electrolyte and some blood metabolites in buffalo
calves fed diet supplemented with sodium fumarate
Urmil Nain and Meenakshi Gupta
CCS, Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar, India
The response to dietary inclusion of sodium fumarate at two different levels of intake was studied in
relation to rumen electrolytes and some blood metabolites of buffalo calves. Four healthy rumen fistulated
male buffalo calves of 1- 1.5 year old were fed a ration comprising of roughage and concentrate in the
ratio of 70:30. Control group was given basal diet and concentrate mixture. Group T-1 and T-2 received
supplements of sodium fumarate to provide a final concentration of 1 and 2% sodium fumarate (of total
DM intake) respectively. The result of study revealed that sodium fumarate supplemented animal’s main-
tained significantly higher sodium and low potassium levels in the rumen liquor as compared to control
groups. Potassium concentration in blood did not differ significantly between control and sodium fumarate
supplemented groups but there was significant increase in sodium concentration in treatment groups as
compared to control. Blood glucose concentration was significantly higher and that of BUN was nonsig-
nificantly lower in T-2 group as compared to control and T-1 group. The haematocrit and haemoglobin
levels in blood showed no variation in response to dietary supplementation. Result from this study indi-
cates that feeding of sodium fumarate at 2% level is not harmful to animal.
FAS 30
Effect of different levels of sodium fumarate on in vitro
dry matter disappearance, total gas and VFA production
B. S. Tewatia, V. S. Panwar and K. R. Yadav
In vitro dry matter disapperance, total gas and VFA production was estimated with various ratios of
pearl millet stover to concentrate mixture incubated with different levels of sodium fumarate. Pearl millet
stover and concentrate mixturein the ratio of 90. :10, 80:20 and 70:30 were used as substrate. An adult
male fistulated buffalo fed chaffed pearl millet stover and concentrate mixture (70: 30) was used as donor
of inoculum. Substrate (0.5 g) was incubated with 50 ml phosphate buffer and strained rumen liquor (4:1)
and calculated quantities of sodium fumarate were added to arrive at 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/litre of
the incubation mixture. After 24 hours of incubation gas volume was recorded by pressure transducer.
Total gas production (ml) increased with increased level of concentrate in the substrate and the values
were 14.6, 21.8, 32.8 and 45.0 at 100:0, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 ratio of roughage to concentrate. Total
gas production also increased with the increasing level of sodium fumarate in the incubation mixture indi-
cating that sodium fumarate addition augmented the fermentation of substrate. Increasing level of concen-
trate in the substrate increased (P<0.05) the dry matter disappearance. The highest DMD (47.23 per
cent) was recorded with substrate having roughage concentrate ratio of 70:30 followed by 80:20 (42.50
per cent), 90:10 (35.14 per cent) and 100:0 (26.92 per cent). Dry matter disappearance also increased
with the increasing levels of sodium fumarate. Sodium fumarate addition resulted in significantly increasing
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the total volatile fatty acid production irrespective of level and roughage concentrate ratios. The results of
the present experiment clearly showed that the addition of sodium fumarate up to 1500 mg/litre of incuba-
tion mixture increased disappearance of dry matter and production of total gas and total volatile fatty
acids.
FAS 31
Effect of different levels of polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) on various
concentrate to roughage ratios on rumen fermentation pattern in vitro
Sudhir Kumar Singh and Neelam Kewalramani
In present studies, three in vitro experiments were conducted In experiment I, the substrate com-
prised of concentrate mixture and wheat straw mixed in the ratios of 40:60, 50:50 and 60:40. In experi-
ment II, the substrate was concentrate mixture and wheat straw + maize mixed in the ratio of 2:1. The
various concentrate to roughage ratios were the same as in experiment I. In experiment III, the substrate
consisted of concentrate mixture and wheat straw + berseem(2:1) and concentrate to roughage ratios
selected were the same as in experiment I and II. Different levels of Tween 80 tested were 0.00, 0.025,
0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 % (v/v). Each level of Tween 80 with each substrate and concentrate to
roughage ratio was incubated for 48 hrs under anaerobic conditions under in vitro conditions. Results
revealed that the fortification of 0.20% Tween 80 at concentrate to roughage ratio of 60:40 on substrate
comprising of concentrate mixture and wheat straw, significantly (P<0.05) increased IVDMD, IVNDFD,
TCA-ppt-N and TVFAs concentration as compared to control. On substrate comprising of concentrate
mixture and wheat straw + maize the best level of Tween 80 was 0.10% at concentrate to roughage ratio
of 50:50 which increased the IVDMD and IVNDFD from 51.47 and 43.83 %, respectively in (control)
to 57.47 and 51.41 %, respectively with Tween 80 supplementation. Also, TCA-ppt-N, TVFAs concen-
tration and molar proportion of propionate were observed to be significantly (P<0.05) increased but NH3
–N concentration decreased significantly at 0.10% Tween 80 at concentrate to roughage ratio of 50:50.
On substrates consisting of concentrate mixture and wheat straw + berseem, again the Tween 80 at 0.10
% level exhibited its best effect at a concentrate to roughage ratio of 50:50. At this ratio, the IVDMD
increased from 53.43 to 58.98 % (P<0.05) as compared to other ratios and levels of Tween 80, and
IVNDFD, TCA-ppt-N, TVFAs concentration and molar proportion of propionate were also significantly
increased (P<0.05) by the supplementation of 0.10% Tween 80. But in case of all the three substrates
and different ratios of concentrate to roughage Tween 80 did not influence in vitro gas production. From
the results obtained from present studies, it was evident that Tween 80 had stimulatory effect in enhancing
rumen fermentation pattern on all three experimental substrates.
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FAS 32
Influence of non- ionic surfactant Tween 80 on
various rumen microbial enzymes
In the present investigation, the effect of Tween 80 on rumen enzyme activity was observed. The best
level of concentrate to roughage ratio ( one each from three different substrates) at which Tween 80
exhibited its best effect was selected from in vitro studies. Substrate I, comprised of concentrate mixture
and wheat straw and concentrate to roughage ratio was 60:40 and level of Tween 80 was 0.20% (v/v).
Substrate II, consisted of concentrate mixture and wheat straw + maize (2:1) and concentrate mixture and
wheat straw + berseem, the level of Tween 80 was 0.10% and ratio of concentrate to roughage was
50:50.Tween 80 was added to the incubation media and the enzyme activity of the following enzymes viz.
carboxymethylcellulase, â-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, xylanase, á- amylase and protease were esti-
mated in cell-free and cell- bound fractions. Results showed that on substrate containing concentrate
mixture and wheat straw, the CMCase and â- glucosidase activities were not influenced significantly (P>0.05)
by the supplementation of Tween 80 but the activity of cellobiohydrolase, xylanase, á- amylase and pro-
tease were significantly (P<0.01) increased in cell- free fraction. On substrates comprised of concentrate
mixture and wheat straw + maize and concentrate mixture and wheat straw + berseem, addition of 0.10%
Tween 80 increased the rumen microbial enzyme activity of CMCase, â-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase,
xylanase, á- amylase and protease in cell-free fraction significantly (P<0.01). But in case of cell-bound
fraction the activity of CMCase, cellobiohydrolase, xylanase, á- amylase were decreased significantly.
The per cent increase in enzyme activities of CMCase, â- glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, xylanase, á-
amylase and protease on substrate consisting of concentrate mixture and wheat straw + maize was re-
corded to highest as compared with other two substrates and % increase was recorded to be 87.71,
45.79, 57.88, 99.76, 74.70 and 63.04 %, respectively. In present study, the addition of Tween 80 has
shown encouraging results on various rumen microbial enzymes activities in cell-free fraction of the rumen
fluid. Thus, the supplementation of Tween 80 was found to release the enzymes like cellulase and xylanase
into free form. These enzymes are cell bound enzymes and to act upon the substrate it is necessary that
should be in the free form in the rumen liquor.So for this Tween 80 was found to be beneficial..
FAS 33
Effect of surfactant Tween 80 on growth and nutrient
digestibility in growing cross-bred calves
An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of supplementation of Tween 80 on growth

performance of cross-bred calves. For this, 14 male cross-bred calves were equally divided in two groups.
Group I animals served as control whereas group II animals were supplemented with 0.10% Tween 80
mixed in concentrate mixture for 120 days of experimental period. The animals were fed concentrate
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mixture and wheat straw + maize (2:1) at a concentrate to roughage ratio of 50:50. The results revealed
that dry matter intake was not influenced by supplementation of Tween 80.(P>0.05) The average daily
gain in Tween 80 supplemented group was 606.79 g/d which was significantly higher than control group
where it was 534.23 g/d (P<0.05).Thus, Tween 80 supplemanted calves showed 13.59% more gain in
body weight as compared to control group. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, CF, NDF,
ADF and cellulose were significantly (P<0.05) increased in Tween 80 supplemented group as compared
to control group animals. Nitrogen balance (g/d) was 24.87 and 28.72 in control and Tween 80 fortified
group, respectively. Thus, supplementation of Tween 80 was found to have a beneficial effect on growth
performance and digestibility of nutrients in cross-bred calves.
FAS 34
Effect of virginiamycin on in vitro rumen fermentation
in crossbred cattle
Neelam Kewalramani, Harjit Kaur and A. K. Tyagi
Dairy cattle Nutrition Division
Virginiamycin (Vg) is a feed additive which is used which is used for growth promotion in poultry pigs
and non-ruminant species. To study its effect on rumen fermentation in cattle, in vitro studies were planned.
For this, two crossbred bulls fitted with rumen fistula were used as donors of the rumen liquor. Their
energy and protein requirements were met by feeding concentrate and roughage (wheat straw) mixed in
the ratio of 60:40 (NRC, 1989).For in vitro studies, the substrate comprised of concentrate mixture and
wheat straw mixed in the ratio of 50:50,60:40, 70:30 and 80:20.The different levels of Vg tested with
each concentrate to roughage ratio were 12,15,20 and 25 ppm. Each level of Vg with each concentrate
to roughage ratio was incubated with 40 ml of McDougall’s buffer ,10 ml o strained rumen liquor and 0.5
g o substrate in a conical flak fitted with rubber bung and having Bunsen valve and placed in an incubator
maintained39±1ºC for 12 and 24 hours, separately. At the end of incubation, pH was recorded and
sampled were also analyzed for TVFA,TCA-ppt N and fractionation of TVFA. Results showed that there
was no effect of different incubation time and concentrate to roughage ratio on the pH(P>0.05). Though
the pH of the incubation media was higher at all the levels of Vg tested as compared to control but
statistically it was insignificant. It indicated that though the supplementation of Vg increased the pH but at
the same time it maintained the it at a normal level even at a high concentrate to roughage ratio for the
proper functioning of rumen microbes. The addition of Vg at all the levels decreased the TVFA concentra-
tion significantly (P<0.01). The TVFA concentration (meq/100ml incubation media) was 7.07 in control
whereas it was 6.45,6.42 ,6.32 and 6.12 at 12,15,20 and 25 ppm levels of Vg, respectively. The TCA-
ppt N increased significantly at all the levels of Vg tested (P<0.01).
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FAS 35
Study on the efficiency of virginiamycin in reducing sub clinical
acidosis in cattle to improve productivity
V. Balakrishnan and M. Kannan
Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-7, India
In an effort to identify the feeding regimen that causes sub clinical acidosis as well as to identify the
level of Virginiamycin to retard this condition, an in vitro factorial experiment was conducted with rough-
age at graded level tested against graded level of Virginiamycin following single-stage Tilley and Terry
method. Four different feeding regimens (Concentrate: Roughage Viz 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30) were
framed and under each regimen four different dietary combinations (Paddy straw verses Maize or Wheat
bran or Ground nut Cake or Concentrate) were incorporated and tested for pH and lactic acid with six
level (0, 10,15,20,25 and 30 ppm) of Virginiamycin leading to ninety six samples that were sequentially
replicated thrice. Inclusion of concentrate at 70% level causes acidosis irrespective of the source of con-
centrate. It is observed that 25 ppm of Virginiamycin is required to reverse the pH of maize/ wheat bran
/concentrate based ration whereas 15 ppm of Virginiamycin is required for ground nut based ration. The
level of lactic acid increases with increasing level of the proportion of the concentrate or the ingredient of
the concentrate. The impact of Virginiamycin on reducing the lactic acid production was demonstrated
cutting across the source of concentrate. The decline in the production of lactic acid was steeper as the
proportion of concentrate or the ingredient of the concentrate inclusion level increases. It could thus be
concluded that Virginiamycin is able to retard lactic acid production. However, its impact is appreciable at
higher inclusion level of concentrate.
FAS 36
Effect of dietary virginiamycin on the milk production in cattle
R. Radha Krishnan, S. Chawla*and V. K. Shankar**
Consultant Phibro Animal Health, Chennai
*GADVASU, Ludhiana; ** Technical,Pfizer Animal Health, Mumbai
An adaptive field trial was conducted at two dairy farms of Punjab; one at Ludhiana (Farm A) and
second at Moga (Farm B) to study the effect of supplementing virginiamycin in the ration of cattle on milk
production. Both the dairy farms had more than 100 cross bred cattle. 12 milk cattle were selected in
each farm and divided into two groups having six cattle in the control as well as in the treated group. The
grouping of animals was done in such a way that the age of animals, the weight of the group and the milk
yield of the group was comparable in the respective dairy farms. All the animals were kept under loose
housing systems. Green fodder and water were provided ad lib. Concentrate was home made in both the
farms having 20 percent crude protein and 68 percent TDN. Eskalin 20 (virginiamycin 20g/kg) was
added in the ration @ 5 and 10 g per head per day during the first and 2nd week of trial respectively to
acclimatize the dose. From the third week onwards, it was added @ 15 g per head per day (twice a day
i.e. 7.5 g morning and evening) for four weeks to deliver 300mg virginiamycin per head per day. All the
other farm operations such as deworming, vaccination and artificial insemination were carried out as rou-
tine. During the experimental period, the average daily milk yield of the treated animals at Farm A in-
creased significantly ( P = 0.05) from 21.53 to 23.0 liters ( 7.22 %), whereas in the control group it only
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increased from 21.22 to 21.53 liters ( 1.47%). Fat percentage increased non significantly from 3.29
percent in control to 3.35 percent ( 0.10%) in treated group. At Farm B, the average daily milk yield of
the selected animals also increased significantly ( P = 0.05) from 21.85 in the control group to 24.05 liters
in the treated group (10.02% improvement). The fat percentage also increased significantly ( P = 0.05)
from 3.74 percent in the control to 3.89 percent in the treated group with an overall increase of 4.01
percent in fat yield. Taking into account the increase in milk yield and fat percentage and various other
variable costs it was concluded that supplementation of virginiamycin improved the milk yield and milk fat
percentage of the cattle. There was an additional benefit of twelve rupees per head per day to the farmer
after deducting the cost of virginiamycin.
FAS 37
Effect of including live yeast and lactobacillus in diet on the performance
and digestibility coefficients in male cross bred cattle calves
H. K. Prahalad1 and S. V. Krishna Rao2
1
Pullorum Control Unit, Deputy Director’s (AH & VS) Office, Dhanvantri Road, Mysore-570001;
2
Veterinary Officer, Veterinary Dispensary, Kadakola, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Male cross bred cattle calves, three groups of five animals each, 10-12 months old were used for the
feeding experiment. Each animal under the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fed group received 0.81 x
107 to 1.17 x 108 CFU and Lactobacillus acidophilus fed group received 2.20 x 108 CFU daily. The
third group remained as control. The live culture of yeast contained 0.086-0.115%. alcohol. They were
fed for 70 days to gain an average body weight of 500g daily. A significant improvement in gain in both the
probiotic fed groups was observed as compared to the control (P<0.05). DMI, TDNI and CPI were not
affected as such; but DMI and TDNI expressed as percent body weight were significantly lower in probiotic
fed group (P<0.01) than in control.. The DM and TDN utilization efficiency was significantly better in
probiotic fed groups (P < 0.05) than control.
FAS 38
Effect of environmental stress on the performance of male
cross bred cattle claves receiving probiotic supplement
1
2
Supplementation of live cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and Lactobacillus acidophi-

