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umane moderne.
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majoritatea oamenilor sunt îQFUHGLQ D L F SH ED]D H[SHULHQ HL SHUVRQDOH SRW V IRUPXOH]H H[SOLFD LL SHQWUX
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petrece în mintea acestuia (sociologia are în vedere ceea ce se petrece între RDPHQL HFRQRPLD YL]HD]

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QHEQXLWH OD SULPD YHGHUH )DSWXO GH D EHD R FDIHD DUH R YDORDUH VLPEROLF, fiind o parte a ritualurilor zilnice,
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decât lichidul ingerat; apoi, cafeaua este un drog GDWRULW FRQ LQXWXOXL GH FRIHLQ FH VWLPXOHD] DFWLYLWDWHD

FHUHEUDO GDU XQXO DFFHSWDW GH FWUH VRFLHWDWHD RFFLGHQWDO VSUH GLIHUHQ  GH DOWH VRFLHW L FDUH R UHVSLQJ

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de cafea pe care o bem este un element dintr-XQ ODQ GH UHOD LL HFRQRPLFH úL VRFLDOH complicate ce se întinde
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GHSUWDUH $L PXOW H[LVW XQ DVSHFW istoric foarte important al acestui act, legat de procesul de expansiune
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GLYHUVLILFDUHD GLHWHL HXURSHQH ,DW FXP IDSWXO VLPSOX DO FRQVXPULL XQXL SUHSDUDW VLPSOX QH SRDWH GH]YOXL R

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20).
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cu tipurile de grupuri, structuri ori procese cercetate, putem vorbi despre o microsociologie – FH DQDOL]HD]
JUXSXULOH PLFL IDPLOLD JUXSXULOH GH SULHWHQL YHFLQW LOH HWF LQWHUDF LXQLOH GH WLS ³ID  vQ ID ´ SURFHVHOH

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macrosociologie – SUHRFXSDW GH JUXSXULOH PDUL GH VRFLHWDWHD FD vQWUHJ GH]YROWkQG WHRULL FH FDXW V H[SOLFH
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2
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vQDLQWHD PRPHQWXOXL UHVSHFWLY 'XS FXP VSXQHDP FRQGL LD úWLLQ HORU VRFLDOH VH OHDJ vQ PRG HVHQ LDO GH

vQFHUFDUHD GH D IRUPXOD R HWLF VRFLDO VHFXODU UD LRQDO RU DFesta este un proces spiritual de mare
DQYHUJXU LQL LDW vQ FXOWXUD RFFLGHQWDO GH ILORVRILD JUHDF HODERUDW vQ VHFROHOH 9-IV î. Hr. Platon (Legile),
dar mai ales Aristotel (Politica, Etica VXQW SULPHOH QXPH FH WUHEXLH V DSDU vQWU-R OLVW D precursorilor
VRFLRORJLHL ÌQ HSRFD PHGLHYDO SUREOHPHOH OHJDWH GH RUJDQL]DUHD úL FRQGXFHUHD VRFLHW LL VXQW LQWHJUDWH

GLVFXUVXOXL WHRORJLF JkQGLWRULL FUHúWLQL FDWROLFL SUHFXP )HULFLWXO $XJXVWLQ %HUQDUG GH &ODLUYDX[ -RKQ GH

Salisbury, Thomas d’Aquino, Marsiglio GD 3DGRYD :LOOLDP GH 2FNDP HWF RIHULQG vQ OXFUULOH ORU

HOHPHQWHOH XQHLD GLQWUH FHOH PDL SURIXQGH vQ HOHJHUL D VRFLHW LL úL D QDWXULL XPDQH 3HULRDGD úWLLQ HORU VRFLDOH

PRGHUQH vQFHSH vQ PRG FRQYHQ LRQDO FX VHFROXO DO ;9,,-OHD 3HQWUX F GHMD QXPUXO precursorilor
sociologiei devine semnificativ, este util a-L FODVLILFD SH DFHúWLD GXS FULWHULXO WUDGL LHL FXOWXUDOH QD LRQDOH GLQ
FDUH SURYLQ $VWIHO vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH WUDGL LD EULWDQLF D FUHL WUVWXU GHILQLWRULH SXWHP FRQVLGHUD F HVWH

contractualismul úL GHFL WHQGLQ D GH D SXQH DFFHQWXO SH LQGLYL]LL QDWXUDOL GH XQGH úL LGHHD ³GUHSWXULORU

QDWXUDOH´ HODERUDW GH EULWDQLFL vL YRP DPLQWL SH HQJOH]LL 7KRPDV +REEHV - úL -RKQ /RFNH -

 vQ VHFROXO XUPWRU SH VFR LHQLL XWLOLWDULúWL $Gam Smith (1723- úL 'DYLG +XPH -1793), apoi
din nou pe englezii Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) – SULPXO FUWXUDU FH D IRORVLW WHUPHQXO GH ³úWLLQ  VRFLDO´
úL - 6 0LOO -1873). În finalul listei îl vom plasa pe Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) – primul sociolog
EULWDQLF úL GXS XQLL LVWRULFL DL GLVFLSOLQHL úL FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW GLQ DFHDVW WUDGL LH

7UDGL LD IUDQFH] GH ILORVRILH VRFLDO YD DFFHQWXD GLPSRWULY VRFLHWDWHD FD IHQRPHQ VXSUDLQGLYLGXDO

$LFL WUHEXLH DPLQWL L EDURQXO GH 0RQWHVTXLHX 89-1755), iluministul Jean-Jaques Rousseau (1712-1778),
conservatorii Loius de Bonald (1754- úL -RVHSK GH 0DLVWUH - úL +HQUL GH 6DLQW-Simon (1760-
 FDUH D vQFHUFDW V IRUPXOH]H R SR]L LH PHGLDQ vQWUH FRQWUDFWXDOLVPXO EULWDQLF úL FRQVHUYatorismul

IUDQFH] (OHYXO FHOXL GLQ XUP HVWH FRQVLGHUDW úL vQWHPHLHWRUXO VRFLRORJLHL PRGHUQH ILLQG FHO FDUH D DOFWXLW

numele disciplinei: Auguste Comte (1798-1857).

&DUDFWHULVWLF WUDGL LHL germane HVWH SUHRFXSDUHD SHQWUX FRQVWUXF LD LGHQWLW LL VXELHFWive într-un context
LVWRULF GDW GDU úL SHQWUX HODERUDUHD VHQVXOXL OXQWULF DO XQHL FXOWXUL 'HVLJXU HD vL YD FXSULQGH SH ,PPDQXHO

Kant (1724-D FUXL LQIOXHQ  DVXSUD PRGXOXL FXP DUDW vQWUHJXO HGLILFLX DO úWLLQ HL PRGHUQH QX SRDWH IL
H[DJHUDW SH elevul acestuia, Johann Gottfried von Herder (1770- LQL LDWRUXO URPDQWLVPXOXL úL DO

istorismului, pe G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831), pe filosoful culturii Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911), pe filosoful

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844- úL SH Karl Marx (1818-1883) – HFRQRPLVW ILORVRI úL FRQVLGHUDW WRWRGDW

primul sociolog german.

Fondatorii GLVFLSOLQHL VRFLRORJLFH vQ VHQVXO VX PRGHUQ VXQW FRQVLGHUD L D IL XUPWRULL R SDUWH GLQWUH

DFHúWLD DX IRVW PHQ LRQD L GHMD úL vL YRP UHOXD EULWDQLFXO +HUEHUW 6SHQFHU IUDQFH]LL $XJXVWH &RPWH úL (PLO

Durkheim (1858-1918), germanii Karl Marx, Georg Simmel (1858- úL 0D[ :HEHU -1920),

3
italienii G. Mosca (1858-1941), V. Pareto (1876-1936), americanii George Herbert Mead (1863- úL

Talcott Parsons (1902-1973). ÌQWUXFkW VSD LXO QX QH SHUPLWH R DQDOL] PDL GHWDOLDW D LGHLORU DFHVWRUD ILLQG

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FRQVLGHUP D IL HVHQ D JkQGLULL VRFLRORJLFH FX SULYLUH OD PRGHUQLWDWH D XQRUD GLQWUH FHL SUH]HQWD L GUHSW

fondatori ai disciplinei.
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2. 2PHQLUHD HYROXHD] vQ GLUHF LD XQHL OXPL GRPLQDWH GH úWLLQ  $ &RPWH

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5. (FRQRPLD ILQDQFLDU úL PHWURSROD VXQW VLPEROXULOH PRGHUQLW LL úL DULLOH ]RQHOH vQ FDUH OXPHD PRGHUQ

poate fi cel maL ELQH vQ HOHDV * 6LPPHO

6. /XPHD PRGHUQ HVWH R FXúF GH ILHU SURGXV GH VLVWHPH UD LRQDOH GLQ FDUH QX H[LVW VFSDUH 0 :HEHU

7. 6RFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW GH R VSRULUH D DF LXQLORU ORJLFH DOH LQGLYL]LORU XPDQL 9 3DUHWR

8. Societatea este XQ VLVWHP LQWHJUDW GH VWUXFWXUL úL IXQF LL VRFLDOH 7 3DUVRQV

9. 0RGXO FXP JkQGHVF RDPHQLL FD úL FRQFHS LLOH ORU GHVSUH HL vQúLúL VXQW PRGHODWH GH H[SHULHQ HOH ORU

sociale (G. H. Mead).

II: METODE DE CERCETARE S2&,2/2*,&

([LVW GRX PDUL WUDGL LL GH FHUFHWDUH HPSLULF vQ VRFLRORJLH úL GHúL GLIHUHQ HOH GLQWUH HOH VXQW OLPSH]L GXS

FXP VH YD YHGHD WUHEXLH VSXV F H[LVW WRWXúL úL XQ QXPU LPSRUWDQW GH HOHPHQWH FH OH DSURSLH UHXQLQGX-le în
cadrele mai generale ale disciplinei. Prima dintre ele se bazHD] SH FUHGLQ D – úL FKLDU SH LPSHUDWLYXO – ca
VRFLRORJLD V RIHUH DQDOL]H RELHFWLYH úWLLQ LILFH DOH IHQRPHQHORU VRFLDOH (D vúL DIO UGFLQLOH vQ WUDGL LD

PRGHUQ SR]LWLYLVW FH D GRPLQDW FXQRDúWHUHD úWLLQ LILF vQFHSkQG FX VHFROHOH DO ;9,,-lea – al XVIII-OHD úL
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H[SOLFDWH SXQkQG vQ HYLGHQ  UHOD LLOH FDX]DOH GLQWUH HOH $VSHFWHOH VRFLDOH PVXUDELOH VXVFHSWLELOH GH D VH

schimba sunt denumite variabile )HQRPHQXO FH SURGXFH VDX OPXUHúWH FRPSRUWDPHQWXO XQXL DOW IHQRPHQ

este denumit YDULDELO LQGHSHQGHQW LDU IHQRPHQXO SH FDUH GRULP V-l expliFP HVWH QXPLW YDULDELO

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cantitative PVXUDbile) privitoare la ambele variabile trebuie colectate într-R PDQLHU ULJXURDV úL

VLVWHPDWLF SHQWUX D SXWHD IL XWLOL]DWH vQWU-o cercetare.

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antropRORJLHL VRFLDOH GH FHUFHWDUH HWQRJUDILF $LFL DFFHQWXO VH SXQH SH vQ HOHJHUHD vQ SURIXQ]LPH D

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QX SRW IL DFHOHDúL FX FHOH DSOLFDWH OXPLL QDWXUDOH $FHVW GHPHUV VH ED]HD] SH WHKQLFL GH FROHFWDUH D XQRU GDWH

calitative (precum REVHUYD LD SDUWLFLSDWLY PHWRG GH FHUFHWDUH ED]DW SH REVHUYD LH úL vQ FDUH FHUFHWWRUXO

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ajutorul bibliografiei anexate programei cursului de 6RFLRORJLH JHQHUDO QH YRP PXO XPL V RIHULP vQ

FRQWLQXDUH SUH]HQWDUHD VXFFLQW D SULQFLSDOLORU WHUPHQL OHJD L GH FHUFHWDUHD VRFLRORJLF HPSLULF

$QDOL] GH FRQ LQXW: PHWRG GH FHUFHWDUH FH RIHU R PRGDOLWDWH VLVWHPDWLF GH D RUJDQL]D úL VLQWHWL]D DWkW

FRQ LQXWXULOH PDQLIHVWH FkW úL SH FHOH ODWHQWH DOH FRPXQLFULL

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cele mai utilizate de sociologi, în acest sens, este aceea dintre grupurile primare úL grupurile secundare. Un
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specializate, cu scopuri precise (membrii unui comitet).

13
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concrete.
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fenomen, elaborând astfel o imagine-HWDORQ D DFHVWXLD ID  GH FDUH SRW IL PVXUDWH UHDOLW LOH GH DFHODúL JHQ
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decât problemele reale ce trebuie rezolvare); legea lui Parkinson, a risipei organizate (“orice activitate tinde
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promovarea propriilor interese particulare).

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14
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HOHPHQW DUH vQWRWGHDXQD FRQVHFLQ H úL DVXSUD DOWRU HOHPHQWH VRFLDOH ÌQ JHQHUDO VH FRQVLGHU F elementele
dinamice majore diQ VRFLHWDWH VXQW SRSXOD LD PRGLILFULOH vQ FRPSR]L LD GLVWULEX LD úL PULPHD SRSXOD LHL
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(environment úL WHKQRORJLD

15
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16
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BIBLIOGRAFIE:
Bilton, T.; Bonnett, K.; Jones, P.; Skiner, D.; Stanworth, M.; Webster, A. 1996, Introductory Sociology,
Third Edition, MACMILLAN PRESS, London.
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Levine, Donald 1995, Visions of the Sociological Tradition, The University of Chicago Pres, Chicago and
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