Math 193 Chapter 11

The Mathematics of Symmetry
Beyond Reflection
Dale R. Buske
June 4, 2010
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Geometry Review
The slope of a line describes its steepness, incline, or grade. Slope is the
ratio of the “rise” divided by the “run” between two points on a line.
Definition
Given two points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) on a line, the slope m of the line is
∆y y2 − y1
m= = .
∆x x2 − x1
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Geometry Review
1 Compute the slopes of line L and line M using the given diagram.
Assume the grid is composed of squares.
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Geometry Review
Definition
Two lines that do not intersect or meet are called parallel lines. Two lines
are perpendicular if they form congruent adjacent angles.
Figure: L and M are parallel Figure: AB and CD are perpendicular
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Geometry Review
Facts
Two lines are parallel if they have the same slope. Two lines are
perpendicular if the product of their slopes is -1.
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Geometry Review
Facts
Two lines are perpendicular if their slopes are negative reciprocals of each
other.
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Geometry Review
Facts
other.
2 A line L has slope of 32 . What is the slope of any line perpendicular to L?
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Geometry Review
Facts
other.
2 A line L has slope of 32 . What is the slope of any line perpendicular to L?
3 Two lines having positive slope are parallel. The slope of one line is the
square of a number a. The slope of the other line is one more than a.
What is the slope of these parallel lines?
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Geometry Review
4 (a) Construct a line parallel to L passing through point P. Label the line as M.
(b) Construct a line perpendicular to L passing through point P. Label the
line as N.
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Geometry Review
Definition
A perpendicular bisector is a line which cuts a line segment into two
equal parts at 90◦ .
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Geometry Review
Definition
A perpendicular bisector is a line which cuts a line segment into two
equal parts at 90◦ .
5 Construct the perpendicular bisector for line segment AB.
A
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Symmetry
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Rigid Motions
Definition
The act of taking an object and moving it from some starting position
without altering its shape or size is called a rigid motion.
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Rigid Motions
Definition
The act of taking an object and moving it from some starting position
without altering its shape or size is called a rigid motion.
Key Idea: Distances between points are preserved.
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Rigid Motions
6 Which of the following are rigid motions?

X Y
X9
Y9
(a)
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Rigid Motions

X Y
X9
Y9
(a)
X Y X9 Y9
(b)
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Rigid Motions

X Y
X9
Y9
(a)
X Y X9 Y9
(b)
(c)
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Rigid Motions
Fact
There are four basic types of rigid motions of the plane: (1) translations,
(2) reflections, (3) glide reflections, and (4) rotations.
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Translations
Definition
To translate an object in the plane means to slide it without rotating or
reflecting it. Every translation has a direction and a distance.
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Translations
Definition
Properties of Translations
Translations are completely determined by one point and its image.
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Translations
Definition
Applying a (nontrivial) translation never yields back the same object.
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Translations
Definition
Applying a (nontrivial) translation never yields back the same object.
Translations are proper because they preserve orientation.
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Translations
7 (a) Find the image of the figure under translation.
A B
C
(b) Assume each square is one unit by one unit. Determine the distance of
the translation.
(c) Draw a translation vector (arrow) representing this translation.
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Translations
B B
C
D
(b) Determine the distance of the translation.

(c) Draw a translation vector representing this translation.
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Translations
C
B
A
C
(b) Determine the distance of the translation. Remember, a distance is a

quantity (a number).
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Translations
A B
C
A
(b) Determine the distance of the translation.

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Reflections
Definition
To reflect an object means to produce its mirror image. Every reflection
has a mirror line. A reflection of an R is a backwards R.
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Reflections
Definition
Properties of Reflections
Reflections are completely determined by an axis.
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Reflections
Definition
Applying the same reflection twice yields back the same object. This
composite motion is called the identity motion.
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Reflections
Definition
Applying the same reflection twice yields back the same object. This
composite motion is called the identity motion.
Reflections are improper because they do not preserve orientation.
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Reflections
11 Given the location of a point P and its image P ′ under a reflection,

