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Theory : Normality is defined as the number of grams equivalent weight of solute dissolved in liters of
solution. That is,
Normality =
Weight of solute in grams
________________ X ___
1000
Equivalent weight of solute ml of solution
Normality X Equivalent weight of solute X ml of solution
Weight of solute in grams = ____________________________________
1000
Normality X Equivalent weight of (Na2CO3) X ml of solution
Weight of solute (Na2CO3) = ____________________________________
1000
0.1 X 53 X 100
= ________________
Thus, 0.53 grams of Na2CO3, is dissolved in distilled water to prepare 100 ml of solution.
1000
Procedure : 0.53 grams of anhydrous
= Na 2CO
0.53 3 is accurately weighed and dissolved in distilled water suing
grams
100 ml standard measuring flask. This is 100 ml of 0.1 N solution of Na2CO3.
Chemicals : Standard 0.1 N solution of Na2CO3, given HCl solution and Methyl orange indicator.
Apparatus : Beakers, pipette, burette conical flask etc.
Theory : Sodium carbonate is neutralized by HCl and completion of neutralization is detected by
methyl orange indicator. The end point is yellow to pink.
Burette reading
S. (Volume of HCl)
No.
Initial Final Difference
(1)
(2)
(3)
1
Calculation:
N1 = Normality of HCl solution. = ?
V1 = Volume of HCl solution. = B.R. =
N2 = Normality of Sodium carbonate solution. = 0.1 N
V2 = Volume of Sodium carbonate solution. = 10 ml
Burette reading
S. (Volume of HCl)
No.
Initial Final Difference
(1)
(2)
(3)
Calculation:
N1 = Normality of NaOH solution. = ?
V1 = Volume of NaOH solution. = 10ml
N2 = Normality of HCl solution. = x N (calculated as above)
V2 = Volume of HCl solution. = __ ml (B.R.)
2
Aim: Estimate the amount of NaOH and Na2CO3 in the given mixture using standard HCl
solution.
Chemical: Standard (0.1N) HCl solution, Given (NaOH + Na2CO3) mixture solution, phenolphthalein
and methyl orange indicator.
Apparatus: Beakers, pipette, burette conical flask etc.
Theory: The neutralization of NaOH and Na2CO3 by HCl is indicated by phenolphthalein and methyl
orange indicator. Phenolphthalein indicator show complete neutralization of NaOH and half
neutralization of Na2CO3. Methyl orange indicator indicates the remaining half neutralization
of Na2CO3. This is illustrated as –
First Stage (phenolphthalein is used as indicator)
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Na2COStage
3 +(methyl NaHCO3 +
HCl orange is used as indicator) NaCl + H2O
Second
Calculation:
Estimation of NaOH in the given mixture:
N1 = Normality of NaOH solution. = ?
V1 = Volume of NaOH solution. = 10ml
N2 = Normality of HCl solution. = 0.1 N
V2 = Volume of HCl solution. = __ ml (X-Y ml)
4
Aim: Standardize
2Na2S2O3 I2the given sodium
2Na2thiosulfate
S4O6 2NaI solution using standard iodine solution and estimate
the amount of Na2S2O3 in the given solution.
Theory: Sodium thiosulphate is oxidized by iodine giving sodium iodide and sodium tetrathionate.
Starch solution gives an intense blue colour in presence of traces of iodine. Hence, titration of sodium
thiosulfate solution against I2 solution is carried out by using freshly prepared starch solution. The change of
colour of the solution from blue to colourless is the end point of reaction.
Chemicals: Sodium thiosulfate, Iodine, Potassium iodide and Starch solution.
Apparatus: Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Beakers, Etc.
Procedure :
1) The burette is rinsed and filled with Sodium thiosulfate solution.
2) 10ml of standard iodine solution is pipetted into 100ml conical flask.
3) Sodium thiosulfate solution is run down gradually from the burette into conical flask till the solution
attains faint yellow colour.
4) 2ml of freshly prepared starch solution is added to the above solution and titration is continued till
the colour of solution changes from blue to colourless.