lus in diet was evaluated for performance, digestibility and nitrogen retention in male cross bred cattle
calves. Under environmental stress (temperatures between 27-430C and humidity 73-94%) three groups
of five animals each, 10 – 12 months old were used for the experiment. They were fed for 150 days, to
gain an average daily body weight of 500g. Each animal under yeast fed group received 0.81 x 107 to
1.17 x 108 CFU and lactobacillus fed group received 2.20 x 108 CFU. A metabolism trial indicated that
the first 70 days showed improved growth and feed utilization efficiencies (DM & TDN) with probiotic
supplementation. The next 80 days, characterized by stress recorded decrease in growth rate, feed intake,
DM, TDN & CP utilisation efficiencies of all animals. Probiotic supplementation did not affect digestibility,
but these animals lost more nitrogen in the urine which might be due to individual differences in combating
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stress rather than due to probiotic supplementation, as such a supplementation during the first 70 days of
experiment had showed improved performance over control animals.
FAS 39
Effect of including live yeast and Lactobacillus in diet on the
rumen fermentation pattern of male cross bred cattle calves
1
2
Three male fistulated calves aged 10 – 12 months were used for the study. All the animals were
subjected to yeast and lactobacillus supplementation and control at three different times using latin square
design. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fed animals received 0.81 x 107 to 1.17 x 108 CFU daily and
the culture contained 0.086 – 0.115% alcohol. Lactobacillus acidophilus fed animals received 2.20 x
108 CFU daily. After 20 days of feeding strained rumen liquor was collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 & 8, hours post
feeding for three days and pH was recorded immediately. All the five daily samples were pooled and
subjected to biochemical analysis, protozoal count and enzyme activities. pH and TVFA were not effected
by supplementation. In the nitrogen fraction NH3N and TC precipitable N showed no effects but TCA
soluble N was numerically but not significantly higher in yeast fed group. There was no effect on total
protozoa, smaller and larger holotrichs in all the groups but larger entodiniomorphs were significantly
higher in yeast fed group. Enzyme activities were not affected by supplementation but cellulase activity in
yeast fed group was numerically higher. Even though beneficial effects were not significant the changes
effected by yeast supplementation were increase in proteolytic and cellulolytic activities of rumen liquor;
but proteinase activity and ruminal protein synthesis were unaltered.
FAS 40
Performance of mithun (Bos frontalis) calves fed on dried bakers yeast
(Sachromyces cerevisiae) on mixed tree leaves based ration
K. C. Das, B. Prakash, K. K. Baruah, D. Medhi and C. Rajkhowa
NRC on Mithun(ICAR), Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland
Performance of growing male Mithun calves of nearly 1 year of age was studied when they were fed
on dried Bakers Yeast (Sachromyces cerevisiae) on mixed tree leaves based ration. Male Mithun calves
(n=10) of average body weight of 133 kg were taken for the feeding experiment and devided into 2
groups of 5 animals each. The calves of 2 groups were fed as per the requirement of growing-finishing
steer calves for beef cattle. Approximately 50% the DM requirement was met through concentrate mix-
ture and rest through mixed tree leaves available in this region and rice straw (2:1 ratio on fresh basis).
The tree leaves consisted of temechiedie (Ficus hirta), Pedu (Debrogesia longifolia), thenha (Litsea
sps), thumero (Legroestromea spaciosa). One group of animals was fed with 5g of dried Bakers yeast
(Sacharomyces cerevisiae) available in Nagaland for bread preparation containing 109 to 1010 cfu while
the other group of animals was not fed any yeast. The experiment was continued for 3 months of age. The
body weight of animals was recorded fortnightly where as DM intake through concentrate and roughage
were recorded daily. During the experimental period, the average daily gain of the Mithun was increased
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where as DMI was reduced significantly in the group fed on dried bakers yeast. The animals on control
group attained 518g of average daily gain where as the animals fed treated diet attained 595g. Total DM
consumption was 5.01 for control group and 4.62 for treated group, which was mainly because of less
intake of roughage in treated group. DM intake per100kg body weight was 3.23 for control group and
2.92 for treated group. The feed conversion ratio was 9.61 for control group and 7.76 for treated group.
The cost involved per kg of gain (excluding labour cost) was Rs 52.25 in control group and Rs 45.36 for
treated group. The animals under treated group remained healthy compared to animals of control group.
From this study it was known that dried bakers yeast may be fed to Mithun on mixed tree leaves and
straw based ration for achieving the better growth performance of Mithun calves.
FAS 41
Influence of mustard cake/oil feeding on conjugated
linoleic acid content of milk in buffaloes
C. Kathirvelan and A. K. Tyagi
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division NDRI, Karnal-132 001, India
A lactation trial was conducted to study the mustard cake/oil feeding on Conjugated Linoleic Acid
(CLA) content of buffalo milk. Fifteen early lactating Murrah buffaloes of similar body weight were se-
lected and randomly distributed into three groups namely Group I, Group II and Group III. The group I
animals were fed with GNC based concentrate whereas in group II animals, GNC was replaced with
mustard oil cake on protein basis and in third group 2% mustard oil was mixed in the concentrate of the
second group. To fulfill the nutrient requirement, green maize fodder and wheat straw was fed to the
animals in all groups and the concentrate and roughage ratio was around 50:50. After adaptation period of
30 days, a seven days digestibility trial was conducted and milk yield recorded throughout the trial. Total
DMI (kg/d) of three groups were 13.34±0.26, 13.32±0.22 and 12.98±0.45, respectively and did not
differ significantly. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and NFE were did not differ significantly
among three groups, whereas EE digestibility of group II and group III was significantly higher (P<0.05)
than group I. The milk yield of three groups were 7.59±0.10, 8.2±0.09 and 8.90±0.15 respectively. The
group III milk was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other two groups. CLA is an intermediate prod-
uct of linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) biohydrogenation in the rumen. The GNC and mustard
oil’s linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acid content (% total fatty acids) were 25.67, 0.96 and 40.12,
9.31 respectively. After 30 days of adaptation period, milk samples were collected at fortnight interval for
total CLA estimation. The morning and evening milk samples of the same day was pooled and then
subjected to CLA estimation by using HPLC. The average total CLA (mg/g of milk fat) content in the
three groups were 6.17±0.33, 8.12±0.04 and 19.50±0.32 respectively. In group III, total CLA content
was significantly (P<0.01) higher than the other two groups and group I and group II did not differ
significantly. Hence it was concluded that addition of 2% mustard oil in the ration would result in three fold
increased milk fat total CLA content.
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FAS 42
Effect of addition of sunflower oil in the ration of
dairy cattle on conjugated linoleic acid in milk
Ani Bency Jacob and V. Balakrishnan
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid of ruminant origin, gains special attention due to its
anticancerous and antidiabetic properties. Hence it is desirable to increase CLA content of ruminant ed-
ible products. An attempt was made in this direction to assess the effect of sunflower oil in dairy cattle
ration, to augment CLA content in milk. Thirty one days lactation trial was conducted on Jersey × Sindhi
crossbred cows in early stage of lactation. Eight cows of body weight 248±8 kg and milk yield 6.65±0.6
kg /day were randomly divided into two groups based on their milk yield. Concentrate mixture supple-
mented with 6% hydrogenated fat and 6% sunflower oil was fed to control (H) and treatment (S) respec-
tively. A roughage to concentrate ratio of 65:35 was maintained in the study period and dry matter intake
(DMI) was noted. In the final three days milk yield was recorded and milk samples were analysed for fat
and CLA. DMI intake between H (8.25±0.42 kg) and S (8.28±0.51) did not differ significantly (P>
0.05. Milk yield was not significantly (P >0.05) affected due to treatment. Milk fat % of control (4.7±
0.05) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of treatment group (4.25±0.04). CLA content in milk fat
of sunflower oil treated group (1.42 mg/ g of fat ) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of control
(0.51mg / g of fat).There was 2.77 fold increase in CLA content in milk fat of S group than control.
Hence the inclusion of sunflower oil at 6% level can be considered as an effective tool to augment the
CLA concentration in milk fat.
FAS 43
In vitro evaluation of plant oil supplementation to a
high forage diet on nutrient degradability
Ani Bency Jacob and V. Balakrishnan
A study was conducted to assess the effect of vegetable oil supplementation to a high fibrous diet on
nutrient degradability. Rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) was employed for the purpose. A basal
diet (10 g DM) of roughage: concentrate 65:35 was the control (C), where as the basal diet supplemented
with 4.5% Sunflower oil (SF4) or Soya bean oil (SB4) formed the treatment groups and the diets were
incubated in duplicates. After an adaptation period of seven days, degradability of fermented feed was
assessed at every three consecutive 48th hour of post incubation. Dry matter degradability (DMD) of C,
SF4 and SB4 at 48th hour was 44.12±2.24, 45.35±0.53 and 46.29±1.77 respectively. Crude fiber
degradability (CFD) was 39.54±0.39, 38.42±0.64 and 38.49±0.20 for C, SF4 and SB4 respectively.
Neither DMD nor CFD was not significantly (P>0.05) affected due to oil addition. The oil supplementa-
tion was not significant (P>0.05) to produce an alteration in degradability of NDF or ADF. NDF degradability
(%) and ADF degradability (%) were 67.04±2.2, 68.22±0.03, 70.59±2.27 and 34.48±0.36, 36.65±0.01
and 70.99±0.42 for C, SF4 and SB4 diets respectively. Hemi cellulose degradability (%) of treated groups
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also was not significantly (P>0.05) different from control and the values being 34.25±0.25, 36.43± 0.01
and 35.05±1.43 for C, SF4 and SB4 diets respectively. Therefore it is concluded that vegetable oil can be
effectively incorporated in dairy cattle ration at 4.5 % as an energy source as well to increase beneficial
fatty acids in milk without any impartment on nutrient degradability.
FAS 44
Studies on the adaptation of rumen microbes to anti-methanogenic
plant extracts in a consecutive batch culture
D. N. Kamra, L. C. Chaudhary and Neeta Agarwal
An in vitro technique of consecutive batch culture (using in vitro gas production test) has been
standardized to study the adaptation of rumen microbes to prolonged exposure of anti-microbial com-
pounds. The rumen microbes were exposed to methanol extract of clove and fennel (already tested for
antimethanogenic activity) for 14 days by replacing 2/3 of fermented contents of syringe every 48 h with
fresh medium containing a similar dose of secondary metabolites. The methane production decreased in
control syringes initially, but after 4 days it remained almost constant. With methanol extract of clove (0.5
ml/30 ml reaction mixture) there was a significant depression in gas production, which continued to de-
crease upto 14 d, but as soon as the extract was withdrawn the gas production started increasing abruptly,
indicating that the microbes which were inhibited in the presence of clove extract got rejuvenated. The
methanol extract of clove caused 89% inhibition in methanogenesis on 2nd day and there was a complete
inhibition afterwards. The withdrawal of extract resulted in very slow revival of methanogenesis. The
increase in gas and methane production was associated with increase in total bacteria (20 and 7 folds)
and methanogens (267 and 63 folds) with methanol and methanol extract of fennel. Ruminococcus
flavefaciens, Fibrobacter succinogenes and fungi were reduced in comparison to control with fennel
extract, whereas with clove extract these populations were at non-detectable levels. On prolonged expo-
sure the rumen microbes got adapted to fennel extract, but no adaptation to clove extract was observed
in the present experiment. Therefore for screening experiments the incubation should be carried out be-
yond 24 h and consecutive batch culture is one technique which can be used to study the adaptation of
rumen microbes to anti-microbial compounds.
FAS 45
Effect of plants containing secondary metabolites on in vitro
methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with rumen liquor of buffalo
Someshwer S. Zadbuke, D. N. Kamra, Neeta Agarwal and L. C. Chaudhary
The leaves of kachnar (Bauhauia variegata), jatropha (Jatropha curcus), red mulberry (Morus
rubra) and oak (Quercus leucotrichophera) and seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and cumin
(Cuminum cymimun) were tested in in vitro gas production test with buffalo rumen liquor up to 96 h in
a consecutive batch culture for their potential to ferment feed and to inhibit methanogenesis. The substrate
(concentrate and wheat straw in 50:50 ratio) was replaced either by plants parts as such (50 mg/200 mg
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substrate) or supplemented with plant extracts (10 g/100 ml of water, 50% ethanol or 50% methanol) at
the rate of 0.5 ml/30 ml reaction mixture. Methane inhibition was highest with oak leaves when included
as such at 24 hr (22.95%). The other leaves and spices had no effect on methanogenesis. Oak and
jatropha showed reduction (P<0.05) in gas production when added as such, whereas, increased (P<0.05)
gas production was observed when extracts (ethanol and methanol) of kachnar and red mulberry were
added. The in vitro true degradability was reduced when oak leaves were added as such but there was
no statistical difference in other treatments. There was no effect of feed additives on ammonia nitrogen
concentration in the fermented medium. The data indicates that oak leaves could have short-term inhibi-
tory effect on methane production in vitro.
FAS 46
Effect of feed additives on fermentation of feed, microbial
and enzyme profiles in the rumen of buffalo
Neeta Agarwal, L. C. Chaudhary, R. Bhar, Someshwar S. Zadbuke and D. N. Kamra
A feed additive (Mix-1) was prepared using a mixture of plants exhibiting antimethanogenic activity in
in vitro gas production test and its effect was studied on fermentation of feed, microbial and enzyme
profiles in fistulated buffaloes (body weight 408±29kg). The dry matter intake from concentrate mixture
and wheat straw was similar in both the groups (control and additive fed group) and the animals con-
sumed dry matter at the rate of 102-105% of their requirement. The digestibility of the nutrients tended to
be higher in Mix-1 fed animals, but the difference was not significant. The level of total volatile fatty acids,
molar percent of acetate, propionate and butyrate were similar in the two groups. The fibre degrading
enzyme activities were not affected by feeding of Mix-1. Cellulolytic bacteria and fungi were also similar
in the two groups when enumerated by MPN technique. The population density of methanogens reduced
10 folds at 0 h but increased 3 folds at 4 h post feeding in the additive fed group in comparison to control
as quantified with real-time PCR. Protozoa population was also not affected by feed additive. The results
on respiration chamber studies indicated that methane production in terms of lit/d, l/kg DMI, l/kg DDMI
and lit/kg W0.75 was similar in the two groups. Although the individual components of Mix-1 showed
antimethanogenic activity in in vitro conditions, but when these were used as a mixture in in vivo trials,
the inhibitory effect on methane production was not observed. This might be due to lower levels of Mix-
1 used for the feeding trials. Further work is needed on optimization of the dose of Mix-1 feeding to get
positive response as rumen modulator.
FAS 47
Effect of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globultis) oil on in vitro methanogenesis
and fermentation of feed with rumen liquor of buffalo
Ravindra Kumar1, D. N. Kamra, Neeta Agarwal and L.C. Chaudhary
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122;
1
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Jammu, India
The effect of inclusion of eucalyptus oil at the levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 µ1/30 ml incubation
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medium on gas and methane production and rumen fermentation was studied in in vitro gas production
test. The gas production decreased linearly with the increasing level of eucalyptus oil. At the highest
inclusion level (50 µl/30 ml of incubation medium) there was 39.70% decrease in gas production.
Methanogenesis was reduced by 10%, 17%, 35%, 46% and 56% at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 µl inclusion
levels of eucalyptus oil, respectively. The concentration (mM/100 ml) of total volatile fatty acids was
significantly reduced at the levels higher than 20 µl, whereas, there was no effect on the proportion of
acetate to propionate ratio. In vitro true degradability (%, IVTD) was significantly decreased with the
inclusion of oil even at 10 µl level. The depression in IVTD was linear upto 30 |il and thereafter it re-
mained constant at higher levels of oil. The addition of eucalyptus oil decreased ammonia nitrogen (mg/dl)
significantly but the effect was not dose dependent. The numbers of holotrichs and spirotrichs were re-
duced (P<0.05) by increasing dose of eucalyptus oil. The results indicated that eucalyptus oil had
antimethanogenic activity but was accompanied with depression in feed degradability. Therefore further
extensive efforts are needed to explore the possibility to use it as feed additive to reduce methane produc-
tion by the ruminants.
FAS 48
Effect of polyphenols from Ficus species on ruminal enzymes
Sultan Singh, Brijesh K. Bhadoria and Suman Lata
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
Oligomeric polyphenols from leaves of Ficus religiosa and Ficus racemosa were isolated by liquid
chromatography on sephadex LH-20 separately and elution with methanol : H2O (1:1), 70% acetone and
distilled water (DW) yielded compounds named as FRL-50, FRL-70 and FRL-DW from Ficus religiosa
and FR-50, FR-70 from Ficus racemosa, respectively. These were evaluated along with tannic acid and
gallic acid in different concentration for their effect on ruminal enzymes (GOT, GPT, GDH cellulase and
protease) activities in vitro using sheep inoculum. Polyphenolic compound FRL-50 was most potential to
inhibit the GOT activity of both protozoal and bacterial fraction. EC50 for FRL-50 was 4.75 mg/ml and
3.61 mg/ml for protozoa and bacterial fraction respectively. All the isolated compounds from both plants
(FRL-50, FRL-DW, FR-70 and FR-50) had lower EC50 for GOT inhibition than tannic acid (TA) and
gallic acid (GA). Similarly the compound FRL-50 had lowest EC50for GPT inhibition of both the proto-
zoal and bacterial fractions. EC50 for GPT is more for tannic acid i.e. 17.88 mg/ml and 16.60 mg/ml for
protozoal and bacterial fraction, while gallic acid had higher EC-50 for GOT protozoal (21.75rng/ml) and
bacterial fraction (22.16mg/ml), respectively. GDH activity (IU/L) decreased linearly with increasing con-
centration of proanthocyanidins (PA) viz TA, GA, FR-70, FR-50. FRL-50 and FRL-DW compound.
FR-50 compound at 4mg/ml concentration completely inhibited the protozoal and bacterial fraction GDH
activity. FRL-50 completely inhibited the GDH activity of bacterial fraction at very low level of its concen-
tration (2 mg/ml). No activity of cellulase enzyme was recorded with even 5 mg/ml concentration of
compounds viz. FRL-50, and FRL-DW from Ficus religiosa. Gallic acid was more potent to inhibit
cellulase enzyme activity as it has low EC50 (6.55 mg/ml) than that of tannic acid (125.69 mg/ml), FR-70
(24.80 mg/ml) and FR-50 (9.64 mg/ml), respectively. With increasing concentration (2-10 mg/ml) of
FRL-50, FRL-DW, FR-50 and FR-70 and FR-DW and incubation period (1-5h) there was linear de-
crease in the protease activity (µg protein/ml/m). Inhibition of protease enzyme was more with FR-50 and
FR-DW than FRL-50 and FRL-DW. At 1h of incubation with the 2mg/ml concentration the protease
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activity was 2.968%, 2.989%, 5.85% and 31.544% µg protein/ml/m with FRL-50, FRL-DW, FR-50,
FR-70 and FR-DW respectively. Results indicate that PA isolated from Ficus species (FRL-50, FRL-
DW, FR-50 and FR-70 and FR-DW) are more potent to inhibit rumen enzyme activities (low EC50) than
pure tannic acid and gallic acid. Polyphenols isolated from Ficus religiosa (FRL-50 and FRL-DW) were
more toxic to GOT, GPT and GDH enzymes. FRL-50 and FRL-DW completely inhibited the cellulase
enzyme activity at all its tested concentration (2-25 mg/ml) FR-50 and FR-70 were more potent to inhibit
protease enzyme activities. Judicious use of PA isolated from Ficus species can be exploited as potential
protein protecting agent to optimize the microbial protein synthesis in rumen.
FAS 49
Effect of dietary supplementation of condensed tannins on feed intake,
nutrient utilization and milk production of crossbred cows
Avijit Dey, Narayan Dutta, K. Sharma and A. K. Pattanaik
This study was undertaken to ascertain the effect of dietary supplementation condensed tannins (CT)
on feed intake, nutrient utilization and milk production in crossbred lactating cows. Twelve crossbred
cows at their second and mid lactation were randomly divided into two groups of six each in a completely
randomized block design to receive either a conventional concentrate supplement (CT-0) or experimental
concentrate supplement (CT-1.5) in which certain proportion of wheat bran of conventional supplement
was replaced by ground tree leaves of Ficus infectoria to provide 1.5% condensed tannins in the experi-
mental supplement. All the cows were offered a basal diet of green oats (Avena sativa) ad libitum along
with required amount of concentrate mixture to meet the nutrient requirement for maintenance and milk
production. A metabolism trial was conducted following 60 days of experimental feeding. The intakes of
DM, DCP and TDN were similar between the groups. The inclusion of CT @ 1.5% in the supplement did
not affect digestibility of OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF of the cows of CT-1.5 group. The retention of
nitrogen was positive in all the cows, however it was significantly higher (p<0.05) in animals of CT-1.5 as
compared to CT-0 group. Although, the daily milk yield was apparently similar between the two dietary
treatments, the 4% FCM yield and ECM were significantly (p<0.05) higher for CT-1.5 group as com-