explain how to geometrically determine the axis of reflection.
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Reflections
12 Given a reflection with the axis of reflection as shown, find the image
of the triangle under reflection.
A B
C
Axis of Reflection
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Reflections
of the polygon under reflection.
A
B
C
D
n
io
ct
fle
Re
of
is
Ax
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Reflections
of the parallelogram.
Axis of Reflection
B
C
A
D
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Reflections
15 Given a reflection which sends C to C ′ , find and label the axis of
reflection and the image of the polygon under the reflection.
A B
C
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Reflections
16 Given a reflection which sends B to B ′ , find and label the axis of
B B
C
D
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Reflections
17 Given a reflection which sends A to A′ , find and label the axis of
A B
A
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Reflections
18 Given a reflection which sends E to E ′ , find and label the axis of
E
A B
E C
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Reflections
19 Given a reflection which sends B to B ′ , find and label the axis of
B
B
A
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Glide Reflections
Definition
A glide reflection combines a reflection with a translation along the
direction of the mirror line.
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Glide Reflections
Definition
Properties of Glide Reflections

Glide reflections have no fixed points.
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Glide Reflections
Definition

A glide reflection is determined by two points and their images. The
midpoint of a point P and its image P ′ under a glide reflection must
lie on the axis of reflection.
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Glide Reflections
Definition

A glide reflection is determined by two points and their images. The
midpoint of a point P and its image P ′ under a glide reflection must
lie on the axis of reflection.
Glide reflections are improper because reflections do not preserve
orientation. 43 / 100
Glide Reflections
20 Given a glide reflection with the axis of reflection as shown and whose
translation is 4 units up, find the image of parallelogram ABCD under
this glide reflection.
Axis of Reflection
A B
D C
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Glide Reflections
21 Given a glide reflection with the axis of reflection that sends point B to
B ′ and point C to C ′ as shown, find the axis of reflection and the
image of the polygon under the glide reflection.
A B
C
B
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Glide Reflections
A B
D C
B
C
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Glide Reflections
A B
C
E B
D C
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Glide Reflections
24 Given a glide reflection with the axis of reflection that sends point C to
C ′ and point D to D ′ as shown, find the axis of reflection and the
A B
C
E D
D C
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Rotations
Definition
To rotate an object means to turn it around. Every rotation has a center
and an angle.
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Rotations
Properties of Rotations
Applying a rotation of 360◦ yields back the same object. This is the
identity motion.
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Rotations
identity motion.
Rotations are completely described by a point (the center of rotation)
and an angle of rotation. Rotations could also be described by two
other pieces of information - two points P and Q and their images P
and Q. One point and its image is not enough! (Why not?)
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Rotations
identity motion.
Rotations are completely described by a point (the center of rotation)
and an angle of rotation. Rotations could also be described by two
other pieces of information - two points P and Q and their images P
and Q. One point and its image is not enough! (Why not?)
Rotations are proper (they preserve orientation).
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Rotations
25 Given a rotation that sends point A to A′ and C to C ′ as shown, find
the center of rotation O and the image of triangle ABC under the
rotation.
C
A
C
B
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Rotations
26 Given a rotation that sends point B to B ′ and C to C ′ as shown, find
rotation.
B
C B
C
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Rotations
27 Given a rotation that sends point B to B ′ and C to C ′ as shown, find
rotation.
C
B
A
B
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Rotations
28 Given a rotation with rotocenter O as shown, find the image of

ABCDE under a 90-degree clockwise rotation.
A B
C
E D
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Rotations

triangle ABC under a 180-degree rotation.
A B
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Rotations

triangle ABC under a 45-degree rotation. A compass will be necessary.
A B
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Symmetry as a Rigid Motion
Fact
Any combination of these four rigid motions, no matter how complex, is
equivalent to one of these four basic rigid motions.
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Fact
Any combination of these four rigid motions, no matter how complex, is
equivalent to one of these four basic rigid motions.
Example
R R
R R
R
Figure: The combination of a translation followed by a glide reflection (in black)
is equivalent to a single (but different!) glide reflection (in red).
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What is symmetry?
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What is symmetry?
Definition
A symmetry of an object or shape is a rigid motion that moves the object
back onto itself.
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What is symmetry?
Definition
back onto itself.
Example
Figure: Reflection is a symmetry of this

shape.
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What is symmetry?
Definition
back onto itself.
Example
Homework
#1-34, 55, 64
Figure: Reflection is a symmetry of this

shape.
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31 An equilateral triangle has six symmetries which we denote by

R0◦ , R120◦ , R240◦ , rl1 , rl2 , rl3 . In words, based on the notation and the
diagram, describe these six symmetries.
l1
l2
O
B C l3
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l1
l2
O
B C l3
32 (a) Pick any reflection rl1 , rl2 , or rl3 . Follow it by either rotation R120◦ or
R240◦ . These two rigid motions (composed in this order) are equivalent
to what single rigid motion? (R0◦ , R120◦ , R240◦ , rl1 , rl2 , or rl3 ?)
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l1
l2
O
B C l3
32 (a) Pick any reflection rl1 , rl2 , or rl3 . Follow it by either rotation R120◦ or
R240◦ . These two rigid motions (composed in this order) are equivalent
to what single rigid motion? (R0◦ , R120◦ , R240◦ , rl1 , rl2 , or rl3 ?)
(b) What single rigid motion results from applying these two rigid motions
(from above) in the opposite order?
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33 A square has eight symmetries. Describe these eight symmetries.

l1 l2
A B
O
l3
D C l4
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l1 l2
A B
O
l3
D C l4
34 (a) Pick any reflection rl1 , rl2 , rl3 or rl4 . Follow it by either rotation R90◦ or
R270◦ . These two rigid motions (in this order) are equivalent to what
single rigid motion? (R0◦ , R90◦ , R180◦ , R270◦ , rl1 , rl2 , rl3 or rl4 ?)
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l1 l2
A B
O
l3
D C l4
34 (a) Pick any reflection rl1 , rl2 , rl3 or rl4 . Follow it by either rotation R90◦ or
R270◦ . These two rigid motions (in this order) are equivalent to what
single rigid motion? (R0◦ , R90◦ , R180◦ , R270◦ , rl1 , rl2 , rl3 or rl4 ?)
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35 (a) Pick any reflection rl1 , rl2 , rl3 or rl4 . Follow it by rotation R180◦ . These two
rigid motions (in this order) are equivalent to what single rigid motion?
(R0◦ , R90◦ , R180◦ , R270◦ , rl1 , rl2 , rl3 or rl4 ?)
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(R0◦ , R90◦ , R180◦ , R270◦ , rl1 , rl2 , rl3 or rl4 ?)
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(R0◦ , R90◦ , R180◦ , R270◦ , rl1 , rl2 , rl3 or rl4 ?)
36 In composing rigid motions, does the order of composition matter?
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Quantifying Symmetry
Definition
Two objects or shapes have the same symmetry type if they have exactly
the same set of symmetries.
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Definition
Two objects or shapes have the same symmetry type if they have exactly
the same set of symmetries.
Example
These two objects have the same symmetry type (D3 ) since they each
have the same three rotational and three reflection symmetries.
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Example
These two objects have the same symmetry type (Z3 ) since they each have
the same three rotational symmetries (and no reflectional symmetries).
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Symmetry Types
The possible symmetries of any finite two-dimensional shape:
DN - exactly N rotational and N reflectional symmetries.
ZN - exactly N rotational and 0 reflectional symmetries.
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Symmetry Types
Example
There are no finite shapes with 7 reflectional symmetries and 5 rotational
symmetries.
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Symmetry Types
Example
symmetries.
37 (a) A finite object has 9 reflectional symmetries. How many rotational

symmetries could it possibly have?
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Symmetry Types
Example
symmetries.
37 (a) A finite object has 9 reflectional symmetries. How many rotational