5) The titration is repeated to get three concordant readings.
Burette reading
S. (Volume of Sodium Thiosulfate)
No.
Initial Final Difference
(1)
(2)
(3)
Calculation:
N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
= 0.1 x 10
B.R.
=
Result:
1) Normality of Sodium thiosulfate solution =
2) Strength of Sodium thiosulfate solution = grams/lit
5
Aim: Estimate the amount of Cu++ in the given solution using standard Na2S2O3 solution.
Theory: Copper ions oxidizes iodide to liberate iodine. The liberated iodine is oxidized by Sodium
thiosulphate giving sodium iodide and sodium tetrathionate.
Burette reading
S. (Volume of Sodium Thiosulfate)
No.
Initial Final Difference
(1)
2Cu2+ = I2 = 2Na2S2O3
(2)
(3)
Calculation:
N1V1 = N2V2
N2 = N1V1
V2
= 0.1 x B.R
10
Strength of Cu2+solution = N2 X equivalent weigt of Cu2+
= N2 X 63.5
= ________ grams/lit
6
Aim: Find out the strength of supplied NaCl solution using standard NaCl and AgNO3 as link solution
(Mohr’s method).
Theory: Mohr’s method is used for determination of chloride by titrating with standard solution of silver
nitrate in a neutral medium. It is
AgCl + K CrO KCl
a direct
+ Agtitration
2CrO4
method. Potassium chromate (K2CrO4) used as indicator.
2 4
At the end point: The excess of Ag+ reacts with the indicator to precipitate as red silver chromate after
precipitation of all chlorides as silver chloride.
Chemicals: Sodium chloride, Potassium chromate as indicator and Standard (0.01N AgNO3 solution).
Procedure
7) 10 ml of Standard (0.01N) sodium chloride solution is pipetted into a 250 ml stoppered conical flask.
8) To the above, added 10 ml distilled water and 1 ml potassium chromate indicator.
9) Titrated the above with AgNO3 solution, swirling the liquid constantly, until the red colour formed
by addition of each drop of AgNO3 solution begins to disappear more slowly; this is an indication
that most of chloride has been precipitated and that the end point is near.
10) The titration is continued until a faint, but distinct, brick red color is formed and does not disappear
on vigorous shaking.
Calculation
AgNO3 V/S NaCl
N1V1 = N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
=
Normality of AgNO3 = _______ N
7
Aim : Standardize the given EDTA solution by using standard Zn2+ solution and
estimate the amount of Ca2+ from the given solution.
Theory: EDTA from complex with Zn(II) and hence can be standardized by with titrating given
EDTA solution with known volume of standard Zn(II) solution.
2-
O O
O HO O O
-
O N O N
Zn
Zn2+
- O
O N N
O O
O O
HO O
Chemicals : Given EDTA solution, Standard (0.01M) Zn2+ solution, buffer solution,
Eriochrome Black T indicator.
Procudure:
1. 10-mL of the standard Zn2+ solution is pipetted into 100-ml conical flasks.
2. To the above, added 10 mL of pH 10 buffer (2/3 test tube) and 15 mL of water (1 test tube).
3. Further, added 2-3 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator.
4. The above content is titrated immediately with EDTA until the light red solution turns a light
sky M
blue.
1V I
(Titrations
M2V 2 must be performed swiftly (but carefully) because ammonia will
As n1 = n2
evaporate
n1 and thus
n2 the pH of the solution will change. In general, the faster the titrations are
performed
M1VI the better
M2V2 the results will be)
5. The molarity of the
M2V 2EDTA is calculated from the volume of EDTA used.
M1
VI
EDTA v/s Ca2+
8
Estimation of Ca2+ Solution
Theory: EDTA from complex with Ca(II) and hence can be estimated by titrating with standardized
EDTA solution with known volume2-
of Ca(II) solution.
O O
O HO O O
-O N O N
Ca
Ca2+
-O O N
N
O O
O O
HO O
Procudure: