M'ETRO

Z i·n.e. L. ibrary'" Olympia

Thi~ g;uide was w:ritti;!n,~dited and designed by the Melt\) htb.lic Afhit$~~;rtrnen.t and iIlu~tr .. led by A:rUQ.Qi~ Manda.

93-52.6KD

Cov@r; 50% recli'c~d pap~.r ,1 D% post"i..'O.tI~~mer wasl!! T~.-.;t 100"X, recyded paper., 15% f'O..,t-.J;'Qn~!.lm@lt W;l:Site

Readiingl

&]tJej,

RodQle/s GaMm Pro,&lem Solva ROOaIe Press

1988

Briggsj Srudey A.

Basic Guide to Pesticides: 1"heitC":a~sw ,and Hazams H>€~pnenl Pubishlng

199:2,

C'~r ,Arm" E,t a] Rodale's Chmtit:ili-free Yard fit G,ard.en

RodJale Pwess,

~99!1

Flillt, MMy l.omse

Pests (}!the GaMen dfld Smt:!U farm: A GTower'![i! Gmdeto Using ,uss ,Pesticide Umversity of C~a

199(1

GarnenPe-sts & Dise4$ft$ ~.Boolks;

G~ Lmd[(lein" M'I A Guide to the Biological Ce~,t:rol of.Ap,~Ms 'TheMemp~gog Group 1981

Kourik, Robert,

Designi. ~' M~mtainit1g Yo~ur Edi&le ltmdscape Naturally Me:tm:1oql':ruc Pross

1986

'Ta'bl~e of Contents

Least Thxic lalW'll IMa,,~eta'~:t ijjoIn~J. Resource CeIl1'er POBo:x 741-4

Berkeley, CA 94'70i7

llntroduai:on: :HowDoes

YOUII' GamenGlli"OW? •••••• n ••• 1

Rea!litihJ Yard aDd

O'8'4~dc Gardening Magazin~ lWdale Press

Emma1l1S~ FA

Ga~den Hin-t:s IBI .Ililll.ljli~ .'Ii" I Ii II ... JIHIHI .'Ii 2,

'Good gmd~gtedm.iqu,e-s SWbble p~ants Dis~fol:iage

Toi~rnnoo levcl

Olkowsid., \'Villiam, e,t a1 Connnon Sense Pe.st On:ltnJl Ta.1!IDtoIiIJP.~$

199]

Pesi1lh:id'es: Elotaniea I

or Synthe,tic? "' •• , " •• "'.," ".," •• ," ••• 4,

Re:ffiy,Jum

Better Homes: ,~mi !G,ar~$ G'l.irdmtiug./'VafuMlly;: A Gu:ideto Growing Chemi~l~Fm.flQ'Wers" Vegetables a~dH~rb,$

~el friedman Publshlng 1993

Ants, Aphlds

Apple maggoifs

D~ ... Jl..:l~~, h,,,,,,, LL1VA~-~~p

Carpenmr am:s Carpet bootie Ck)~gmoths Cockroaches Coclling mallis

Crane i11y larvae (Europ~m)

Scllwtz" Wm;en"

TIle Citemi:qd-f'~tawu Rodale Press

1989

5teirl, Dan

LMiSt-Tox'c f.r;O~h! Fest Control

Yep~ Rog:er B.! Jr,

The E'~ClJdopedia ,of Natm'¥d Insut & Disease Con~l Rodal!.e fress

1984

E~gs

Elm leaf beetle Fleas

flies

Honeybee ~warm Indian meal moths ~.afrollem Rootw~

Scale

Silv:er&h

S]JUg~

Sod webworn:lS Spider ml,tes Spiders

Ten!t Cl'ttelpilla_r;s Temrltes (~p wood) Wasps and, y,e]io,w jad;e:ts

Bltter-atis Clover Dand.eUoo Horse,tail rush Morning ,gLory Moss Quackgrass l'hisoo

B~ack spot Powdery .rrill.dew Rust

Scab

,G I:OSSil,1rY .I •• I.I.I.~ 111j.11 11.1111 .1~ •• I.'.IIi.lli •• 'ljilj 43: lesourfts. 1iIIj.~ ~1I!i~~ ~ .. ,. 1i~i!!L~ .'~~iI!L~ ~i~.i!i 45

'Metro Recycling Inf~rmat~on 23"'3000

{Ca.] Eor det:liled ".AJte-rna"lives-" fad: moots aoout pest contro]}. a fr,@e bookllet about h_<lza!n:lous household. pll'OdiudS, infom1.<lition about .free worbh.ops on altematlvesto pesticides and home coamposting, andgeneral ~ and waste di:spow ~i3J;l;on.}

aSH Ext-ension Serv~oo Maste:rGMd~tlers mro1UiL!l.ti.OI1t Line Mtilnomah CoOOlty (e100'J 252""53;86 Clackamas County ('S03) 6.55-8631 WasWn,g:fron 'Cour!)ty (:500) '1361-fiOOI

'Portlailitd Nu,rse'ry

5OS0 SI: Staik si, Portland, OR 97215 (503) 231 ~050

~orthwest CoaUtiion for Alternatiw.1S to Pesticides PO Box 1.393, EiUge:n.e:, OR 974\40

(500)i~5044

Washington,T,oXJics Coa'l irtiQ!n

451L6 University Wa"yNE, :Seattlet WA 98105 (21)6) 632~1545

Ino-~'ntegra11 Resolllr<leCente:r

pa- p'~ .. ''J.'~lll ~ 1;1_1,. .. 1 .... C=·A 'O~'''lf'7 _ uvX ':'10_ ':!I'I' pt;~ . ............, J'. - • ;»-'''[.1.'

{5l0) 52~2567

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insecticides! meaning you must wet the pet fot them to be effective. Iv; always, follow package directions, and cautions when using these products.

Neem - a. relatively new bctanieal insectldde derived from ill tree, This product i:s r'e-ported to be very effective, with .slightly more staying power th.a!n some other botmial insecnddes. It does.however, break down completely and is less. toxic to humans than some botanicals.

Introd.udion:

How Does Your Ga'rd,en Grow'?

Ryania - iii shrub native to South America. is the SOUl7Ce of this insecticide. It iflcapacitates fruit moths, com borers, codling moths and imported cabba_ge worms. As always, read the label before you. buy to see what other ingredients WLay be mixed m,ITI it and if It is safe to use on your particular plants.

Some home gardeIW'S use :m.ind-boggling amounts of pesticides that can pOllute our water and harm m.end1yinsocts,. birds, V\1il.dlifeF pets, diild.ren and the gardener using them. Pesticides (IDcluding insediddes .. herbicides and fungicides) that end up as trash create a dmgerous and expeNivedisposal problem. tha.t we all pay for. Using pesticides may be necessary at times, but in :many cases thet.-e are altema.lives that (U'I\! often more effective.in the lQng run and [tis harmful. tofue environment and the applicator.

Wlill.e the erwlronmental problems of the world may seem beyond your control, Y'Qn em make a difference right in yOU! own baclgrard. Be.gm by using tlUsguide to choose the least-harmtul methods fur :managing insect pests, weeds. and diseases in. yo:ur yard ooirue readting fur chemical oontrokYou.maybe an experienced orgaroc gardener Or a beginnel: whose :first step is picking up trus booklet In eiilie:rca.se! we bope it '\I'rlil1. help you leem about effective, often less expensive, ways of dealingwith pests and weeds.

This guide is intended to, provide· a safer :sl1a:tegyr a wera:ochy of steps to '!.7lke before reaching for chemicals for managing wmds; .insect pests and diseases common to gardens :in the Pacific Northwest. Jihls is not a eomprehi!l1&ve resoUl'OO. Reia:' to t1:u! ''Resowces" section b~g on page 40 fur a list of books, magazines and org.arrlzalions to consult for additional infon:na:tion.

Happy and. healthy gardening!

Pheromone ~ a chemical substanc:e produced by Insects and animals 'that stimulates c:erlain. behavior of other members of the same species. Traps use female pheromones to attract males and prevent reproduction.

Pyrethrum ~. an effective, short-lived, naturally derived insecticide made from chrysanthemum flowers. Itis toxic: to all insects, includln_gbe-neficia1 OnElSJ. and m.oderately tOxllG to birds and. ~.lt should. be the last resort fur omwtmta:ls and is. not recommended on food crops. Avoid using fu:rm:uhtio.ns that c.ontainpipenlnyl bUJtoxide, which is OllTently being evMUlI.tOO forb .carcinogenicity .Pyrethrins are the individual chemicals found in pyrethrum .. Pyrelthtoids are a new 3r.ray of synthetic chemicals, such ascyfluthrin and qperrnethcin. They resist breakdown, thus negating their major environnumtal advantage. Withth.e three names being .00 s.irnilaT, th.ey·cm easily be confused. Pyrethrum is the leaslt hazardous.

IRotenone -IJJ ·tropical. plant~rived insectiddethat is harmful to :inseds, fish,. birds and mammals, Read labels to see if the product is mixed with other pesti_dde$.. Ched the label to see if·the pest problem and the plant you want to protect an': listed. It is ·toxic and should be handled mthcarre. Follow label wtfuctions exactly.

sabadilla - the seeds of this South and. Central American plant are ground into a pcwerful insecticidal dust It is efiedive ag1liMt grnssho:ppers,·codling moth larva, wWworm. aphid, cabbage looper; .chincl:I. hug and many ho~old pests. It can irritate mucous membranes and cause sneezing; Honeybees are V'ulne:raJble to it, Handle it careMly.

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H,ealthlY Yard anld 'Garde,n Hin,ts

Had Benjamin ~ eonstdered the subject,. he would have agreed t:hat <l:I:1 Ol.ma! (1£ pll@venAion is WQlth a pound of pesticides. App[yrng~ llie mllovving: sltrn,tegy will go a kmg wary in ~ t:i;oob]e ou:tsicie yooJ:' gam.en ga.w.

Ba!~Ulus t'hurllngiensis, (Bn ~ aJ,baderia usedto OOl1!b:ol coertam pest latrvae, pritnarlly catetpllhm. B''f is :not toxic to hu.r!l~ or olhe:r~al:s, butBT wiI.kiM butlt:e-,f.t1y e'biellldltl) ,cauerpillars as we]] as 'the ptdoli!'ml one. The baeteria kills larvae by int:eJ;,fe:rm.g'Wiili dlgestiorl. BT W~ em leal surlaJ:'eS nveto seven days oocimiUl!it be ~gestedto be eff'erti)ve. Ther~ ~ many swaim o.f BT oo.mm~y avallablenowt includIDg sb:'.;dns .for >con1J;'01ling mosquito and bootle~MV~e.