pared to CT-0 animals. The composition of milk was similar except significantly (p<0.05) higher fat per
cent and total fat yield for the cows supplemented with condensed tannins. It may be concluded that
condensed tannins from Ficus infectoria leaves at low concentration has beneficial effect on the produc-
tion performance of crossbred dairy cows.
FAS 50
Effect of saponins of plant extracts on rumen fermentation and
methane emission
Anamika, K. K. Singhal and B. Singh
Five herbal products such as pulp powder of reetha (Sapindus mukoressi), shikakai (Acacia concinna),
mahua (Madhuca indica) cake, albezia (Albizia lebbek) leaves and different fractions of yucca (Yucca
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schidigera) such as leaves, root and stem were extracted with aqueous methanol and total saponins
content was 8.74, 11.79, 7.34 and 3.75, 3.74, 4.02 and 2.80% on DM basis, respectively. Plant extracts
were found to contain N content. Total mixed ration (wheat straw: conc. mix. 60:40) was supplemented
with these plant extracts to supply 0, 2 and 4% saponins and subjected for total gas (TG) and methane
production and IVDMD determination. TG production (ml/ 200 mg substrate) in control, Reetha (R2 &
R4), Shikakai (S2 & S4), Mahua cake (M2 & M4), Albizia leaves (A2 & A4) and Yucca root (Y2 &Y4)
was 21.75±1.20, 31.53±0.59, 37.08±0.31, 35.42±0.83, 40.75±1.20, 28.42±0.68, 31.64±0.65,50.64±
1.95, 54.31±0.81, 53.53±0.73, and 60.64±0.24, respectively. TG production was increased (P<0.05)
as the level of extracts were increased highest being on Yucca root extract than control, however, IVDMD
was reduced (P<0.05) on supplementation of plant extracts. Kinetics of TG production suggested that the
plant extracts of only Albizia leaves and Yucca root responded positively. Methane production was in-
creased (P<0.05) on supplementing the plant extracts, irrespective of level or source, without affecting the
proportion of methane in TG. Incorporation of saponins rich plant extracts of Albizia and Yucca root,
particularly at 4% level decreased the ammonia N concentration, however, effect was not significant as
compared to the control. TVFA concentration was higher on plant extract supplementation than on con-
trol, however, these tended to increase the propionate proportion in the rumen at the expense of acetate
and butyrate. Protozoal population in incubation medium decreased (P<0.05) depending upon the level of
all the plant extracts. It was concluded that the methanol extract of herbal material under investigation was
not effective in mitigating the methane production in vitro.
FAS 51
Effect of secondary compounds in forages on rumen
biomass production of total mixed rations
Deepa Ananth*, U. Krishnamoorthy, R. G. Gloridoss, C. K. Singh,
B. S. V. Reddy and T. M. Prabhu
Veterinary college, KVAFSU (Bidar), Hebbal, Bangalore-560024, India
A gas syringe method was used to evaluate the effect of secondary compounds from plant materials
on in vitro fermentation products and microbial biomass production in a total mixed ration (TMR) contain-
ing rice straw and compounded feed mixture (50:50) . The bioactive agents such as mulberry leaf at 10%,
mulberry leaf saponins(MLS) at (0.1% and 0.2%) tamarind seed testa (TST) (5%),Tween-80 (T-80)
(0.05%) and the combination of Tamarind seed testa (5%) and Tween -80 (0.05%) were supplemented
to the total mixed ration and incubated for t1/2 hours of TMR. The amount of substrate degradation, gas
production biomass production and efficiency, SCFA synthesis and pattern were analysed. The CO2 and
methane production were calculated based on SCFA production. The biomass was quantified based on
detergent system and purine bases. Significant (p<0.05) reduction in drymatter (20%) and organic matter
(18%) digestibilities were observed with 5%TST addition. The combination of 5%TST+0.05%T-80 had
reduced MBP significantly (p<0.05) by 29% and efficiency of biomass by 14%. The RNA quantified
based on the spectrophotometric analysis of purine bases showed significant (p<0.05) increase on addi-
tion of 5% TST, 5%TST+T-80 and 10% mulberry leaf. Application of 5%TST had reduced total SCFA
by 10% while 0.1%MLS application had increased the total SCFA by 5%. 7% increase in propionate
and 4% reduction in propionate were observed with 0.2% MLS application resulting in 9% reduction in
A/P ratio. It is concluded that although the digestibility of the total mixed ration was reduced by the
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application of secondary compounds but the efficiency of utilization and the biomass production had
improved with their supplementation. Judicious use of these agents could be beneficial in the overall per-
ceptive and the evaluation such agents on ruminant production have to be studied further.
FAS 52
Extraction and evaluation of the effect of mulberry leaf saponins on
rumen biomass production of rice straw and total mixed ration
Deepa Ananth, U. Krishnamoorthy, R. G. Gloridoss
Veterinary college, KVAFSU (Bidar), Hebbal, Bangalore-560024, India
Mulberry (Morus alba) is grown on an extensive scale in various parts of India, for its leaf, which
constitutes the food for the silkworm, and its cultivation is an integral part of the sericulture industry. Better
digestibility and gas production are observed with the leaf supplementation in in-vitro studies. Mulberry
leaf saponin (MLS) was extracted from the leaves and the effect on the efficiency of rumen biomass
production is studied by in-vitro gas fermentation technique. The procedure of extraction is explained and
the freeze dried powder is added to rice straw or to the Total Mixed Ration (TMR) at 0.1% or 0.2% and
500mg of the substrate was incubated in glass syringe at 39oC for t1/2 hours and digestibility parameters
like TDDM,TDOM, MBP, PF, ERMBS and gas production were studied. RNA production based on
purine analysis and SCFA pattern were analysed. CO2 and CH4 were also calculated based on the SCFA
pattern. Significant increase (P<0.01) in RNA production and efficiency were observed on supplementa-
tion of 0.1%MLS to the straw and marginal increase in PF, MBP and ERMBS values observed with
0.2%MLS supplementation. The effects of saponin on total mixed ration on digestibility paramenters were
marginal. The total SCFA production reduced significantly with 0.1%MLS application to straw while the
Acetate:Propionate ratio increased by 6%. In total mixed ration, the total SCFA increased and A/P ratio
decreased by 9%. There was linear reduction in gas production in both straw and TMR while reduction in
CO2 and CH4 were observed only in straw. It is concluded that application of mulberry saponin would be
beneficial on straw, while application to TMR did not produce significant effect.
FAS 53
Comparative study of bodyweight of Karan Fries calves fed garlic
extract and prebiotics during hot humid season
Sudipta Ghosh, R. K. Mehla and S. K. Sirohi
Dairy Cattle Breeding Divison,
Eighteen Karan Fries calves about 5 days old were taken for 2 months study during hot humid
season. 6 calves were fed Garlic extract, 6 manna oligosaccharide (Prebiotics) and 6 were kept in con-
trol. Body weight was taken in every week for 2 months. The mean body weight (kg) for Garlic group for
9 weeks are as follows: 29.583, 31.350, 32.333, 34.250, 35.425, 38.083, 39.33, 41.642 and 43.767
respectively; standard error :2.182, 2.411, 2.045, 2.025, 2.159, 2.235, 2.550, 2.99 and 3.070 respec-
tively. The mean body weight (kg) for Prebiotics group for 9 weeks are as follows: 30.717, 33.450,
33.767, 31.058, 31.808, 34.075, 36.567, 38.800 and 41.050 respectively; standard error : 2.284,
2.169, 2.138, 6.432, 6.608, 7.027, 7.569, 8.129 and 8.706. The mean body weight (kg) for control
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group for 9 weeks are as follows: 27.642, 28.617, 30.008, 31.375, 33.633, 36.692, 38.725, 41.083
and 42.150; standard error: 1.545, 1.490, 1.391, 1.267, 0.996, 1.251, 1.625and 1.609. By ANOVA it
has been found that there is no significant difference between the treatment groups and control group
regarding weekly gain in body weight.
FAS 54
Comparative study of fecal score of Karan Fries calves fed garlic
extract and prebiotics during hot humid season
Sudipta Ghosh, R. K. Mehla and S. K. Sirohi
Dairy Cattle Breeding Divison,
Eighteen Karan Fries calves about 5 days old were taken for 2 months study during hot humid
season. 6 calves were fed Garlic extract, 6 manna oligosaccharide (Prebiotics) and 6 were kept in
control. Fecal score was taken in every week for 2 months. The fecal score was based on four point scale
(Larson et al. 1977) : 1 (normal)- firm but not hard, 2 (soft)- does not held firm, 3 (runny)- spreads
easily and 4-devoid of solid matter. The mean fecal score for Garlic group for 9 weeks are as follows:
1.667, 1.500, 1.167, 1.500, 1.833, 1.167, 1.000, 1.000 and 1.167 respectively; standard error : 0.333,
0.224, 0.167, 0.224, 0.307, 0.167, 0.000, 0.000 and 0.167 respectively. The mean fecal score for
Prebiotics group for 9 weeks are as follows: 1.833, 1.833, 1.117, 1.500, 1.500, 1.167, 1.500, 1.167
and1.333 respectively; standard error : 0.307, 0.307, 0.167, 0.224, 0.224, 0.167, 0.224, 0.167 and
0.211 respectively. The mean fecal score for control group for 9 weeks are as follows: 2.667, 2.500,
2.333, 2.167, 2.500, 2.000, 2.167, 2.500 and 2.167 respectively ; standard error : 0.422, 0.428, 0.333,
0.401, 0.342, 0.258, 0.401, 0.342 and 0.167 respectively. By ANOVA it has been found that there is
significant difference between the treatment groups and control group regarding weekly fecal score.
FAS 55
Evaluation of various extracts of certain bioactive herbal products for
preventing the growth of aflatoxin producing fungi
Yogesh Kumar, Navneet Saxena, D. Lal, Chander Mohan, and R. S. Verma†
Toxicology Laboratory, Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar-125001
† Department of Chemistry, University of Bikaner, Bikaner, India
Medicinal plants have always been an integral part of human society to combat diseases, from the
dawn of civilization. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Seetaphal (Annona squamosa), and Neem
(Azadirachta indica) are well known in India and its neighboring countries for more than 2000 years as
the most versatile medicinal plant parts having a wide spectrum of biological activity. The various herbal
extracts obtained from withania roots, annona seeds, and neem bark using different solvents in successive
manner was investigated on aflatoxin producing fungal strains viz. Aspergillus flavus, and A. parasiticus
var. The experiment was conducted in-vitro on petriplates. The petriplates were prepared using potato
dextrose agar with rose bengal dye which was pretreated with different concentrations of extracts alongwith
control, in triplicate. The toxigenic fungal strains of A. flavus, and A. parasiticus var. were inoculated on
the plates. The numbers of fungal colonies were counted after 72 hrs and were recorded as cfu per ml.
The results showed that all the treatments were effective in preventing the growth of aflatoxin producing
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fungi. Amongst them the ethyl acetate extract of withania roots, ethyl acetate & water extract of annona
seeds, and ethyl acetate & ethanol extract of neem bark were the most effective and prevented the growth
significantly. It can be concluded that these natural plant products may successfully replace chemical fun-
gicides and provide an alternative method to prevent animal feeds and other commodities from aflatoxin
contamination by reducing the growth of these aflatoxin producing fungi.
FAS 56
Influence of the nature of tannins on in vitro methanogenesis, rumen
fermentation pattern, methanogenic archea and protozoa population
Raghavendra Bhatta1*, Y. Uyeno2, K. Tajima1, A. Takenaka1, Y. Yabumoto1,
I. Nonaka1, O. Enishi1 and M. Kurihara1
1
National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba 305-0901
2
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
*NIANP, Bangalore-560030, India
Six commercially available natural sources (plant) of tannins (designated as S1 to S6) were evaluated
to determine their effect on methane (CH4) production, rumen archea and protozoa population in vitro
and also to establish the difference if any, in the biological activity of hydrolysable tannin (HT) and con-
densed tannin (CT). Samples S1, S2 and S3 contained only HT, whereas S4, S5 and S6 contained both
HT plus CT (HT/CT). When polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 was added as tannin binder to samples
during in vitro incubation, average decrease in the CH4 concentration (CH4 % in the total gas produced)
was 0.6 in HT when compared to 5.5 from HT/CT. Tannins also suppressed (P<0.001) population of
methanogenic archea in all the samples; average decrease being 11.6 % in HT (15.8, 7.09 and 12.0 in S1,
S2 and S3) when compared to 28.6 % HT/CT ( 35.0, 40.1 and 10.8 in S4, S5 and S6). Mean decrease
in protozoa was 12.3 % in HT and 36.2 % in HT/CT. Tannins increased in vitro pH, reduced
(P<0.001)SCFA (short chain fatty acid) concentrations with greater proportion of propionate and lower
(P<0.001) concentrations of iso-acids. The results of the present investigation unequivocally confirmed
that tannins suppress methanogenesis directly through their anti-methanogenic and defaunation property
and tannin sources containing both HT/CT were more potent in this respect than those containing only HT.
FAS 57
Effect of supplementation of fenugreek seed powder on dry matter intake,
palatability and digestibility in the diet of crossbred steers
S. K. Tomar, S. S. Thakur and B. Singh
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-13 2001, India
Twelve crossbred steers (Sahiwal x Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian x Tharparkar) of similar age
(2 to 2½ years) were selected and divided into two groups of six each. Group 1 was fed a diet containing
concentrate mixture and wheat straw in the ratio of 40:60 as basal diet and 100g processed fenugreek
seed powder (FSP). Group II was fed same as group 1 however, 0.75 kg of concentrate mixture substi-
tuted by 0.5 kg mustard cake to make it less palatable as compared to the concentrate mixture offered to
group 1. Wheat straw was offered to all the animals in known quantity as a source of roughage. Supple-
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mentation of GNC based concentrate with roasted FSP increased (P<0.01) its intake than that based on
mustard cake at 1h as well as 24h of offering. The data revealed that FSP incorporation improved the
palatability of concentrate mix. without affecting the total DMI. In an another experiment, 18 crossbred
steers, divided in three groups of six each were fed on similar ration containing concentrate mixture and
wheat straw in the ratio of 40:60 as basal diet. Concentrate mixture of groups II and III were supple-
mented with 100 each of raw and roasted FSP, respectively. There was a significant increase in DM
intake/ 100 kg body weight following the supplementation of raw or roasted FSP. There was no significant
variation among groups for nutrient digestibility and blood glucose level in crossbred steers. It was con-
cluded that supplementation of FSP improved the palatability without affecting the nutrient digestibility.
FSP supplementation is a traditional practice among farmers. These results give the scientific basis to this
practice.
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Session - XI Minerals and vitamins
MV 1
Performance traits and metabolic responses of young and matured goats
(Capra hircus) supplemented with inorganic trivalent chromium
S. Mondal, S. Samanta, S. Haldar and T. K. Ghosh
West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700037, India
An experiment was conducted to investigate the dose dependent effects of supplemental chromium
(Cr, as chromic chloride hexahydrate) on body weight, feed efficiency, nutrient utilization, and mineral
metabolism and serum metabolite and trace element profiles in goats. The experiment lasted for 240 days
and physiologically the goats were assumed to pass from a younger phase (the first 120 days) to a
matured one (the last 120 days). The goats received 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg supplemental Cr
daily. Body weight was significantly higher in the Cr supplemented goats at the end of the trial compared
to the control group of goats. Relative to the control group, the total live weight gain and ADG in live
weight in the young goats were higher in the Cr supplemented goats (P<0.05). Total digestible nutrient
intake in the matured goats receiving supplemental Cr increased vis-à-vis those fed the control diet (P<0.05).
Cr supplementation resulted increased N retention in both the young and matured goats (P<0.05). Serum
glucose decreased linearly due to Cr supplementation (P = 0.02). Supplemental Cr feeding elicited a
hypo-lipidemic effect with significantly lower cholesterol (P = 0.0001, quadratic effect) and triacylglycerol
(P = 0.006, quadratic effect) being detected in the Cr supplemented animals vis-à-vis the control group of
ones. Dietary Cr supplementation linearly increased serum Cr concentration (P<0.05). The study did not
reveal any apparent harmful effect of Cr supplemented for a moderately prolonged period of time. It was
concluded that trivalent Cr as chromic chloride hexahydrate may be effectively included in the diets of
non-stressed young and matured ruminants and a dose level of 0.5 mg of Cr may be sufficient to yield
significant beneficial effects in terms of different performance traits and metabolic responses.
MV 2
Effect of sulphur supplementation on the quantity
and quality of wool production in sheep
Raman Malik and S. A. Karim
Animal Nutrition Division, CSWRI, Avikanagar, India
Twenty eight adult chokla male sheep were divided randomly in to four groups keeping the body
weight almost similar in all groups. The level of sulpher in the diet was kept 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, and
0.3% in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The animals were reared under field grazing conditions. The
source of sulpher was added in the concentrate of group 2, 3 and 4. Every day 300 g concentrate per
head was offered after grazing. During the experiment, fortnightly body weight gain was recorded. The
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experiment is continued for the six months. The body weight gain at the end of experiment was not
affected by the sulphur supplementation at any level; since the animals were adult it was also not ex-
pected. Similarly the body measurement viz. height, body length, heart girth and back girth were also not
affected during the experiment. However the wool production in group was higher in group 2(1.44±0.12
Kg), group 3(1.69 ±0.30 Kg), group4 (1.41±0.28 Kg) vs in group 1 i.e. control (1.18 ±0.14 Kg). It
seems that the supplementation of sulphur increase the wool production. But the wool production in group
3 was higher than group 2 and 4, it also possible that the feeds and fodders available in this region may be
deficient in the sulphur.
MV 3
Comparative efficacy of calcium feed pellet and commercial
liquid preparation on milk production and fertility performance
in dairy cows and buffaloes
S. Shinde*, S. N. Bedarkar** and A. Samad*
*Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai 400 012;
**Indian Immunologicals Ltd., Hyderabad, India
The present project was undertaken to investigate comparative efficacy of calcium gel (commercial
liquid preparation) and di-calcium phosphate (DCP) incorporated as feed pellets (Ca-pellet group), in
crossbred cow and buffalo from herds that were diagnosed to have subclinical hypocalcaemia. The trials
were conducted in two organized buffalo farms milking 220 and 160 lactating buffaloes, respectively,
whereas HF-crossbred cows were from three organized HF crossbred cow farms consisting of 80, 54
and 72 lactating cows, respectively. 60 lactating cows and 60 lactating buffaloes (DIM less than 75 days)
were allocated to the two groups by matching based on breed, DIM and lactation yield. The feeding trials
were conducted for 90 days. The total milk production during the trial period in crossbred cow and
buffalo fed ca-pellet (brand name CalSagar) was found to be around 13% and 10% higher, respectively,
compared to the commercial liquid preparation group. The fat and total solid yield in the Ca-pellet group
was also around 10% higher in cows and buffaloes fed on Ca-pellet. In cows and buffaloes fed on Ca-
pellet serum calcium levels returned to normal (14.7% higher than pre feeding level) after 90 days of
feeding, whereas in liquid preparation group the levels were still below 9.0 mg / dl (7.2% rise over pre-
feeding level). The data on breeding suggests that feeding of Ca-pellet resulted in shorter calving to con-
ception interval (p<0.05), whereas the proportion of animals open 150 days post-calving was lower in
Ca-pellet group (7.5% & 13.3%) compared to liquid preparation group (16.3% & 20%, respectively).
There was also improved breeding efficiency in the Ca-pellet group as the services per conception both
for cows and buffaloes were lower than commercial liquid preparation group. The results clearly indicate
that feeding di-calcium phosphate incorporated in feed pellets resulted in better milk production and breeding
compared with feeding of calcium gel.
MV 4
Effect of dietary levels of copper and zinc on plasma mineral, hormone
profile and wool concentration in ewe
D. T. Pal, N. K. S. Gowda, C. S. Prasad, I. J. Reddy, G. Suresh Babu and R. Amarnath
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore-560 030, India
Eighteen sheep of 4 -6 months of age were assigned to three dietary treatments (0, 50 & 100% Cu
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and Zn supplementation) in a completely randomized designed to study the effect of different dietary levels
of Cu and Zn on plasma mineral, hormone (estrogen and progesterone) profile and wool concentration of
Cu and Zn. The dietary treatment comprised of basal diet without supplementation of Cu and Zn (Group
I), a diet containing 50% more Cu and Zn supplementation (Group II) over the diet of Group I and a diet
containing 100% more Cu and Zn supplementation (Group III) over the diet of Group I. The Cu and Zn
were supplemented from their respective inorganic salts (CuSO4. 5H2O and ZnSO4. 7H2O), respectively
to formulate the mineral mixtures. The animals were fed ragi straw-maize-soybean meal based diet to
meet the protein and energy requirement (ICAR 1985). Blood samples were collected at monthly interval,
for mineral and hormone (estrogen and progesterone) estimation and wool samples were collected once in
2 months from ribcage of animals and analyzed for mineral concentrations. Plasma Cu and Zn levels
increased on increased supplementation of Cu and Zn in the diet of sheep and it was significantly (P<0.05)
higher in supplemented than unsupplemented group. This increased trend of Cu and Zn levels in plasma
continued up to day 120 and thereafter no significant differences were observed between the supple-
mented and unsupplemented group. Maximum increase of plasma Cu and Zn was recorded at day 30
(1.02±0.13 & 1.14±0.12ppm in group-I; 1.73±0.07 & 1.96±0.12ppm in group-II; 1.84±0.14 &
2.75±0.23ppm in group-III). It was found that the Ca, P and Mg level in plasma was similar in the animals
of all the groups and was not affected by the dietary levels at different periods of supplementation in
sheep. No significant differences were found in estrogen and progesterone levels in sheep plasma on
