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Traditional Karen Household Tips ( Sgaw Karen Version )
[H.CDw>ul.oh= w>ul.ohvXw-uX;yo;yhReD.

Drum Publication Group

P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000
Thailand

October 2005

drum@drumpublications.org

ISBN - 974-93681-2-6
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13I ud.ye>oG.H (ud.ye>ol.)

w>vXtvd.–[kurl. rhwrh> uvJ.url.< CDREk>xH< tHo.qX

rhwrh>(wDvJ)< xH

w>ub.rRtDR'fv.J
[kurl.M.us.J usC D mk vXCDREk>xH< tHo.qX< xHwRk tb.vdmb.
p;*hR*hR’D;’dx.D vXvX>qDc.d 0HReb.0hRtDR’DuwD>ngvDRI wb.rR
rh.tlql.ql.b.I 0hRtDRwkRvXtzsX.zdwz.vDRbsJ;*hR*hR’D;exk;
xD.uG>eD.’d;uGmwuh>I

eud.vXtpJ;bl;vXeD.’d;uGmvdRM.ub.vDRpDR’D;bs›0v J RD I wb.
vDRwvd.wvd.b.I 0HRevlvRD vXvDcu D bs.z;vJ>tylR‘D;ymck.vDR
tDR0HReul;vDRwvd.wvd.’D;etD.ohvRD I erh>uG;vDRCDRo.wysw ›
ys0› RH tD.’D;ueXrl’;D bJ0’J .M.vDRI

erh>tJ.’d;rRtD.vXtvG>J olowl cD< tHo.qXtvD>eub.xXEkmvDR

eD.0hoMl .vDRI eD.0hM.eub.pkmvDRvXxHusg’D;’k;uJx.D uhRvXt
xHM.vDRI ‘D;rRtDR’fywJw>h vHtod;wuh>I

37
14I cDex
D H

cDeDM.w>rRtDRvX[kurl.M.vDRI ywuGJ;w>rRcDeDwqDb.wqD
vXRb.I erh>rRtD.’.wyD>cHy>D M.eySR› tD.M.nD’.w>wuh>vDRI

w>vXtvd.= yoX0g<wth< wyS>d wth([D.*DRyS>d ) n.< CX.url.<

yJurl.< wuG’H .k I

w>ub.rRtDR'fv.J
tqdbx DS .Dd n.vXuzDx.D cDex D t
H *D>wuh>I ‘duvmxD.xHcs0D RH xX
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‘D;csDxD.tDRwuh>I en.rh>rH’D;wXRxD.uhRtDRwuh>I usJ.usDCX.
url.< yJurl.vXxHc.k ’D;zXEkmvDRtDRvXen.txHusgwuh>I eu
b.cG;J cG;M>tDRcJtRH cJtRH vDRI

xXEkmvDRn.oH;weDRqlecDex D u
H sg’D;ymwh>uhRweDRvXeuqJ;odt
*D>wuh>I wd>vDRyoX*DR0gwth< wyS>d wth’;D erh>tJ.’d;t[JwcDexX
EkmvDRrd>[Jo.oh0JvDRI 0HR’dxD.odxXEkmvDRo,DqJ;odxD.erd>[J
o.wd>wkRteXrl0RH xXEkmvDRn.oH;vXtd.wh>wuh>I cG;J cG;xD.eCX.
wkRtokwbd.bs›0RH xXEkmvDRn.qJ;od;’D;xHzt J b.wuh>I csDx.D
tDRwkRtuvm< xXEkmvDRyoXo.’DzsX.’D;wuG’H .k qS_D yw H uh>I tDu>G
tqXt[D’;D tD.tDRud>ud>vXRvXRwuh>I

38
 tqX'd.(3)

w>ymuDRw>tD.w>tD';D w>uG>xG[
J .H {dRCD{Rd
wbsb D szD yJ uG>xG[J .H tcgrh>*hR< yrR[H.CDtw>zH;w>rRtcgrh>*hRy
uxH.b.w>uDw>cJtuvkmuvkmM.vDRI b.wbsDbsDyn.tk.
udtvX.uxD.< yrhRueXud>[h’D;wbsDbsDyqhuRub.tX’D;o
,Dwz.M.vDRI w>wz.tHRwbsDbsD’k;td.xD.w>q+*DRyg*DRwz.
vDRI b.q.yrh>oh.ngqdympXRw>*h>vXvmwz.tHR’D;urRpXRySR
vXw>uG>xG[ J .H CDt*D>M.vDRI

uI w>vXy-uX;oh.ngqdymvXw>uwJmuwDRuG>
xG[
J .H CDt*D>

1I tHo.vXtxHxD.=xXEkm[ko;wpDSRvXuwHR(w&Hm)tcH’;
wuh>I uwHRylRuolCx
h b
D v
d RD I

2I n.tk.tvX.okwxD.w*hRt*D> = ymtDRuqSu J qS<D uG>xGt

J cH
cJtHRcJtHR< ‘XEkmrd>*H>zdo.vXn.tk.uwHRylRusX>bXvDRtcd.vX
ngol;v.< zSLb.tXeuwHRvXz.qg< vX.rh>xD.’XEkmph>uD;’D; w>
phRudmv.vXuwHRylR’D;vdtDRvXrk>wbsDwcD.’fod;ueXrlt*D>
wuh>I

39
3I uolxH[DvXtHo.= ul;vDRt.vlou H pJmpSRuh’XEkmvXuol
xHoyXRylRzDuvmxD.tDRpSRrH;eH;0HRxk;xD.uGmH tDRwuh>I tHo.t
[DubsguhR0JvRD I

4I rhReXud>tl= ohpMD >oG.J v;wvd.xl;olx.D 0HRymvDRvXrhRtzDc.d

‘D;usX>bXCmuhRerhRoyXRwuh>I wkRezDrRh 0HRwpketd;xD.erhReXud>
tlu[gr>uGmH vDRI

5I uolxHn.tk.tgwvX= ySRweDReDRzJtzDuoltcgxXEkmvDR
0Jn.tk.wz.vDRI exXEkmn.tk.rh>tgwvXM.’J;M>vl>chv.pSR
bh.’D;’XEkmvXuolxo
H yXRylRwuh>I uolxoH bSu
J [Jx.D vXvl>ch
v.tvdR’D;’X.wXRuGmH vl>chv.wuh>I n.tk.tpDu[gr>uGmH vDRI

6I pkb.tXvXoyXRurl.'D;od=xl;pDepkvXt.vl0HRohpDuGHmvX
xHvXRvXRwuh>I

7I oe;(oeyf)= tuvkmuvkm’fod;eymtDR,Hm,Hmuoh< ukRok

wxD.w*hRt*D>ym(rHn
k if;qD)tbd.zdvXoe;tzDc.d ’D;ymvXw>u
’kzv
D mwuh>I

8I rh.tltD.w>uH;nmqhuReXtl= wbsDCD[H;M>yoX*DRwzsX.<
ul;wJmtDRcHuml xl;tDRzJr.h tlt.D w>tvD>< tylRtcsXcHuyRvdm0HR<
pk.vDRvXxHusgwpd>zd0RH xk;xD.q+.pDumHG tDRvXq;yF.wuh>I

40
9I zJybs;vDRqhuRtcgqhuRb.tX'D;ysHRx;xD.th.=erh>xH.w
bsC
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usg0HRxl;u’D;cHbsoD Xbs0D RH q+.pDuRh vXq;yF.wuh>I rhwrh>pkmEkmvX
xHcst
D usg(5)rH;eH;wkRtrH;eH;wqH0RH q+.pDuRh tDRvXq;yF.wuh>I

10I uluRb.tXvXrJ.xH= wbsDCDxl;tDRvXwuDRqH.o.trH

tgtg0HRq+.pDtRD wuh>I pk.vDRtb.tXtvD>vXus>D Ek>xHusgpSRe.
&H.0HRr;q+.pDvXq;yF.wuh>I

11I w>ulw>od;b.tXvX&h.eD.od= *lmvDRoe;cgyHmyHm0HRzSLvDR

vXtb.tXtvD>ymolx.D tDR*hR*hR0HRxl;pDb.uhRtDRwuh>I wkRe
q+.uGmH ’D;odb.tXtvD>uvDRr>uGmH 0JvRD I

12I eDrk>xH'D;cDzH.xHb.tXw>ulw>od;= xl;pDvXt.vlzH;oHu

pJmwuh>I [H;M>xHcsD0gud>ud>wcG;vlvDRvXtb.tXtvD>wuh>I

13I w>ulw>uRb.tXvX&h.eD.od= [H;M>xl.url.usJvXxHck.<

pk . vD R w>uH ; nmvXxH t usgwwD R ’d . ’d . 0H R q+ . pD u h R tD R vX
q;yF.wuh>I wpd>zdteXu[gr>uGmH vDRI

14I obsK.oJ;o.xHb.tX= [H;M>ySRunDtEk>xH< rRb.pD.vX

tb.tXtvD>ymolx.D tDRwkRtolv’H ;D tb.tXu[gr>uGmH vDRI

41
15I o,Db.tXw>uH;nm= pk.vDRw>uH;nmtHRvXz.qgxHt
usgweHRweR0HRr;q+.pDuRh vXq;yF.wuh>I rRtDRwbsK;bsD’Mf .’D;
uvDRr>uGmH vDRI

16I rh.tluJRxD.vXodoyXRylR = wb.usJ;pX;rRvDRyHmrh.tlvX

xHw*hRI t0JuuJRuysRD xD.b.zk;vDRI zSEH mk vDRbkuLF .url.rhwrh>
[kurl.vXodusgwuh>I w>oh.wz.rh>wtd.nDb.’D;ezSHvDRrJ;rh
wrh>z.qgurl.vXodusgohM.vDRI

17I rJmxHuvRb.tX=yJ}wDrJmxHuvRrhwrh>rJmxHuvRvXrH
’X;uzsgqSt
H *D>xl;pDvX&h.eD.od0RH xl;oluRh tDRvXw>uH;nmwuh>I
rh>wpDwcD[;H M>ngol;v.xGgu’D;tDRuuqSx D .D uhRvDRI

18I vD>qh.eDRrh>b.tXvXod= xl;pDtDRvXtHo.txH0HR< xl;ol

uhRtDRvXw>uH;nmuqSw D uh>I

20I wX>u[;uGHmt*D>= ul;vDR’Ho.tzH;blbl0HRymvDRzJwX>td.

tvD>wuh>I

21I pDvDokw[Jt*D>= xXEkmvDRzDcd.rDmvXpD>eDRcd.< wvg< rhwrh>

bH.’d.tylRwuh>I

22I w>C>u,lRuGHmt*D>= ySRvXtolrh.tl’X(rSeftdrf)wz.< u

b.uwJmuwDRy,d;(_yd;)2b;og< ueJpDwbSJogymvDRx;bh.

42
b.zdwbh.vXrh.tl’XtzDc.d < ymvDRw>cHrRH tHRvXx;bh.tzDc.d wkR
vXtud>xD.’D;to0Hu[Jx.D ’D;w>C>u,lRuGmH 0JvRD I

23I CDRu[;uGHm = *lmvDRzDbDbD (eef;vHk;}udKif)t*H>’D;xl;zk’gcd.

ud;eHR’J;,Hm,Hmtd.0JwuJvXRb.’D;uCh>uGmH 0JvRD I

24I ,k>u[;uGHm= [H;M>zDoHrk>rhwrh>yD.ph’d; (yifpdrf;±Guf)‘D;ymvDR

vX,k>Ch>xD.Ch>vDRtvD>wuh>I ,k>ueXb.t0Joh.tpd’D;uCh>
uGmH 0JvRD I

cI w>vXy-uX;oh.ngqdymzJyySR› w>tcg

w>vXvmwz.erh>oh.ngqdympXRtDRwpJ;’D;u*hR0JM.vDRI
1I eH.odxHpJ;wpJ; = [H;M>qSgwbh.< rRM>tuGRD zdw>h EkmvXeH.odxH
usgwuh>I zJexk;xD.uhRtcgodr>h pJb;l blovgvXqSguGRD ylR’D;rh>t
pJ;vDRI
2I qD'H.*hRw*hR= ‘Du>G vXrk>rh>zsgqS’H ;D rh> t*hRvDRI qD’.H oDM.tbh.
ukoGJ;wbs›b.I urRuG>qD’H.tgt*D>[H;M>xHwwdvD< tHo.xHcH
tD.p;us.J us0D RH pk.EkmqD‘.H wz.w uh>I rh>vDR’;’D;rh>qD’.H t*hRvDRI
3I ueJpDtpJ;= zSLuG>epkrk>vdRwwDR’d.’d.’D;uChxDuGHmvDRI vl
EkmvDRueJpvD XxHusgwuh>I ueJpu D vDR’;vXxHc’H ;vDRI erh>ym,Hm
b.q.tobSJwxD.b.I pJ;wpJ;rRM>ueJpDeD.wXRw0m< eH.od
xHe.D wXRw0mbs.J bs.J us.J usC D mk tDRutd.’.eD.wXRw0mvDRI w
tgxD.b.vDRI

43
 tqX'd.(4)
uoH.,gbsg[JvXz.uylR
ySRo;yS>vXysXRwz.wJ0J?uoH.rh>w>tD.< w>tD.rh>uoH.vDRI/
w>tD.wz.yrh>uwJmuwDRtD.tDR*hR*hR’D;oltRD b.b.M.uJx.D
uoH.,gbsgohvRD I w>wz.tHRwvd.y[;CkyR›S M>tDRuDucD cJ b
J .I
rhr>h wcDyCkx.H M>tDRohnu
D ’.vXyz.uylRtylRM.vDRI

uI o,Durl.

rh>w>tD.tusgwcgvXw>oltRD ud;eHR’J;vXoG.H vDR’;xHvRD ’;< w>

rRbsgw>ylRvD>ylRus<J eXRw>tk.w>us.< w>nd;< zH;o;cDo;< ‘D;td.’D;
to0HvXtud>M.vDRI o,Dr>h w>vXtrRud>xD.uhRyoG.H yxHvRD I
1I w>ck.b.egphRbH; = [H;M>o,Durl.xXEkmvXrh.tlyRl ’D;eXEkmb.
to0Hwuh>I
2I w>0hw>usLR=[H;M>o,Durl.< yJvRD vX
w>0htzDc.d ’D;bd.CmtDRwuh>I
3I cd.o.CHqg = [H;M>o,Durl.’D;ovD0g
pSRubsH;’XEkmvXrh.tlusg’D;eXb.to0H
wuh>I
4I w>b.’db.xH;= zSLo,Durl.rh>*hR< o
,Doo H ’d ;D xl.rh>*hRwuh>I

44
5I oGH.wwkm = xd;vDRvXo,Durl.wuh>I
6I oGH.xD.qlcd. = rRM>cG;wzsX.xXEkmvDRrh.tlth.0HRzSHvDRo,D
url.< qSw D >h EkmvDRovD0g’D;eXb.to0Hwuh>I
7I zdo.t’h = ‘XEkmvDRo,Durl.0HRbd.bHCmvXw>uH;nmt
uqSw D uh>I
8I ywhRcs;J th. = ‘XEkmo,Durl.vXrh.tlusg< rh>o0Hx.D ’D;’DvRD vX
ywhRcsJ;th.b.tvD>zDc.d wuh>I tqgu[gr>uGmH 0Ju,Du,DvRD I

cI yoX*DR

rh>w>wH>wuvkmvXteXRuvHR< u[D;u[;< w>ul;< rRtgxD.

qH.< tD.rhRtDxb H <J rR[gr>ol.ySRJ td.o;ySRJ td.’D;[h.*H>[h.bgph>
uD;ySRvDRI
1I vXw>M>*H>M>bgt*D> = wd>tD.yoX*DRtcsHwuh>I
2I qH.tgt*D> = tD.yoX*DRo.tgtgwuh>I
3I cd.ol0g = [H;M>yoX*DRwzsX.ul;wJmtDRcHulm’D;xl;ecd.zH;ud;
*DR’J;wuh>I ,Hm,Hm’D;ecd.ql.uolx.D uhRvDRI
4I rJqg< rJth.xk; = ul;wJmyoX*DRo.wzsX.cHulm< us;vDRvXe
rJqgtzDc.d ’D;th.wH>Cmwuh>I
5I ywhRcs;J < ‘;bDtpk.tys> = ul;wJmM>yoX*DRo.tcd.wpJ;< txk;
rh>[JxD.M.xl;tDRvXxl.0HR< us;vDRvXw>th.b.tzDcd.wuh>I
w>pk.w>ys>u[;xD.vDRI
6I cd.vhR = [H;M>yoX*DRxl;vXecd.vhRtvD>ud;eHR’J;< ,Hm,Hm’D;e
cd.ql.u[Jx.D vDRI