(b) A finite object has 9 rotational symmetries. How many reflectional
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38 Give the symmetry type for each object given below.
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Homework
Homework
#35-44, 56-59, 64-68, 73
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Patterns
If we think of shapes as finite, translation symmetry is impossible.
Definition
A pattern is an infinite shape consisting of a repeating basic design called
the motif of the pattern. A border pattern is a pattern in which the
motif is repeated indefinitely in a single direction.
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Patterns
Definition
Example
A pair of footprints form the motif of this border pattern.
… …
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Patterns
Definition
Example
A pair of footprints form the motif of this border pattern.
… …
Example
v
… …
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How We Classify Border Patterns
There are seven types of border patterns based on their symmetry.
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Example
These border patterns have the v

same type - they share the property w
of not having horizontal or vertical B B l
… B B …
symmetry, but having glide
reflection symmetry.
v
v
w
w
l
… … l
… …
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Example
These border patterns have the v

same type - they share the property w
of not having horizontal or vertical B B l
… B B …
symmetry, but having glide
reflection symmetry.
v
v
w
w
l
… … l
… …
The classification system we use assigns to each border pattern a two

symbol code to label its type.
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The Seven Possible Border Pattern Types
1m 1g 12 11
mm mg m1
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1m 1g 12 11
mm mg m1
The first symbol signifies if there is vertical or crossline symmetry or not:
m = vertical or crossline symmetry

1 = no vertical symmetry
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1m 1g 12 11
mm mg m1
The first symbol signifies if there is vertical or crossline symmetry or not:
m = vertical or crossline symmetry

1 = no vertical symmetry
The second symbol signifies if the pattern has additional symmetries:

m = horizontal or midline symmetry
g = glide reflectional symmetry
2 = half − turn symmetry
1 = no additional symmetry
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This table summarizes the two letter/number code scheme.
First Code Letter Second Code Letter

m = vertical symmetry m = horizontal symmetry
1 = no vertical symmetry g = glide reflectional symmetry
2 = half-turn symmetry
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Symmetry is searched for in this order, so it is important to remember the

order of these codes: m-1, and m-g-2-1.
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39 Develop a pneumonic device to remember these orders.
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40 Complete the Bordern Pattern worksheet.
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40 Complete the Bordern Pattern worksheet.
Homework
#49-53, 70
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The Mathematics of Symmetry

Figure: L and M are parallel Figure: AB and CD are perpendicular

5 Construct the perpendicular bisector for line segment AB.

Key Idea: Distances between points are preserved.

6 Which of the following are rigid motions?

6 Which of the following are rigid motions?

6 Which of the following are rigid motions?

8 (a) Find the image of the figure under translation.

(b) Determine the distance of the translation.

(b) Determine the distance of the translation. Remember, a distance is a

10 (a) Find the image of the figure under translation.

(b) Determine the distance of the translation.

11 Given the location of a point P and its image P ′ under a reflection,

Properties of Glide Reflections

Properties of Glide Reflections

Properties of Glide Reflections

28 Given a rotation with rotocenter O as shown, find the image of

29 Given a rotation with rotocenter O as shown, find the image of

30 Given a rotation with rotocenter O as shown, find the image of

Figure: Reflection is a symmetry of this

Figure: Reflection is a symmetry of this

31 An equilateral triangle has six symmetries which we denote by

31 An equilateral triangle has six symmetries which we denote by

31 An equilateral triangle has six symmetries which we denote by

33 A square has eight symmetries. Describe these eight symmetries.

33 A square has eight symmetries. Describe these eight symmetries.

33 A square has eight symmetries. Describe these eight symmetries.

36 In composing rigid motions, does the order of composition matter?

37 (a) A finite object has 9 reflectional symmetries. How many rotational

37 (a) A finite object has 9 reflectional symmetries. How many rotational

These border patterns have the v

These border patterns have the v

The classification system we use assigns to each border pattern a two

The first symbol signifies if there is vertical or crossline symmetry or not:

m = vertical or crossline symmetry

The first symbol signifies if there is vertical or crossline symmetry or not:

m = vertical or crossline symmetry

The second symbol signifies if the pattern has additional symmetries:

First Code Letter Second Code Letter

First Code Letter Second Code Letter

Symmetry is searched for in this order, so it is important to remember the

First Code Letter Second Code Letter

Symmetry is searched for in this order, so it is important to remember the

First Code Letter Second Code Letter

Symmetry is searched for in this order, so it is important to remember the

40 Complete the Bordern Pattern worksheet.

First Code Letter Second Code Letter

Symmetry is searched for in this order, so it is important to remember the

40 Complete the Bordern Pattern worksheet.

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