supplementing different levels of Cu and Zn in the diet. Before supplementation (day 0), the estrogen level
in plasma varied from 20.00 to 25.43 pg/ml and progesterone level from 0.6 to 0.78 ng/ml in the different
groups. At day 150, the estrogen level was 27.86±6.30 pg/ml in group-I, 25.00±5.00 pg/ml in group-II
and 25.73±5.73 pg/ml in group-III and the progesterone level was 1.50±0.28, 1.73±0.50 and 1.97±0.98
ng/ml in group-I, II & III, respectively. Wool concentration of Cu was not affected by the different dietary
supplementation of Cu and Zn up to 120 days of feeding. At day180, Cu concentration in wool increased
on increased supplementation and was significantly (P<0.05) higher in supplemented group than
unsupplemented control group but no significant difference was observed in wool concentration of Cu
between the 50% more and 100% more supplemented group. The concentration of Zn in wool was
significantly higher in group-III than group-I and group-II. An increase of 16-22% in Cu and 4-8% in Zn
was observed on 50% and 100% more supplementation of Cu and Zn over the unsupplemented control
diet at day 180. The Cu and Zn-dependent enzyme activity (Super oxide dismutase and Ceruloplasmin)
increased with increased levels of supplementation up to 120 days. The study indicated that specific
mineral-dependent enzyme activity and target tissue concentration can be used for assessing the Cu and
Zn status in animals.
MV 5
Effect of urea and mineral mixture supplementation on dry matter intake,
growth performance and milk production in Murrah buffaloes
D. S. Sahu, Raj Kumar, Ravinder Kumar and S. P. Yadav
Department of Animal Husbandry
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agri. & Tech. Meerut-25110, India
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of urea and mineral mixture on
dry matter intake, growth performance and milk production in Murrah buffaloes. Fifteen lactating Murrah
buffaloes were randomly allotted into three groups each group have five lactating animals. The first group
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was fed adlib wheat straw and 2 kg. concentrate mixture per animal per day .The second group of
animals were fed adlib wheat straw treated with 4% urea and 2 kg. concentrate mixture per animal per
day, however, in third group were given adlib 4% urea treated wheat straw and 2kg. concentrate mixture
supplemented with 75 g mineral mixture per animal per day. The concentrate mixture contained crushed
wheat, wheat bran, mustard cake and common salt. The daily dry matter intake was significantly (P<0.05)
higher in group second and third in compare to group first. The growth rate was significantly (P<0.05)
higher in group third and second in compare to group first. The per day milk production was also signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) higher in group third and second in compare to group first. It may be concluded that
supplementation of urea and mineral mixture is beneficial for lactating buffaloes for growth and milk pro-
duction.
MV 6
Studies on growth rate and some blood metabolites in buffalo calves
fed diet supplemented with fluoride
Jyotsana Madan, J. P. Puri and B. S. Punia
Department of Veterinary Physiology,
CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, India
The present study was conducted on twelve male buffalo calves of 10 to 12 months of age. The
animals were divided into 3 groups of four reach. They were fed wheat straw + concentrate mixture,
group A; wheat straw + concentrate mixture + sodium fluoride (NaF) to make fluoride levels 30 ppm in
diet, group B; wheat straw + concentrate mixture + sodium fluoride (NaF) to make fluoride levels 60 ppm
in diet, group C. Animals in all the three groups were fed 3 kg green daily to meet Vitamin A & D
requirements. The animals were fed these diets for a period of three months. Body weights were recorded
at the start of the experiment and at fortnightly interval thereafter. Amount of concentrate mixture was
periodically changed as per body weight gain at fortnightly interval. Analysis of data revealed that feeding
of fluoride at 30 and 60 ppm level did not affect the body weight of the animals. Average daily gain in
groups A, B and C was 375.00± 22.98, 355.55± 22.22 and 338.88± 20.03 g/day respectively. Though
the body weight gain in groups B and C was less than control (A) group but the difference was statistically
non- significant. Further the body weight increased progressively in all the three groups with the advance-
ment of age. The trend of blood glucose and protein also decreased in treatment groups(B & C) but the
difference was statistically non-significant. On the basis of these results it could be concluded that fluoride
in the diet of buffalo @ 30 and 60 ppm level for a period of three months did not affect the performance
of buffalo calves. A long term feeding study is required.
MV 7
Effect of different levels of zinc supplementation on digestibility
of nutrients, nitrogen metabolism, plane of nutrition and
growth rate in male buffalo calves
S. E. Jadhav, A. K. Garg and R. S. Dass
Center of Advanced Studies, Animal Nutrition Division
Eighteen healthy Murrah male buffalo (Bubalis bubalis) calves of about 14-15 months of age and
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219.2±5.76kg mean body weight were divided into three groups of six animals in each in randomized
block design on the basis of their body weight. All the animals were fed a common concentrate mixture
and ad libitum wheat straw except for the level of zinc supplementation (through ZnSO4), which was 0,
35 and 70 ppm in Gr. I, II and III, respectively. Experimental feeding was done for a period of 120 days
including a 6 days metabolic trial. Digestibility (%) of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) was
similar (P>0.05) at 60.21, 58.70 and 59.98; and 62.82, 61.63 and 62.71 in Gr. I, II and III, respectively.
The digestibility (%) of crude protein at 67.57, 64.99 and 65.52; ether extract at 59.66, 64.69 and
63.65; total carbohydrate at 62.08, 61.07 and 62.28; neutral detergent fiber at 49.17, 46.71 and 49.03;
acid detergent fiber at 43.82, 39.19 and 43.01; cellulose at 50.09, 45.54 and 49.20 and hemicellulose at
59.96, 57.50 and 58.00 were also similar (P>0.05) in Gr. I, II and Gr. III, respectively. Nitrogen intake
of the animals was also comparable (P>0.05) at 96.9, 95.8 and 100.1g/d in Gr. I, II and III, respectively.
Nitrogen voided through faeces and urine as well as total nitrogen outgo was similar (P>0.05) across the
treatment groups, with the result the balance of N in the three groups was also similar (P>0.05) at 35.00,
31.62 and 30.77g/d in Gr. I, II and III, respectively. The daily intake of DM was 5171, 5081 and 5421g/
d or 73.83, 72.76 and 75.59 g/kgW0.75 in Gr. I, II and III, respectively and it was comparable (P>0.05)
in the three groups. The crude protein intake was 306, 599 and 629g/d in Gr. I, II and III, respectively
and values were similar (P>0.05) in all the groups. The intake of digestible crude protein (DCP) at 408,
389 and 410 g/d or 5.85, 5.57 and 5.72 g/kgW0.75and total digestible nutrients (TDN) at 3041, 2948 and
3194 g/d or 43.51, 42.24 and 44.52 g/kgW0.75 in Gr. I, II and III, respectively, too did not differ (P>0.05)
among the three groups. The average daily gain in the body weight of the calves was 547, 567 and 601
g/d in Gr. I, II and III, respectively, which was 3.5 and 9.9% higher in Gr. II and III supplemented with
35 and 70ppm of zinc, respectively, as compared to control group (Gr. I).
MV 8
Effect of iodine administration on plasma inorganic iodine and thyroidal
hormones in iodine deficient dairy animals
Sushma Chhabra, S. S. Randhawa, P. S. Dhaliwal and R. Jindal1
Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence,
1
Department of Veterinary Physiology;
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab
The present study was undertaken to evaluate effect of subcutaneous administration of 2 ml of io-
dized oil (containing 375 mg/ml of elemental iodine) in iodine deficient crossbred cows (n=5) and buffa-
loes (n=5). Pre-treatment mean PII values of 22.4±1.99 and 21.5±1.2 ng/ml in buffaloes and cows,
respectively, increased significantly (P<0.05) at day 30 post-treatment to 110.45±8.9 and 107.4±5.8 ng/
ml, respectively. Thereafter, a decline was recorded in PII levels at day 60 post-treatment though the
levels were still higher than the respective pre-treatment levels. Both cows and buffaloes presented similar
trends in thyroidal hormone concentrations after administration of iodine. Mean plasma T4 levels and T4:T3
ratio increased non-significantly in both cows and buffaloes whereas mean plasma T3 levels declined at
day 30 and 60 post-treatment.
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MV 9
Cadmium residues in the meat offals of broiler in
Bareilly market region
Puneet Kumar and Yogendra Prasad
M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly-243006, India
Heavy metals pose a serious impact on the environment due to their persistence accumulation in the
organism and get amplified in different food chain through biomagnifications. To evaluate the cadmium
accumulation in the different organ system of poultry, a survey has been conducted. Different tissues viz.
Liver, Kidney, muscles were collected randomly form the slaughter house/local market of Bareilly. These
tissues packed in polyethylene bags and transferred immediately to the laboratory and stored at -200C
until analyzed. The samples were thawed in laboratory and washed with triple distill water. 2 gram samples
of liver, kidney and muscles were digested with Nitric acid and perchloric acid (4:1). Thereafter, cadmium
concentration was estimated by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The result revealed
the presence of concentration of cadmium 0.39±0.044, 0.17±0.023 and 0.18±0.028 in different tissues
viz. kidney, liver and muscles, respectively. The maximum cadmium concentration was recorded in kid-
neys. There is maximum biomagnification of cadmium in kidney followed by liver and hence removed of
such organs/tissues may be reduce the heavy metal toxicity in human consumer health.
MV 10
Studies on imbalances of calcium and phosphorus in livestock of
Okara and Hafizabad districts of Punjab
M. Z. U. Khan, T. N. Pasha, S.Riffat, M. A. Jabbar, S. Abbas1, A. S. Hashmi1, U. Farooq,
H. Ahmed , M. Ijaz and Saima
Department of Animal Nutrition; 1Department of Physiology and Biochemistry,
The study was conducted to ascertain the calcium and phosphorus imbalances in livestock of Okara
and Hafizabad districts of Punjab, on the basis of mineral concentrations in blood plasma, feedstuff, soil
and water. Animals were sub-divided in two groups i.e., small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large
ruminants (cattle and buffaloes). A total of 150 blood samples were collected form large ruminants in
summer as well as in winter form each district. Similarly a total of 100 samples were collected from small
ruminants in summer as well as in winter from each district. Higher plasma calcium values were found in
both the districts and the values were significant (P<0.05). Calcium was found deficient in feedstuffs of
both districts. Higher calcium values were recorded in plasma, feedstuffs and soil of district Hafizabad as
compared to district Okara. Water calcium values were higher in Okara district as compared to Hafizabad
district. Plasma phosphorus values were found slightly lower in Hafizabad district, whereas adequate
levels were found in Okara district. Difference between the districts was found non-significant (P>0.05).
Feedstuffs of both districts were found deficient in phosphorus. Feedstuffs and water of Hafizabad district
was observed lower in phosphorus than Okara district. Soil of Hafizabad district was found higher in
phosphorus than Okara district.
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MV 11
Levels of sodium and potassium in large ruminants of Okara and
Hafizabad districts of Punjab
H. Ahmed, T. N. Pasha, S. Riffat, M. Z. U. Khan, M. A. Jabbar, U. Farooq,
S. Abbas1, A. S. Hashmi1, Saima
Department of Animal Nutrition; 1Department of Physiology and Biochemistry,
A study was undertaken to assess the Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) levels of large ruminants
(cattle and buffaloe) of Okara and Hafizabad districts of Punjab. The minerals concentrations of blood
plasma, feedstuffs, soil and water were studied. A total of 150 blood samples were collected form large
ruminants in summer as well as in winter form each district. Lower plasma sodium levels were found in
both the districts and significant (P<0.05) difference was found between the districts. In district Okara,
mean sodium concentration of blood plasma was found to be 107.04 mEq/L. Whereas in district Hafizabad,
it was 88.95 mEq/L. Higher sodium levels were found in feedstuffs and soil of both districts. Water
sodium concentration were within the critical range (<2.56 mEq/L). Potassium concentrations of blood
plasma were within the critical limit (3.9-5.8 mEq/L) in both the districts. In Okara, potassium concentra-
tion of blood plasma was 4.45 mEq/L, whereas in district Hafizabad it was 5.62 mEq/L. Significant
(P<0.05) difference was found between the districts. Feedstuffs of both the districts were found deficient
in potassium levels, whereas higher values of potassium were found in soil. Water potassium values were
within the critical limits.
MV 12
Comparative study of cooling by mist -fan and wallowing on
mineral profile of murrah buffaloes during summer
Anjali Aggarwal1, R. C. Chopra2 and Mahendra Singh3
1
DCP Division ; 2DCN Division, NDRI, Karnal
3
ERS-NDRI, Kalyani, Nadia, WB, India
The study was carried out on 12 lactating Murrah buffaloes during early lactation of 50-70 days at
the Institute herd during extreme summer. Experimental buffaloes were kept under mist and fan (group I)
or allowed to wallow (group II) in a pond from 11.00 A.M. to 4.00 P.M. daily (group II). Blood and milk
samples were collected from both the groups on periods 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7 (at 3 day interval) and levels
of Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn were estimated. The levels of Ca, P, Cu and Zn in milk were not significantly
different in both the groups. In plasma also, the levels of Ca, P, Cu and Zn were not significantly different
between groups, however, milk Fe varied (P<0.01) between groups. The study indicated that mineral
levels were not significantly different under mist+fan and wallowing.
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MV 13
Mineral estimation in yak hair-A SEM-EDX study
M. K. Ghosh, S. Bondyapadhyay, Ram Kishore*, P. Konwar, and M. Bhattacharya
* National Physiological Laboratory, New Delhi
Regular monitoring of the mineral status of the animals is necessary to optimize the growth, produc-
tion performance and maintenance of the health status of animals. Mineral profile of the blood in animals is
usually practiced in organized farm. However, the same is fluctuating depending upon the day to day
supplementation in feed and fodders and often subjected to enormous conclusions. Minerals in hair samples
are known to give a fair and reliable indication of mineral status of animals. Hairs were collected from
three regions namely shoulder, flank and tail of the yaks. The chemical composition was carried out in
three zones of the hair i.e., tip, mid-shaft and root. The specimen were prepared from the given samples
for Scanning Electronic Microscopy- Energy Dispensive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) examination and mounted
on the specimen stubs and given a thin coating of gold for making them conducting to the electron beam.
Thereafter, the specimen was transferred to electron microscope chamber for compositional examination.
Sodium (Na) concentration varies from 0.38 to 0.75-wt% whereas, magnesium (Mg) ranges beteen 0.11
to 0.34-wt%. Hair samples were found to be potentially enriched (2.60 to 7.33 wt%) in sulphur(S).
Potasium (0.19 to 0.94 wt%) and calcium(0.10 to 0.85wt%) concentration was highly variable. However,
the trace minerals like manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co) were not detectable
except in few cases. This clearly indicates the deficient status of these animals.
MV 14
Supplementation of zinc, copper and selenium on nutrient utilization
and growth performance of male buffalo calves
Vishal Mudgal, A. K. Garg and R. S. Dass
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur, India
An experiment was conducted on twenty male buffalo calves with average body weight of 200.2±9.75kg.
Buffalo calves were fed basal diet of wheat straw and concentrate mixture to obtain growth rate of 500g/
day. Animals of group T1 was control, group T2 was supplemented with 40ppm zinc and 10ppm copper,
group T3 was supplemented with 40ppm zinc and 0.3ppm selenium and group T4 was supplemented with
40ppm zinc, 10ppm copper and 0.3ppm selenium. The average daily gain obtained in a period of four
months was 577, 607, 611 and 626g/day, respectively and numerically higher growth rate in treatment
groups was remained statistically similar (P>0.05) among groups. Dry matter intake, digestibility of dry
matter, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrate, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellu-
lose and hemicellulose were also observed comparable among different groups. Intake and balance of
nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were also remained unaffected by treatment. Thus it is concluded that
supplementation of either 10ppm copper or 0.3ppm selenium alone or in combination with 40ppm zinc
had no beneficial as well as adverse effect on the performance of growing male buffalo calves.
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MV 15
Mineral profile in yak blood and hair-a comparative study
M. K. Ghosh, S. Bondyapadhyay, Ram Kishore*, P. Konwar, and M. Bhattacharya
West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, India
*National Physiological Laboratory, New Delhi
Mineral profile of the animals is undeniably the most reliable and precise indicator of the growth and
production performance. Therefore, monitoring the mineral status of animals in regular intervals is almost
an essential pre-requisite in any organized farm. Blood or serum mineral status of the yaks is highly
fluctuating depending upon the recent supplementation and subjected to erroneous conclusion. Hair min-
eral profile on the other hand is fair indicator foe a long-term status. However, it is a cumbersome job and
requires highly sophisticated technical know-how and instrumentation. The present study focuses on the
mutual and comparative relations of blood and hair mineral profiles in yaks. Serum mineral concentration
was measured by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer) whereas, the hair mineral
profile was estimated by Scanning Electronic Microscopy- Energy Dispensive X-Ray (SEM-EDX).An
appreciable relation was found between hair and blood mineral profile. Hair samples were found to con-
tain 0.10 to 0.85wt% of Calcium and 0.11 to 0.34wt% of Magnesium. Whereas, serum samples were
found to contain 3.31±0.19 m mol/L of Ca and 1.48±0.130.01 m mol/L of Mg. The concentration of
trace minerals, viz., Zinc, Copper and Manganese in hair could not be detected except in few cases, while
in serum Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn were 0.90±0.11 m mol/L, 0.13±0.04 m mol/L, 5.11±0.18 m mol/L and
0.52±0.02 m mol/L respectively. The study clearly indicates that concentration of different minerals in
hairs reflects the utilization of them in cellular level after being absorbed in the gastro intestinal tract.
MV 16
Concentration of minerals in blood plasma and their
availability in meat of yak
P. Konwar, M. K. Ghosh, S. Bondyopadhyay and M. Bhattacharya
West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, India
The plasma mineral profile of animal clears about the availability of minerals after absorption, while
their concentration in meat indicates about their utilization from the blood. Blood plasma of animals con-
tain a definite amount of minerals, lower than which will develop some deficiency symptoms in the animal.
Hence, regular monitoring is necessary to know the mineral status of the animal. The concentrations of
minerals (both macro and micro minerals) were estimated in the blood plasma and also their availability in
meat of yaks by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer). For this purpose, plasma were
collected and diluted with 0.1% Lanthanum solution for estimation of calcium and magnesium and also
with deionized water to estimate sodium and potassium. For trace minerals, the plasma were treated with
trichloro acetic acid and supernatants were taken for estimation. Similarly, meat samples were collected
and ashed in muffle furnace and treated with dilute HNO3. The treated samples were transferred to 10 ml
volumetric flusk and made the volume upto the mark with deionized water. Estimation was done as per the
standard procedure of AAS. Calcium concentration in plasma was 9.922±0.48 mg%, magnesium was
1.204±0.11 mg%, 2.697±0.27 mg% for sodium and 2.759±0.09mg% for potassium. Trace mineral con-
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centration in plasma were 0.700±0.04 mg/L of copper, 1.572±0.05 mg/L of iron and 0.906±0.11mg/L of
zinc. While the meat of yak contained 0.44±0.09 mg% of Ca, 0.79±0.02 mg% of Mg, 1.448±0.19 mg%
of sodium and 0.61±0.06 mg% of K. It was also found to contain 1.65±0.16 mg/kg of Cu, 0.32±0.07
mg/kg of Manganese, 0.65±0.07 mg/kg of Cobalt, 64.65±13.08 mg/kg of Fe and 29.93±5.50 mg/kg of
Zn. From the result it was observed that the concentration of trace minerals were low in the blood plasma
of yak and hence should be provided along with the feed additionally, to cope up with the adverse
condition.
MV 17
Effect of trace mineral supplementation on the
semen quality of male yaks
M. K. Ghosh, P. Konwar, B. K. Dutta Borah, S. Bondyopadhyay,
M. Sarkar and M. Bhattacharya
West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Trace minerals are known to impart significant effect on the male reproductive performance. On the
basis of preliminary investigation, yak of West Kameng and Tawang districts were found to be deficient in
cobalt(Co), Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu) and Manganese(Mn). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to
evaluate the semen quality of the male yaks following supplementation of mineral mixture. For this purpose
six numbers of healthy yaks have been selected from the farm of National Research Centre on Yak,
Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh and a mineral mixture containing Zn, Cu, Co and Mn in the ratio of 40:20:2:1
was offered additionally for three months. The semen samples were collected at weekly interval and
evaluated for sperm concentration, ejaculate volume and initial sperm motility. The volume of semen re-
corded prior to supplementation was 2.17±0.02, while the volumes after supplementation for consecutive
months were 2.24±0.16, 2.82±0.17 and 3.08±0.24 respectively. Similarly the initial sperm motility before
mineral supplementation was 70.00±0.75 and after supplementation the motility observed were 73.75±1.53,
74.75±1.0 and 76.67±0.95 for three months. The sperm concentration was observed to be 914±12.7
before supplementing the mineral mixture, whereas, after treatment there was gradual increase in sperm
concentration to 1116±11.68, 1277±9.64 and 1418±2.97. From the result it reflects that supplementing
yaks from mineral deficient zone with additional minerals improves the reproductive performance along
with their health status. Mineral supplementation causes substantial increase in sperm concentration, se-
men volume and initial sperm motility.
MV 18
Variations in the concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron,
copper and zinc in mithun (Bos frontalis) plasma
A. Dhalia, A. Mecha, B. C. Sharmab, B. Prakasha and C. Rajkhowaa
a
b
C.V.Sc., AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati-22
At present meagre information is available on the status of different macro and micro-mineral concen-
trations in mithun (Bos frontalis) body fluid. The present study aimed to determine the level of calcium
(Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in mithun plasma. Plasma
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samples were collected from 88 animals of different age groups. All the adult animals were maintained on
free grazing condition and offered concentrate mixture fortified with mineral mixture and salt. Calves were
allowed to suck their mothers and offered concentrate mixture fortified with mineral mixture and salt from
three-month age onwards. For statistical analysis, animals were categorized into 6 groups according to
age G1 (up to 6 month), G2 (>6 month to 1 year), G3 (>1 year to 2 year), G4 (>2 year to 3 year), G5
(> 3 year to 4 year) and G6 (above 4 year). The plasma content (%) of Ca and P were found to be higher
in animals of 6 month to 2 year age but the variation was not significant. The plasma content (%) of Ca
and P in different age groups recorded were 9.35±0.51, 10.53±0.57, 10.49±0.57, 9.67±0.46, 9.40±0.54,
9.89±0.24 and 5.31±0.35, 6.55±0.39, 6.22±0.39, 5.96±0.31, 5.36±0.37, 5.53±0.16 respectively, in
G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6. The level (%) of Mg in mithun plasma was found to be lower in animals of
1 year to 3 year age but the variation was not significant. The plasma Mg content (%) recorded in
different age groups were 2.04±0.08, 2.08±0.09, 1.97±0.09, 1.91±0.07, 2.17±0.09 and 2.09±0.04
respectively, in G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6. The Fe content (ppm) in mithun plasma was found higher till
the age of 2 years though the variation not significant. However, the Cu content (ppm) in mithun plasma
was found to be significantly (< 0.05) higher in adult mithun of age above 4 years. The respective levels
(ppm) of Fe and Cu recorded in mithun plasma were found to be 5.56±1.00, 6.87±1.14, 5.97±1.14,
4.50±0.91, 5.21±1.06, 4.33±0.48 and 1.03±0.09, 1.06±0.10, 0.79±0.10, 0.90±0.08, 1.05±0.09,
1.16±0.04 in G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6. The level (ppm) of Zn in mithun plasma did not vary signifi-
cantly in different age groups and were found to be 1.83±0.09, 1.63±0.10, 1.88±0.10, 1.74±0.08,
1.76±0.09 and 1.86±0.04 respectively, in G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6. When all the data of 88 animals
were pooled according to sex and analyzed, it was observed that plasma content of all these elements
were higher in male than female but the variation was not found significant.
MV 19
Nutritional management of anestrous buffaloes
under semi arid eco system of UP
H. G. Prakash, D. P. Singh and R. P. Katiyar
C.S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur-2, India
South western semi arid zone is comprises of sven districts viz. Agra, Aligarh, Etah, Firozabad, Hathrus,
Mainpuri and Mathura of UP. The major farming systems of this areas are (1) Paddy-wheat based, (2)
Bajra-wheat based, (3) Bajra-barley based, (4) maize-wheat based and (5) forage based and bye prod-
ucts of these farming systems are being used as staple feed of buffaloes. The experimental area was semi
arid in nature with fragile eco-system. 200 anestrous graded murrah buffaloes were identified for present
study and grouped into two i.e. control and mineral mixture supplemented group. Identified anestrous
buffalo owners were interviewed on specially structured schedule for feeding schedule and reproductive
behavior of anestrous buffaloes. Body weights of buffaloes were assessed on measurement of heart girth,
body length and height at hip of buffaloes. All the buffaloes were examined for reproductive status and
divided into two groups. All the experimental animals were dewormed before start of mineral mixture
supplementation. 250 owners of anestrous buffaloes were advised to feed their buffalo 50 gm mineral
mixture containing sterilized bone meal, ground chalk, dicalcium phosphate, common salt, yellow oxide of
Iron, potassium iodide, Sodium carbonate, sodium thiosulphate, CoCl2, CuSO4, and MnSO4, 45.00,
10.00, 12.00, 30.00, 0.50, 2.25, 0.75, 1.75, 0.05,0.25 and 0.30 percent, respectively along with normal
diets. Perusal of results, it envisaged that no sign of permanent sterility had been observed in all the sample
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buffaloes. Analysis of feeding data, it revealed that average dry matter intake was 9.76+ 1.08 kg per day
in mineral supplemented group as compared to control group (8.99 + 0.67 kg per day). 79.1 per cent
buffaloes were adequately fed for DCP and TDN and 19.1 per cent buffaloes were inadequate for DCP
and TDN. The response of mineral mixture was significant (p<0.05). In mineral mixture supplemented
group 6.0, 40.73, 27.27 and 17.33 per cent anestrous buffaloes were conceived before 60, 90 and 120
days of mineral mixture feeding, respectively. Hence, 50 gm per day mineral mixture supplementation may
be recommended for feeding of female buffaloes above three year aged.
MV 20
Effect of dietary cation-anion balance in last two months pregnant on
metabolic disorders and milk yield of Holstein cow
Mehdi Ganjkhanlou, A. Zali , A. Nikkhah and M. Salimi
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of feeding cow with different of
dietary cation-anion balance(DCAB) in far-off and close-up period, on metabolic disorders and blood
calcium of Holstein cows in pregnancy and fresh period. In this study 18 Holstein pregnant cows (220-
225 d) were fed individually, a base diet with three different DCAB (+13(control), 0 and -13 mEq
[(Na+K)-(Cl+S)]/100g dry matter) for 60±5 days. For decrease DCAB two anion salts (ammonium
chloride and ammonium sulphate) were used. The result indicated that milk fever percentages were 33, 33
and 0, for diet +13, 0 and -13 mEq/100g DM, respectively. The rate of retained placenta was 9.37, 4.62,
and 4.61 in cows received diet +13, 0 and -13 mEq/100g DM, respectively. Blood pH and concentration
of Ca, K, Mg and Na were unaffected by dietary cation-anion balance. Urinary pH of cows was affected
by diets. Urinary pH increased linearly with increasing DCAB. The mean urinary PH was 7.99(for diet
+13), 6.81(for diet 0) and 6.11(for diet -13). Milk yield and milk compositions of cows were not affected
by diets.
MV 21
Effect of dietary supplementation of chromium propionate
on blood biochemical profile of buffalo calves
Ashok Dhiman, Shrikant Kulkarni, Rajesh Jindal and S. P. S. Sangha
College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,
Ludhiana-141004
Ten healthy male buffalo calves of about 6 month of age having average body weight of 57.4 kg were
divided into two equal groups. Control group was provided with standard ration (concentrate mixture,
berseem and wheat straw) where as the treatment group was fed on the same ration along with additional
supplementation of chromium propionate @ 0.5mg Cr/Kg DM for two months. The mean plasma glucose
and total protein concentration were 66.15±0.85 mg/dl, 65.30±0.88 mg/dl and 8.15±0.24g/dl, 8.23±0.20g/
dl in control and chromium propionate supplemented group respectively. In control group the mean plasma
creatinine and BUN level in control group were 1.32±0.08 mg/dl and 33.73±1.27 mg/dl and that in
treatment group were 1 .23±0.05 mg/dl and 33.97±0.86/dl. The mean levels of plasma cholesterol re-
corded in control and chromium supplemented buffalo calves were 105.10±1.21 mg/dl and 95.25±1.08
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mg/dl respectively. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that plasma cholesterol level was significantly
(P<0.05) lower in chromium supplemented buffalo calves than the control group. However there was no
significant difference in the plasma concentrations of glucose, total proteins, albumin, creatinine and BUN
was observed between control and treatment group.
MV 22
Effect of supplementing certain chelated minerals and vitamins
on curing problems of infertility in field animals
M. R. Garg, B. M. Bhanderi and S. K. Gupta
National Dairy Development Board, Anand-388 001, India
A study was conducted in Banaskantha district of Gujarat, to evaluate the effect of supplementing
chelated trace minerals and fat-soluble vitamins A, D3 and E, on curing problem of infertility in field
animals. Forty-one animals suffering from anoestrus were identified for the study. Out of 41, six animals
were excluded from the study as these animals were found to be suffering from anatomical disorders. Nine
anoestrus animals having normal reproductive organs served as control. Remaining twenty-six animals in
experimental group were supplemented daily with one dose of 5 g supplement per animal, containing
chelated copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) and fat-soluble vitamins A, D3 and E. Levels of
minerals and progesterone hormone were measured in the blood serum samples before feeding of supple-
ment and at bi-weekly intervals after commencement of feeding the supplement. Copper (0.92±0.01
ppm) and zinc (1.02±0.03 ppm) levels significantly (p<0.05) increased in the blood serum of animals
under experimental group, as compared to control Cu (0.50±0.02 ppm) and Zn (0.60±0.03 ppm). How-
ever, manganese level in experimental (0.06±0.01 ppm) and control (0.04±0.01 ppm) group animals was
similar. Twenty-four animals in experimental group exhibited estrus, on an average 27 days of feeding the
supplement; however, only two animals exhibited estrus in control group during this period. Higher reten-
tion of minerals from the chelates lead to optimization of ovarian function and the animals started exhibiting
estrus, as evidenced by the higher level of progesterone in blood serum (5-20.21 ng/ml) of animals, under
experimental group. In control group, progesterone level did not rise and remained at low level (0.22-
0.87 ng/ml), indicating that corpus luteum was not formed in these animals. Animals that showed estrous
were subsequently inseminated either through natural service or by artificial insemination. From the present
study, the inference could be drawn that the supplementing of trace minerals, having specific role in repro-
duction functions, in the form of chelates, along with vitamins A, D3 and E, can help significantly in curing
the problems of anoestrus/repeat breeding in dairy animals.
MV 23
Influence of supplementing zinc and copper on milk yield and
immunoglobulin profiles in lactating crossbred cows
M. S. Kundu, T. Prasad and A. Kundu
Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, A&N Island-744101
An experiment was conducted on 30 dry and 180 days pregnant crossbred (KS& KF) cows se-
lected from NDRI farm .They were divided into 3 groups of 10 each and were supplemented with 0,
25.42and 25.33ppm Cu and 0, 100.77 and 100.77 ppm Zn respectively in the form of inorganic and
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chleated form of Cu & Zn. The milk yield, immunoglobulin and milk Cu & Zn were recorded during the
experimental period. The average 120 days milk production was 11.12, 12.31and 12.95Kg/day in the
three groups respectively which was significantly higher in T2 & T3 as compared to T1 group (P<0.05).
The Cu content of colostrums was 0.19±0.01, 0.26±0.20 & 0.23±0.02 µg/ml and Zn content was 4.04±
0.23, 5.60±0.58 & 5.82±0.52 µg/ml respectively for the three groups. Inorganic Cu supplemented groups
showed significant higher Cu content in colostrums than the other two groups, where as all the supple-
mented groups showed significant increase in Zn content in colostrums than the control. The average Cu
& Zn content in milk up to 10days of lactation was 0.17±0.01, 0.17±0.07 & 0.18± 0.01 µg /ml and
3.00±0.20, 3.27±0.12 & 3.77±0.13 µg/ml respectively for the three groups. The average IgG content in
colostrums was 31.06±1.50, 44.27±2.01 & 46.17 ±2.35 mg/ml where as in milk it was 3.96±0.16,
4.04±0.20 & 3.60±0.25 mg/ml. The IgM content in colostrums was 4.07± 0.36, 4.87±0.46 & 5.13±0.61
mg/ml but IgM content in milk was 0.10±0.004, 0.12±0.005 & 0.12±0.005 mg/ml for the three groups
respectively. Both in the case of IgG & IgM, the treatment effects were perceptible in colostral phase,
showing the higher IgG & IgM values in supplemented groups T2 & T3. The Cu & Zn supplemented dam
secreted higher IgG & IgM in milk than unsupplemented group T1. It is probable that elevated Cu & Zn
values in blood in supplemented groups may be helpful in augmentations in IgG & IgM values.
MV 24
Glucose tolerance and serum concentrations of hormones and
metabolites in goats (Capra hircus) fed diets supplemented
with inorganic and organic chromium salts
S. Haldar, S. Samanta, S. Mondal and T. K. Ghosh
West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences
37 Kshudiram Bose Sarani, Kolkata 700037, India
Adult goats (no.= 18) were supplemented with chromium (Cr, 0.5 mg/kg concentrate) for 120 days
as Cr chloride and Cr yeast complex and their responses in terms of glucose tolerance and serum profiles
of metabolites and hormones were measured. The goats were fed 200 g/day of the concentrate and
reared under a semi-intensive regimen. Cr supplementation significantly reduced serum glucose (P=0.049)
and cholesterol (P= 0.0001) levels compared with the same in the control group (calculated as % change
between days 0 and 120). Serum cortisol on day 120 was lower in goats fed Cr chloride than in the
control group (P<0.05). Overall, the mean cortisol level was lower (P= 0.001) in the goats receiving
added dietary Cr. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed on the goats on day 75.
The clearance rate (k) of glucose between 5 and 60 min of glucose infusion was significantly higher
(P=0.004) in the goats supplemented with Cr yeast compared with those on the control or the Cr chloride
supplemented diets. The kinetic parameters as well as the k and T1/2 responses for serum insulin during
the IVGTT were not affected. The ratio between the insulin k to glucose k increased (P=0.011) in the
goats fed added dietary Cr as Cr chloride compared with the control and the Cr yeast groups. Post-
prandial serum levels of glucose (diet effect P= 0.038) and cholesterol (diet effect P=0.033) was lower in
both the Cr supplemented groups than the control. Serum glucose during an epinephrine challenge test
tended to remain elevated (P¼ 0.076) 2 h after epinephrine infusion in the Cr yeast group indicating a
delayed return of serum glucose to the basal level. However, serum insulin and cortisol remained unaf-
fected. Several changes in selected blood metabolites and hormone measurements were observed when
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Cr was added as a dietary supplement in the diet of the goats. Contrary to the generally accepted view,
supplemental Cr may influence the metabolism of ruminants even in a non-stressed management regime.
MV 25
Effect of supplementation of different sources of sulphur on microbial
protein synthesis in lactating crossbred cows
M. Chandrasekharaiah, A. Thulasi, S. Anandan*, S. V. Hosamani,
V. S. Kulkarni*, C. S. Prasad and K. T. Sampath
* University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of inorganic and organic sulphur
sources on feed intake and microbial protein synthesis in lactating crossbred cows. Twelve cows were
divided into 3 groups of each based on milk yield, parity and daily average milk yield. The dietary treat-
ments consisted of control, treatment (T1) with inorganic sulphur supplement (sodium sulphate) and treat-
ment (T2) with organic sulphur supplement (sodium salt of mercapto propane sulfonate). The animals were
fed on concentrate mixture @ 40-50% of milk yield, limited silage and ad lib chaffed sorghum straw. The
purine derivatives, such as allantoin and uric acid were estimated in total urine collected for 7 days and
based on this microbial protein synthesis was estimated. The OM intake ( kg / 100 kg body weight )
recorded was 2.91±0.11, 2.30±0.19 and 2.64±0.06, in control, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The total
purine derivatives (mmol / day) excretion varied from 183 to 206 among the different groups. The micro-
bial nitrogen synthesis (g / Kg DOMI ) recorded was 23.27±4.38 , 24.54±2.73, and 28.17±8.05 in
control, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The results of the data indicated that though the microbial protein
synthesis was not statistically significant, it showed the increasing trend in microbial protein synthesis on
sulphur-supplemented groups in lactating crossbred cows.
MV 26
Effect of sulphur supplements on performance of crossbred
milch animals fed on low sulphur diets
S. Anandan, M. Chandrasekharaiah, S. V. Hosamani*, V. S. Kulkarni*
Manpal Sridhar, A. Thulasi, C. S. Prasad and K. T. Sampath
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi Bangalore
* University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Eighteen multiparous crossbred milking animals were divided into three groups based on the milk
yield from calving, days of lactation, parity and daily average milk yield. The dietary treatment consisted of
control , treatment (T1) with inorganic sulphur supplement - sodium sulphate 6.6g daily per animal and
treatment (T2) with organic sulphur supplement - mercapto propiono sulfonate 9.1g daily per animal. The
animals were fed on restricted quantities of concentrate mixture and silage and ad lib chaffed sorghum
straw for a period of four months and the daily dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition were
recorded. A digestibility trial was carried out at the end of the feeding trial and the nutrient digestibilities
were calculated. The digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and fiber fractions across the groups were
comparable and the supplements had no effect on the intake or the nutrient digestibility. Although the milk
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yield in sulphur supplemented groups showed a positive effect over the control the increase in the milk
yield and milk composition was not statistically significant. The milk yield in sodium sulphate and SMPS
supplemented group were higher by 18 and 39% respectively as compared to the control group. With the
progress of lactation the rate of decline in milk yield was fastest for the control group and much slower in
SMPS supplemented groups.
MV 27
Influence of level and source of copper supplementation on growth
performance and nutrient digestibility in Nellore lambs
P. Senthilkumar, D. Nagalakshmi, Y. Ramana Reddy and K. Sudhakar
An experiment was conducted on thirty male Nellore lambs (15.45±0.06) to determine the level of
copper (Cu) supplementation in diet from inorganic and organic sources required for optimum growth
performance and nutrient utilization by allotting them randomly to five groups in completely randomized
design. The treatments consisted of basal diet (BD, no supplemental Cu), BD supplemented with 7 and
14 ppm CuSO4 and Cu-propionate. The lambs were fed the respective diet at 3.5 per cent of body
weight to meet the ICAR requirements expect Cu for 180 days. The BD contained 7.38 ppm Cu (DM
basis). A metabolism trial of 6 days was conducted at 150 days of feeding. The Cu supplementation
increased (P<0.01) the average daily gain (ADG) and efficiency of DM, TDN and ME utilization and the
lambs supplemented with 14 ppm Cu had higher ADG and nutrient utilization (DM and energy) than 7
ppm with no source effect. The DM and CF was higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed 14 ppm supplementation
through Cu-proteinate. No effect of Cu was observed on CP, NFE and ADF digestibility and balances of
nitrogen and energy. The study indicated that growth, efficiency of nutrient utilization, digestibility of DM
and CF were highest in lambs on 14 ppm supplemental Cu and source effect was observed only for DM
and CF digestibility.
MV 28
Effect of niacin on milk yield, milk composition, and blood
components of dairy cows in cold weather
Fazlolah Azarfard
of Kohgiloya and Bovirahmad Province, Iran
Multiparous Friesian cows, (20; 90 d postpartum) were allocated 2 equal groups. The experimental
diet consisted of concentrate and maiz silage in the proportion 1:1 (dry matter basis) containing either 0 or
12 g niacin per cow per day, which was hand mixed into the concentrate. The diet were offered individu-
ally as total mixed ration in two equal proportions at 09:00 and 20:00 h in amount sufficient to ensure
10% refusal. Dry matter, metabolically energy and crud protein intake , as well as milk yield, milk protein
proportion and yield, milk lactos, total solids and solid-not -fat proportions were not affected by niacin
supplementation. In contrast, niacin supplementation increased milk fat proporttion and yield. No differ-
ences were observed in blood serum concentrations of glucose, total protein, triglycerides, and choles-
terol, Na, K, Ca, P or Mg. However, the serum concentration of urea was lower when the cows were
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supplemented with niacin.
MV 29
Mitigation of arsenic induced effects on blood enzymes by vitamin E
supplementation in crossbred goat kids fed protein deficient diet
Shalini Vaswani, Veena Mani, Neelam Kewalramani, Harjit Kaur and Anil Patel
The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative potential of vitamin E on adverse
effect of arsenic on various blood enzymes in growing crossbred kids maintained at 25% less protein
supply. Twelve male goat kids (3-4 months of age) were divided into three equal groups (T0, T1 and T2).
All the animals were maintained at ration having 25% less protein as compared to NRC (1981) recom-
mendations. The animals of group T1 and T2 were given 50 ppm arsenic as arsenic trioxide while in group
T2, vitamin E @ 50 IU/kg DM was also supplemented throughout the experimental period of 90 days. It
was observed that activity of SOD was not affected due to treatments. The catalase activity showed 24
and 7% reduction in T1 and T2, respectively, indicating adverse effect of arsenic and suggesting slight
protective effect of vitamin E. The TBARS, a biomarker for lipid peroxidation, was significantly (P<0.01)
increased in both the treatment groups, but the difference was not significant between T1 and T2 suggest-
ing that dose of vitamin E was not sufficient enough to reduce the increase in lipid peroxidation due to
arsenic. The significant increase in the activities of SGPT (P<0.05) and SGOT (P<0.01) were observed in
both the arsenic fed groups. The enzyme activities in T3 were not significantly reduced as compared to T2
indicting that the dose of vitamin E was not sufficient to manifest its protective effect on the activity of
these enzymes.
MV 30
Effect of biotin supplementation on lameness in Karan Fries cows
Yajuvendra Singh and S. S. Lathwal
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of biotin supplementation on recovery
period from hoof lesions, changes in locomotion scores, productive performances like total milk and fat
yield and also on the average dry matter intake. Sixteen clinically lame, lactating Karan Fries cows,
