Risk factors

62 years ol
History of smoking
Weather changes

Causative factors
 Air pollution
 Exposure to indoor and outdoor
allergens
 Active/ passive smoking
 Fatigue

Modes of transmission
Via droplet and airborne

Entry of microorganism

Patient inhaled air pollution, and dust

Inflammation of the lower respiratory tract

swelling of the membranes that line the airways
(mucosal edema)
contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle that
encircles the airways (bronchospasm)
Patient experience
increase ineffective airway response
mucus production
• Mucosal edema
• Bronchospasm
• Increase mucus production
Thickening of the respiratory secretions
Disruption of mechanical
defenses of cough and Ineffective oxygen exchange
ciliary’s motility
Increase interstitial alveolar fluid

Decrease oxygen in the blood

Patient experienced
Hypoxia
Hypoxemia

Signs and symptoms

• fever
• wheezing
• cough
• rapid pulse rate
Physical assessment

Inspection
 Equal chest expansion
 Chest contour symmetrical and closely attached to the thoracic wall
 No bulging or active movement
 Fast breathing, shallow in depth with effort
Percussion
 Lung sounds is hyperresonace
Palpation
 Vibrations are the same in the corresponding area on each side.
 Chest wall intact, no tenderness and no masses
Auscultation
• Wheezing sound noted.
 Laboratory and Diagnostic Results
CBC
• Hemoglobin- 11.6%
• Hematocrit- 31.4%
• WBC- 17, 100 T/cumm
Differential Count
• Neutrophil- 55%
• Lymphocytes- 33%
• Monocytes- 6%
• Eosinophils- 5%
Platelet count- 287,000 T/cumm

Medication Ordered
• Salbutamol
• Budesonide
• Aminophylline
• Cefuroxine