Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
TOPICS
• Blackbody Radiation & Plank’s Hypothesis
• The Photoelectric Effect
• The Compton Effect
• Photons and Electromagnetic Waves
• The Quantum Particle
• The Double-Slit Experiment revisited
• The Uncertainty Principle
Text Book:
PHYSICS for Scientists and Engineers
with Modern Physics (6th ed)
By Serway & Jewett
MIT- MANIPAL 1
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM PHYSICS
INTRODUCTION
2
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANCK’S HYPOTHESIS
INTRODUCTION
Concept of oscillators
Definition of a Black-Body
Black-Body Radation Laws
1- The Stefan-Boltzmann Law
2- The Wien‘s Displacement Law
3- The Rayleigh-Jeans Law
4- The Planck Law
Application for Black Body
Conclusion
Summary
4
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANCK’S HYPOTHESIS
When the radiation enters into the body through the hole, it
suffers multiple reflections inside the sphere and is
completely absorbed.
7
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANCK’S HYPOTHESIS
MIT- MANIPAL 8
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANCK’S HYPOTHESIS
General characteristics of
curves
1. At the given temperature the
intensity of radiation
increases along with the
wavelength and reaches the
maximum value at a
particular value of
wavelength λmax. Then it
decreases along with the
increase of the wavelength.
Figure shows Intensity of 2. At a given temperature, the
blackbody radiation versus intensity is not uniformly
wavelength at three distributed in the radiation
temperatures. spectrum of a black body. 9
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANCK’S HYPOTHESIS
General characteristics of
curves
λmaxT= a constant
This represents Wien’s
displacement law.
MIT-MANIPAL 10
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANCK’S HYPOTHESIS
General characteristics of
curves
4. For all wavelengths the energy
emission increases along with the
temperature.
P = σ A e T4
P- power in watts radiated from the surface of an object
σ- is a constant called Stefan’s constant. σ= 5.670 x 10-8 W/m2.K4
A- the surface area of the object in square meters.
e – the emissivity of the surface
T – the surface temperature in Kelvins.
We know,
I= σ T4
Solution:
T=273+35=308 K
Solution:
lm = 2.898 × 10-3 /T
lm = 2.898 × 10-3/2000
lm = 1.4 μm
lm = 2.898 × 10-3/5800=0.5 μm
18
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANCK’S HYPOTHESIS
2ck B T
I (, T) d d
4
Where
I (,T) d is the intensity or power per unit area emitted in
the wavelength interval d from a blackbody.
I (,T) d=P/A
d= 1~λ2 20
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANCK’S HYPOTHESIS
i.e. I (l, T) 0 as l 0.
24
SJ: Section 40.1 P-10.
For very large λ:
Show that at longer wavelengths, Planck’s radiation law reduces
to the Rayleigh-Jeans law.
2 π hc 2 1
I(λ, T) =
λ5 hc
λk B T
e - 1
hc
Take x
k B T
x2 x3
Use e 1 x
x
......... 1 x
2! 3!
( l arg e x small, higher order terms neglected
25
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANCK’S HYPOTHESIS
E n = nhf
28
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANK’S HYPOTHESIS
SJ: P-SE 40.2 The Quantized Oscillator
A 2.0- kg block is attached to a spring that has a force
constant of k = 25 N/m. The spring is stretched 0.40 m from
its equilibrium position and released.
A. Find the total energy of the system and the frequency of
oscillation according to classical calculations.
Solution: The total energy of a simple harmonic
oscillator having an amplitude ‘A’ is given by
1 k
f 0.56 Hz
2 m 29
B. Assuming that the energy is quantized, find the quantum
number n for the system oscillating with this amplitude.
E n = nhf
n = 5.4 x 10 33
30
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANCK’S HYPOTHESIS
2.898 x 10 3
( b) max 3
504 nm
5.75 x 10 K
32
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANK’S HYPOTHESIS
P nE nhf ,
Where n no.of photons emitted per sec ond
P P 150 x 103
n 34
2 .27 x10 30
photons / s
E hf (6.672 x10 ) x (99.7 x 10 )
6
33
SJ: Section 40.1 P-6.
A sodium-vapor lamp has a power output of 10.0 W. Using
589.3 nm as the average wavelength of this source, calculate
the number of photons emitted per second.
P nE nhf ,
Where n no.of photons emitted per sec ond
P P P P 150 x 103
n 2 .96 x1019
photons/ s
c
E hf h ( ) hc (6.672 x10 ) x (99.7 x 10 )
34 6
34
BLACKBODY RADIATION & PLANK’S HYPOTHESIS
Solution:
T=constant/λm= 2.898 x 10-3/560 nm
= 5.18 x 103 K
35
SJ: Section 40.1 P-3 A blackbody at 7500 K consists of
an opening of diameter 0.050 mm, looking into an oven. Find
the number of photons per second escaping the hole and
having wavelengths between 500 nm and 501 nm.
e k B T
1 (circle)
d 2
2hc 2 A 1 2hc ( ) ( 2 1 )
2
P d 4
5
hc 2 hc
e k T 1
B
( 1 2 5
) e ( ) k T 1
1 2 B
2 Area=A=(πd2/4)
2
where 1 & d 2 1
2
E 37
SJ: Section 40.1 P-7 Calculate the energy in electron
volts, of a photon whose frequency is (a) 620 THz, (b)
3.10 GHz, (c) 46.0 MHz (d) Determine the
corresponding wavelengths for these photons and state
the classification of each on the electromagnetic
spectrum.
(6.627 x 10 34 J.s) x (620 x1012 Hz)
(a ) E hf 2.57eV
(1.6 x10 J ) 19
arc 3 x102 m
Take 0.03 radian
radius 1m
The simple pendulum' s total energy : E mgh mg(L L cos )
E (1.0 kg) (9.8ms )(1.00 0.9995)
2
E 4.41x103 J
1 g
Frequency of oscillation :f 0.498 Hz
2 L
Now, E nhf
E
So, n 1.34 x1031
hf
39
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
1. Introduction
1. What is Photoelectric Effect?
2. Apparatus for studying Photoelectric Effect
3. Experimental Observations
4. Classical Predictions
5. Clash between Classical predictions
6. & Observed Experimental results
7. Einstein’s model of the Photoelectric Effect
8. Explanation for the observed features of PE
1. Application
2. Conclusion
3. Summary
MIT- MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS-INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM PHYSICS-2010-11 40
The Photoelectric Effect
Light of frequency (f)
Emission of electrons
(Photoelectrons)
If f = fc
Photoelectric current
Laws of Photoelectric Emission
3. If the frequency (f) is more than this frequency (fc)
electrons escape from the metal surface and move with
certain amount of “kinetic energy” (K.E. =1/2 mv2).
Light of frequency (f > fc)
photoelectric current
If f > fc
& electrons have KE
2
v f
2
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
46
Laws of Photoelectric Emission
5. The minimum value of the retarding potential to prevent
the electron emission is called the stopping potential.
In such a case the
Kmax = e ΔVs
Kmax = hf -
Observed features:
1. Dependence of photoelectron kinetic energy on light
intensity:
Kmax is independent of the light intensity.
Kmax+φ = hf: Equation shows that Kmax depends only on
frequency of the incident light.
Kmax increases with increase in frequency.
fc = /h.
If the incident frequency f is less than fc , no emission of
photoelectrons. 51
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
4.Dependence of photoelectron
kinetic energy on light
frequency:
Einstein predicted that a
graph of the maximum kinetic
energy Kmax Vs frequency f
would be a straight line, A plot of Kmax of
given by the linear relation, photoelectrons versus
Kmax = hf - frequency of incident light in
a typical photoelectric effect
and indeed such a linear
experiment.
relationship was observed.
And this work won Einstein his Nobel Prize in 1921 52
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Classical Predictions versus Experimental results
Predictions made by a classical approach (wave nature
of light) with experimental results (particle nature).
1. Dependence of photoelectron kinetic energy on light intensity:
54
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Classical Predictions versus Experimental results
57
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Summary
(B)
Work function= φ= h fc = h(c/λc)
λc = hc/φ=
[(6.627 x 10-34) (3 x 108)]/[(2.46 x 1.6 x10-
19
V)
λc=(504 nm)
MIT-MANIPAL 60
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
λc=(296 nm)
Cut off frequency fc= c/λc
f 1.01 x 1015 Hz 61
Einstein’s Photoelectric effect
E= φ + Kmax
h(c/λ)= φ+ e Vs
Vs=[h(c/λ)- φ]/e=
MIT-MANIPAL 62
SJ: Section 40.2 P-14. Electrons are ejected from a
metallic surface with speeds up to 4.60 x 105 m/s when light
with a wavelength of 625 nm is used. (a) What is the work
function of the surface? (b) What is the cut-off frequency for
this surface?
(a ) E K max
E 1.982 eV
(625nm) x1.6 x10 19
( b) f
h 6.627 x10
c 34
63
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
SJ: Section 40.2 P-16. The stopping potential for
photoelectrons released from a metal 1 is 1.48 V larger
compared to that in metal 2. If the threshold frequency
for the metal 1 is 40.0 % smaller than for the metal 2,
determine the work function for each metal.
Given:
ΔVs1=ΔVs2+1.48 V
fc2= 60% fc1=0.6 fc1 implies φ2=0.4 φ2.....(1)
(because hfc=φ)
(a ) E e V eV 0.376eV
(546.1 x10 ) x1.6 x10
s s 9 19
1.9eV
(6.627 x10 ) x (3x10 ) 8
(b) eVs E 34
1.9 eV 0.216 eV
(587.5x10 ) x1.6 x10
9 19
Vs 0.216V
65
SJ: Section 40.2 P-15.
Lithium. Beryllium, and mercury have work functions of
2.30 eV, 3.90 eV and 4.50 eV, respectively.
Light with a wavelength of 400 nm is incident on each
of these metals. Determine (a) which metals exhibit the
photoelectric effect and (b) the maximum kinetic
energy for the photoelectrons in each case.
Incident light: λ=400 nm. Only Lithium has λ < λc i.e f > fc
So, only Lithium exhibits photoelectric effect.
66
67
THE COMPTON EFFECT
• Introduction
• What is Compton Effect
• Schematic diagram of Compton’s apparatus
• Experimental Observations
• Classical Predictions
• Explanation for Compton Effect
• Derivation of the Compton Shift Equation.
• Conclusion
• Summary
68
SUMMARY OF PHOTON PROPERTIES
E hf h
p = = =
c λf λ
69
Compton Effect
A.H.Compton gave direct confirmation
of the existence of the particle nature
of electromagnetic waves.
Incident photon
Compton (1923) measured
(X-ray photon) intensity of scattered X-rays as
function of wavelength for
different angles.
In such a scattering, a
Scattered beam of X ray
wavelength shift (λ’-λ0) in
wavelength for the scattered X-
rays takes place, which is known
as Compton shift.
Classical Predictions
MIT-MANIPAL 74
Experimental Observations and Results
h
Compton shift ( )
1
(1 cos )
mc
0
e
h
0.00243 nm
mce
E p c m c
2 2 2 2 4
Ee2=pe2c2+m2c4
Where
pe= mv (Relativistic momentum of electron)
1
Where Lorentz factor γ
v 2
1 -
c 2
y mv sinφ
Scattered electron
with relativistic
momentum (pe= mv)
Energy=E0=hc/λ0
φ x
Incident photon θ (h/λ’ cosθ+ mv cosφ)
En
e rg
Momentum=p0=h/λ0 yE
’= Scattered photon
hc
/λ
’
(Momentum=p’=h/λ’)
h/λ’ sinθ 85
THE COMPTON EFFECT
1 -
c 2
86
THE COMPTON EFFECT
Rewriting the above equations as
' '
2 2 e
0 0
[E0-(E’-mc2)]2=Ee2
E02+(E’-mc2)2-2E0(E’-mc2)=Ee2
+ m c 2 mc 2 mc p c m c
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4
0 0 0
MIT-MANIPAL 89
h h
2
hc h c 2hc
2 2 2
2 m2 mc p c 2 2 2
0 0 0
h h mc h 2mc
2 2 p
2
0 0 0
h h mc h 2mc h h 2h
2 2 cos
λ λ' ' ' ' '
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
MIT-MANIPAL 90
mc h 2mc 2h
2 2 cos
' '
0
0
' 0
h
Gives ( ' ) (1 cos )
mc
0
91
THE COMPTON EFFECT
Summary
X-rays are scattered at various angles by electrons in a
target. In such a scattering, a shift in wavelength is observed
for the scattered X-rays and the phenomenon is known as
Compton Effect. Classical physics does not predict the correct
behaviour in this effect. If x-ray is treated as a photon,
conservation of energy and linear momentum applied to the
photon-electron collisions yields for the Compton shift:
h
λ' - λ 0 (1 - cos θ)
mec
' 0.200710nm
(b) When θ increases larger than 450, cos θ value decreases and
(1-cosθ) increases.
MIT-MANIPAL 94
SJ: Section 40.3 P-21Calculate the energy and
momentum of a photon of wavelength 700 nm.
hc (6.627x10 ) x (3x10 )
34 8
E 2.84x10 J 1.78eV
19
700x10 9
h 6.627x10 34
700nm
MIT-MANIPAL 95
SJ: Section 40.3 P-22X rays having energy of 300
keV undergo Compton scattering from a target. The
scattered rays are detected at 37.00 relative to the
incident rays. Find (a) the Compton shift at this angle
(b) The energy of the scattered x-rays and © the
energy of the recoiling electron.
96
hc
( b) E ' ' 0
'
hc hc (6.627 x10 34 )(3x108 )
To find 0 : E 0 0 4 . 14 x10 12
m
0 300 x10 3
E0
( )
1.6 x10 19
hc
E' 268 keV
'
MIT-MANIPAL 97
THE COMPTON EFFECT
SJ: Section 40.3 P-23. A 0.00160 nm photon scatters
from a free electron. For what photon scattering angle
does the recoiling electron have kinetic energy equal to
the energy of the scattered photon?
h mc
(1 cos ) cos 1 0 e
mc h
0
gives 70 0
98
SJ: Section 40.3 P-25. A 0.880 MeV photon is scattered by
a free electron initially at rest such that the scattering angle of
the scattered electron is equal to that of the scattered photon
( = ). (a) Determine the angles & . (b) Determine the
energy and momentum of the scattered electron and photon.
Given :
(a ) Conservation of momentum :
x component : p = p ' cos θ + p cos φ
0 e
Since h h
= ( + p ) cos ......(1)
0 ' e
Since
h
p' sin p sin gives p' p ...( 2)
' 99
e e
MIT-MANIPAL
hc
E
0
0
hc
substitute
E
0
solve for 43 0
100
hc hc
( b ) use eqn : E ' 602 keV
' ( 2 cos )
0
E'
Then p' 3.21 x10 kg.m / s 22
c
(c) from eqn 3 : pe p' 3.22 x10 kg.m / s 22
BE-PHYSICS-INTRODUCTION TO
MIT-MANIPAL 101
QUANTUM PHYSICS-2010-11
SJ: Section 40.3 P-24. A 0.110 nm photon collides with a
stationary electron. After the collision, the electron moves
forward and the photon recoils backward. Find the momentum
and the kinetic energy of the electron.
Given: λ0=0.110 nm
hc
Use eqn : E 11.3 keV
0
0
h
(1 cos ) where 180 0
mc
4.86 x10 m 12
hc
' 0.115 nm gives E ' 10.8 keV
'
0
MIT-MANIPAL 102
Momentum
Ke E E ' 478eV
0
103
THE COMPTON EFFECT
10
PHOTONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
•In short, the particle model and the wave model of light
compliment each other.
MIT- MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS-INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM PHYSICS-2010-11 10
PHOTONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
De Broglie
The Wave Properties of Particles
de Broglie Hypothesis
h Planck’s constant
h 6.63 1034 Js
de Broglie wavelength p
momentum 10
The wave Properties of Particles
In 1924, Louis de Broglie postulated that like photons,
perhaps all forms of matter (electrons/protons) have wave
and particle properties.
Thus, the waves associated with material particles (like
electrons , protons) are called matter waves or De-Broglie
waves.
De Broglie suggested that material particles of mass ‘m’
momentum p (=mv) have a characteristic wavelength (λ)
that is given by the same expression:
Planck ' s cons tan t h h
Wavelength
Momentum p mv
108
Furthermore, in analogy with photons, particles obey the
Einstein relation E=hf, where E is the total energy of the
particle.
Then the frequency of the particles is
h
frequency of the particle Planck’s constant
h h
p m v
6.63 x 10 34 J . s
( 9.11 x 10 31 kg )( 1 x 107 )
11
7.28 x 10 m
h h
p mv
6.63 x 10 34 J . s 34
3.32 x 10 m
( 50 x 10 3 kg )( 40 m / s )
111
SJ: P-SE 40.7 An Accelerated Charged Particle
A particle of charge q and mass m has been accelerated from
rest to a nonrelativistic speed through a potential difference of
V. Find an expression for its de Broglie wavelength.
MIT-MANIPAL 113
SJ: Section 40.5 P-35 (a) An electron has a kinetic
energy of 3.0 eV. Find its wavelength. (b) Also find the
wavelength of a photon having the same energy.
MIT-MANIPAL 114
PHOTONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
&
Electron Diffraction pattern
(Go through the details of the experiments)
MIT- MANIPAL 11
Davisson and Germer experiment
This is an experiment on diffraction of accelerated electrons by
crystals to establish the wave nature of electrons.
Electron
Gun
Detector
Nickel Crystal
Experimental set up
A beam of electrons from a heated filament accelerated to a
potential V is collimated and allowed to strike a single crystal
of nickel.
Electrons are scattered in all directions by the atoms in the
crystal. The intensity of the scattered electron beam is
measured by a detector which can be moved to any angle
relative to the incident beam.
The most intense reflection of electron beam at an angle =
50, for an accelerating potential 54 V is observed.
117
An electron of mass m accelerated to a potential V has
1
kinetic energy
2
m v ewhere
2
V ,v= velocity.
Momentum,
p mv 2 m e V
de Broglie wavelength h h h
p mv 2me V
Substituting V=54V, we get the experimental value for the de
Broglie wavelength as = 0.167nm.
PHOTONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
a sin n
Bragg’s Equation
a-lattice spacing
• Wave packet
• Phase velocity
• Group velocity
• Conclusion
• Summary
12
THE QUANTUM PARTICLE
(
y = A cos k 1x - ω 1 t
1
) and (
y 2 = A cos k 2 x - ω 2 t )
w- angular frequency (ω) which is given by: ω = 2πf
BE-PHYSICS-INTRODUCTION TO
MIT-MANIPAL 129
QUANTUM PHYSICS-2010-11
Wave velocity (or phase velocity): vp
y = A cos (kx-wt)
k dx/dt -w=0
v ω/k
Group velocity (vg)
Group velocity is the velocity with which the envelope
enclosing a wave group- called wave packet formed due
to superimposition of two or more travelling waves of
slightly different wavelengths, is transported.
It is the velocity with which the energy transmission
occurs in a wave.
k w
For the superposition of two waves, the factor2A cos 2 x 2 t
vp = ω / k =fλ
(w=2πf (angular frequency) and k=2π/λ (wave number)
The group speed, the speed with which the envelope (energy)
moves. This is given by
f- wavelength
λ -wavelength
Substituting for k in terms of , we get
dυp
g = p –
dλ
MIT- MANIPAL 13
Relation between group speed(vg) and particle speed
(u) group speed, the speed with which the envelope (energy) moves.
The
This is given by
dw
v ..............(1)
dk
g
E
We know : Angular frequency : 2 f 2
h
2π 2π 2π p
Wave number : k = = =
λ h p h
w E
where E enegry of the wave
k p
p momentum
dω dE
Therefore eqn (1) : v = ........( 2)
dk dp
g
E mu 2 hf and =
2 mu
mu h u2
or v = f ( )x ......(2)
2h mu 2
phase
v
From (1) & ( 2) : v g
2
phase
14
The double-Slit Revisited
This experiment crystallize our
ideas about the electron’s wave-
particle duality.
Photograph of a double-slit
interference pattern produced by
electrons.
D=20 cm
MIT- MANIPAL 14
Condition for maximum: d sinθ=mλ
m=1 d sinθ=λ=
h h h
gives p
p mv
1 p 2
K mv 2
eV
2 2m h 2
eV
2m 2
h 2
gives V 105 V
2em 2
MIT-MANIPAL 147
SJ: Section 40.7 P-45
Neutrons traveling at 0.400 m/s are directed through a pair of slits
having a 1.00 mm separation. An array of detectors is placed 10.0 m
from the slits.
(a) What de Broglie wavelength of the neutrons?
(b) How far off axis is the first zero-intensity point on the director
array?
14
For a particle represented by a single wavelength wave
existing throughout space, is precisely known, and
according to de- Broglie hypothesis, its p is also known
accurately. But the position of the particle in this case
becomes uncertain.
MIT-MANIPAL 150
BE-PHYSICS-INTRODUCTION TO
MIT-MANIPAL 151
QUANTUM PHYSICS-2010-11
Based on this argument Werner Heisenberg, a German
physicist, enunciated the principle of uncertainty which says
that “It is fundamentally impossible to make both
simultaneous measurements of a particle’s position and
momentum with infinite accuracy. The more precisely known
the value of one, the less precise is the other.
( x )( p )
2h
( x ) ( p )
4
( E )( t )
2h
( E ) ( t )
4
Where, E is the uncertainty in the energy emitted in the form
of an electromagnetic wave in a de-excitation process and ∆t is
the uncertainty in the time measurement.
34
1.05 x 10 J.s
x 31
2p x 2(1.37 x 10 kg.m / s)
0.383 mm
156
SJ: P-SE 40.9 The Line Width of Atomic Emissions
The lifetime of an excited atom is given as 1.0 x 10-8 s. Using
the uncertainty principle, compute the line width f produced
by this finite lifetime?
( E )( t )
2
( hf ) t / 2
E 1 1
f
h 2ht 4t 4(1.0 x10 8 s)
f 8.0 x 10 6 Hz
157
THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
SJ: Section 40.8 P-51Use the uncertainty principle to
show that if an electron were confined inside an atomic
nucleus of diameter 2x 10-15 m, it would have to be
moving relativistically, while a proton confined to the
same nucleus can be moving nonrelativistically.
Δx= 2x 10-15 m
p 2.6 x 10 kg.m / s
20
2x
For an electron non relativistic approximation
p=mev gives v=2.8 x 1010 m/s
MIT-MANIPAL 159
SJ: Section 40.8 P-52Find the minimum kinetic
energy of a proton confined within a nucleus having a
diameter of 1.0 x 10-15 m.
K
2m 2m 2m(4x ) 32 (x ) m
2 2 2
K 8.33 x 10 J 5.21MeV
13
160
SJ: Section 40.8 P-49
An electron (me=9.11 x 10-31 kg) and a bullet (m=0.0200
kg) each have a velocity of magnitude of 500 m/s, accurate
to within 0.0100%.
Within what limits could we determine the position of the
objects along the direction of the velocity?
MIT-MANIPAL 161
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM PHYSICS
QUESTIONS
1. Explain (a) Stefan’s law (b) Wien’s displacement law
(c) Rayleigh-Jeans law. [1 EACH]
2. Sketch schematically the graph of wavelength vs intensity of
radiation from a blackbody. [1]
3. Explain Planck’s radiation law. [2]
4. Write the assumptions made in Planck’s hypothesis of
blackbody radiation. [2]
5. Explain photoelectric effect. [1]
6. What are the observations in the experiment on photoelectric
effect? [5]
7. What are the classical predictions about the photoelectric
effect? [3]
8. Explain Einstein’s photoelectric equation. [2]
162
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM PHYSICS
QUESTIONS
10. Which are the features of photoelectric effect-experiment
explained by Einstein’s photoelectric equation? [2]
11. Sketch schematically the following graphs with reference to
the photoelectric effect: (a) photoelectric current vs applied
voltage (b) kinetic energy of most-energetic electron vs
frequency of incident light. [1EACH]
12. Explain Compton effect. [2]
13. Explain the experiment on compton effect. [5]
14. Derive the Compton shift equation. [5]
15. Explain the wave properties of the particles. [2]
16. Explain a wavepacket and represent it schematically. [2]
17. Explain (a) group speed (b) phase speed, of a wavepacket.
[1+1]
BE-PHYSICS-INTRODUCTION TO
MIT-MANIPAL 163
QUANTUM PHYSICS-2010-11
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM PHYSICS
QUESTIONS
20. Show that the group speed of a wavepacket is equal to the
particle speed. [2]
21. Explain Heisenberg uncertainty principle. [1]
22. Write the equations for uncertainty in (a) position and
momentum (b) energy and time. [1]
BE-PHYSICS-INTRODUCTION TO
MIT-MANIPAL 164
QUANTUM PHYSICS-2010-11