maintained at, NDRI, Karnal, India, having the lameness score 5 were selected and divided into two
groups of eight each, for present studies. Out of these, 8 cows were supplemented with biotin @ 20 mg
twice /day for an experimental period of 60 days from March 1st 2007 to April 30th 2007, and remaining
8 were kept as control. The grouping of cows was based on quasi-random distribution. The results
revealed that the effect of biotin supplementation was not significant on total milk and fat yield as well as
on the average dry matter intake of the cows. Whereas, the effect of biotin supplementation was found to
be highly significant (p < 0.01) on recovery period of hoof lesions (17.5±1.1 days Vs 50.1±2.7 days of
control) as well as on lameness score (2.5±0.19 Vs 4.5±0.19 of control).The results indicated the utility
of bioin supplementation on early recovery of cross-bred animals from hoof lameness.
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MV 31
Effect of vitamin E supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization
and immune status in murrah buffalo calves
M. Rajeesh, R. S. Dass, A. K. Garg and V. K. Chaturvedi
Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition,
Indian Veterinary Research institute, Izatnagar-243122, India
An experiment was conducted on male Murrah buffalo calves (15; 14-15 months old; 194.0± 2.5 kg
BW), divided into 3 experimental groups in a completely randomized design, to study the effect of graded
levels of vitamin E supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization and immune response of the calves. All
the calves were fed on wheat straw and concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements. In addi-
tion, the calves in group I, II and III were supplemented with 0, 300 and 600 IU of feed grade DL-a-
tocopheryl acetate, respectively. Animals were weighed at an interval of 15 days to assess their growth
rate. After 90 days of experimental feeding a metabolism trial was conducted to estimate the digestibility
of nutrients and their balance. Blood samples were collected at zero day and subsequently at 30 days
interval up to 120 days to monitor serum a-tocopherol and retinol concentration. After 120 days of
experimental feeding, cell mediated immune response of buffalo calves was assessed by in vivo delayed
type hypersensitivity reaction against phytohaemagglutinin-P. To assess humoral immune response, all the
buffalo calves were sensitized with formalin inactivated Pasteurella multocida antigen and blood was
collected on 0,7,14,21 and 28 days post vaccination to study antibody production using indirect ELISA.
Results revealed no significant effect of vitamin E supplementation on growth, digestibility of nutrients and
their balance. Similarly, there was no difference in serum retinol concentration and CMI response in three
groups. However, serum a-tocopherol concentration (mg/dl) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in vitamin E
supplemented groups as compared to control group. The pooled mean ELISA antibody liter against Pas-
teurella multocida was also significantly (P<0.05) higher in buffalo calves given different levels of vitamin
E as compared to control group calves. It may be concluded that vitamin E supplementation increased the
a-tocopherol concentration in serum and also enhanced the humoral immune response of buffalo calves.
MV 32
Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E supplementation on the
metabolic profile of male buffalo calves
P. L. Shinde, R. S. Dass, A. K. Garg and K. P. Bhadane
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, lzatnagar-243122, India
Male buffalo calves (20; 10-12 m old of 75.3±2.2 kg BW) allotted to 4 equal groups were offered
either a control diet (wheat straw and cocnentrate) or diets supplemented with Se at 0.3 ppm (+Se), DL-
alpha tocopheryl acetate at 300 IU (+VE), and both DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate at 300 IU and Se at
0.3 ppm (+Se+VE) for 180 days. Blood samples were collected at day 0 and subsequently at 45 day
intervals up to 180 days of experimental feeding to monitor blood metabolites (glucose, TP, albumin,
globulin, total cholesterol, HDL, triglyceride, urea and creatinine), serum enzymes (SCOT, SGPT, LDH,
CK and ALP) and hormone (T3 and T4) concentrations. Results revealed that Se influenced the HDL,
creatinine and thyroid hormone status; while VE had no effect on any of the measured variables nor any
interaction among Se x VE for any observed parameter was noted.
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Addendum
FR 150
Comparative performance of dry and lactating camels under
arid ecosystem of Rajasthan
A. K. Nagpal
National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner-334 001, India
Performance of four lactating camels (625.75±24.58 kg BW) in their second/ third parity during
their fourth to seventh month (June to August, 2006) of lactation and four non-pregnant, non-lactating
camels (562.25±28.81 kg BW) of Kutchchi breeds, kept on diet consisting of guar straw, groundnut
haulms and concentrate mixture (60:20:20) to provide 11.6% CP and 59% TDN (calculated) for 92 days
was compared. The DM intake was observed to be 11.27±0.13 kg /d or 1.85±0.06 kg/100 kg body
weight in lactating camels while it was 10.47±0.12 kg /d or 1.84±0.12 kg/100 kg body weight in dry
camels. The average daily milk yield of camels was 4.45±0.27 l in the morning and 4.43±0.23 litre in the
evening with total yield of 8.90.±0.49 l. The milk production in terms of dry matter intake/l milk was
1.28±0.07 kg. While dry camels gained 21.00±3.34 kg or 228.26±36.32 g/d, total loss in the body
weight of lactating camels was 28.25±2.02 kg or 307.07±21.91 g/d. Comparison with NRC (1989)
standards revealed that dairy camels revealed that CP intake was sufficient but energy was short of 16.93
%, hence dairy camels lost body weights. The feeding level of dry camels was higher than the requirement
for maintenance. The study indicated that that higher energy input was required to prevent reduction in
body weight and also to achieve more milk production from the camels. The study also indicated that
Indian camel has very good potential for milk production provided they are scientifically fed and managed.
FR 151
Voluntary feed intake, milk production and body
weight changes of lactating camels
A. K. Nagpal
National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner-334 001, India
Lactating camels (9:10-13 years; 642.94±16.64 kg BW) of Bikaneri and Kutchchi breeds in their
second/third parity were kept on diet consisting of guar straw, groundnut haulms and concentrate mixture
(54:33:13) to provide 11% CP and 62% TDN for 72 days during the first to third month of lactation.
The DM intake was observed to be 12.75±0.19 kg/d or 1.99±0.05 kg/100 kg body weight. The average
daily milk yield of camels was 4.27±0.16 l in the morning and 4.04±0.36 l in the evening with total yield
of 8.31±0.36 l. The milk production in terms of litre /kg DMI worked out to be 0.65±0.03 or dry
matter intake/l milk was 1.56±0.08 kg. The average body weight of camels during the initial period was
658.00±16.37 kg and after 72 days of lactation period was 627.89±17.79 kg, the body weight loss of
the order of 4.58%. Total loss in the body weight of lactating camels was to the tune of 30.11±7.87 kg
or 418.21±108.54 g/d. Loss in body weight of lactating camels reflected that the present feeding level
was short of nutrient supply to maintain the normal body weight. Higher feeding level was required to
prevent fall in body weight and also to achieve higher milk production from camels. The study indicated
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that Indian camel has great potential for milk production provided they are fed and managed on scientific
lines.
FR 152
Feeding schedule evaluation of crossbred cattle with reference to
NRC recommendations - An on-farm study
Aparna Gupta*, J. R. Kaushal
*Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ropar
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, India
An on-farm study was conducted to evaluate the feeding schedule of crossbred cows, maintained by
a progressive dairy farmer who claimed to provide the best possible nutrition for maximum milk produc-
tion. Out of herd of 20 animals, 16 animals were in milk and according to days in lactation 12 of these
were distributed into mid, early and late lactation groups of 4 animals each and each stage was of 90 d
duration. Observation period was of 60 d duration. During the study period, May to September, environ-
mental temperature ranged between 34 and 41°C (max.) and 20 and 28°C (min.) and relative humidity 40
and 83 per cent. Blood indices were well within the physiological norms. Comparison between the nutri-
ents offered and those required as per NRC standards revealed a great discrepancy. The level of feeding
(per cent) by the farmer to early, mid and late lactation groups were DM 131, 114 and 120; TDN 120,
109 and 107; ME 115, 104 and 105; RDP 92, 91 and 81; UDP 119, 115 and 140; Ca 156, 144 and
185 ; P 267, 265 and 285, respectively. High intake of nutrients and DM was adding to the heat stress
discomfort during the months of June to August when the RH was 70 to 80 percent and maximum tem-
perature 34±5°C. On the basis of discrepancies observed modifications were made in the feeding sched-
ule. To evaluate these modifications a test trial with 10 animals (5animals in test and 5 in control group)of
6 wks was performed with minimal changes in all other factors(stages of lactation, season, fodder type).and
it was observed that the animals under test group produced 19.03. kg milk in comparison to 16.80 kg in
the start of the test period, i.e. an increase of 2.24 kg/animal/d (13.3%). In the 5th week while there was
a drop of 800 g in milk production over that of the previous week’s production in the control group, the
drop in test group was only 180 g/animal/d. Considering the weekly net income of control group as the
base line, there was an increase of Rs 12.33 in income/animal/d. Interestingly, this income increased to Rs
16.43 during the 5th week when, the animals in the control group were more affected by the heat stress
than those in the test group. Moreover blood profile of animals in both groups showed non significant
differences.
BIOTEC 17
Studies on high tannin tolerating bacteria isolated
from the rumen of cattle
L. C. Chaudhary, Shipra Rathore, Priyanka Agarwal,
Neeta Agarwal and D. N. Kamra
Tannin degrading/tolerating bacteria were isolated from the rumen liquor of cattle fed on tannin rich
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diet by culture enrichment method. After repeated plating on agar medium, 25 colonies were picked up
and grown on selective medium. The isolates C-154 and C-155, showing clearing zone on tannin contain-
ing agar medium, were selected for further studies. The isolates showed a Gram variable reaction and
were coccus in shape with short chains of 2-4 cells. Both the isolates were able to grow in the presence
of various phenolic monomers like vanillic acid, gallic acid and pyrogallol at a level of 5, 10 and 20 mM
but ferulic and coumeric acids at 20 mM levels were toxic to both the isolates. The growth of C-154 was
higher than C-155 with all the phenolic monomers. The isolates were not able to utilize phenolic mono-
mers as energy source for their growth. Both the isolates showed tannase activity and were able to
tolerate the presence of hydrolysable and condensed tannins at a concentration of 8 g/l in the medium.
Inclusion of live cultures of these isolates in the incubation medium did not affect in vitro true degradability
of tannin rich oak leaves.
FP 32
Development of complete feed system for ruminants in tribal areas
B. R. Patle, S. K. Singh, S. Waje, S. B. Jawale and S. K. Pachaury
College of Veterinary Sci. & A.H., Jabalpur-482001, India
A series of experiments were conducted to improve the animal feeding systems in tribal areas under
M.P. Council of Science & Technology. Complete feed based on forest grass and concentrates and wheat
straw and concentrates were evaluated using crossbred heifers and crossbred cows. In experiment 1, the
complete feed consisting of chaffed forest grass and concentrates was fed to Gr.1 of crossbred heifers
and Sani and Gp. 2 as pellets. The Gp. 3 was fed unchaffed forest grass and concentrates separately. The
heifers fed complete feed gained significantly (P<0.05) more weight (681 g/d in Gp. 2 and 557g/d in Gp.
1) than those fed hay and concentrates separately (377g/d). The feed consumption and nutrient utilization
improved by compounding the feed. In experiment 2, the crossbred heifers were fed complete feed con-
sisting of untreated wheat straw and concentrates (Gp. 2) and urea treated wheat straw and concentrates
(Gp. 3). Animals in Gp. 1 was fed untreated wheat straw ad lib and concentrate @ 1.5 kg/d. Heifers fed
complete feeds gained significantly (P<0.05) more (444g/d in Gp. 3 and 333g/d in Gp. 2) than those fed
roughage and concentrate separately (291g/d in Gp. 1). In experiment 3, the lactating crossbred cows fed
complete feed yielded significantly (P<0.05) more FCM (12.47 kg /d in Gp. 2) than those fed conven-
tionally (7.56 kg / d Gr.1).
FP 33
Effect of diets containing different levels of steam treated pith bagasse on
performance and carcass characteristics of fattening Arabi lambs
N. Dabiri, E. Hashemipour , M. T. Nasiri, M. Mamuoei
Department of Animal science,
Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resource University, Ahwaz, Iran
One of by-products that are produced by food industries in Iran is pith bagasse. It is claimed that low
dry matter digestibility of this byproduct could be improve by steam pressure hydrolysis. The aim of this
experiment was to examine the effect of dietary containing different levels of pith on performance and
carcass characteristics of lambs. Forty male lambs with similar condition were used in completely random-
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ized design. The diet1 (control group) formulated according NRC for 300gr daily gain of lamb as a
standard. In diet2-4, we utilized hydrolyzed pith bagasse by different ratio. The total hydrolyzed pith
bagasse content of diets1-4 was respectively 0, 11, 22 and 33%. The diets were offered ad libitum to all
groups. Average dry matter intake (DMI) of lambs fed diets1-4 were 1400, 1441, 1389, 1466 gr/day
respectively. Average daily gain (ADG) of lambs for diets 1-4 were 267, 307, 251 and 226 gr/day
respectively. Significant difference was seen in ADG and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). Average FCR
were respectively 5.24, 4.7, 5.5 and 6.5 for diets 1-4. The carcass percentage of diet2 was the highest.
The main carcass characteristics (composition and chops) were not affected by dietary treatments, but
diet2 had the best economic efficiency. This study is suggests that lambs fed diet3 had the best perfor-
mance and net return. Moreover we can utilize 22% hydrolyzed pith bagasse in diet without any negative
effects, but utilization over than this level, lead to decrease in FCR and ADG of lamb.
FP 34
Effect of feeding /treated babul pods on intake,
milk production, composition and feed conversion
efficiency in lactating goats
Merga, Bayassa and S. N. Rai
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division,
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal -132 001, India
Twenty-four crossbred lactating goats (alpine X beetal) of similar milk yield were divided into 4
groups of 6 each in completely randomized block design. The animals were maintained on four different
diets having 0, 4, 6, and 6% tannin equivalent in TMRs(I-IV) in the ratio of 50:50 concentrate: roughage.
Native babul pods were supplemented in group II (with out treatment) while in groups III and IV, it was
treated with 3% Ca (OH)2, and 3% Ca(OH)2 + PEG (1.8%,w/w). The contents of organic matter and
crude protein ranged from 90.01% in concentrate mixture IV to 92.5% in concentrate mixture III, and
Crude protein ranged from 18.82% in concentrate mixture III to 19.05 percent in concentrate mixture II.
Other parameters remained with in normal range of variation. The CP contents of the TMRs ranged from
14.00 to 14.83% in TMRs I-IV, respectively. The intake of DMI and DOMI remained similar in different
groups. The overall body weight during experimental period of 8 fortnights revealed that higher (P<0.05)
body weight was achieved in TMR II than other groups. However, other groups remained similar to each
other. The milk yield of entire period of 4 months was 1.20, 1.18, 1.24 and 1.33 (kg/day) in TMRs I to
IV, respectively. Similar trend was also fund in FCM production. The amount of milk constituents re-
mained similar in all the dietary groups except fat, SNF and TS which increased (P<0.05) in TMR IV as
compared to control. Although, the intake of DCP and TDN remained similar in different groups but the
feed conversion efficiency for both milk yield and FCM yield were better in Diet IV than control. It is
concluded that feeding of babul pods treated with calcium hydroxide plus PEG may be beneficial to nullify
the higher contents of tannins in diet.
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SR 83
Effect of feeding differently processed karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake
on the balances of karanjin and nutrients in growing male lambs
N. M. Soren*, V. R. B Sastry, S. K. Saha and A. Kumar
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122
*Division of Animal Nutrition, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute,
Avikanagar-304 501, India
Male lambs (12.88±0.15 kg BW) were equally divided into four groups and allotted at random to a
soybean meal (SBM) based control (T1), and three test concentrate mixtures, containing variously pro-
cessed solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) namely, water washed (T2), 2.5% lime (T3) and 0.4% binder
(T4) treated SKC to replace 50% nitrogen moiety of SBM of T1. The respective concentrate mixtures
were fed along with ad libitum chaffed oat (Avena sativa) straw for a period of 196 days. A metabolism
trial was conducted after 90 days and balances of nutrients and karanjin was determined. The intake of all
the nutrients (DM, CP, TDN) were significantly (P<0.01) lowered in test diets than the control. The
retention of nitrogen was lowest (P<0.01) in T4. The lambs fed T2 diet retained significantly (P<0.01)
higher calcium (g/d) than control. The retention of phosphorus was significantly (P<0.01) lower in karanj
cake based diets. Among the karanj cake fed groups the intake of karanjin was significantly (P<0.05)
higher in T2 and T3 but lowest in T4. The lambs fed T4 diet retained less (P<0.01) karanjin than T2 and T3.
Feeding of processed SKC incorporated concentrate mixture to lambs significantly lowered the retention
of nitrogen and calcium in T3 and T4, while higher karanjin was retained in T2 and T3 diets. Therefore it
was concluded that feeding of processed karanj influenced the balance of nutrients.
SR 84
Effect of medicated urea molasses mineral block and tannin on
rumen fermentation pattern and blood biochemical constituents
in goat kids affected with gastro intestinal nematodes
Angan Roy and S. P. Tiwari
College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg-491001, India
A study was conducted on twenty indigenous goat kids allocated into five different groups. All ani-
mals were offered ad lib. rice straw and berseem hay (40:60). Group I was fed concentrate mixture
(100g/d). Group II, III, IV and V were supplemented with urea molasses mineral block (UMMB), medi-
cated urea molasses mineral block (Med-UMMB containing fenbendazole@0.5g/kg), tannin (5% of DM)
and UMMB plus tannin (5% of DM) respectively. The animals were given trickle infection (200L3/d) of
gastrointestinal nematodes (Haemonchus sp. and Cooperia sp. in the dose ratio of 9:1) for consecutive
10 days. The experiment lasted for 90 days. The rumen bacterial biomass was significantly (P<0.05)
higher in group III (2.185 g/dl) as compared to I, II, IV and V. Similarly, total volatile fatty acid concen-
tration was affected due to supplementation of UMMB (12.325 mmol/dl) and Med-UMMB (13.25 mmol/
dl). The activity of alkaline phosphatase was found higher in group III (86.73 U/L) and group V (63.91
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U/L) reflecting the better growth of kids in these groups. Concentration of blood glucose was significantly
(P<0.05) increased in groups II (42.1875 mg/dl), III (63.28mg/dl), IV (42.1875 mg/dl) and V (59.06
mg/dl). It is inferred that supplementation of fermentable –N along with medication increases the bacterial
and protozoal mass and alkaline phosphatase enzyme which support the growth of kids affected with
gastrointestinal nematodes.
SR 85
Evaluation of nutritional performance of the rain-fed
perennial grasses in Deccani sheep
N. Nalini Kumari, B. Ekambaram and B. Savitha
Deartment of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science
SriVenkateshwaraVeterinary University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, India
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional performance of three rain-fed grasses,
Heteropogan contortus (G1), Panicum maximum (G2) and Cenchrus ciliaris (G3) in Deccani sheep. The
fodders were harvested at 1.0meter height and fed to three equal groups of Deccani adult sheep as sole
ration. The nutritional quality in terms of DCP (P<0.01) and TDN (P<0.05) of G1 was significantly higher
than the other two grasses. The DMI was also higher in G1 (P<0.05) as compared to G2. G1 and G3 did
not differ because of tenderness of the leaves of these grasses in comparison of broad leaves of G2 grass.
The nutrient digestibility of CP (P<0.05) was significantly higher in G1 in comparison with other two
grasses and significant difference was observed in NFE digestibility between G1 and G2 (P<0.01) and also
between G1 and G3 (P<0.05). There was no significant difference was observed in the DM, CF and EE
digestibilities among three grasses. However, the results of the nutrient yield revealed that G2 produced
more DCP (6.4 q/ha) and TDN (89.8 q/ha) than the other two grasses. The sheep of all groups were
maintained with no loss in the body weight. It was concluded that the sheep could be maintained on the
three fodder grasses and better-utilized Heteropogan contortus grass.
SR 86
Nutritive value of some top feeds for goats in Maharashtra
A. P. Fernandes, P. M. Shintre and Y. G. Fulpagare
Department of Animal Science and Dairy Science,
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri- 413 722, India
Nutritive value of some top feeds viz., Anjan(Hardwickia binata), Shevari (Sesbania grandiflora),
Neem(Azardirachta indica) and Umber(Ficus glonerol Rixb.) leaves was determined by using 6 adult
goats. The leaves were fed on dry matter basis @ 4 per cent of their body weight. Wide variations was
found in chemical composition of which nutrients i.e. Cp content was more in Shevari than other top feeds
studied. The digestibility coefficient values of Anjan, Shevari, Neem and Umber for DM were 48.60,
64.90, 43.68 and 42.11 per cent respectively, for CP were 47.95, 66.98, 57.48 and 47.63 per cent
respectively, for EE were 45.22, 40.51, 40.86 and 40.67 per cent respectively, for CF were 50.79,
59.74, 42.35 and 47.11 per cent respectively and for NFE were 58.98, 56.81, 49.31 and 50.56 per
cent, respectively. The DCP of Anjan, Shevari, Neem and Umber were 5.20, 18.22, 8.59 and 5.41 per
cent respectively and TDN was 48.74, 53.04, 44.30 and 42.31 per cent respectively. Positive balance of