'Good g',ardenlin'g techniqlllles

You Gm. p.reveJilt mmy probLems by practicing good gllWd.enmg toohniqUfS, l\]lwaiYS start with heaJ.my~ i5l:rongp]ru:tlS, and ,giw·lliem. ad~uate support to increase their na~ re9istmceto bugs and[ diseases. Son shvWd contain ~~c matenilllsu.clh as compost and. the fuilll1'ange of b~jan_ood I'I!ll!menm. Be Sum lJhe plant i:s Il~Virl:g pr()per £e:rtillilerod ad.aqua~e watering at recommended intervals Mtroughollli .~ lfeat. Simply addmg mom~er ~ !JlQt hel.(p l!f it is, ilie Wl',ong: type. For example:, too mum moogen can promo.te im:ocI:udd:isease problems. Th:.a~won the mu.lrtirple benefits of muicNng ttl OO11I:b'o] W~, OQNe.rft ''W'aiW and im,~ prove yom OOilProp1!r.prurung can irmprovethe health of yow: trees and shrubs Mild ~dl.ita,tegood U ~atiOI1l'h:I pev,en,t disease. bpli'OpeI rnming~ves aeesss for dL~a.se and insects,

BO:1l1c ,acid ~ slow aeting, ].ow~t:c!xicity, lo:rn.g.-mfulg. (if kept dry)PQwdJel'

that is €'ffediv,e against antsl cockrooches ru'J.d. other structural.pesb.lt is :ill. djge~tive and ,oontac,t polson and is lilSUaUy <l!ppiied as a dust .hod!um ,often come willi a duster~type' ~ppl.katol'.ltis toxic if ingestOOif inhaAed Of comes moo cootactmthahraded 0(1(' broken skm. :it p~ it risk to, cltiildren and[ pets iflhe:y came into eontact wii.ili it ]t .15 s~e to place Hill wall voids ~use it does notev~pOl'ate arnd! cannet etllter livmg spaces,

Diatomli;u.:eO!!:lS ,ealithl - made fromg;roundup fosslJ!sJ ~,t comes in. a }mwder fbrm. and is very ~brasive. nis a d~t tlmt abrades the skin and ])00)' joints fif insects. Dry dllafiomaoE!ous earth. m.aikes an effective $l'U:g barrie!li.Do not inhale the dust,

Suitabl!e plants

. ,Choose phmtspecies and v~_rieties that are wei! a.dapWdl tG'~01.U' cl:iJnat'e, soil oondltiOl"lS and ~vdab.le ligM ]eveJs. Avoid species fua~ 0Iire ~ to atuact pests,\lVhen buym:g new plants or pkumfung: a. ""egeta'ble gruUm"coosw:t a nurseryl the Jihmry 01' th_e OSU BX.tension Master Gat_rd_e[il,~ ers in rom OOilmiity fur suggestions ·of plant varieties that are res.is~t ~o ~andd!.is.eases common to yom' area, You. may also want to research c-ompamon. phm~ from books em. the mpic ..

OOmlant o:Us _, act by ro"l00gthe plant swriace and suffoca.ting my insects Ihat are present. Target pests ar'ea.phl__;ls~ mites,scale ~r white£lie:;: and eggs of m..a!_ny pe'Sts~. including some .caterpillars, 'Dorm.ru:\toiLs am m.eanlt IOJ' use on l~a:fle"ss, d@cidi.1ll.O"US plmitS (espooliatlly mn!tbl~s) m. me wID!teF~O redu.Qe pest populations before th~ hatch, If used in summer, these oils nUgh~ d.e.fo!Uatethe rnee.

Diseased foliage

Remove Ws(1!ase.a folia8~M soon as you can, VVhile lIemoving disellsed.folli~e alone will ]lot ,el!lntinaim cru-oa:lllic diseases such as hhicbpotf it will help prevent infe:ctoo fo]illge from reinf~lhe pmm. Do not put di:sea_sed fullageinto yom oomprult bin .. The disease Qr~ maly oot be killed inllie compos,ting pmcess. They m<ly~ct your plants when the: compost is lli~d.

Hortiiculilllilli'all GUS - also called. summe.r oils, fue...se are more mwuy refined than dortno:lnJolilis, m,aJdI:;t..g th.em.appropriate fur use on. leeves duJ:ing the growing seasoa. 'Comwt a nutSery~o locate a:=;uitai:iie product andfolGw all pl'ecauti~, Doo/t use horticultural. oils when plants aremOWf!ring~

~nsedicildal: soaps - highly :refined U.quid soaps (teduli.oilly the potassium saHolf fatly acids), sometimes ,oOlmbkted mth dt:fil.s QU. Soaps i\lil\e oorn'll!<illy mixedw:i.ili. w~ter and spraysd OIt~O ]eav.@s to eonerel Spider mires, aphids, scale ~tS1 whifelli@s and olheT ~softt~bodied ~ts. Th~r ,am crmrnct

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Scab

Scab is a name gwen to several fungus diseases, One U:tfects app.le

and olter .fnUttJrees, mother .iriocts ru~rs and yetanoth>el1' can meet pota,1ioes.On fruit trees, scab generallyappew:s first on the undersides of the l~ves as prue yellow spOl8that grad.ually darken untillhey.are nearly black. Leaves mayhavenurne:rOlllS scab spoil;; and become distorted. The scab fu.ngus Qverwinterson the, fallen in:fected ]wvesF producing spores in spcing. The spores are 'I¥iIild?bomeandl.nfect·the young ]ea:vesand fruit dllringpmods of I'm Warm rainy we1'I.ther is idea1fur scab.

Prevention:

For potatoes, scab is particuhuiy severe m aTh:aJine. soils and usually worse In dry soil, Avoid usinglime, freshmanure o:r wood ashes on your potab) beds, as these 'Will increase the alkallinity. [f potato :s:cah has boon. a prob1emf you, shouldpracti.cea 'Iih,ree, tofiv~year crop rotation schedule. Always plantresistant varieties of pota.kle'$ and apples,

Torerance leve,1

To move tow.ml roo'uclng pestkideuse, you may need to adjust yow: tolerance level, 'I\bt hlsects: areMt ham.tfulj .m.d oome insects are actu.a]ly be:nefidal, ked.irtg on harmful pests. Berore n:mnIng for the bug: :!ip,ray, find out what ilieinsect is and if His doing any damage, Otherwise:.. you may ~'Wllngly destroy a friendly prroawr .00.ance5 ~i.f there isn't a. large population. o:f apru:ticu.lar :imect, natural predalto:rs 'Will t.a:ke care' o:f the problem, Havea.littl:.e pati~fule and give them. iii. chance to work-In the .mn and. winter, insocts may mter yom house to find a. warm place. Aside from sweeping Or vocumnirtg, you may not have to interfere a,t an. Rem~r; One bug does not a problem make,

The san:'lc.e is true of weeds, Learn b:ltolenue a few oftheru.. COnmn~ irate )'U1!U' oontro]e.{fuftS on perennial weeds, espoci.aJJiythose that spread by creeping roots. Prevent and pull what you can. then '1JS.e' the money' you. save on. herbicides to buy bedding plants ,or~rungtools.

Physical control:

Because ·the fruit .~. fungus. spends the 'W'ID.ter on faUm infected 1eaves,rnke l1W:m up carefully and dispose of them. Cru:efui.pnmillg fur good. air circulation creates a less favorable environment .mrthe spread of scab.

Least-toxic che.micalcontrol:

Dormant lime ~ sprayed onthe fnti,t trees during the winter 'Will. help oorutrol it. ill the spring,. if your p1.antsare in serious trouble, ronHnue lUing: lline-.sulfur spray or wettable sulfur.

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Pesti'cid,es: iBotanic'al or Syntheti,cl

humidity and is commonly foundon fruit trees roses and big shadetrees, Rain. inhibits it and warm, damp nights enC:Omage it .Ft em cause stunoog and disto.rti.an or leaves, buds and ,growmg tips, a gene:raJ decline ln pLan,t growth, yello¥.ing of leaves MId premature ]eaf fall

Al.lhQugh preventive gardening will m:i'nllnize !:he need £01' pesticides, there may be times when you Choose to use them. In order to make infanned dedsions, it's. funprutant to understand them,

'There are two brood categories of pestidd.es, BotanicaUpesticldes

are made from natural materials :such as roots, bark and flowers, Synthetic pestiddes are derived from petrochemicals. Both types aretoxic to liv:ing things. Always, follow label iinstruJ::tioru; carefully when using either type.

The main dlii.ff;ere!:n.ce between botanical and synthetic substances is that botanicals do not a;c'CU.mujaJe in the environment; they break down faidy mp~dlry, For example, pyrethrum, an organic insecticide, is more toxic than malathion. a synthetic. However, pyrethrum degrades when exposed ~o sunlight for 12 hours or le-ss. Syntheth:::s, on. ili.E!: other hand, have mere srnying power and carn travel higher in the food chain, :increasing in 'concentration.

Some' pesticides can actually increase' pest populations becausethey may kill natural predators that 1ilSUill1y control polant-eaJing Insects Also, insects can deveklP re.sis'~ce 'to chemical controls. It iis ~ to avoid these' suibstanc,es if possible and use them only if prevention, phys:icill controls and biologicaJ contrels failto reduce pests to a!ooeptable levels, If your choice is to use pesticides, mix and apply them aCCOlldlng to label instructions. Increasing !f'te dosage does, not m~~Ih€ product more effective and greatly mcrsases concernsshout personal ,and environmental he.aJth.

Physicall co,ntrol:

frnnEi and dim. out excess branches ro Increase air drouiatian. Plant resistant varieties, and put .fl1em in sunny locations.

lLeas,tstolxic, chemica'l, ,contro'I:,

Spm y with a mixhll'e of 3 teaspoons baking soda, 2 1/2 tablespoons li'I..ortiOJillulrnl ail. and, 1/2 teaspoon insectiddill soap. Spray tills -OIl. an unobtrusive area ,o.f your plant first, and watch for signs of adverse effects before spraying yOW' entire plant.

'Rust

Rust is a fungus with orange to brownish pustules on the underside and pale yellow spots on the tops of grass blades, snapdragon or hollyhock leaves, raspberriesand rose bushes. it is common, on Kenruaky bluegrass and, en the W~atmllull bluegrass

Water Quality

Many Oof the pesticides andfertilizers used at home can causewater qlUiUty problems miles away, Pesticides can pollute our region.'s streams ~d rivers, ha.mung fiSh, aquatic plants and animals, swimmers, and those who M,t the' fish they catch.

Water from ram. or irrigationcarries pesticidesand fett:iliz~rs. from ~aW1'lS ~d Sa;n'deJ:"lS into tLeorrby S'~: r oo~ drains, Many street drains feed. directly to neighborhood waterways. Once i!n the water, pestiddes dissolve, dilut-e Or combine ¥.rilh other chemica~, to Qleate harmful oombmationsthat can kill fiSh and aquatic life, limit beneficial plants andanlmals and increase

Prev,ention':

Pick off and destroy affected leaves as soon <I!S they are nouced, Leaves must bewet £or four hours to become infected,. so carefu!l watering can help prevent it

Mow Ihi'i: lawn shorter to improve air dirculation., and arpp[y aJ ni.tfo.. gen-predominant fertilizer that contains sulfur. Choose a grass, seed mixture oontammg: fine fescues and perennial rye gress.two species i;ha,t aJie less suscepfilbie to rust,

ILealSt-toxic chemh:af eentrel:

Periodic dustings of s1l1l£wr have been round to be effective,. bu.t yO'll should not need this, unless preventive measures have failed. SUlfur' can be hlghly irritating to the respiratory system. Wmrr nose and mouth pro~~on when applying.

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Diseases Black spot

Black spot is a fungus common to rose bushes, Symptoms appear as ooaVblad: lesions OI'!! Upp€1' and lower surfaces of leaves. He:illv.i1Iy c:iis.€ased leaves 'tend to tum y.ellow and drop prematurely. \>\1hen excessive P!E'eIruIture defoliation occurs, the p]ant forms a new set of leaves, whidl causes a considerable drain on food! reserves m the roots, This results in aweakeaed plant with poody matured wood. A £ew days after the spots fiI'stappear, little black pimples show up in the spots; this sign.als that the spores are' about to be dischaJ:ged and you should ad fast '~o remove and dlseardthose leaves. Spores are earned by air currents, insects, tools, hands and dothing.

algae growth. Excess algaegrowth causes light deftdendes for planl;S and depletes 'Qxyg€,Il levelsthat fish need. to survive,

Oean wateris an essential part 01 oW'quality of life. W@ can help protect our rivers, streams and lakes by rethinking and redudng our 'use of pestiddes and other household chermcals,

Physical contllol:

Remove infected leaves from the bush andthose already fallen on the ground SO they can't l1eWect the plant. Prune away excess £oliage and skkly canes, to improve air ciroWIation. In. the spring, remove' the mulch around th,e base Cifthe plmtand t"ake the &'Ound thoroughly to expose it to the sun. Vtlhen new shoots appear, app~y generous amounts, of new mulch. Never water roses from cverhead. Keep the foliage as dry as possihle because d!ry leeves won't support the fungus.

Safety

Use exneme caution whsn ~pplying any type of dte.micaJ, bommcru or synthetic .. Allpestiddcsar,e toxlc to humans, foUo.w label instructi,orIJ. exaetly. Do, not apply more than is recommended. Wear pmteclive dol:hlng over all ski.tl ~tu'faoes llina. unlined rubber gloves and boots, goggl'e$ and

a teSplla~or when m:ixing and applying pesticides.

Never app]y powders, Of sprays on a breezy day when wind could cause 'thepeslicidet,o, drift, Drilling chem:i.rnls c.a1n. dlamage non-target' plants, birds, insects· and you. If pestiddes land on a person's skin or are inhaled. or swallowed, they may c-ause immediate (amte) and I or long~teffl'l (dtronic) health effects. [rnm.ediate reactions such as headaches, rtaUSt:la, skin rashes or fever may occur. Chr.onk herutheffect.s may include damage to yDtl:f Qrgans, nervous systern, immune systema_nd reprod uctive system.

H you. feel you've boon exposed to pesticides, Gill. your Poison Control Center immediately, In thePorUand metropolitan area, call 494-896S. Elsewhere in Oregone<illl-B00-4S2,..716S.

Prevention:

When sellecting a (Jose bush to buy, consult a knowledgeable nursery pt'!'r'Son at ·llieOSU Extension agentor ]\;fuster Gardeners for' varieties, iliaJ ,are less prone to black spot. &une varieties are more s~ljibJe than others,

Powdery mildew

Powdery mildew is a white or grayish powdery coating on the swfuces o.f ].eaves~ stems, and. buds. It' ~t.mJ.rna.'m!j (Jill dry fives m. high

D,isposal

Buy only what you, need and will use completely iIn oae season 00 YOIll won't need to worry about disposal or leftover mat-erial. lVhtm the label says "mple rinse the container," put the .rir1sate into your sprayer and use !t accot-ding [0 label msb:'uctiorJ;S, Never pow pe.stiddes down the dr,ah\ ITitw the sewer, into a septic syst,em or onto the ground. Don't dispose of them in yom trash,

H you. mustdispose of unwanted pestiddes" ta!iethem to a ]:rnurrd.o1J5 waste disposal facility. Call Metro Recydmg Wonnatio.n at 234-0000 for information aooutthe tacilii,ty n,eMest YOIl. Always: £o,l!low label directiens for sa&1y disposing of empty pesticide oontalners, Home-use pesticide ccntalnern are not recyclable.

le,ast-toxic:chemical control::

D1i..lst with a finely gro-und sulfur when temperatures are 'under 85 degrees, n tends to bum leaves. ifapplioo.in very hot weather. Or spray with a mixbiJte of 3~t:"aspoom baking soda, 21/2 tablespOOflS ho.rtioultw'ill oil and 1/2 teaspoon insecticidal seap, Spray with I:llis solution ,every 10 to 14 days during the growing season.

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Lea,st .. h,armf'ull str;ate 9 has

Reducing: reliance on pesticides reqoires that YOIll re1'illnk your strategy for e'onlrolling: unwanted. iirusects,w~ds and ~~. liVhen dealing with a preblem, use t'tU!' foUowin,g approach; pIIeV'l.il"fi,tion, idMt:i:ficatioo of the' probre'm. phys:i~ Q'l m~TILica1 OO'ntrolJ:i, biological controls, and ending. Ol!Jy when netessary, wilhthe least '~oxk chemical rontt,at The soil..lUol'llS, suggested fur the specific insects, diseases and weeds listed ill thls bookllet foHowlhis hiernrdtical approach.

t'histles have leaves MIlL sharp prlcld~, <J![1d spread by seed 'or underground shoots.

Prev'entian

If yoou. have a problem arutual!lyor are ooncemcdthe pliobJem may develop, fellow prevention roco,mmendatiorJ.S g,1IJcn as th05€!: listed in this, guide., Always apply the measures desoibed. in 'the previous. 1iHtm].thy Yard and GardiNl Hints" section. P]anting the right pl<1t!t in the rig'blit place and

giving good care are key. .

Prevention!';

In ftow,er or omam ntal plant beds, use a deep organic mulch to roducelhek numbers"

[Physical contro:l:

flulthem ,Qut and 'coverlroolb~esome M\e.lS 'lNith l~ b~doth.

Spot treat with bollingwater.

'Ide,nt:ify the, :prob'lem

U you can't identify a parncu!lar pest or disease... coll.oct 8. sample of it and take' iito, ~ local nmsery Or' ·the OSU Ex:te.fiS.iM office rteM€st you, An 'offioe is loc.ated. in ,every c'ounty. Learn whether a particUlar insed is harmful Q1' beneficial. Given a little time, natural pI'OOatolS may m.[l.-.e' careof harmful insects, Get to know what 'fue predators of y(~ur destructive insect look li}Qe and, if possible, eneonragethem.Po» weeds .. find (iut whatsoll, moisbw:e and ollie-.r eondltions are causing them. to grow and try. to modify those oonditions to &ourage th~m.Rem.emb!1!rthat most plant problems stem from peer grO'\<Vingoonootions rather thatn pests.

Physical contro,ls,

Once a problem is established, by phy.sical. removal, traps or barriers.

This Is tim St"llest solution and can be ex1l1emely ,effective"

Bi1o.ogicaE ,control,s

lNhen appr-opriate, take ad vantage of the parasites, pmdato~ and 'bad~riana:ture provides to keep pest popWati,ons in Check.

Quackgrass

Least-toxic chemical controls

If all else fa!1:s.rl,l$e;the least .. toxk product aippropriate fur the probl.e<m.

Be sure illo:!t the product, you choose is 1.a.OO1Nw tr~at the probLem. you have. labels a_rechan~g as chemicals are being .u-r~t€red, IT IS AGAll'JSTFEDERAL LAo W TO USE APESTlCIDE iN" A NiANN"ER INCONSISTENT VVITH UBEL DIRECTIONS, Focus O1lppllkationson the affected foliage and app!yonly as often as is aboobl~Iy n~. This will. reduce negative effects 00 beneficial o:rg.anisms such as earthworms, honeybees, dragonflies, spiders, laJdykl1,;liS, praying mantis and. birds, Be awarethat even. the mildest frwec:tictdal sprays may kill beneficial Insects that are also sensitive to U~ Thernost selective: methods are the best. Tallk withknow]M,geable nursery personnel or OSU Exrension age:n:ts about timing and conditiamror application oJ botanical prodt:!.ds. ~I:hey are short-ltved, proper tirnin.g is critical

Handle all pesticides willi care and be especially sensitive to h.ea:lth and safety issues fur yourselfand the e.l'l'viroru:neot.

Physicaioontrol:

Keep pulling it out Pieces o~ raot1e<ft in th.e soil can. sprout new growth, Sift the soi] ~.fu!lly 'to maike sure you remove an reotpieees, Try oovenngit vvith wood. barrier cloth, If mowed reg:u]arly, quackgrass does not seril)llSly detractfrom the appearnnoa of a lawn, Mowmg'Will gradually cause quackgrass to dediln.e,

Least-to:xi.c che,micallcontr-ol:

Try spot treating with bailing water. ]I the gass still. persists, do nat spr-ay . Paint the leaves when they are about a inch.eshJigh wHhthe leasttoxic systremichMbicide availab]e when the plant is ,a;:;fively ieedID,g its roots, A systemic wit!. move from the leaves furoughthe plant's vescular system and kill the roots, DQ not put plfint parts, that have beentreated wi.lJh herbicides into yom oompost pile.

----~~~~~------------

.Ants

new gwwlllspro1il~ CMI. d.epletet:he feed ~es and aMow o,m.er p]mts~o oompe'te ~uCQessfully, Keeping: <JJ:[ ~n puts removed. from .nl!iidJ.-summer to late fall 'Will starve the roots and help control morning glory and other pere~]. weem:"

Inseds

Leawbndc. ,cbem~cal control:

If chemieal control iisJ:eqtrired" dono~ spray. Pain,tthe leav~ with the lieasHoxh: sysre.mk herbicide available when the plant :is actively feeding its, I'(!10~ A sysremfcwil move ~l:)m 'llie' ~~V\es througllthe ptat'llt"s V~al' system to killllie roots. Do not pul ploo!t parts that have been trealted. 'W]&i hetbiddes mkl y,our oompost pile.

There (l;[\e mom)'" species ,of OOfts found ill Mm~sandg:wet'liS in the Northwest Ants do not d:irectly harm. plmts, but if they. afll a. fiWs.m~ haY,! y'ollUl' pmticu.W.'type Ldentified by someone at a rllU!rSezy or OSU EX'~Q.IJl office, .;..]so, S~ ale "Carpe:nw ants"" lli.Stll'lg.

Moss

Preverrrtionl:

Store fOod in tight[y sealed oontalrLcE!TS. Keep all kitdlen suria"ces clean and free of food! scraps and standing Mlfe--ll'.

Physical control:

If al:ine 'of arI!ts ls ~ across the kitd'I.e~ find llie point of entry and. seal it Use' a silicone seal. Use petrol~m Felly for a short-term fix

UIilti] you haY,s: me ttl de a ba,tter jab. Remove wh<i!t llie ants are eating and

. nllOP them up with ,soa.py water. Some have found that Sptfinllling red cl"tili. pepper atth.e entry point helps disOO1:ll'age ants, Wrap a. band of tatpe, paper or OOHOn.co~ttd with a sMy :subs,tanoe such as Tanglefoot® around the main S~E!m 0.£ o1ll:baoOt pbSlts tot1~p ants,

Moss is .it rtaltiU,a] prui of the Pacific NarthW'estls .nati:.VE groWldrover. ]J.yo:ur lawn has moss, coflSfder leaving itfrLere or allowing it to spread in pI<mting beds to hrn"l. an idtractive groundcover, It prefers made, mOlshHe, and poor add sow .

BioEogita~ (:01'1111101:

Birds, bee fIlies, humpback flies and thlc'k':.he~ded fliesare natural prcedators outdoors,

IPrevention:

Coft:eclllie conditions that rul.COUIag€: it to gt1o'w. W <'Iter mfrnqul'ntly but ,d~eplyj makm,g sW'etha~ Ihe wat€T Is p€!tll1!tratingand I'LO,t ~ oft Proper aesation and iliatdting ·o,f 11lV\lI'lS will help aiir Ilow, Do not apply ~iW faster ~m ~he sell can absorb it Soil should. be limed and ferl'ilized to ,encourage the growlh o,f ~he desired p1om,ti or tu:!:'f. If shade is hom trees, wTIS~der pruning ih(jJm bo .HI.ow mal\('? sunlight, to re[l,ch fue area.

Lea5t--toxic ehemica I oo,ntroll:,

Diato:m.aJ:.:oous eorrth, silica gm" boric olck! and pytetl:'lm.ro. can be ,effoctiv·e. Di;\liW<m.ac€ous eanh Mfi:1I, silica gelate' dusts that kill mse~ts by drying !hem out They are dangerous to breathe, so lfther must be blown into wahl spa.ces,a prOreSS10tlilil should do the job. Pyreth;mm can be eombined with smca gel to give a faster effect; oneform romes in a nen-aarosel

'Physica'loo'mlfol::

R..aJ.;.e ~t out ()f bvvrul.

Leari~t<ndc chemicall c:cmtrol:

Apply an herbidda] $Oapor an iren-based product ~t ·turns the moss bbd. as, it dies. Keep these products off COf!.C!!'efe., as they will s,tain.

-~~~--.-----~

------.--~~~~

Horsetail rush

squeezediisperu;er that allows for application mcrads anderevises to ~ :~ali'ld- pet Qontact Bork acid can be used in aa~, bll1tonly in! areas not aOQessiib1e to crawbg chikh'en or pets, 'toucan also uselnsecrtddal SOOipto dlIench 00, Mt ~olonycH!ttdoo:rs ,or in ill crawl :Spa.oe. More ~ ooet:reab:nent may 00 necessary.

Aphids

,

More than 4;.000 species of aphlds have been id.eJ1LWied. Therear'€ black, bw'WfIlIJ, rod" pm:p]eJPlnk.. green Md y>eltlow a[pmdis. Some hav.@' vv]ng~ and othees do not:. Tiley all Mve a 30ft body about ]/8 o.f an indt long Mld a :ooda~tr:,\jJw mouth part affillptedf.or extracmg plbt' juIDe:5. Because aphids bear 'live young',tll"Le'llr popwationsgrow rapidly. ~,te ln ·the fall males: are bam. ro~, overwinmring eggs .. These eggs, deFosired. in p]mt crevices and garden debris,wi.thl.imnci. inclement weather to hakhin the spring. Most aphids e~~te :a sweet, stidy :substancecaU.ed honeydew as, they. feed, It serves as Iood ~or ants.bees and. flies and as a glOwing mewlUITi: filrsooty

m~ .

Ho~ lU!ih is an andent p]antthal can be atlIa!.cti.voe in namral oottings, but ,ea5ilyoocomes a pest in thegardeu, It spooadli by SPO!,e;s orby its· reot sy$~rn, wmm can be as d~p as 12 feet Us presence ~dkaw lliai the soil ~ wet daYI tending lobe ,acidic. Try drying 'outthe area if possible. Or consider planting other water loving pl~tsj Iika rushes and. S€dges, to add a more l'IIatw'al element to your landscape,

il~"

IPhysical co:l'i'litlro:ll:

Hood pull or hoe out thea.bove ground ~W'fu as lit appears. Persis~en~e is necessary, b'llt Qv·erfime.. tft1is will depIe:~ejts eIlle~ rnserv·e,s. <m:d achleve control. 'VVher! the weed dies. down in winter, coOver the area w.ill"! weed. barnet doth, ~d lieav·e in pJaQefoll:' hvQ yea:rs. to· preverlll: weeds &am photosyn~izing. EveJ'i! then, 1I00~ t.rta¥ still. b~ able to push up n.ew

growth. -

Morn.ing g;lory

M.o.m:mg glory isa weedy vmetha.t wiHhvme all over the pde.n,. ol].vemg plants to ~ paint o:f smothering ~.nt .i;s.1:lS1Il<IIy sprea.d by $ood. Or .mv.wive roots. Its frtickOeshy roots can travel. long distan06S jru;t under fue :~oil smrnC€.

P,l\'eVentiofU

A vo,id p.lantingspedes that aJttrad aphids, These inc.h.lde b.iroh trees} rosesand c~dain vegetable varieties su.ch. as bms~~ sprou.ts. CortSulJt YOlU" local ExtensiOl~ .' QffiQe or lil1iU'Sery for hetp d100smg apbtid~~tm;tpl.an.ts. Also be sure ~t plants are healthy a:nd have proper grO'Wingcondlioons, Weak or sb!essed plantsar..e more susceptible roa:ltac.k.

In the fall, get rid of all garden debris wilte:l"e aprud ~ em overwlnWI and ·cultiv.atte '!he g~rden :soil. etc 8 inChes deep w.!herepossible.

P'J:1I~siical 'wmroh

Hand w~ can remove lill'g'e quantities of roots., but any ])rlroken. pieces are ci3!paibi·e of sprouting tJ:ev!l growth. N~er dispos:e of moming gkll"j'in yow compost pile. Repeatm.,perSisrent rng,gUng Ol'rototilling asthe

Phys;,ealcon,tro~ll=

Fm: small infestations, hand pick and destr-.oythe aphids. On strnrly p]oo:ls, U~ 3J i5tro~g spray Qfwae ttl W~~ th~rn off. Hants areaho'present,

fuUow the ,steps outliirled in the "Ants" section. .

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~-----.,.------

Bilological control':

Aphld p~at~ors mclude syrphid rue~, gr,e~ laQ~ larvae Mdt ]adybu:gs (a~ called ladybiird. oeet]es).. Chalcid and brnoorudwasp-s are aphid ~Hes ... Para!ii·~e <mid. pIied.aJIDr popruaHOFI$ often lag behind aphid popwations, so lh~re may be perleds In the year, particriJ.m:ly in the spring;,. when the· a:phldJs appear to be O'IIlt 'Q£ OOJiltroJ. Often the preda~oI'S can ,Ciil.ocn up and restore oontr'ol~ but be pl'l!tien1. Plant's ma.y deve]op some ru.mrlage but ~houild 'OlJ!Jtgrow it If pes.tlcides axe applied. when pt~dator pOpll1.1tiOns are present, tltey may be harmed and prev·ented from ~eepingaphlds in check.

lady'tl'l:tg.5 and laoewiings can be effective irI ,OOl"llltrOlliri:g :aphids.

They are a.vail!ah1e· hom m~ nurseries, 13e£orei.t1Lttoducing any prooa:tors, reduooaphld numbers by pinching: off se¥ereiy allected plant parts Or hosing oif ~t 'of the a:pmd:s,. for best results with la,dybugsl choooettLe right time or yeas and time ,of day eo 1',e~se them. Ladlybugs am mosJt active when. the wea,ther is Warn\.. from April!. throogh 5eptrunber.Dusk is the bes:t tim@ of day to oo~€~them. Wa~e:r the foliag-e wllerefue owphids are :feedirIg. The h~ .and.tlmsty ladybugs will be attrtl(;ood tot:'he waret'~ed foliagJlll iilIfld imd.1ifl.e aphkls ror food. 'I'hey do hav@!a~tLdenqro dfusperne, when releasOO.Both. the liIdybug a.du1:t and larvae are p.reda.to.rs. Green ]a~larva~ av~ _0 efi'ectiv~ p:ooda~ors of aphids <Ilrla. rnn be pulXh_ased. MId released,

Prevention~

(lover ·iIiLSI" lawn is usuaJiiy fue resu];t of exc:ess phosphol"1.1S or ~ow nitrogen. Lawns :ne~d motemtwgen. tfu1.!n. either phosphorus OJ;' potassiunl." Sinoe clover makes its own. mtrog>en, it:is stim.wal'ed to grow m mgh phosphorusQondi.tiom:. Fer~e with a. mtrogert:-pihospho.l:'!.l.SlP0tassiWl1L .mIx

of 15"13~ 10 or .Z3..s.. ]2,. or ][J5~ aJ mtroge'El".riclt organie k~et s1ilcl\ as al:faHa meal 01' oottonseedl·ml.'lalDD Rot Dver.rel;i;ili.ze; excess chentiCa]sCM run oil and oontruninilte water.

Dandelions MVle 3i.long !hick Mproot that stores food reserves, DandeU.on seeds aredispers~d! by wind.

l.east,"'toxi'C chemica I controll:

~tkidat[ soop spmys we ofilm very effective In ro['l!tro~g aphids, although you ITl<l!Y nood ~at applications. Re.£er to' RQdale's Garden Froblem. Sollver ror reci~fo:r homem.ade sp'l:'<Iys;Use rotenone, saJbadJiill.la. or pyre~ only as a last resort for severe iLnie.srntions. A d.Q~ant om spray ilipplierd in ·I;he·w:inrer may smolfuer oVJ~nvinrerlng apbld e~g'slbU!Jt YOlll may want ·to waH to t:ake action w:;rti]fue proM~m mappears.

Prevention:

M~efrLem by not oillow.lng the flower to go to seed. Mow lawns often 00 keep ·the· flOWlHS from maruring,. [n flower or omamen!tai plmt beds, use a deep organic mwch 00 reduce their numbers,

Physica'~ccOntl\ol::

Mamd rugfuem out, removm,g as much ()fthe rootas possible. :9pot treating witll boiling wa:t~r is an efiectiv·e conkolf especially W.~l~TI. you. pulltte wJood! fir.st and treat the root, lnlawns, remov.ing daruielioIns leaves small bare areas wh~rn n~w weed seed Ca:!l geaninate, Spread aliffie grass seed lnl;h()se spots ttl p.revent woods bom. es.tabfu;]tin_g.

------------.------~~~~~~

W ·dl ee's,

~ \.

TItis pest" ma~:5 browntunnels lnsideapples wiU"l external $jrrnp~oms

so slligft'lt theymtay go 'unnot.k:~d" 'Th.eadult !.'!pp~e maggm is >ill fil'l similar

to the Common l10uselly. Flies lay their eggs m the a.yples,and the legless wh[~e' maggots develop iln the .flesh of the fruit The wed spends fue, wm~r mthe soil: in its pupa] stage.

~t is a V!.'£ed?

A pla~t whose V'zrj;utshave ~Q,~ yet ~ discovered. - Ralph WaldQ Emerson

Physica~ ~ontl1ol:

In .l1l.te Fiebruary, before the flowers go to .&eoo" maIi!,ualJ:.y puM them or hoe them. H you manually remove them early in the season as SOOI1L as they stan to ,growl the seeds won't splie!'ad and. mmMse fue prob] em.

Physilca~ eontro!~~

Collect w'Opped appl~ to .rOOuoelh'!.1! apple maggo~ population. UnQt too badly d:aI.ll'!aged~thes~ apples CMl 00 made mto cider.·

'I~p adult ,rues willi a sohdionof ,one part blac::kstrap molasses or malt. extract nine p~uts water and eoough yeast to create fermeIlftrxtio:n" CJnce the remtelilitation subsides, :paul' the liquid. ]n1tO wid~m()u!1lhed joxs, m:ffuec~ or !Il."l.ilk canons. Hang the ,oont:ariners ]n th.~ ~as 'uaps.,

Anafuel' effectUv@ tra.p is a red. plastl>G sphere, made sticlo:.y by applyin_g a oQmm~y avw.a.ble ,sticky rompoW'ilG such <liS T~g]eloot®, hoo.gm t'u!es to b:ap .t:he iruiects when they land, These' traps areava.i1ab]ll'; .!lIt garden ce:n:rers or can be made a.t home

[fapp[~ maggots .!uil aconsisten,t problem, 'QG.Nid.eil" phmtingthi,ciker~ skiru'li.oo laoor varleliessuch as WiIrLesap and J onathan,

This member oi the mustard f.arnily has a circle of lea.ves at i.ts base and produce.s 6 to &--irrl'! stems willi white flowers. The flowers matnre into inchokm,gseeds tli1at pop off when disturbed. This ph'lnf is PJ)ol!ific omyin the sprin~ by summer, it should be 00 problem,

Prevention~

In flow·er or amamen.t1li1plml beds, ·uoo· a. deep organic mulch to [,~1!1ce tn.eir rn:IfiiDers,

Clover

B~oloEl,~cal. mntroh

Pher·omonenps,i'lvai!ab]eal garden rente,[s, atuat't apple maggot: .flies.Th.(:lllies M'E' dra'!.Vtl. ro the soent and are cau.g:ht on the tray,s :sticl(y stu'moo.

Clover comes in many varieties, all three-leatedend lm"'~lying. (lover spreads by send1ng otlit shcm~,

'ie:rmites, (damp, 'wQod~

Th>es<e bugs feed on the seeds o~ box elder, maple and ash trees, Pullgro\\Vlil bex elder lmgs areaJDout ]. 12.~dl1ong with .redcl!.i;J:n,bro\lli"rl, body and ~ee le:ng!thwise wd! lines, one downthe center <lind. Q'IiLe on each side, The ymmg are' bright red, After reedJngon plants in. you_! yard during the sumnter, box, elder bugs may enter you_]' hcuse ~QJr a, warm place to winter, HowevH, they W'ill not feed an anything and will nat caus€: damege,

The~~mIli!:res land on yoll1' house; shed their winglO and try to find, a home. They will die if they cannot find damp wood ..

Pr!i'e'V(!:nrti:on:

Do I"!iJt leave soil piled up next to yO!.l:i' house Or in contsct vvtfu any wood sh:tJ~es, .AJ.l&o, r-epllli any l.eaky pipeslhat keep surrounding wood. moist. Pireweod should be stored. in a my plaoe'; W'e'~ weed atuad':5,~rm.iites.

Physical ~om~ol:

For smaller in:festations, try hand pkking the bugs. R~ducethe:ir numb~by r:emorvllg nelnbyUffv;raIll:~rild 'em.aile box elder tr~ {they produce tlle seeds). Inside, sweep them up and dispose of them. 1f you" use ~ vaCU1illl:l, dis.(pOO€' of the bag SQ bugs. (ain't crawl backout once th;; vacuum is stored away or pta.ce6"l!H bag .inthe Flieez.er fa!' a few days to' kill. the bugs. Also, ~ cracks in exterior walls and around Windows. Look for box ~id~r bu,gs in W~, S'Ul_OOry placesin spring~ s1!lm asoa the :&m.lItil side of a house .. ~ tend lo congregateooder sach coom.ti.om and can be wruwned.up

- -

wHb.l.'itUe e.ffurt.

Wasps and ye~low j'8ciltets

lI..eaS't-l1oxic clttemlh:al COM:Ii'O,E:

Spray .~ with insecticidal S1)ap or S'l.l!m!m,E!~ oill when pests appeal'.

However, don'tu_se this approach on Japanese maples/as it may damagie Joliage.

W aspsand yenow jacket$ 2Webenefidal. 'They eat other iinsects. If they become a .nll!lii;tIin;C~,use traps. sp~y d.e.s:igned! to ~a;phlre the type of pest you have, Consult a" knQwledgeablenuxseryperson for advice an whi.cl1 cm.e to use, Mace tI,a"FS aWaiY from hlgn ... use areas,

IPreveliltion:

Cov'er glllroage cans and OU~dClO:!.' foods, espedaUy ftl.itand other sweets ..

~-----.-~~~~-

Tent caterpillars

Carpenter ants

aW·-l"

These <;:a:mrp:ill.ars spin, the silky white tents ilialt rover the tips of branches. They damage plants by ea.t:ing foliage as it emerges. They eat leaves off .many deciduous trees and shrubs, especially walnut, alder, willow, fruit trees and roses. If a tent hasbeen on a branch for awhile, chances are some caterpillars are full-grown (up to 3lnches) and.have left the tent to select a sUe to sp.in cocoens, After about two weeks .. adult .moths emet'ge, malfej lay eggs and die. The e~ am loud in a. foam.;~llik'e band around smalll twigs or branches ·ofthe host tree where they hlb€mate over 'the winter. Vfuen new leaves begin to appe>lr in the spring, the eggs hatch,

Biological control:

Tachinid. flies deposit: white eggs, natural pa.rasitesl in visiible rows

(In the carerpill.ars' backs, If you look closely atfue caterpillarsand see these eggs .• natural controls are working. You em introducethe bacterium BT (Bacillus thwingiensis ), but to be effective, it must be sprayed to thoroughly coat the leaves 5inceBT is a stomach poison effective only when ingested. B1' will. kill all caterpiilLus, indu.ilingfuose that mature into desirable butterflies. If you use BT, use it only on the affected plant and follow label dite:tions.

Unlike teemites, carpenter ants don't actua.lly eat wood. They nest in it. If you find them in. your hOl1SeF look for a good professional Who. understmds your concerns about toxic chemlcals and will 'Work with you to select a least-roxic control program VVlillethey tan cause serious damage to houses, these ants are actually beneficial insects in the forestl where their ex:ca:va,tj,O'lltS help speed. the deeompesitlcn of dead trees. Infact, 'iliey prekr to build their nests In decayed. orrotted wood, but will eventually e::tCitend their tunneling into sound wood if they can't find d.ocayed wood.

Positive iden.tif:icatlon, requires collecting a mw- Q1f the largest anls and

' ... ~;~ tthem und """u:.,,.; ...... ·.1~ ... r.,. ...... ..,.~ 11.._ ooth

inspecung UU;ill;l. .•.. er a maO' ... j",-bg",ss. ~~Lter ants JIA:IW'e a sm _

upper back, while most other ants have a dip in this area. Suspicious signs include sawdust and debris; l"'l.l;Siling soundJ; in the walls and tr.hlls of ants between the foundation and wood outsId,e the home.

Carpenter ants eat dead insects; honeydew exuded from aphids, plant juices and sweet or fatty .foods m the horne, To assess the extent: of th.e problem, locate the main colony. Seventy-'five percent of all main nests are located outside the house where there hi abundant moisture, such as in an ·old tree ortree stump above or below the roll surface. Satellite nests may be round inside your house, in walls and ceiling~, under outdcor siding. near downspouts or r oof gutte.rs; infioor,s - pa:rlkularly bathroo:als. - or in insulation. BEgin with the basement and work upkl the attic, iooking for the ants and sawdust-like wood shavings,

Physicalc-ontr~l:

Consider tDlerating a few tents. These caterpillars are native insects and are controlled in the long-term by natural factors, Prune out brenches containing tents in particularly valued trees or those with heavyinfestanons, Prune early in the morning or :Un the evenin_g when ,c:ab~rpmars are in their tents. Put tents, in a sealed paper bag in the garbege. ~uring the wmoor, examine branc;hes and rub off egg masses that appear as gray or brown frothy material", hardened and somewhat similar to Styrofoam. Egg masses are usually 1/2.Jn.d1Jong bands surrounding tw'igs. Deposit in a bag, seal it and place it in the trash,

P,nI'vention:

R.emedy whatever attracts them to yOUl' house in the first place.

Repair any ronen or weather-damaged 'Wood and make sure that1!:ttic and crawl space ventilation is adequate, IrIspect gutl:ers and downspouts to be sure they do not leak and thalt water is being diverted away from the house. Clean out the gutters. Remove any woad in contact with soil at any part of

the hQuserPO~j deck. etc" Firewood should not be piled a~ai.nst the side of ~e ho1:lSe'. n should be e1evated off the g1I(lw:ld and l1eptaway from Ute ho1use. Trees and :shrubs should be pI'lUled. back so that they do 1'1;0t touch the house or g;~getmd!u.wng rools, Srumpswt)uJdbe cOID.pleteTy I'e~ moved, [EVeR decorative bad" may harbor 'CalL'penter ants and provlde nesting siteii.

Spiders

Physiccd control::

locai!teand :f'enl.oVe aID nests, captw't! srray mts,cauIk access points a.rld replace all da:!l'laged. wood. Irn:s sooomo like atall ol1d.er, blld if fue . i:n;fus.tatkm. isa£(essib~e and has nQl~ spl1@tlid IDO lfM,yoU can be sut;:cessfu1.

&pid.el;'S ~e beneficial predat~~I:ha,too~lIIne many d!~tructive insects, 'Ihere are manytypes, but only black 'Widow spiden and. certaln ftu'm.ei web sp.idefs pose anyl:hreal tohurnansin our area. Fennel spiders make a sheet web with a ,f'L1rme1.41ube at Gille 'end. They waM inside- the rube and. dash out to bi~ my prey thaI becomes. entangled inthe web, They om gJiQW' to 3j4indres lon,g <md m<l!Y bi~eintrude.n.wii,Ih.1Ht]e PUI'V"L'!iba!tiiQrt. Bires ii{[letoudl, Sl;lrllS.itive and cause a severe headache in the fust .$ever..l!i hours followirt.g the bUe. Bites can be serious <md showd. be treated.

Least .. toxic dlemic.a1! control':

U~ desiccatling dusts, sukh as di.a.romaJOOou3 earth or silkaaerogel Baric acid lisa powder fha/I can be bloW'n jin!to wall vokl8. Pyrethrum .. is 01]$0' effective.

Plfeventiion:

Covel" ou!tside woodpiles witft,. p].astlcto, maUke them less attradivetl;l' spiders, Avoid areas where spidel's (}ongregate.

PIr'lJskal control,:

Th..e bes·t way to get rid of a sp.i.derin yow home is to place a glass jar 'Oil;ef; it" slip a ~-dundemeath and ,cart}" it ou~ide. They are· ~agilemd will usually De killed by sweeping wi.th a breom, Sprn.ymg 'Wim a pesHcide is u_sually pomtl!ess because wood!p~s and similar aI'€aS are soatl'l"'active to sp~der'S lliatlheyusuaUyremm..

1hi:s small. boo~le M.ts arti.d@5made of nann! :fibers, li..~e wool s·t~!'!tt" ersand cotton erllnen Ol'Ipp~l, They leave an u_nmi;s.tak.able calling ca_rd: their s:h.ed. skins: in the boiOO.m of dlraiWetS and holes m articles sto·:redilli£re,

Prevention:

Store il;e;rru; in at clean rondition,; 'bef!!~1e larvae ~. attra.(;~d. lID solled areas, esped.a[ly .food. stains, Samet's made from rosemary, mm:~ thyn'U~

and dove"$he'lp repelthes.e pests. Check ClJ:~ flowers for adult carpet beetles before you bring: tl:ltem. mID the house,

Leastlotoxh: chemh:al COli'lrtrolll:

It you diocover beetles inside the house/~lpply b()~ka.cid. to' the areas ln which y,ou flina them.

-~~~--.-----~

-~~~--.----~~

Spider mites

S.pide:rmiw are found ana 'Wide variety oJ plants. If the leaves start to look pale ()I' mott1ed, it may be from mhes sucldng 'the juices, They are almost too small to see, butcan be Identified bytapping a suspect leaf OWl' a sheet of white paper. If the little spots move, it's likely they aremites, You may also be able to see webbing; on the back of the leaf or between leaves.

S' de " ........ '. . . ...: ~ 11. 1!1~~ ..:1 .... ". . . eli' . . ·.·U .:.i.. " ha b

_ pL er rru~ espeo.;mllY ~ .....: J con DOns. . spJM.er mttes - • ve ' een a.

problem on your house plants, by raising the' hwnidity around the plants by rillstffig: them regularly or setting bowls of water a:mon_g them

These mothsare very smaJl, nci than 1 n·'inch long. They like

to settle in dark places like stored clothing or under fumiture slipcov'ers~ wherelhey leave their eggs. The eggs hatch into larvae. Which feed on " anything oontainin_g wool, fur or feathru'S. They will also eat ether fabl:ks, if dirty and blended with wool. They are primarily attra:cted to dirl,.lint, s:al:t, steins, moisture and dead insects.

1114"

WlIIgspm lIs" - 1. j.;~

Phy,sical control:,

Wash spider mites off with a stton_g stream of water. You will need to repeat this e:very several days, and be sure to spray all sides of the leaV'€!s thoroughly"

Prevention:

De" . '.. . eel dothin .'. Jt. •. -.:" '. ,""":h b-t brinzi

·m any us g O1'iwiUNI'~ you y ase ~onL nngm.g

ther ffid 'Y..,.,..,. . d 1 ~t.. and c. ._!'. . . 1" . d ~ ... , ".f,:_.:_=,~~

[0, . ' . e. _''''''''''y store .. ' c_C!!;,!;,es . ;L'i.u:~ L1:~ CE!ru'I, <Ill ""'",. ~"w WJ,w:.\;;

humidity with good ventilation and oontroUing moisture sourcee.

BJj,Qlogical contr-ol:

Preda.tory mites, available from nurseries, prey on all. types ofha.mUul mites but are most effective in greenhouses. ladybu.gs, praying mantis and lacewing larvae also eat mites.

Physical controls:

Vacuum rugs, furniture and. closets frequently. Clean out drawers used to store clothing:. Store clothes in airtightcanta.iners or bags sealed with tape. 'WJ:U1e cedar and natural sachets smell wonderful, they are not effedtve at repelling moths, Shake out or brush clothing you wearinl:requent1~y to destroy any larvae' present, Expose to air and slunlight Placing dotrung itetrl.S intl:l& ~r fOor several days wilkllldothing moth adults and larvae.

Least-toxic chemical control ~

Try ail"I insecticidal soa_p, which is effective when sprayed directly an the mite. Repeated applications maybe necessary . Pyrethrum, sabadilla 01 hd.rIicultural oil are also effective. Use dormant otls only in winter. Don't use summer oils when 'llie plant is flowering.

These . hard~bod1ed insects eanearry disease, c:ontai'l:linate

food and induce allergies. They hide itt cracks and crevices dwin_glhe day

l/Z"-5W

~----------.----------~

--~~--.~~----

and feed. at rrtight on water and .food. ttI.:Imbs. even wallpaper pasre or eIi!,'V!e]ope glue .. 'They prefer warm, .moist ilI!Iieas such as kitdn.em;.balttir·oom:5 andareund washmg madtines and hot water heaters.

Physi·caE control:

Do a. ·"sea_rm and des.t11oy" ntissiotl by p~tro:lllilg yolH' y.atdat. mg!h!lt willi a .tilashli:gM and killing the slugs you find. You can rut them. in tIN 0 with scistlOl's, .spmy them W]tn ~. trulxb.rn~ of one pMtammona. in three parts wa~err or drop them. into a" bucket of SoapyW3tQr.

B!e~e!j!t research :sug~ts tl:'Iat ShOOit copper burled. ntm.e soil to create a £ence several indies high is very ef£ective: oame ... OID€t:' bottriers, applied as a ring arolIld. the base of p]ants, or MounJdl.llie ~fue gardt1!fI,. include

diato:marno111S earlh wood ashe" "t.,~ "'''''.~ d·· ,...., ,.,. 41k_,l .~ <t!r .. ,.. - ·-·rr

- ~.- - - - - -"" "" r ..... ~ - .......... Vit:'l.!l -co v.r oY5,,,,r

shells. ·These may be eftective only under dry conditioJ:'ls.

Acornt<JJlner of beer, buried so that the run is slightly above~(nmd level, atitl:aas and drowns slugs. There are also se·v-eral slug traps av.ail!albre at garden centers lliata:Hnlct slugs into them dlnd then prevent t:hero. from getiingout Youcan aliso make one by simply ~g over a weit day pot in a shady area. offue garden. Create a ga1' lQffuem to aolwlwougfl by restillg the edge of the pot on a hvig 01' on some inEgulari.t:y in the ground .. The slugs will. collect undee the pot during ilie~t part of nw day.

C- heck t:-..... _I" ~ d d"~''''o - ",. - -

- --- -- ~V.!.- ~"'IO~ , . . ... .. ",- y ~-nem.

Prevention:

C~~rulline:ssls au.cial.lPropedy SitiOile and. dispose ,of all .. kitd:ten wastes.

Keep the lk:it-clten. claanand fres of r-ood! screps. Wa5hdishe.s in:m:Jediate~y after ~tm.g. Keepru:eas where grease a.~rum.uJ!a~es dean. Wash pa8irrJ dotlls. DD t'I.Ot lean Jl€it food OJ: wa:~ef bowls out at night.. Enclo-se food in sealed OOIlttainel's. f'l.Xdlripp~g faucets and olh.ru-leaks and make sure your dish tack drains pI'op!rl:y.,Dampl dilly mopes can also att-rad roaches, Swoop &equenr~y.

Phy.srcal c-Oliltro!I'::

If you finda eoekreach nest, wash and vacuum ·fue area .if it is ~QO@5~ sible. Plugoracks areund bas~bo<U'dsjcuiPboardsl pipes, smb and water heaters wiltl la"te:<. or :silloone caulk, Move d'ebl'isrm·ewood ,and ~j'bage away nom the l\OtlSf,

Le.ast-toxic chemi:cal controh

U5e boric addi,bu,t keep it away 1_rom. areas ,chilcmanor pets ffi<'ly explore, It is pa:riiiccla.rlyW3eful: under the :Stove <ITiLd .rehigeJ'a~or or in crnck .. tha.t cannot easiily be ptuggedL Us~ reaeh ·rraps ·ffialt oontainbori.c acid ro manUat tft(l efi'ediVt1!fl€SS of y.our prevention andcontrel measures,

Sod webworms

Codling moths

The la~e ofth1s lawn motn :feeds onfue moot ariid crown of the gl~~% but noithe roots .. ]':rrogul<l!r brovm.l?a:td:H~sa.ppea;r on the hu'f and tile grass mes v®itk. leavID:g irre.glJua:rly s~d dead areas. The Mae artlil: sl.enciE1!11', gray, wifu .1!. 'brmvn head and. are about 1/2~l:nch long. They can. b€ seen. wnru\lhe brown Or dead sod ls lifted.

Codling mothsem.erge in &e :sprlngand ~y 'egg$ thaJ n"dch mba larva,€ that~ pupa.te d11UIDg late :!3ummermd fall Codling mofu.larvaea:!!e a unique white color tingedpilli: with a hro'\\Vf!. head, '!'hey tunnel dJ;recUy to t:h_e core Qftfntit, usualy <rIPples er pMrs.

B.i:oloQgi:ca~ conrtro1,:

Benetid,al nematcdes are enedive when applied according oopa.cbge direetlens,

~~~~~~-.~~~~~~-

L.east-toxic ch,emical control:

Use iNecti.ddal soap sp.ray in early summer an the crawler stage.

Do not use oll sprays when the p]ant·isfllowering., Apply donn.ant oil ~p:ray only in the 'WinterJ or it m.ay deiOlia.te yom plant,

Physical controll:

Wrap bands of burlap or conugated cardboard around, tree trunks just after bloom, before C;;I,terpillars begin to move down 'the tree Oate spring) and maintain 'them, through fall. 'Ihffi draws larvae liooking for

a p1.aoo to pupate, Use several thkknesses and wire or tie them on, The corrugated cardboard ridges should be 3/16-incli. wide and fare toward the tree wiBl the ridges running vertically. Remove the bands once a week

in Warm. weather (every two weeks In cooler weather) and kill the larvae. Continue until you have harvested. all the fruit-Even iin. the best situat'l1oQS, banding will cootrol ordy a small percentage of codling moths because many pupate el!sewhere .inthe tree .or drop to the ground, 'bypassing the trunk.

Scrape Olway loose bark and destroy overwintering COCOO'N before warm spring weather.

Silverlish

Silverfish are attracted to carbohydrate substances such as the glue on the back o,f wallpaper or in the spine or books. They om be a problem in boxes where books are stored, They are attracted to dark .• damp areas,

Slugs

Biological control~:

Garden centers calry pheromone traps that attrnct 'fu~ male moths and kill them. Trichogramma wasps and braconid wasp larva-e ate natural parasites of moths. These wasps are available through various mail-order companies. You. can attract parasitic insects by grmving sweet alyssum or daisies nearby to prcvide a good nectar source,

ST (Bacillusthurlngiensis) has been used wi:th some success to help control Godling mow.. However, to be effective, applications must be frequent and carefully timed to reach the larvae just as they hatch.

l-easMoxic chemica I: control:

. Boric acid can be applied on inside carpets and applied lin. hard-toreach cracks using spray o.r powder in a. duster bottle with a needle-nose applk:ator, Never use in areas where crawling children or pets may have contact,

Lea~tox'h:: dlemical COin-trOt:

Hortkulb..miJ oil spray may be applied as eggs, are laid and be!Of"€ they hatch. ~my dormant oll in the winter before trees bud out.

51 ugs feed at night and prefer moist plant mate-rial. They eat many types ·00£ vegetables, fruits and flowers, Some of their favo.rit-es are strawberries, lettuce, spinach, carrot tops, dahlias and marig.olds.

Prevention:

Remove garden debris .• boards, bricks and rnJl ~ass where they may hide during the day.

---~--,.-~~--~

reduce their .hidlng places. You can apply a oo1!.arwith a band ,of.a sticky substance such as Tanglefoot® around '!::he base of the trunk. to trap them and prevent the:mrrom reaching their food source, Handpicking the adults at ltught is. an effective control method.

Crane fly larvae (Europea'n)

The European crane fly is 0\ recent arrivalin Oregon and looks IDuch .Wrethe variety commonly found here. Adult crane f1ies look like giant mosquitoes; and are sometimes called mosquito hawks or mosquito eat@r8. Thacommon variety is harmless and usually found areund marsh areas. Crane fly larvae Or grubs are worm-like insects up to 11/2: inches long that live in the soil. and destroy grass roots, CW\>\lN and shoots, leaving brown patches in the lawn,

BEolog rcal control;

Use beneficial nematcdee available at a, nursery or garden center.

Mlen.ilie nemarodes ere rehydrated, they artt<l.ck and killthe root w'OO'vil larvae, This trealment is effective in early fill Follow label instructions,

Least-toxic chemical c,ontro'I::

Use Neem to control adults in early summer. Applying diatomaceous earth around plants may help in dry weather. Wear nose and mouth. _ protection when applying. and keep pets away from the area,

Physical controb

Begin monitoring for larvae In early spring. Shorten the grass in one square foot patches In several places around yout yard. P01.tr warm water mixed with a lIi:ttl~ $Oap (nd detergent) on the patch, and countthe grubs that e_met:g€:. If levels are <lIOOve 25 grubs per square foot. treatment may be appropria~e. Consult with OSU Extension. fur treatment options. A Wl1I1'IIl., dry faN may reduce the number of larvae because of their smsi:livity to dryness,

Resear-ch in Colorado has shown that aerater shoos that strap ont-o your feet can be used to control grubs. The long spikes on the bottom of ~ aerator shoes pierce the grubs as you. walk over the infected sod" Also, thatching or aerating the lawn 03in reduce populations. Do these treatments on a cool, moist day when grubs are at the sunace.

MOle than. 100 species of birds are known to f'€OO on crane fly larvae, Crane fly larvae are among starlings' favorite foods.

_ .

Prevention:

Crane .flies are attracted to soggy areas of your lawn, 80 m:inirnize watering cmd/o.r improve drainage.

Adilll (~iinlllo LllW • ~'W'

There are many varieties of scale" whlch suck plant sap. weal:iening plants and causing leaves to yellow and drop, Some excrete large quantities of honeydew. 'There are 'tWO' to four larval :i)jta:ges. The first looks like 11 mite, and subsequent s'tages look like smaller versions of the adult females, Adult females look like hardor soft bumps on stems, leaves: and fruit. Males, minute flying insects with yellow wings, do not feed,

PhySi.cal <iontrol:

For smell infestations, hand pkkingor dabbing scalewith robbing alcohol is eff@dj.ve. Prune anddispose of infusted branches and tw.igs.

Biolog'tcal contro;l:

Encourage predators such as aphid lions (green lacewing larvae), sytphid fly larvae, ladybugs (adults and larvae) and parasitic wasps,

------------~--~~~----

The ]arv-al stage is a caterpiUarlliait folds the' leafand webs it.then feeds IDsideR

IBlologi.Cidcontrol:

&:ndkial nema,todes are eiiedive when applied to&!e sod ,acoor(tin_g to pa,cl<:age directions. Use it o:rn,ce soil temperatur-e rises abow 55 degrees, usually in mite spring, when the crane fly is inits larval sta:ge.,

Physical contro~:

Remove them or the ]eavesthey are in from the pJ<'Jil1!t. Do not put them in your compost bin unless ylo1i.ib~lhe leaves in the deepest, ho,ttest part. It: is better to puttl:1iem in a. sealed paper bag and place in the garbage.

cutworms

Biological control:

EnOOutilge :native p~tk: waspssucln. as Trkhogrnmrna. BT (Bacillus thurin;giens:is )1 the baderiumthat ~ral}"les the digestive system of the pest .. may 'be used according to label dlre::tioosl however it is difficUlt to deliver to the areas where the larvae are f«ding. The rolled leaves provide good protection,

AdUlll m" .... ~.f""n CaI"pOl"r!~. 2"

Le!itrt~xic chemical control:

Dust 01' spr!liy with pyrethrum or rotenone fQi)r severe iniestationsonly.

Apply in 'tw'Oapplkaoons, 30 rninutesa.pru:t The first drives the caterp~ from hiding, ili€: seoo:nd kills, them,

Cut\¥OI'D.1.S ate gray or brownish caterpillars that curl up when di>tutbed. They feed at night and hide iln the soil during the day. .. Eggs are ]aidin the soil, and tha larvae or pupae overwinter in. the soil A sure s~gn of CUMOl1l\S is sliced.-oJf stems of seedlings at seillevel,

Root weevils

~'

PhysiQicon1rol~

Protect individual sef:dJings with a J..Jnch. collar made from stiff paper or plastic pressed t.i:n.cl\ into the gmund. Toiletpapet tubes work well, Spr~d cornmeal or mclasses near the bas€: of each plant. Commeal wells up inside worms 'When they eat ~t, kiill.!:m.g tfumt . Melassesimmobilizes them, batis en~ve only during dry weatlwl'.

Biolog leal control:

&r1.e£iciil nematodes or fIT (Bacillu..s th.uringiensis) can be used.

Follow package' directions and apply under recommended o:mdi!tion$.BT is most effective with younger, smaller cutworms,

Root weevils COJl'W1Ionly West the root sysrems of ornamental shrubs like azalea, pranrese, blueberry and rhododendron.

Larvae live i!.n thegreund around the base ·0;£ the rImt and chew on the bark and the surro~"Ig surface roots primadly d1lrin,g the fall and winter monltls. Adult root. weevils are noctnmal f~rsj notchlng the edges of the leaves, and are most active oom late spoogliu'ough summer"

Earwigs

Physical. control:

Prune any branches that <lire touch:ingfue ground to prevent adults fromcraw'1ng up them m:feed. Rake any mulch away from the stem to.

3,I~"-,\W

Earwi_g~ a;re brown, beetle-like ~tsdistinguished by a padr of long p1ncersat the tail. end. 'San"V1gs are ~sc,av~ of decaymg matter arlid

~~~~~-~.~~~----

---~~~.------

prediator:sof imect larvae! st"!iI:i1sa.ru:i Qm~f slow"mov.~bu8~. They am ~l.£eeders! spending the day under b~l'k~ stones and. garden traih.

- .

They occasiofll!.Y feed on .foliage. flowers and oilier p~~. of many p]ants,

m.duciing dafillas" ~S', COUll .. hollyhcck, lethlat 5trn,.m~!l:ry, celery, porntoes, ~dlling beansand be€fS. They usually come into the house only 1;15 tirmslmts and won't st<llyU!lliless m,e is :plant ma~eri!a~forfhem~o eat

Physical (ontrol:

Set sections Or bamboo Or damPt IloUed up newspapers horlzontally through the gaJ)den or flower beds, .Check the tropB early 'earn momilng and. d.ump the insects into a. buc.kel·o! soapy w~te:r. Emptyl:u:rLa C<I!li!S corrtaming 1/2-mrn ,of vegetalbAe oil also attract EmU drown ,eal'Vl'ig,s,

Inilioo mea] mothlarvae <Ire . brought hot:lU!in pU!l'd:1,asoo

food such as cereal.flour, oatmeal, trail mix, etc, Thalarvae may stay in

tI~ tOQd" fieedmg on it urntil [artuary Qr so. "Vilen it emerges, it ~b outllie WolJ1!1..e!l,t place which. in. your home., is the cei1ir1g, H you .~ sooing trem in. their pupaJe stager yoo, probablywo.n'trnis-s the adult moth .flult:terin_g around in yom house.

Elm Leaf Beet~es

Pre'Vent~om

Never leave opened packages of food. in yoill' p<'lfltry" Always store food in sealed. 'OQl'lItall');l~rs. If ~GU have a problem 'With. a pam~ar ,dry good, store itinthe freezer, 'This also kills .th€!. eggs in Foodlthat ls ah'eady ~tecL

EIlmLeat'beclles a!ffl~"eraUy ilJ'Wldi on the Big Amenc.an,. S:i;bmian and ~ elm 'b.Jees and (In 2ieirova.1 oeeasicnally p]m~ed in plao@ efelm, 'm spring, ·fueadults lay esg~ on the i.eIWM, Mlen the eggs ha~cl" the immature beetles ea.t ,alme fleshy parts ,of the ]ei1.f, leavmg on]y the skeleton or VIeW, After a month cr sO', they are ready to pupaJe irlItome' cocoon stage end descend to the base of the elm. They axe abauta .q~r of an inch .lo'ng, and usually yell(YW]sh or goLden irIcolo'f with 'D.la.c! markings.

Phys!ica,~ eom~ClII::

Thebest solution lsso Check your dry goOO8, and find the: ,container whereti'1;e moth illI~laid its eggs and. larvae have hatd.1.ed. A& ·the Mae £eed" lliey m,,1<e websth_:!'IJ .~ook lil~e sp~der web strood!s tang].ed up in. the i.l:rlested food" Put the' infested, food in a sealed paper ba.g arid. dispose', Pheromone traps for carchingindien mea] moth adults are available comm@-rr.lliill.y.

Leaf rollers

Plhysieal contli'Oll:

~. the pupa.€! are visible on the ground around the tree, you can ,destr-oy them by smp.ly s.ma~ Ilh~m. TheeJlm. ]eaf ~~l1:e GllI'I. prodJU)(]H as m.any as wee gen~at:ions lrllhe summer, wh:i.ch can se.douruy W€lolkffil ·the tree.

A:ft~ .~~onp'lia11l.fu; in yo:ur yam awing the swnmer,beetAes h'y to mlet your house during th~ tall Eot a warm p~ace to winter. Howevsr, they do liLO'tfeed on anythlng Md will not daJl'l1llge 'yom. hame. SWBep~hem up a!fiI.d. mspo.s,e of Utero. If you use a vacuum, di:spos~ ,of~e b~g so they c~

McJt~Jrt~ Llil:".~ Yp to i··

-------.----~~~

o/Pe', the ,duster .!I1!Yr is not a_ssod.ilted wilt! gar'bage or ll:Ul!fiUfil. It 'is larg~r and darker tllaliJ. the house1IlYr H! asluggl.sh flier and often found in dwters on wlndo~ in vvint1tr.

Elocape ,mer' IDe wruwn is stm:ed, alWiiY '01: p],.~tcellhe b~g intihe freezer for several day.sto kill the beetles.

Prevention:

The key is to prevent odors, PlIope.rly slor~ and dispose of ,alllikTIen wastes. Keep 1ihe kitcl\eIiL clean and tree, of kmd samp:\) ru1cJ overripe frnit, Walm dlshes immed1iately ,al1ter. eatingud ~p drains hem Mlth. baking sodaand vinegar, followed wilhhot water .. Rinse .recyclahle ~ and bottles befor-e storlrng, Bury (It dispo.seof pet FeQ~s. fust<ill.propedyfi,tting screens on Windows and doom and. k~p fuem ln good. repair,

Biolfogicalll 'QQ;nbol~

Check. with your nursery ror a specific varle'ty of Bl' (Bacilu:s lliwingie~:is 'Val'. san diego)lha,tattacb beetle larvae. Tadimdflie-s and ehaldd wa,sps ate,effoctiveenemies ,of ellm. ]eiiI beeille-s,

Least-toxic me.leal control:

Summe!r oil 'can corerel elm .~~. bee~ eggs and can be (}!pplied. in the SP!~g,

Phy.s~cal co:n,tro:h

lfue best way to dispense with, ill fly is, the old-f~shlooedJ way, Md'l a fly s,watter. You can alsetry rolls of sticky .flypaper, pattkW~dy in g~ges, n€:;ugarb~ge CatIS and other areas where appearance is not important These meth.ods sihowd oonmil cluster fti.e.s, hut will be madequaterot con,t:rdllinglhe other types 'Ow .flJes unless p.roper sru:tifil.tion praciiC€sill\@ followed. r-ry a eaucer of red! wine for attra.ctIDg~d dro~ fruit ffies..

lI1I.t:I.'aviolet ligMand ,eloctroc1!:t~QtL tt~p8 are not mQo~ded. for ()u1i5~de use b«:a~~they .kiI as mmy bene.ficia] :WJ!$flCJ'tS asth~y do flies.

Chemical' 'Odes lnd din'" ted han . .

-. _"" 1_ ~" • i:r'tiSecti_ :,.' ' •. "_" M"" " g: IImp.regna_ _ _: gmg sbipSo!a:re Mt

recommended asthe-y pose risks to' h~ health and shol.id. rI.Ot be needed ifllie source Qf the problem l:sadd!res.sed.

f1eas~e a oonmmn pe~t west of t11e Cascades wheJrewinre.rs, at![',e uilld and oom:es are relatively damp. They bl:ffict Wi!.oy1ing 'Mles, t:r~mi.t tapewo:rrr!;Sand eancause allergies in both ~ and humans, Fleas are . almost impossible to eradieete, You may kill mo.s~ ,of the adwiis!bl.lit new '~ggs erlarvae are wm:OOg ttl carry ;on,. md. yom' pet vqill. bring ftI .. mG~ ~as from Qu,ts1de, Don't dis:may ,. , )"01;1. can. keep ·the flea poprua:tkm.low ~ugh fuaf&tey dan't bother anyone, and you can. do it without using mghll.y toXic prodMCts.

Decide atwhat level a flea probl~'m becomes ~iOrept1l,ble to you. '1his may be one flea bite per 'Week 0.1' finding MO fleas esch time you, comb yow; P(l:t;, V!{h~li'L Ihey rsachan lII1I.<!Icoep;~le level ,~.pply ,oonil:t-ol mea:s~, slatting W~lth the p.hyskal. 'on.e£. At anytime" fleas may exist ~ ill fo'm llie-cyde ,stages (egg', Janra" pupa and. admt) in. your home. Follow these reeemmendatlons clo$ellyand. use cl1e,m:i.cal~o'l1!trol:s only if ~-S$~"

The best way toreIJilove a S'!Narro of bees istn call a reputabLe bee keeper who can, iin 2!Oto 30 miirld:es, captm'ellie (,Jj;U!eem bee. The rest 0'£ the swarm will follow" Bees in a. swarm ·are· engorged with hoo.ey and pose' very liWe stinging threat

Physical controh

Estab&h onere-gular ,sleeping: area far yourpet Ina place you em dean easiy and regWady. This ~ easter for dogs t:han fur cats, With catsl

YCHil.may mvero place .renLQv<lble eloths .in sevE',fal places wh~ they lliOCe ~o sLeep s . Im:ybeddllin:g .materiaJ~and nearby :mgs s!lo,wcl. be removed [reqUienUyand washed.Vaeuum all areas to wmdlt 'yow' pets nar-ve access eVl.io/ week with a. s~ong canl:sM!!I'"type .maclllit!1!. US~ a Cl'evice tool and! d!On't £OJ~ the 1!)J)hoIs~ered :fumil1!..!!re. Owing B1e"fiea seasen" in the ]aIte summer and fall. you. may need to vacuum more often- every ·tlWd day 0.1' so" [)iisp~ of the vacuum b~g immeru~~iy solhai ~he flea.s: C$~ot esespe afWrthe vacuum is stored alway,

Severe nea outbreeks may :require sbmpoo.ing 01[' :steam cl.eaniil:'1g rugs mel ~hoI:ste~runll]hU'~'. Restrict you_!:' pels lOr certain rcoms 1ln.1he house. Do notal!low 'tho@:rtl in bedreoms, hard-to-dean rooms sum as basements and. atitiC$, ,or 1100mB· belQn~g: ~o famJly membe:rn paJik1u]a:rly s~ptible to flea, biles. In ~vere cas@s, keep animrus ,e1th.er outside or imide., but don't let them go bad and furth. SIT:I.<lJm<U'e<1S outside 'i<vner:e your pet spends a lot oHim.e (cooc:;rere areas, dog houses, gatm~ or decks) CM 'be keplre1aiivel.y free of fleas by va.mwning.However, it is better to focus yom Ei'fforts indoors woo[\e you m~ ffiQ1\eoontrd.

To remove adult fleas hom pets, QQmbfuemvviili it flea comb and. ba.thi' them. A fl!eacomb has sped.al!iy designed tines spaced to allow hair, but: tlc).t :fleas, to pass ~g!h" Several tine spacingsaJiE! avaihtble. As you run. thl? combtb:o,ugh yom pet's .fur, SQme fls<l$ w]]1 jW1liP away, but oth~r,s ¥riM smy 00 the comb. ,l\:emove the fleas from. the ccOmb Ol1nd drGp iliem .. into. a container of soapy water. ¥/hen finisooct flush them dUViifithe to:il~t CO"W'l,tfue .fleas l'~movedl to es1itr!a~e tln.e flea popuUlti.oIil and. monito.rffite need for other ,conl:rol!s. ShampooID.,f! a!nammal MOcks sOrmefle.ls r()ff md drowas (l&ers;, Qrdinary soap or ,shampoo wo'rk to a" degree, but an insocti.~ ddal ~poo is more efFoo'live. K.eep the :soop aiWaiY ,from the pet'~ eye.s anti &orl!mue my product that produoes sldn in1tatkmor .aJ!1ergies,

Alter soaps, llie ~t cl:remiClills to kill adult .H.eas are the natunl oOr$l:itlu!ents o.f ]emall peel oil,. whim are q:uite toxic to adult fleasmd relativ,ely s<lrem ve:rt~brntes. Use shampoos or area sprays which rontain lli:nll]oot Oon01\ substih:l.tethes~ pwduC:t.$ for a" yeM~rQllm.d pwg!t'Mn. efnondumiic(l!.] ~onb1oL

M:el:h,op.oontl, an. ~t growth I'~gulato~f mimics nalu!:al insect: hormonesmd pre\'ruit~ immaWJre .f1e~ from beconnng adults. It is quite specific: to lhe target insect asnd is filily sale to ~, EOw.ev,et, it does not kill adult fleas or eggs'r so it must be used in co:mhina:tion.wim other coo:ti'om. It ts more ,effective when flell popwaliOM are J1lISit begmrung to l?W1dl but you may n.Oi~ ,Mowlli('!l,t the problem is going to be ~ciousen.o,ugh to need dtrunica.li ll~iI.tment. Mefiwpl'en..e is a"vai]able in aerosol fuggersmrl. ll.oo:n.oen.trate. FoggersatJe not recommended becaJlSelhey d.o II!,O~ OOIllQ;m~ il'a"te the a:pp'l:iaItiQIiI. inthe areas wh.e:re ~dlu:l.tB and larvae rude {ca1'p'ets, bedding, etc.)1 and lo·:Ilen c:onmmoth.er toxic IDgr,em.enus, Spmy the: oon,en~ trate as directed,

Boric acid can be applied an.1nsIdle carpets ood di_a;wmaceous ,e-arth Ca!f! be sp.read over 1 a'W1lS , llu:lse Il'IiItftials kill fleas by drying them out w~ead. of po:isomngtl"lem,. but am dangeroas to humans, especially young cllId~.,. if inhaled. er absollLihedi. W()ugN a cut in. title skin. Weatr rubber gloves andbre'i!~g proiooction when applying these yours@l£ 01' hav~ them applied by p1Iores:siicmafs:" Avoid tne&a metlliods if you Mve young clilldIru:t

Le.asWOxic ,dltemlca~ control:

Flea roUi'l!l'Sare not recomrnend.~d beeause they contain very potent ohermcah; trurt .may harm yow pe:t The saJest chemkaJ. .fort !<iUing .fl!e<lsi:s MI .. insecticidal.soap;. Separate soaps car! be purchased for· tre~dinglhe pet ·and. its SIlllITOIJ!f1Jd:ings,. 'There .ate also W!sectki_&l soap s.prays: avai]ab].e fmms~de! ou.t:sid~ usein whlcha :sma.ll ~_mOMt of pyr,ethnmr! is added. rofue soap. Many other pyrel1'1rum~based products a.rea.vail~b].e. Cats a:~ espe,c!;ally s~ioIJye ropytetl:rn..un.. rolf you]; 'cat does not tQ]er.afe it, .try somethiing else.

There a.re many di:ff'ffi\ent types of flie-s, but them ~e only a:bou~ rom kinds that are rotmd indoors and are censldered house pests. 'The eemmon h~e .fly is glay <I!.fId aibGu,t 1/4-.fu1rn l(m;g. lot broods in garbagoa eens, dumpsters, rompoot piles Or gtner sources o.f food waste. It COO pose a neru:ili hazard beca.use i'k cani.es, disease mga.W.sl);"!;S. The dra!n fly is some-what smaller' mdbroodsln S~.lge andkitOOen drains, The tiny yeUow~ brown fruit fly hovers over fruits ood v-egetab1es in the kirchen, 'The fa.urllh

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