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SPECIFICATIONS
Roll no. 9
Reg.no.4100070010
1.Trench:-
TIMBER TRENCH
2. Timbering in Excavations:-
When earth has been excavated to a considerable depth the vertical faces
of the excavations need supporting by means of timber, to prevent the
soil from falling in and injuring the workmen or the work upon which
they are engaged.
The strength of the timbering used for this purpose necessarily depends
upon the nature of the soil, the depth of the excavations, and the length
of time it is likely to be kept open.
The struts should not be closer together than 6 feet , otherwise they will
prove a considerable inconvenience to the workmen in the trenches.
2. The temporary struts are now knocked away, and one length of
timbering is complete.
3. If the trenches are deep the timbering is inserted in tiers until the
required depth is reached, the struts being placed vertically under one
another, and at a distance of about 6 feet apart, so that stages may be
supported upon them for the disposition of the excavated soil - 6 feet
being the limit of depth from which an excavator can comfortably throw
soil out of a trench.
4.When poling boards longer than 3 feet are used they should be
supported by two rows of walings and struts, one row being placed near
the top end of the poling pieces and one row at the bottom, the waling so
that piece overlaps the end of the poling board by half its width. The
upper ends of the poling boards of the next tier of timbering are inserted
behind the lower waling pieces of the first tier.
3(3) Trenches In Bad Soil:-
When the ground is so bad that it will not stand to a vertical surface
while the poling boards are inserted.
2. Two 9 by 1 1/2-inch boards - which when used for this purpose are
called Sheetings - are placed against the sides of the excavation and
strutted apart with temporary struts.
2.Stout waling pieces are bolted to these guide runners, and sheet piles, 9
by 2 inches to 11 by 3 inches, and about 10 feet long, called Runners,
are driven a short distance into the ground behind the waling pieces to
form a continuous wall between the guide runners.
3. The soil is now excavated between the two rows of runners, care
being taken not to excavate within a foot of the bottom of the runners.
The runners are now driven a farther distance and another layer of soil is
excavated, this process being continued until the heads of the runners are
driven flush with the ground, struts being placed at frequent intervals to
prevent them bulging inwards.
4.If an excavation deeper than one set of piles be required, another set of
piles is driven within the first, and if the excavation be very wide,
vertical pieces are inserted between the wales; and to prevent the
horizontal struts from bending under the pressure from the earth,
inclined struts, called Rakers, are inserted between them.
____________________________________________________________________
|
| SIZE (ACTUAL) AND SPACING OF MEMBERS **
|_____________________________________________________________
DEPTH |
| CROSS BRACES
OF |_____________________________________________________________
| | |
| HORIZ.| WIDTH OF TRENCH (FEET) | VERT.
TRENCH|SPACING|_______________________________________| SPACING
| | | | | | |
| | UP TO | UP TO | UP TO | UP TO | UP TO |
(FEET)| (FEET)| 4 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 15 | (FEET)
______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
| | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 6 | 4X4 | 4X4 | 4X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 4
5 |_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
| | | | | | |
TO | UP TO | | | | | |
| 8 | 4X4 | 4X4 | 4X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 4
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
10 | | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 10 | 4X6 | 4X6 | 4X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 4
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
| | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 12 | 4X6 | 4X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 4
______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
| | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 6 | 4X4 | 4X4 | 4X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 4
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
10 | | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 8 | 4X6 | 4X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 4
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
TO | | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 10 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 6X8 | 6X8 | 4
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
15 | | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 12 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 6X8 | 6X8 | 4
______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
| | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 6X8 | 6X8 | 4
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
15 | | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 8 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 6X6 | 6X8 | 6X8 | 4
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
TO | | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 10 | 8X8 | 8X8 | 8X8 | 8X8 | 8X10 | 4
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
20 | | | | | | |
| UP TO | | | | | |
| 12 | 8X8 | 8X8 | 8X8 | 8X8 | 8X10 | 4
______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_____________
5. Limitation:-
(i) It is not intended that the timber shoring specification apply to every
situation that may be experienced in the field. These data were
developed to apply to the situations that are most commonly experienced
in current trenching practice.
(ii) When any of the following conditions are present, the members
specified in the tables are not considered adequate.
(d) When only the lower portion of a trench is shored and the remaining
portion of the trench is sloped or benched unless: The sloped portion is
sloped at an angle less steep than three horizontal to one vertical; or the
members are selected from the tables for use at a depth which is sloped
portion.
Reference:
1) Estimating, Costing and Specification by B.N. DUTTA
2) Estimating, Costing and Specification by Gurucharan Singh
3) Estimating, Costing and Specification by Chakravorti