326
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TROPNUTRICON-2007
nitrogen was found in Anjan and Shevari and can be considered as fodder for goats.
SR 87
Growth perfromance of cross bred rams fed on all green oat fodder
V. K. Vidyarthi1, S. Sharma, V. B. Sharma2 and D. C. Rai 3
1,2
Nagaland University, SASRD, Medziphema-797106, Nagaland;3Deptt. of
A. H. & Dairying, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot
Satna- 485 331, India
Four rams (Marino x Mandia) of same age and body weight (22.25 kg) were fed on all green oat
fodder for 85 days. The chemical composition of oat fodder was 22% DM, 9.6% CP, 34.8% CF, 1.8%
EE, 9.4% Total ash and 44.6% NFE on DM basis. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CF, NFE, CP
and EE were 64.76, 66.25, 68.0, 67.5, 71.5 and 50.0% respectively. Average intake of nutrients viz.
DM, DCP and TDN were 543.0, 37.3 and 339.74 g/h/d or 49.11, 3.37 and 30.73 g/kg W0.75 respec-
tively. The intake of energy as DE and ME were 1.498 and 1.228 Mcal /h/d or 0.135 and 0.111 Mcal/Kg
W0.75 respectively. The DCP%, TDN %, DE (Mcal/g) and ME (Mcal/g) of oat fodder were 6.87, 62.57,
0.276 and 0.226 respectively. The ME was 81.88% of DE. The mean body weight gain for the whole
period was 63.49 g/h/d with a positive nitrogen balance of 0.537 g/kg W0.75 which was 75.85 percent of
nitrogen absorbed. The overall result showed that the feeding of all oat green fodder resulted in lower
nitrogen retention. It was concluded that feeding all green oat feeder could not meet the growth require-
ment of cross bred rams.
FAS 58
Effect of biobloom supplementation on growth
performance in crossbred calves
B. Sahoo, D. V. Singh, Y. P. Joshi and V. K. Sharma
Instructional Dairy Farm,
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of biobloom, a com-
mercial product containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus sporogens on growth perfor-
mance and morphological features in crossbred calves. Ten male crossbred calves (65.42±5.46 kg) were
randomly divided into two groups (control and treatment) of five animals each and offered concentrate
mixture with green maize fodder and wheat straw (3:1). Biobloom was additionally supplemented to
treatment group at 0.1 per cent of concentrate mixture. Supplementation of biobloom had no significant
effect on DM intake through concentrate and roughage. The average DM intake (kg/d) during the 4
months of experimental period was 2.8±0.18 and 3.3±0.18 in control and treatment, respectively which
were at par. The average body weight gain (g/d) of the animals of the control and treatment groups was
368 and 337, respectively and was comparable. The physical characteristics i.e. body length, chest girth,
paunch girth, skin coat, tail thickness and body temperature were also non significantly higher in Biobloom
327
327
TROPNUTRICON-2007
supplemented group of calves. It was concluded that Biobloom at the specified level of supplementation
did not show any beneficial effect on growth performance in calves. Hence, it may be recommended to try
other levels of supplementation considering economic aspects.
FAS 59
Use of antioxidants in amelioration of mycotoxin toxicity
N. K. S. Gowda1 and D. R. Ledoux
Division of Animal Sciences
University of Missouri, Columbia, USA 65211
1
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore-560 030, India
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of different species of fungi naturally occurring in various feed stuff.
Most important among them are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). They cause pathological
lesions in liver and kidney through cell damage, release of free radicals and lipid peroxidation. Several
synthetic and natural antioxidants have been used to ameliorate the toxic effects. Vitamins (A, E, C) and
provitamins (α - carotene, carotenoids), phenolic compounds, curcuminoids and sulfur containing com-
pounds (glutathione, methionine) are known to exhibit antioxidant action against AFB1 and OTA. Some of
these compounds are effective in preventing carcinogenesis during mycotoxin toxicity. There is a need to
evaluate the antioxidant potential of these compounds with emphasis on their stability, effective level of
inclusion and effect on other biochemical or tissue functions. Ascertaining and confirmation of antioxidant
property of cultivable medicinal / aromatic plants would help in their value addition and commercial viabil-
ity.
328
328
Author index
Abbas, S. 224, 308, 309 Barari, S. K. 7 9, 239 Bondyapadhyay, S. 310, 311, 312
Agarwal, Neeta 201, 294, 295 Barat, S. 179 Borah, B. K. Dutta 312
Agarwal, V. P. 232 Barbind, R. P. 237 Bordoloi, R. K. 187, 191
Aggarwal, Anjali 309 Barman, Keshab 31 Bujarbaruah, K. M. 39, 60, 187,
Ahlawat, Mahesh 157 Baruah, K. D. 126 191, 195
Ahmad, H. A. 248 Baruah, K. K. 151, 164 Buragohain R. 57, 164, 190
Ahmadi, A. 163, 169, 221, 249, 291 192, 258
230, 231 Bashir, Khalid 183, 184 Chahande, J. M. 142
Ahmed, H. 224, 308, 309 Bashtani, M. 142 Chand, Subhash 74, 87
Ahmed, H. F. 126 Baswade, S. V. 237 Chander Mohan 256, 300
Akangnungla 140, 141 Bayassa, Merga 28, 112, 113, Chandersekriah, S. 10 , 11
Akbar, M. A. 65 Baynazir 88 Chandramoni 130, 132, 204
Akhoundi, A. 71 Bedarkar, S. N. 304 Chandrasekaran, D. 123, 172
Alexander, G. 205, 206 Behera, P. C. 176 173
Ali, A. 57 Belihu, Kelay 72 Chandrasekharaiah, M. 94, 95
Ali, Nazim 24, 271 Bellur, S. R. 222, 228 96, 97, 98, 99
Aliarabi, H. 158, 163, 169 Beniwal, R. K. 9, 33 102, 257, 262, 317
221, 230, 231 Bera, J. 195 Chapagain, P.B. 34
Alimon, A. R. 103, 124 Berwal, R. S. 114, 118, 119, 153, Chatterjee, A. 2, 73
Ally, K. 12 154, 155 Chaturvedi, O. H. 234, 247
Amarnath, R. 304 Bhadane, K. P. 320 Chaturvedi, V. B. 91, 201, 224
Anamika 297 Bhadoria, Brijesh K. 30, 35, 296 Chaturvedi, V. K. 224, 225, 320
Anandan, S. 99, 101, 251, Bhagwat, S. R. 107 Chaudhary, D. P. 24
264, 317 Bhakt, R. 179, 227 Chaudhary, J. L. 1, 26, 275
Ananth, Deepa 298, 299 Bhanderi, B. M. 51, 52, 53, 54, Chaudhary, L. C. 294, 295
Ansal, Meera D. 185 55, 273, 276 Chauhan, J. S. 143
Arora, A. L. 247 277, 278, 315 Chauhan, T. R. 47, 91, 92,118
Arya, R. 192 Bhar, R. 91, 193, 201 Chaurasia, Deepak 132
Arya, R. S. 27, 62, 114, 214 224, 295 Chavan, G. V. 217
215, 216, 217 Bharadwaj, U. 222, 228 Chavan, S. S. 69
Asadian, A. 71 Bhardwaj, Arvind 63 Chawla, S. 289
Ashtyani, Abdolhoseyn 239 Bhardwaj, B. L. 24 Chhabra, A. 39, 100, 252
Atreja, Prem P. 43 Bhat, T. H. 181 254, 255
Ayyappan, K. 3 Bhatt, R. S. 196 Chhabra, A. K. 193
Azarfard, Fazlolah 207, 209 Bhatta, Raghavendra 104, 301 Chhabra, Sushma 307
239, 318 Bhattacharya M. 66, 310 Chhotaray, D. 139
Babu, G. Suresh 304 311, 312 Chopade, S. S. 142
Badiei-Moghaddam, F. 71 Bhimawat, B. S. 70, 275 Chopde, S. V. 49, 67, 69
Badve, V. C. 44, 78 Bhong, C. D. 263 Chopde, Shital 31, 32, 217
Baghel, R. P. S. 166, 167 Bhoyar, S. G. 220 Chopra, R. C. 273, 274, 309
Bakshi, M. P. S. 80, 81, 82 Bhuiyan, A. K. F. H. 25 Choudhary, Sheela 34
83, 84, 109 Bhuyan, R. 189 Chowdhry, N. R. 18
Balakrishnan, V. 252, 289, 293 Bidinger, F. R. 205, 206 Chwen, Loh Teck 124
Balkhi, M. H. 181 Biradar, S. A. 54 D. M. Medhi, 189
Balsaraf, S.M. 148 Biswas, L. 170 Dabiri, N. 229, 230
Banday, M. T. 181 Blümmel, M 41, 44, 117 Dahiya, D. S. 23, 210
Bandil, Kapil 38, 247 205, 206, 253 Dahiya, Mamta 232
Bandyopadhyay, S. 66 Bohra, H. C. 33, 233, 236, 241, Dahiya, S. S. 10, 11, 47, 118
Banerjee, P. S. 36 Bolka, P. C. 161 Dangi, P. C. 110, 238
i
Das, B. 56 Dutta, K. S. 275 Gupta, Meenakshi 285
Das, B. K. 181 Dutta, Narayan 15, 36, 171 Gupta, P. D. 259
Das, H. K. 146 256, 223, 297 Gupta, P. S. P. 10
Das, K. C. 27, 28, 57, 291 Dutta, T. K. 122, 244, 246, 247 Gupta, R. S. 38, 45, 262, 279
Das, M. M. 42, 47, 235 Dwivedi, P. N. 120, 146, 259 Gupta, Rajan 47
245, 283 Dwivedi, Pankaj 237, 242 Gupta, Rani 153
Das, R. C. 182 Enishi, O. 301 Gupta, S. C. 6, 7
Das, S. K. 176, 179, 239 Farhangfar H. 139, 142 Gupta, S. K. 51, 54, 55, 315
Dashtizadeh, M. 108, 236 Farhoomand, P. 145, 284 Hair-Bejo, Mohd. 124
Dass, R. S. 225, 306, 310, 320 Farooq, U. 224, 308, 309 Haldar, S. 303, 316
Data, A. K 180 Fazaeli, H. 71, 105, 240 Halder, G. 169, 170, 174
Datt, Chander 39, 48, 60 Foxcroft, G.R. 194 Hanmante, A. A. 237
Datta, M. 60 Fulpagare, Y. G. 17, 90 Harika, A. S. 21
Datta, S. 182, 257 Gadegaonkar, G. M. 49, 67, 69 Hashemi, Ali 145
De, Debasis 184 Gaikwad, R. K. 125 Hashmi, A. S. 224, 308, 309
Deb, S. M. 2, 276 Ganai, A. M. 183, 184, 248 Hembade, A. S. 63
Degen, A. A. 206 Gangopadhyay, P. K. 56, 179 Heydari, Kh. 229, 230
Dehury, P. K. 175 Ganjkhanlou, Mehdi 314 Hol, B. G. 121
Deka, Rijusmita Sarma 232 Garg, A. K. 39, 225, 306 Hosamani, S. V. 36, 317
Deokar, D. K. 17, 90 310, 320 Kulkarni, V. S. 36, 317
Deori, D. 249 Garg, D. D. 216, 217 Hossain, M. M. 218
Desale, R. J. 17, 90 Garg, M. R. 1 Htin, Nwe New 124
Deshmukh, G. B. 126, 164 Garg, M. R. 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 Hundal, J. S. 80, 82
238, 244 65, 273, 276, 277 Idrus, Zulkifli 124
Deshpande, K. Y. 8 278, 315 Ijaz, M. 308
Deshpande, R. R. 164 Garg, S. R. 254 Ingale, S. L. 8
Devalia, B. R. 38, 45, 68 Geetha, P. 252 Islam, K. M. S. 112
279, 280, Gendley, M. K. 157, 176, 177 Islam, S. S. 25
Devasena, B. 40, 46, 61 178, 187, 188 Jabbar, M. A. 144, 224
Dey, A. 16, 78, 79, 239, 5 George, Z. 87 308, 309
Dey, Avijit 56, 73, 297 Gera, R. 92 Jacob, Ani Bency 293
Dhali, A. 27, 28, 312 Ghadge, V. N. 128 Jadhav, S. E. 306
Dhaliwal, P. S. 307 Ghosh, M. K. 2, 66, 146, 31 Jadhav, V. S. 63, 125, 159,
Dhanalakshmi, K. 231 311, 312 Jagadale, S. D. 49, 67, 69
Dhande, U. V. 121 Ghosh, Sudipta 299, 300 Jain, Archana 155
Dhankar, S. 23 Ghosh, T. K. 303, 316 Jain, R. K. 37, 43
Dhawan, Asha 185, 186 Ghoshal, T. K. 174, 184 Jawale, M. R. 31, 32, 49, 67, 69
Dhiman, Ashok 314 Giri, S. S. 180 Jeyakumar, S. 74
Dhiman, T. R. 85 Giridhar, K. 251 Jha, Nisha 152
Dhok, A. P. 31, 32, 217 Gloridoss, R. G. 45, 131, 159 Jha, S. K. 115, 116
219, 220 160, 298, 299 Jindal, R. 194, 307, 314
Dhore, R. N. 31,32, 215, 217 Gobinath, S. 125 Jit, Debanu 99
Dhuria, Deepika 114 Gosain, Dalip K. 277 Joshi, C. G. 262, 263
Dhuria, R. K. 26, 27, 62, 114 Gowda, N. K. S. 45, 161 Kabirifard, A. M. 105, 108
197, 198, 214 222, 228, 304 Kadam, B. R. 121
215, 216, 217 Grover, Ritu 147 Kafilzadeh, Farrokh 105
Divya 265 Gulati, S. K. 273 Kalbande, V. H. 107, 127, 128,
Dubey, Deepak Kumar 113 Gupta, A. 245 129, 130, 135,
Dubey, M. 177 Gupta, J. J. 17, 187, 191 144, 147, 148
Dubey, Manish 36 195, 202 Kale, S. N. 17, 44, 78, 90
Dular, R. K. 244 Gupta, Lokesh 1, 202 Kalge, R. S. 219
Dulta, T. K. 38 Gupta, M. 117 Kalhapure, S. P. 17, 90
Dutt, Narayan 233 Gupta, M. D. 41 Kalita, G. 57, 190, 192, 258
Dutta, G. 175, 176 Gupta, M. P. 87 Kam, M. 206
ii
Kamali, A. 236 311, 312 Lakra, Rupa 197
Kamalzadeh, A. 208, 236 Kore, K. B. 198, 199 Lal, D. 47, 118, 256, 300
Kamra, D. N. 294, 295 Kotwal, S. K. 29 Lalu, K. 91
Kank, V. D. 49, 67, 69 Kouhi-Habibie, M. 71 Lanjewar, R. D. 145
Kannan, A. 1, 52 Krishna Mohan, D. V. G. 125, Lata, Suman 30, 35, 296
Kannan, M. 289 218 Lathwal, S. S. 319
Kansal, M. L. 162 Krishna Rao, S. V. 290, 291 Legha, R. A. 197, 198
Kansal, S. K. 87 Krishna, Gopal 4, 5 Lende, S. R. 238, 244
Kant, Lakshmi 132, 133, 204 Krishnamoorthy, U. 208, 298, 299 Lohan, O. P. 153, 154, 155
Kantwa, S. C. 202 Krishnia, O. P. 62 Lukha, K. 27
Kapoor, V. 65 Kukde R. J. 178 Lukose, Arun 201
Karambele, N. R. 67, 69 Kukreja, J. L. 54 Madan, Jyotsana 306
Karim, S. A. 211, 212, 221 Kulkarni, Shrikant 314 Madhu Mohini 5, 260
234, 247, 303 Kulkarni, V. S. 360 Mahanta, S. K. 20, 42, 47
Karnani, L. K. 20 Kumar, Adarsh 115, 116 204, 212
Kasrija, R. 87, 88, 89 Kumar, Anil 204, 247, 265 Mahapatra, B. K. 182, 257
Kataria, P. 82 Kumar, Arun 153 Mahapatra, R. K. 19, 76, 77, 90
Kathirvelan, C. 200, 292 Kumar Ashok 138, 192 Mahima 244
Katiyar, R. P. 313 Kumar, B. Ganesh 87 Maity, S. B. 20
Katoch, B. S. 140 Kumar, Brishketu 272 Malek, M. A. 112
Katoch, Shivani 140 Kumar, C. Basavantha 160 Malhotra, P. 49
Katole, Shrikant 46, 111, 226 Kumar, D. Sreenivas 40, 46, 61 Malik, N. M. M. A. 25
Kaur, Harjit 58, 59, 64, 85 Kumar, Deepak 101, 264 Malik, Raman 271, 303
288, 319 Kumar, Dharmendra 130 Manafi, M. 136, 137
Kaur, J. 80, 82, 83, 109 Kumar, G. G. Bhavishya 227 Mandal, A. B. 156, 171
Kaur, Kamalpreet 81, 83, 109 Kumar, Kaushalendra 58, 59 Mandal, G. P. 178
Kaur, K. 185 Kumar, N. 152 Mane, A. B. 144
Kaur, Vaneet Inder 185, 186 Kumar, Neeraj 225 Manwar, S. J. 156
Kaushal, S. 81, 84 Kumar, P. 223 Markand, Shanu J. 145
Kawitkar, S. B. 238, 244 Kumar, Pratima 91, 92 Markanday, J. C. 277
Kermanshahi, H. 139 Kumar, Puneet 199, 233, 308 Mathur, A. C. 9
Kewalramani, Neelam 58, 59, 64, Kumar, R. Prasanna 26 Mathur, B. K. 9, 33, 241
85, 286, 287 Kumar, Raj 305 Mattoo, F. A. 248
288, 319 Kumar, Ravinder 30, 197, 305 Mech, A. 27, 312
Khan, A. A. 41, 44, 205, 206 Kumar, Ripusudan 22 Medhi, A. K. 146
Khan, Asma 146 Kumar, S. Sathish 51, 53, 276 Medhi, D. 28, 291
Khan, M. A. 147, 148 277 Medhi, D. M. 189
Khan, M. J. 112 Kumar, S. Suresh 153 Meena, H. R. 77
Khan, M. S. 33 Kumar, Sanjay 277 Mehdi, N. 145
Khan, M. Z. U. 144, 224 Kumar, Sushil 247 Mehla, R. K. 299, 300
308, 309 Kumar, Vijaya 153 Mehra, U. R. 6, 7, 8
Khan, Mohammad Imran 43 Kumar, Vinod 255 Mehta, H. H. 262, 263
Khan, T. A. 42 Kumar, Yogesh 256, 300 Mercy, A. D. 12, 190
Khate, K. 27 Kumari, K. 140, 157, 176 Miachieo, Keneilhoutuolie 279
Khatibjoo, A. 158 187, 188 Mishra, P. K. 175, 176
Khire, D.W. 106 Kumari, M. 140, 143 187, 188
Khune, V. N. 106 Kumari, N. Nalini 218 Mishra, S. C. 175, 176
Kiradoo, B. D. 63 Kundu, A. 74, 315 Misra, A. K. 42, 204, 240
Kohli, R. K. 106, 271 Kundu, M. S. 74, 315 Misra, R. P. 122
Koley, S. 149, 170 Kurihara, M. 301 Mitani, T. 203
Kololgi, S. D. 36 Kutty, Indu M. 185 Mohan, B. 123, 172, 173
Kolte, B. R. 142 Lad, Sanjeevani 262, 263 Mohanty, S. N. 180
Kondo, S. 203 Lade, M. H. 46, 226 Mojumdar, A. B. 47
Konwar, P. 66, 146, 310 Lailer, P. C. 47, 118 Momeni, J. 230
iii
Mondal G. 273, 274 Pandey, L. N. 206 Prasad, Ayodhya 130, 132, 204
Mondal, Adwaita 179, 180 Pandey, M. B. 283 Prasad, C. M. 197
Mondal, B. C. 192, 265 Pandey, M. C. 192 Prasad, C. S. 22, 99,101, 228
Mondal, D. 196 Pandya, P. R. 38, 94, 262 264, 304, 317
Mondal, S. 170, 303, 316 263, 280 Prasad, Jagdish 39
Mousavi, S. A. 240 Panwar, J. S. 115 Prasad, K. S. N. 65
Mu, Khin San 203 Panwar, V. S. 23, 210, 285 Prasad, K. V. S. V. 117
Mudgal, Vishal 225, 310 Parnerkar, S. 38, 45, 68, 75, 94, Prasad, M. Rajendra 59, 121, 251
Mukherjee, S. C. 181 263, 279, 280 Prasad, Shiv 18, 109
Myint, Khin Htay 203 Pasha, A. H. S. A. 196 Prasad, Sushil 197
Naeemipour, H. 142 Pasha, T. N. 144, 224, 308, 309 Prasad, T. 315
Nagal, A. 106 Paswan, M. 227 Prasad, Yogendra 308
Nagalakshmi, D. 57, 59, 120, 231, Paswan, V. K. 19 Priolo, A. 93
251, 318 Patel, A. K. 241 Pujrod, R. B. 217
Nagpal, Ravinder 100 Patel, Anil 319 Punia, B. S. 10, 11, 119, 306
Nagra, S. S. 146 Patel, D. C. 38, 45, 68, 75 Puniya, A. K. 5, 99, 100
Naik, P. K. 267, 268 279, 280 Puniya, Monica 255
Nain, Urmil 285 Patel, G. R. 45, 68, 75, 262 Puri, J. P. 306
Najafi, Sh. 221, 230, 231 279, 280 Purohit, G. R. 114, 197, 198
Nandasana, K. N. 262 Patel, M. 192 Radha Krishnan, R. 289
NandKishore 114, 118, 153 Patel, S. B. 126 Raghubanshi, N. 16,78
154, 310, 311 Pathak, A. 91 Rahaman, T. 249
Narayan, Jyotindra 204 Pathak, P. K. 47, 120, 259 Rahman, M. M. 218
Narwade, S. G. 125, 159 Pathan, I. H. 147 Rahman, S. M. E. 218
Nasimuddin, M. 221 Pathirana, K. K. 37 Rahmat, M. M. 231, 230
Naskar, S. K. 174 Pati, P. K. 176 Rai, S. N. 13, 14, 28, 31
Nath, N. C. 126 Patil, Atul 138 112, 113
Nayak, S. 166, 167 Patil, M. B. 49, 67, 69, 121 Rai, Sonu 245
Nehra, Rajesh 197, 198 Patil, N. 37, 43 Raikwar, M. K 36, 223, 256
Ngullie, Gloria 126 Patil, N. V. 2, 9, 233, 236 Raikwar, Rakesh 267
Ngwe, Tin 203 241, 276 Rajasekhar Reddy, A. 57
Nikkhah, A. 222, 314 Patil, P. V. 134 Rajeesh, M. 320
Nipane, S. F. 238, 244 Patil, R. A. 125, 159, 237 Rajkhowa, C. 27, 28, 291, 312
Niranjan, P. S. 149, 201 Patil, S. 183, 184 Raju, M. V. L. N. 131, 133, 153,
Nisal, P. R. 44, 78 Patil, V. D. 127 158
Nisal, P. R. 78 Patle, B. R. 165 Rama Rao, S. V. 131, 158
Nisha 94, 263 Patra, A. K. 15 Ramachandra, K. S. 137, 228
Nizamuddin 140, 141 Patra, P. K. 182 Ramakrishna, Y. S. 240
Nizamuddin, C. Rutsa 150 Pattanaik, A. K. 15, 36, 198, 199, Ramana Reddy, Y. 57, 318
Nugara, Nilushi 37 223, 233, 256, 297 Ramana, D. B. V. 57, 116
Oberoi, P. S. 277 Paul, B. N. 180 Ramana, J. V. 40, 46, 61, 263
Osti, N. P. 34 Paul, S. S. 2, 276 Ramani, U. V. 263
Padhi, M. K. 174 Pavani, P. 59, 121, 251 Ramaprasad J. 40, 46, 61
Pailan, G. H. 20, 42, 204, 212 Pawale, R. G. 63 Ramesh, S. 57, 125
Pal, D. T. 222, 228, 304 Pawar, M. M. 199 Ramteke, B. N. 126, 145, 164
Palaniswami, S. 41 Phukan, Bhaskar 151, 249 238, 244
Palod, Jyoti 138, 192 Phukan, Jubee 151 Randhawa, A. K. 89
Palve, H. S. 142 Pillot, D. 93 Randhawa, S. S. 307
Panda, A. K. 131, 133, 153, 158 Pirany, N. 136 Rani, Neelam 267, 268
Panda, B. K. 174 Prabhu, T. M. 45, 131, 196, 227, Rao, D. Srinivasa 194
Panda, N. 175, 176 298 Rao, E. Raghava 26
Panday, S. B. 206 Prahalad, H. K. 290, 291 Rao, G. R. 240
Pande, S. 44 Prakash, B. 27, 28, 291, 312 Rao, K. Anand 86
Pandey, IIa 265 Prakash, H. G. 313 Rao, K. Rajeswara 159, 160
iv
Rao, P. 44 Saikia, P. K. 249 Sharma, K. 15, 36, 171, 199
Rao, S. B. N . 251 Saima 144, 224, 308, 309 223, 233, 256, 297
Rao, S. V. Rama 133, 153 Saini, N. 63, 216, 217 Sharma, K. S. 140, 143
Rao, V. Srinivasa 231 Saki, A. 163, 169 Sharma, Kavita 14, 75
Rapisarda, C. 93 Saki, A. A. 158, 221, 230, 231 Sharma, M. L. 10, 11, 47
Rastogi, A. 30 Sakthivel, P. C. 190 Sharma, Pratishta 232
Rathore, S. S. 27, 28 Salehi, M. 71 Sharma, R. K., Jammu 29, 30
Ravi, A. 40, 46, 194 Salimi, M. 314 Sharma, R.K., Ludhiana 81
Ravi, D. 44, 253 Saluja, Manju 226 Sharma, R. P. 158
Ravikiran, G. 10 Salunke, S. L. 129 Sharma, V. K. 143
Ravindra Kumar, 295 Samad, A. 304 Sharma, Sanjita 72
Ray, D. 91 Samale, D. T. 159 Sharma, S.K. 84
Reddy, A. Ob i 65 Samanta, A. K 30, 178, 235, 245 Sharma, T. 27, 114, 197
Reddy, B. L. N. 133 Samanta, G. 174, 195 198, 214, 216
Reddy, B. S. V. 45, 131, 159 Samanta, S. 303, 316 217, 215
160, 161, 196 Sampath, K. T. 10, 11, 94, 95, 96, Sharma, V. B. 140, 141, 150
227, 298 97, 98, 99,101, 102 Sharma, Vishnu 72
Reddy, Belum 41 251, 257, 262, 264, 317 Sharmta, K. 198
Reddy, CH. Ramakrishna 253 Sangha, S. P. S. 314 Sheikh, M. A. 75
Reddy, D. Narasimha 59, 231 Sankaran, M. 48 Shelar, R. R. 121
Reddy, D. V. 260 Sankhala, Gopal 109 Shelke, S. K. 100
Reddy, G. V. Krishna 116 Sankhyan, S. K. 50, 61 Sherasia, P. L. 276, 277, 278
Reddy, G. V. Narasa 116, 218 Santhosh, B. 48 Shinde, A. K. 50, 61
Reddy, I. J. 304 Sardar, P. 182, 257 Shinde, P. L. 320
Reddy, M. R. 158 Saritha, S. 172, 173 Shinde, S. 304
Reddy, P. B. 17, 187, 191, 202 Sarkar, M. 312 Shingfield, K. J. 273
Reddy, T. Janardhana 218 Sarkar, M. M. 218 Shingh, M. 24
Reddy, Y. Ramana 116, 125 Sarma, K. 57, 190, 192 Shingh, Y. P. 24
Reddy, Y. Ravinder 125 249, 258 Shivakumar, M. C. 137
Reddy, G. Subba 240 Sastry, V. R. B. 46, 111, 226 Shrestha, B. K. 206
Rekhate, D. H. 215, 219, 220 Satyanarayana 228 Shrivastava. A. 136
Renuka, C. K. 36 Savino, N. 150 Shukla, S. K. 176, 177, 178
Rezaeian, M. 222 Saxena, Navneet 256, 300 Shyam Sunder, G. 131, 133, 158
Riasi, A. 139 Saxena, P. C. 265 Sihag, Sajjan 23, 210
Riffat, S. 224, 308, 309 Scott, T. W. 273 Sihag, Z. S. 114, 118, 119, 155
Rohilla, P. P. 233, 236 Sehgal, J. P. 99, 100, 282 Sikka S. S. 49, 138, 147
Roy, Barun 169, 170 Selvaraju, S. 10 162, 163
Roy, Debashis 64 Senani, S. 101, 103, 104 Singh Inderjeet 119
Roy, K. 87 Senthilkumar, P. 125, 318 Singh, A. 15, 223, 256
Roy, K. S. 257, 261 Serashia, P. L. 273 Singh, Ajaib 24
Roy, P. K. 2, 73 Seresinhe, Thakshala 37 Singh, Amar 115, 116
Sadeghi, M. H. 108 Sethi, A. P. S. 147, 162, 163 Singh, B. 3, 21, 297, 301
Sagar, Vidya 86 Sethi, S. 181 Singh, B. P. 202
Saha, R. C. 2, 73 Sethi, S. N. 181 Singh, Bacchu 26
Saha, S. K. 46, 111, 226 Shah, A. A. 127 Singh, Brijendra 238
Sahoo, A. 19, 76, 77, 90 Shah, L. 17, 41 Singh, C. K. 298
Sahoo, P. K. 122 Shakhar, C. 198 Singh, D. N. 75
Sahoo, S. K. 174 Shankar, V. K. 289 Singh, D. P. 313
Sahota, R. S. 87, 88, 89 Shariatmadari, F. 158 Singh, Dhoom 71
Sahu, B. K 175 Sharifi, M. S. 284 Singh, G. 2, 276
Sahu, D. S. 271, 305 Sharma V. B. 150 Singh, I. 215
Sahu, D. S. 305 Sharma, A. 140, 157 Singh, J. 214
Saijpaul, S. 49, 267, 268 Sharma, B. C. 312 Singh, J. P. 9, 33
Saikia, B. N. 151, 164, 249 Sharma, Jyoti 22 Singh, Jaswant 149
v
Singh, Jaswinder 89, 138 Suma, N. 159, 160, 161 Upadhyay, S. K. 14, 75
Singh, K. C. 45, 131, 159, 160 Sunder, Jai 74 Upreti, C. R. 206
Singh, K. K. 42, 235, 283 Suresh, B. N. 45, 131, 160, 161, Uyeno, Y. 301
Singh, Kishan 99, 100 196, 227 Vahora, S. G. 45, 68, 280, 283
Singh, M. 15, 36, 223 Suryanarayana, M. V. A. N. 86 Vala, P. P 273
233, 256, Swain, N. 211, 212 Valli, C. 252
Singh, Mahendra 22, 309 Swe, Khin Hnin 103 Varshney, V. P. 225
Singh, N. 63, 216, 217 Tabatabaee, S. N. 222 Vasan, P. 171, 213
Singh, N. P. 33, 39, 48, 60 Tabatabaei, M. M. 163, 169 Vaswani, Shalini 319
Singh, Narendra 49, 109 221, 230, 231 Veena Mani, 5, 58, 59, 64
Singh, O. P. 16, 78 Tailor, S. P. 202 260, 319
Singh, P. 6, 7, 8, 224 Tajima, K. 301 Verma, A. K. 6, 7, 8
Singh, Parminder 162 Takenaka, A. 301 Verma, D. N. 86, 149, 201
Singh, Pramod 251, 252, 254 Tamilmani, P. 123 Verma, H. K. 87, 88, 89
Singh, R. B. 2, 73 Tandon, Mayank 13, 14 Verma, N. C. 42, 212
Singh, R. N. 275 Taparia, A. L 110 Verma, R. S. 300
Singh, S. K. 165 Tareque, A. M. M. 25 Verma, S. K. 74, 87
Singh, S. P. 71 Tewatia, B. S. 23, 157, 285 Verma, Vinay 6, 7
Singh, Shiva Pratap 149, 201 Thakur, R. S. 152 Vernla, D. L. 234
Singh, Sohan Vir 109 Thakur, S. 179, 227 Vidyarthi, V. K. 140, 141, 150, 242,
Singh, Sudhir Kumar 286, 287 Thakur, S. S. 8, 106, 267, 269 243, 237
Singh, Sultan 30, 35, 245, 296 270, 271, 272, Viswanathan, T. V. 12, 190
Singh, Sunil Kumar 143, 149 281, 282, 301 Vyas, D. 281, 282
Singh, Udeybir 86 Thakur, S. T. 187 Wadhwa, D. 143
Singh, V. K. 242, 243 Thirumalesh, T. 208 Wadhwa, M. 80, 81, 82, 83
Singh, Y. Damodar 178 Thirumeignanam, D. 139 84, 109
Singh, Y. P. 271 Thirumurugan, A. P. 193 Waghmode, B.B. 135
Singh, Yajuvendra 319 Thomson, P. C. 273 Waliyar, F. 44, 253
Singhal, K. K. 3, 8, 12, 21 Thube, Harshala 94, 263 Walli, T. K. 271
85, 226, 297 Thulasi, A. 10,11, 94, 95, 96 Walling, I. 28
Sinha D. 249 97, 98, 99, 102, 257 Wankhede, S. M. 107, 127, 128,
Sinha, A. 182, 257 262, 317 129, 134, 135
Sinha, A. K. 179, 188, 227, 275 Tiwari, D. 37, 43 144, 147, 148
Sinha, M. R. 179 Tiwari, D. P. 138, 265 Yabumoto, Y. 301
Sirohi, S. K. 106, 271, 281, 282, Tiwari, G. S. 1 Nonaka, I. 301
299, 300 Tiwari, M. R. 34 Yadav, B. P. S. 79, 239
Sivakumar, T. 213 Tiwari, R. K. 39 Yadav, C. M. 70, 275
Siyar, S. A. Hosseini 163, 169 Tiwari, S. P. 157, 176, 177, 178, Yadav, J. 24, 271
Sodhi, S. 146 187, 188 Yadav, K. R. 23, 157, 285
Sohi, D. S. 109 Tomar, S. K. 301 Yadav, S. P. 74, 305
Sood, Shaveta 143 Tripathi, H. P 21 Yahya, M. 12
Sreevastava, Manoj 24 Tripathi, M. K. 221, 234 Zaboli, Kh. 221, 230, 231
Sridhar, Manpal 99, 101, 103 Tripathi, P. 244, 246 Zadbuke, Someshwer S. 294
104, 264, 317 Trivedi, Kinjal 263 295
Srinivas, B. 211, 212 Tyagi, A. K. 8, 12, 85, 200 Zahedifar, M. 222
Srivastava, A. K. 1 226, 288, 292 Zali, A. 314
Srivastava, Arun 107 Tyagi, Nitin 269, 270 Zamiree, M. J. 222, 236
Srivastava, J. P. 275 Udar, S. A. 31, 32 Zanzad, A. A. 126, 145, 164
Srivastava, R. C. 87 Udeybir 149, 157, 201 Zeinali, A. 139, 142
Srivastava, V. 201 Ueda, K. 203 Ziaie, H. 139, 142
Subhedar, S. B. 107 Umakantha, B. 136, 137 Zobdeh, M. R. 240
Sudhakar, K. 116, 318 Upadhayay, R. S. 246 Zuyie, R. 150
Sudheer, S. D. 61 Upadhyay, R. C. 261
vi

