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Acidic and Basic Solutions and pH

• When water dissociates (break up), it releases an equal number of hydrogen ions (H +) and hydroxide
ions (OH-)

• Only a few water molecules at a time are dissociates. Actual number of ions in 10 -7 moles/liter. A mole is
a unit of scientific measurement for atoms, ions and molecules.

A. Acidic Solutions
a. Acidic solutions have a sharp or sour taste→ associate with indigestion
b. Acids are molecules that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H +)
c. Important acid: HCl
Dissociation is almost complete. HCl is called a strong acid. When hydrochloric
HCl → H+ + Cl-
acid is added to a beaker of water, number of hydrogen ions increase.
B. Basic Solutions
a. Bases have a bitter taste and feel slippery when in water.
b. Bases are molecules that either take up hydrogen ions (H +) or release hydroxide ions (OH-)
c. Important base: NaOH
Dissociation is almost complete. Sodium hydroxide is called a strong
NaOH → Na+ + OH-
base. If sodium hydroxide is added to a beaker of water, the number of
hydroxide ions increases.
Strong acids and bases are destructive to cells.
C. The Litmus Test
a. Litmus is a vegetable dye that changes color from blue to red (acid) and from red to blue (base).
D. The pH Scale
a. A pH scale is used to indicate the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. It is the negative
a. A pH scale is used to indicate the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. It is the negative
logarithm of the molar concentration of the hydrogen ion [H +]
b. A pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 represents a neutral state in which hydrogen ion and
hydroxide ion concentrations are equal.
c. A pH below 7 is acidic solution because the hydrogen ion concentration [H +] is greater than the
hydroxide concentration [OH-]
d. A pH above 7 is basic because [OH-] is greater than [H+]
e. A number with a smaller negative exponent indicates a greater quantity of hydrogen ions than
one with a larger negative exponent.
E. Buffers and pH
a. A buffer is a chemical or a combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits. Buffers
resist pH changes because they can take up excess hydrogen ions (H +) or hydroxide ions (OH-)

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