45
7I eg’hoGH.*D> = w>rh>ul;oh.z;yoX*DRcHcD’D;eX-oL;M>to0Hql.
ql.wpJ;M.eg’ho.HG uywkmvDRI
8I e>th.xk;th.pl> = w>rh>uk>nGH;vDRyoX*DRwzsX.0HRqH;vDRM>t
xHqel >ylRzJtvXRvXRzdtcgM.urRbsgw>e>th.xk;M.vDRI
9I qH.wxD. = w>rh>ul;vDRuvJyoX*DRwzsX.0HRpk.vDRtDRvX
xHcsDud>ud>tusg’D;usX>bXtcd.wcDe.&H.0HR’D;tDvDRxHtHRwkRt
vXmM.qH.qguxD.uhRvDRI
10I ydmrk.vd.bdxD.oD=ydmrkmzdo.wz.tqXuwD>b.oGH.yX>
xD.tDRwoDcHoD0HRtd.uwD>M.w*hRb.I tCd*hRwuh>ub.xD;
td.yoX*DRtoHupJmud;eHRvDRI w>tHR*hRvXoG.H xHu[JuRh b.vdm
b.p;t*D>M.vDR

*I yoX0g

rh>w>tD.vXtrRoHw>qgtC>< ‘k;[;xD.uvHR< ‘k;[;xD.uyXR<

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vDRI yoX0gtbsK;tzS.d tgM>’H;yoX*DRwuh>vDRI
1I w>ul;vXt,Hmwh>wz. = csDtDyoX0g’H.wzsX.txH’D;tD.Ckm
vXrhRtusg,Hm,HmubsgvDRI
2I oG.H qD.ql.w>qg = tD.b.yoX0gud;eHR’J;< *lmvDRtDu&J>rJ;’D;
CX.xH< tHo.qXwuh>I
3I zdo.to;ySRJ td. = bXvDRyoX0gwzsX.’D;’k;tD.b.tDRwuh>I

46
4I w>ul;z;xD = [H;M>yoX0go.tgzsX.< td;uGHmtzH;< csDxD.vX
us>D Ek>xH’;k tDb.tDRweHR(4)cG;vX(7)oDtwD>ylR< zdo.(4)eH.t*D>M.
rh>0JcyH w
l yl (wtD.p;)wuh>I
5I cd.o.CHqg =tDyoX0go.txH’D;tHo.< rRbsJ;yoX0go.’D;
zSLvDRb.vXe>ouhRxH;vdRwuh>I
6I w>yod.qg = tD.yoX0g’H.wzsX.< weHRoXzsX.< rRbsJ;yoX0g
o.[H;M>txHzSLvDRvXeo;egyS>tvdRI bd.wH>vXw>uH;nmwkR
tzH;vDRwtd;0HRwpd>zdzLS vDRu’D;toDwbsDwuh>I

CI eH.odxH

eH.odxHrh>w>tD.vXrRtgxD.*H>bg< rR*hRxD.cd.ql.< eXRuvHR<

rRpXRw>b.’db.xH;< w>CHw>uGo J bS;H < rh.tlt.D w>wz.vDRI

1I w>txl.wJm = [H;M>uoh.cD.rh.tv. (jrif;cG1±Gu)f csv

D RD oH;t
xHwRk tuJx.D z.qg0HRCgCkm’D;eH.odx0H RH zSLvDRvXtxl.wJmtzD
cd.< bd.bHCm*hR*hR< ,Hm,Hm’D;ubsguhR0JvRD I
2I uvHR[;xD.e>ylR = ‘duvmxD.eH.odxH 4 =5 wXR0HRymck.vDR0HR
ysmH EkmvDRqlee>ylRvXbJwuh>I

47
iI uD.pU';d (uefpeG ;f ±Gu)f

1I w>ylRvD>qg’D;nd; = [H;M>uD.pU’;d ’D;xHv>l v.’H;’l;tDR0HR[H;M>t

xHzLS vDRb.wuh>I
2I w>’Do’Xw>rlRukR = zJyRS zDt.D < qJ;odt.D ukRM.ySR’XEkmCkm’D;uD.pU
’d;tHR’fo;d u’Do‘Xw>rlRukRt*D>M.vDRI
3I tD.b.w>pk.w>ys> = pH>M>uD.pU’d;txH’D;tDtDRwuh>I
4I rh.tltD. = ‘H;’l;M>uD.pU’d;txH< usJCkmvXtHo.qX’D;zSLvDR
b.tDRwuh>I
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6I [XzX0HmwuH; = csDtu D .D pU’;d txH’;D eD.0hwuh>I
7I ywhRcs;J < ‘;bDt.h = ‘H;’l;M>uD.pU’;d txH< ‘k;tDtRD 0HRyJvRD toH;vX
tylRvD>tzDc.d

pI uoh.cD.rh.'d; (jrif;cGm±Guf)eD.0DRusDR'd;

rh>w>tD.vXtrRxDx.D yo;orlM.vDRI w>’d;tHRtd.cHuvkmt’X’D;

trHRM.vDRI w>’d;tHRt*H>’D;trk>M.to[D.*hRM>’H;tv.M.vDRI
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tDR’D;ymtDRvXw>ylR*hR*hRwrHRrHRtylRwuh>I

48
1I uoh.cD.rh.’d;turl. (5) b;og< rd>*Hmzd (1) b;og< ueJpD (6)
b;ogM.usJtDR’D;tDtDRweHRoXbsD< wbsDxJxHrd>wdRo.wzsX.
wuh>I
2I uoh.cD.rh.’d;url. (12) b;og< rd>*Hmzd 1I5 b;og< ylv’H ;d url.
(1) b;og< ueJpD (15) b;ogusJtDtDRweHRoXbsD< wbsD
xJxHrd>wdRo.wzsX.wuh>I rh>uoH.*H>ql.bgql.’D;o;orl
xDM.vDRI
3I w>bSH;o; = rRbsJ;uoh.cD.rh.’d;< ylvH’d;xJod;od;0HRtDvXxH
csDwuh>I
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wuh>I
5I zH;bDn.bD< tD.rhRtD.xHwbJ< zH;cDyRl vD>[Jx.D = tD.uoh.cD.
rh.’d;< pH>M>txHCgCkm’D;usD>Ek>xHwpJ;wpJ;’D;tDtRD wuh>I
6I ydmrk.oGH.[Jtg = uoh.cD.rh.’d;wb;og< tHo.qXcHb;og<
xHwqH,>J b;ogcsDCmk cJvXmwkRttd.wh>w0m< tDtRD vX*DRvX[g
’D;oG.H u[JpRS vDRuhRu,Du,DvRD I
7I w>ck.b.zdo.qH; = qH;vDR’k;tDuoh.cD.rh.’d;txHeD.wXR
zdwbh.wuh>I
8I qH.qX = w>’d;t0JtHR’Do’Xph>uD;w>qgt0JtHRtCd*hRytD.
tDRtgtgM.vDRI

49
qI wuGo
H .

wuGHo.rh>w>o.wuvkmvXySRud;*R’J;tD.tDRbJ’D;uJxD.w>
*H>w>bgM.vDRI wuGHo.tuvkmwpSRM>b. (50) b.I ck.< qX<
uH;< 0H.od< qH.Ch< rRbD.xD.odxD.yzH;yn.< rR[gr>uGHmyw>
bSH;ol.bSH;o;< ‘k;[;xD.w>ud>vX[XzXylRM.vDRI wuGH’Dwxl.
M.uJbsK;0J’.vXySRunD’;D q.zdu>D zdwz.t*D>M.vDRI
1I rh.tlt.D = ‘gvDRwuGv H .vXrh.tlt.D ySRtzDvmwuh>I
2I w>qg0gvD = ‘GJ.tlM>wuGHtrk>’D;tcsgM.CgCkm’D;o,Durl.
’D;zSLb.tDRwuh>I
3I eg’hylRoGH. = rRbsJ;wuGHtrk>< [H;M>txH< ‘k;eXb.wuh>I
4I rh.tlt.D = yJvRD wuGrH vH XtzDc.d < qH;vDRwuGrH >k txHvv
l RD vX
w>ylRvD>tzDc.d
5I qH.ud> = tD.wuGHo.rHtgtgwuh>I
6I uoH.*H>bg = tD.rhR0HRtD.wuGyH .H e.ud;eHR’J;wuh>I
7I zdo.tD.Ek>vDRwphR = Cd’;k tD.wuGyH .H e.’D;uG;’k;tD.xJtn.
wuh>I

±SI yeDusJo.
w>tD.vXyrRM>nD’D;uJbsK;vXw>td.ql.td.cs›t*D>< ytD.M.zsg
ck.b.ySRb.q.td.‘D;to0HvXtud>M.vDRI
1I cd.o.CHqgwuyR = rRbs;J yeDuso
J .< [H;M>txH0RH zSLvDRtDRvX
e>ouhRxH;vdRwuh>I

50
2I udm,l>bH; = qH;vDRyeDusJo.txHweD.wXR< rRud>xD.tDR
CgCkm’D;ueJp0D RH vh.tD.’f (vsufq1;)tod;wuh>I
3I cd.rlRe>rlR =tDyeDusxJ qH .H qH.’D;tHo.qXud;eHR’J;wuh>I
4I rJulRqg = bXvDRyeDusJo.wzsX.wkRtuJxD.z.qg’D;CgCkm
tDR’D;vhnzh uD rl.’D;oH;EkmvDRqlru J Rl tcD.xH;wuh>I
5I ul;’D;u[;wxD. = tDyeDusJxH’D;ueJpDwuh>I
6I rJqg = xl;erJvXyeDusJxHwuh>I

nI bJq.H 'd;

bJqH.td.0Jtguvkm’D;ySRzDtD.ohph>uD;tuvkmuvkm’D;*hRph>uD;
vXuoH.uoDt*D>M.vDRI
1I bJq.H *DR0g = tv.qH.pSRwpJ;t&D>c.tJ;’D;tv.rh>yS>xD.wpJ;
M.rRpXRuzk*mH bs;J w>tD.’D;qD.vDRuvHRM.vDRI
2I yS>bJq.H = rJx.D ’D;[;pGgvXoh.vdR0.vdR’fo.h *H>tod;vDRI trk><
tv.< tzDM.tql.td.jyu H ’H< t*H>td.’D;to[D.vXtck.< rRbs;J
pk.vDRtDtxH’w f RqH.xHtod;’D;u’Do’Xw>ud>w>qgvXtEkmvDR
vXyeD>cdtylRM.vDRI
3I bJq.H *DR = wv;bJq.H < ±ì@.bD.bJq.H < trk>qH.tv.uH;wpJ;
’D;ck.< to[D.ck.< rRbs;J tcs’H ;D zSLtDRwuh>I *hRvXepkc.k cD.ck.< pkqX
cD.qXnd;< n.vDRuEkmt*D>’d.r;vDRI
4I uDRvRolbq J .H ’d.qH; = trk>zk.< tv.xd;egpl< tzD0gu0DRusRD <
to.xJod;xHrd>wdRo.vDRI zJw>zdC>vXttd.’D;tpk.th.b.
eRtcgrRbsJ;tv.< zSLvDRvXw>ylRvD>tvdRwuh>I erh>oGJ.M>

51
tcsH0HRwd>bsJ;tD.tDRM.*hRvX[XzXwrkmb.t*D>vDRI bJqH.’d;cJ
vXmtd.’D;to[D.vXtrRbJyudmylR< rRtgxD.zH;n.oG.H xH< [h.
*H>[h.bgCHux JG .l ys>wz.vDRI

wI wthtwH>

wthtd.tuvkmuvkmb.q.wthvXySRoltguwX>rh>wth,d
,dvRD I t0Jt.d ’D;to[D.vXtud>’D;eXRw>eXqS’H ;D rReXrlx.D uol
’D;ud.M.vDRI wth[.h *H>[h.bgw>< ‘Do’XCmw>o;ySRJ td.wrkmw
vRwz.M.vDRI
1I csDuvmxD.wth (4=5) ubsH;< rd>*Hmzd (5=8) zsX.tDb.tDRw
uh>I euyXRuxD.pkc.D uuqS.vDR< ‘D;etd.urkmxD.vDRI
2I qH.ud>qH.pSR< qH.*DR< ,D>’hqg< w>ck.b. = csDteD .D 0h’;D wthw
uh>I
3I cd.o.CHqg = ul;vDRwthwubsH;< us;vDRvXe>ouhRxH;vdR
wuh>I w>ud>rh>’d.’D;qge;M.wpd>zduChxDvDRwJmuGHmvDRI oGJ.
tDRtoDwubs;H < us;vDRwkRcd.o.CHqgbsgwuh>I
4I vdRud>’D;w>ck.b.csDtDobsK.v.< wth< eD.0h< xHoXcG;< u
b.td.wh>uhRwcG;’D; tDtRD wuh>I
5I rJqgth.xk; = urXRCmwth’;D th.wH>CmzJrq J gtvD>wuh>I

xI wuGo
H .h o.(rhwrh>)uGpH o
H .(rhwrh>)rmo.

wuGo
H .h o.rh>w>tD.vXt’Do’Xw>qg*H>bgvXtrRwHmwmyw>
td.ql.td.cs<› yw>td.uXtd.cd;M.vDRI
52
1I wuGHoh.o.txk; = pH>CkmvXeD.0h’D;’k;tD.zdo.wuh>I
*hRvXuoH.xd;uvJmt*D>vDRI
2I wuGo H .h o.trH = tD.vX*DRtqXuwD>’D;u’k;[;xD.[XzXb.
qXb.uwD>M.vDRI
3I wuGHoh.o.toHupJm’k;tD.xd; = *hRvXxd;txd;uvJmu
vDRt*D>vDRI
4I uvHR*JR’D;[XzXusXR = tD.wuGHoh.o.trHzJt-uX;vX*DRvX
[gzJt.D rhR0HRtcgwuh>I
5I uvHRuXRCmvX[XzXylR’D;uvHRwvJR = qSv D RD wuGo
H .h tv.
jyHu’Hz’d ;D csDCgCkm tDR’D;eDr.k oHo(d vufzufp)dk wuh>I
6I rJtC>vlR = rJulRqg< rJth.xk;< CdwuGHoh.o.tv.’D;tcsg
M.xl;pDerJwuh>I

'I rd>*Hmzdo.

rd>*Hmzdt.d cHuvkm< t0g'D;tolvRD I tolM.*hR’d.wuh>vXzDt.D w>

t*D>’D;uoH.uoDt*D>eXRuvHR< rRpXRuzk*HmbsJ;w>tD.’D;rRtg
xD.Ek>xH’;D oG.H vXydmrk.vXttd.vXrh.tlx;H wz.t*D>M.vDRI
1I w>b.wrkmegth.xH,RG = xl;vDRecd.xHvXrd>*Hmzdo.wuh>I
2I ul;vXw>b.wrkmtCd = rRbsJ;rd>*Hmzdto.0HRusJCmk vXueJpD
’D;vh.tD.tDRwuh>I

53
eI ueJpD

ySRunDt[H.’l.[H.xXcJvXmC.C.M.ymyvD>0JueJpv D XuoH.
uoDt*D>M.vDRI ueJpMD .w>oltRD vXw>*H>w>bgt*D>ph>uD;M.vDRI
1I w>ul; = tDueJpD’D;wCh.o.txHySJRod;od;wuh>I
2I w>ul;z;xD = rRud>xD.ueJpDweDwXRz;’d.’D;tDtDRzJwcsK;rHt
qXuwD>wuh>I
3I udm,l>bH; = tDueJpD’D;usD>Ek>xHud>ud>< rhwrh>ueJpD’D;yeDusJ
xHud>ud>wuh>I

yI obsK.v.

1I w>b.wrkm< egth.xH,RG = [H;M>obsK.v.wbh.< vJ;vXrh.

tl0HRus;vDRvXeg’htzDcd.wuh>I ‘D;euogxD.uogvDRurkmxD.
uhRvDRI
2I w>ogtH; = rRud>xD.(rHn k if;qD)zSLvDRvXeo;egyS>tvdR0HR[H;M>
obsK.v.< vJ;bJtRD ’D;rRxl.zst d RD oXylR’D;us;vDRvXo;eegyS>vdR
wuh>I eutDt*D>[H;M>obsK.v.< eD.0gcd.v.xGgpD*Rh *hR0HRpH>M>t
xH(qH;Ekmrd>Ek>xH’;k tDt‘D ;D tHo.wpJ;zd)
3I zdo.tvdRud> =[H;M>obsK.v.< oySR› url.< tHo.zJt-uX;csD
tDRoXcG;wcG;< ‘k;tDCmk ’D;rdq;d uF.D xJxrH >d wdRcs0H RH rRxD.tuyXRI
4I w>ylRvD>ylRusJ = ohuqSw D >ylRvD>0HRrRud>xD.obsK.v.’D;us;
vDRvXtzDc.d wuh>I tylRvD>txHu[Jx.D uhRvDRI

54
zI xDe.D 0h

xDe.D 0hr>h w>tD.vX[h.*H>[h.bgySR’D;*hRph>uD;vXuoH.t*D>M.vDRI

1I [XzXusXR = tDo.rDRus›Ro.txH’D;eD.0h< tHo.c.tgtg[X
zXu[;xD.vDRI
2I [XzX0HmwuH; = csDtDwth’D;eD.0hwuh>I

bI 'd;u.

1I w>o;bH;w>ul; = ‘d;u.tzH;bh.Churl.M.CgCkmtDRvXw
thxH< uGJpD< ueJpD’D;yrh>tDtDRM.urRbsgw>o;bH;’D;w>ul;w>
qgM.vDRI
2I udm,l>Chx’D ;D oh.z; = ‘d;u.tzH;bh.M.pk.vDRvXxHusg’D;oh
oySRJ yudmylRvXxHt0JM.wuh>I urRbsgyudm,l>Chx’D ;D oh.z;t
w>qgvDRI
3I w>tpk. = erh>pH>M>’d;u.v.txH’;D tDvRD tDRM.urRbsgw>rlR
w>bS;D ’D;yHR0gtpk.tys>wz.vDRI

rI urgc.

1I cd.rlRe>rlR = erh>eX-oL;urgc.zDM.urRvDRr>uGHmcd.rlRe>rlR
M.vDRI
2I pkqXcD.qXqg= urgc.zH;vXtvJylRwuxXM.erh>*lmzSLvDR
zJepkqXcD.qXqgtvD>M.urRbsgepkqXcD.qXqgvDRI

55
3I rJqg=urgc.tzH;M.erh>csx D o
H XcG;wcG;’D;urXRtDRM.urRbsgrJ
qgvDRI [H;M>urgc.tv.< 0JmtDRpS;D pS;D 0HRwd>bs;J tDRCkm’D;tHo.w
uh>I erh>xl;erJud;eHRvXw>url.tHRM.urRbsguGHmrJC>< rJqgw>
qgcJvXm0HRerJu0gerJucX.xDbv d RD I urgc.tbdCMH .erh>xl;tDR
vXerJuql;ud;eHR’J;M.urRvDRr>uGmH erJtC>wz.vDRI
4I w>o;Ch= w>o;ChtChx<D w>o;Chb.pD.vXttd.’D;teX’D;
tzHM.erh>rRbs;J urgc.t’d’;D ymvDRvXtzDc.d M.rRbsgw>o;Chov h RD

,I cDcgo.

1I w>tqXnd;= cDcgo.tp>M.pH>M>txH’;D txHM.o.vXrh.tlu

yRvXRvXRzd’;D erh>zlvRD vXw>qgtvD>M.urRbsgw>tqXnd;vDRI
2Iudm,lmnd;w>qg= cDcgo.M.rRChtRD ChC0h RH erh>*lmzlvRD tDRvX
udmbdvRd M.urRbsgudm,l>nd;w>qgvDRI

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w>CHw>vR[JvXz.uylR
ySRud;*R’J;tJ.w>CHw>vR’D;w>CHw>vR
M.rh>w>vXtrRrkmyo;M.vDRI ‘fyeD>cdv.d
b.w>CHw>vRtod;yeD>o;ph>uD;ub.
CHvR0J M.vDRI vXeD>cdtw>CHw>vRt*D>
yrh>b.yS›RvXmusd.vXmphr;yu*hRxD.M.

56
wrh>b.I yrh>oh.ngolw>vXttd.vXz.uylRwz.M.’D;urRpXR
ySRvXusJtgbdM.vDRI vXyeD>cduCHvRt*D>yub.uG>xGJyeD>u
p>tw>uqSJuqSD< ys>rJmys>eg< vk.xHvk.ed< cGHcd.uqSJuqSD0HRrR
M>eD>up>tw>[l;w>*JRwz.M.vDRI yub.tDp>h uD;xHuqSu J qSD
tgtg’D;tD.w>’d;w>v.vXyoGH.xHzH;n.u*hRt*D>vDRI w>ymzsg
xD.0Jw>uDw>cJweDRvXydmrk.wz.nDE>k xH.b.0J’;D w>rRbsgrR*hR
xD.tDRohczD sdw>olw>vXtnDE>k td.vXz.uylRwz.M.vDRI xJw
rHRyub.ck’o f ;d erRxGw
J >vXvmwz.tHRtcHuoht*D>vDRI

1I o,D'D;rDRusD>o. = [H;M>rDRusD>o.wvd.xXEkmvDRxHwpJ;’D;pH>
CkmxH’;D tDRyHmyHm0HRusu
J sC
D mk ’D;o,Durl.0HRxl;tDRvXeeD>up>'Dw
*R< rhwrh>epkecD.vdRwuh>I erh>rR’ftHRtgbsD’D;en.u0g’D;ezH;e
n.ubhsuqS.xD.0JvRD I

2I rJmoH.usDR= zlwvD0g’D;r>e;o.wuh>I zltDRtgeHRtgoD’D;e

rJmoH.usRD wz.u[gr>uGmH vDRI

3I rJmtodxD.= [gcDvDRzJeurHtqXuwD>[H;M>yeDusJo.txHzl
vDRvXerJmo.tvdRymChxx D .D tDR0HRys>uGmH vXxHwuh>I

4I rJmzsX.oGHxD. = zJerJmo.zsX.oGHxD.tcgwb.qH;egpdRw*hRI
[H;M>xH’;D ys>uGmH tDRvXxHuqSu
J qSv
D X*DRvX[gwuh>I *lmM>rDRus>D
bh.0HRzlvDRtDRvXerJmo.tvdRwuh>I w>zsX.oGHxD.ySRM.cDzsdvX
ytD.w>tD.wz.vXtodtd.tgrhwrh>w>tD.vXtud>‘D;y[XzX
wvJRb.qXb.uwD>b.tCdM.vDRI
57
 5I rJmo.bVuqS.= [H;M>qD’H.wzsX.< rRM>xJtwuDR0g0HRqH;
EkmvDRyeDusJo.wuhtxH’D;usJ.usDCkmtDRwkRtobSJxD.wuh>I
ohpDuGHmerJmo.’D;xHuqSD0HRzlqD’H.vXeusJ.usDympXRvXerJmo.
’Dwbh.tvdRwuh>I 0HRtvD>cH[;H M>bJ’;D rRubs.v.tDR0HRpk.vDR
tDRvXeqD’H.txHvXeusJ.usDympXRtDRtylR’D;us;vDRtDRvXerJm
o.tzDc.d wuh>I td.wkRerJmo.Chx*D Rh *hR0HRtd;xD.uGmH bJwz.u
,Du,Dwuh>I erJmo.tCH.trl;< ‘D;w>ud.vd.vXeeg’hzcD .d wz.
u[JymxGb J t
J cHvRD I 0HRys>uGmH erJmo.vXxHuqSw
D uh>I

6I rJmo.ck.'D;uqS=D [H;M>’Ho.wzsX.cHzsX. (t’d.wzsX.rh

wrh>tqH;cHzsX.) ul;vDRtDRubsH;’H;zd’;D us;vDRtDRvXerJmo.tzD
cd.wuh>I ‘Ho.txk;uql;xD.uGHmw>b.tXb.oDvDRI ‘Ho.vX
td.’D;txk;< rRck.vDRerJmo.’D;zJeys>uGmH erJmo.vXxHuqSt D cg
euoh.ngb.vXerJmo.uqSx D .D wbsC D MD .vDRI

7I zH;n.'D;rJmo.uykm= [H;M>wuDRqH.o.(3)zsX.qSDvDRtDR
ubs;H ’H;’D;rRbs;J tDRwuh>I 0HRzltRD vXerJmo.vdR< ymtDRwpd>zd0RH ys>
uhRtDR’D;xHuqSw D uh>I eudmbdepkecD.oh.wz.ph>uD;erRtDR’fM.t
od;ohvRD I

8I cd.ol*hR= yrh>ySRH b.w>ySRH cd.vXt*hRr;ycd.olu*hRM.wrh>b.I

y-uX;ySRH ycd.tpSRuwX>wEG(H 2=3)bs’D ;D cGyH cd.uqSu J qSMD .vDRI vX
yurRw>ySHRcd.t*D>w>vXyvd.b.rh>0J[kxH< w,D>(o&D>)< zkqH.
o.< zD*>H *DR< zD*>H 0g< ovD*RD < ovD0g< yeDuso
J .< y&X;o.wz.vDRI
[H;[kx<H 0HRwD>obS;H o&D>’D;xXEkmvDRvX[kxu H sgwuh>I xXEkmzkq.H
58
o.’D;yeDuso J .ttk.wz.wuh>I erh>tJ.’d;rRtgxD.w>eXrlxXEkm
vDRzD*>H *DR< zD*>H 0g’D;*lmxXEkmph>uD;’D;wvD*RD wvD0gwuh>I eurRM>
w>ySRH cd.vXteXrl’;D *hRuwX>vXecd.olt*D>vDRI [kxrH >h w>vXtrR
ck.vDRecd.olt*H>cD.xH;’D;yeDusJo.< y&X;o.wz.urR[gr>uGmH
cd.obHwz.ph>uD;M.vDRI

9I cd.olblovg= [H;M>obsK.v.wd>bsJ;tDR0HRtxHM.zltDRvX
ecd.vdRwuh>I [H;M>yeDuso
J .tcsw
H >d bs;J CgCkmtDRvXxH0RH zltRD vX
ecd.olcD.xH;wuh>I vXeuzlecd.vXCDRodtvD>M.zltDRvXeH.od
xHwuh>I

10I ed;zH;oGH;ChxD = zJeed;zH;oG;H tcg[H;M>wuDRqH.o.trH*RD tn.

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11I ed;zH;CJz;<x;cd.CJz;= zJezDrhRtcgrRM>rhRobSJ’D;zltDRvXe

ed;zH;(x;cd.zH;) bh.vdRwuh>I

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vXRb.’D;uJx.D rJmzH;oG;H wb.qXb.uwD>vDRI ydmrk.weDRvXw>*H>
p>bgp>weDReDRtCdtrJmo.zsgyS>‘D;oG;H 0JvRD I usvJ Xt*hRuwX>qH;
vDRyeDuso J .txH< zltRD vXerJmo.’D;eudmbdvRd wuh>I tcD.xH;e
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u[Jz.h qXxD.uhRM.vDRI

59
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rlvRJ uhRzH;rRuySRJ ’D;w>ol.zSoH ;nDM.vDRI tM.r;< yutd.rlb.w>
td.rlvXtySRJ ‘D;tvk>tySR› M.vDRI

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d ;d *Ry
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