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International Tropical

Animal Nutrition Conference

October 4-7, 2007

Animal Nutrition Society of India

October 4-7, 2007

National Dairy Research Institute

M. P. S. Bakshi and M. Wadhwa

ANIMAL NUTRITION SOCIETY OF INDIA

Session - I Feed resource management for sustainable

NDF 67.83±1.68 [61.90(NRC-12) to 79.69(JS-90-41)] and ADF 52.01±1.21 [46.42(JS-336) to 57.56(JS-

The high plateau of Arunachal Pradesh (3000m-6000m) is inhabited of yak(Poephagus grunniens).

0.50±0.00 to 3.90±0.06; 2.30±0.01 to 18.25±0.33 and 2.75±0.11 to 43.00±0.00 mg/kg DM respec-

Division of Temperate Animal Husbandry

Animal nutrition education :

Present scenario of animal science education and scope for

Biotechnological innovations in animal

Feed processing technologies for

Newer concepts in aquatic, pig and poultry

An experiment was conducted to study effect of orange pomace on performance of broiler by

mented groups T2 (156.94±0.42), T1 (158.15±0.51) than control (174.78±0.57). So it was concluded

supplementation of enzyme is not beneficial at all.

Effect of energy and protein levels on carcass characteristics

Pasture/nutritional management in relation

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional worth of clusterbean (Cyamopsis

Feed quality assurance and

Indiscriminate use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) poses a considerable risk of contamination of

Feeding strategies for livestock in

Feed additives and

A commercial enzyme preparation (high proportions of arabinoxylans and arabinoxylans + betaglucans)

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of supplementation of Tween 80 on growth

Supplementation of live cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and Lactobacillus acidophi-

Session - XI Minerals and vitamins

supplemented with niacin.

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