" ( 101 !

" #$% -
? @ A76 : = ; <+ 34 1428/5/26 67* (34 1428 -1427) ) * + ,-

.........................................: E #% ..................................................................................... :B C #
-- -- -----

................................... . : F G 50 ...................................................................................... : B C #%

:(" #$ 4 )
: ) * +,- . / ) 0 / 1 2#3 45 6( (1
A 5 B .@ (1/4) ; - <-5 .? (1/2) ; - <-5 .9 :3 4 5 .7
4Q a Q
:F 1 <*D E a C-) )3 * (2
2r r 2kQ/r2 .9 2
kQ/r .7
Zero .@ 4kQ/r2 .?
; - . r = 3 mm 1 9x103V F 1 <*D a C-) )3 < ; - . E 6( (3
27 UC .@ 1nC .? 1UC .9 1mC .7 :F 15 Q ) D
^, / C_ . * ( \1 * E] C . 50 V :X* Y, / Z . E 6( (4
:F 15 a , ^, `C a 1
-19
50 J .@ 80 J .? 80 eV .9 80x10 J .7
: ]h / iC 5 :X* d ) 1 S ) <E Y 1 / Y, Fe , :X* (5
Sd/ 0 .@ 0d/S .? 0S/d .9 0Sd .7

: A B 5k @ - / Fl 1 m1 :X* Y, / e 3 +@ 2 6( (6
:X* .@ :X* Y, / .? * .9 C1 ) D XE .7
) D ; - .q 9V p; - ; , i 3 6UF , 12UF ) <E . #X* <$ 67 (7
Zero .@ 162UC .? 36UC .9 18UC .7 :F 15 A$ :X* i 3
:F 15 :X* vr . 5UJ r; - ] s .t u 100V :X* Y, / Z . E 6( (8
1nF .@ 100UF .? 20 UF .9 1UF .7
:F 15 * ; + 0 w ] + Y ,r \ (9
C/s .@ N/C .? F/s .9 C.s .7
:F 15 _ X <$, h +; "_ *B @ 3. 0.16 A <$, h ; ; . E 6( (10
23
6x10 .@ 1015 .? 1018 .9 10-19 .7
<$, v 3,) - 10 }/m ,s + Y, { - ; - 2 cm2 { C- Y 1 <$, (11
20x10 }.m .@ 2x10-3 }.m .?
-6
20 }.m .9 2x103 }.m .7 :F 15
A1/4 (" #$ 4 )
; ; ; - € 12 V ; , i 3 3 }, 4 }, 5 } ] " - ~h• 2 $ (12
4A .@ 3A .? 2A .9 1A .7 :F 1 5 } -
20 mT {XY 1 s )A Fe , 50 cm { ,s <$, 20A p; - E; 5 (13
:F 15 <$, i 3 + •m 1 s )A +,-
Zero .@ 10 N .? 20 N .9 40 N .7
•l5 2 5 R p C] : _ F … @ ; 1 v C 3 1 m { E q { ) 0 .,5 ‚ (14
: ]h / a1 B {XY 1 s )A
mvqR .@ qR/mv .? mv/qR .9 mvq/R .7
:F 15 +@ ‰ 5 h Š,4 3 . 1.5 r; 1*_ < +@ h …, ˆ 0 6( (15
8 8 8 8
8x10 m/s .@ 3x10 m/s .? 2x10 m/s .9 1x10 m/s .7
+@ ‰5 h , { ,s . 435 nm 1 m1 Š , Š,4 , ,C . E 6( (16
290 nm .@ 638 nm .? 300 nm .9 1390 nm .7 :F 1
< . 2.46 ‹ , ; 1*_ < 24o F 15 / C / t 2_ E 6( (17
2.2 .@ 1.5 .? 1.33 .9 1 .7 :F 1 k ‹ , ; 1*_

n {5@ ; 1*_ < + A$ { 7; e ]; ;,D) m Œ _h • A ) e (18

: ]h / iC 5
m = n .@ m = ( n-1) .? m = ( -1) n .9 m= ( 1- ) n .7

2_,* 10 cm i 3 + * ` 7 Ž1 • 6( € n = 1.5 5@ ; 1*_ < e + E (19

:F 1 + * C] : _ . 10 cm i 3 - -Y +;,$ {
20 cm .@ 10 cm .? 5 cm .9 2 cm .7
+;, \* ; - 40 cm r;,*5 C] : _ + - +• / 30 cm i 3 Ž1 • (20
2 .@ – 2 .? 1 .9 – 0.5 .7 :F 1 _,*

,s . 0.5 +• \*5 . E +• ` 7 12cm i 3 5cm { ,s Ž1 • 6( (21

2.5 cm .@ 6 cm .? 12 cm .9 5 cm .7 :F 1 _,* +;,
20 cm p;,*5 C] : _ - k 10 cm p;,*5 C] : _ 9 C Y7 3 (22
:F 1 F;m\ r . 1.5 5@ ; 1*_ < . E 6(
– 50 cm .@ 40 cm .? – 30 cm .9 20 cm .7
.q / s 1 i 3 Ž1 • 6(€ M r \*5 ; - f F;m\ r 3 (23
: ]h / iC /3 s' +;,
s' = (M-1)/ f .@ s' = f M .? s' = f /(1-M) .9 s' = f(1-M) .7

A2/4 (" #$ 4 )
 _,* +;, . 15 cm F;m\ r 3 / 15 cm 3 Ž1 • 6( (24
• .@ 30 cm .? 15 cm.9 7.5 cm .7 :F 1
24 cm ) D / / 1 – 400 aE 9,* * * \* . E 6( (25
:F 1 D F;m\ \ . 5 cm ) F;m\ \
50 cm .@ 5 cm .? 0.3 cm .9 10 cm .7
+ 0 .q 360o ) ;,C Z . E 6q Io < <\] ) <E + 0 . . …, . , (26
Zero .@ Io .? 2 Io .9 4 Io .7 :F 15 < 5) ,
™ ) ;1 Z ˜/ / ,
/ ;,C Z . E 6( < —_, -0 5 (27
:F 1 ` u 1 Š,4 š , ,C .
2›˜ / ™ .@ 2›™˜ .? 2› / ™˜ .9 2›™ /˜ .7

+; Y ;@ . 4306 nm / Ž1 / • \) ˆ 0 : C šmax , ,C . E 6( (28

o o o
Zero .@ 5000 C .? 41 C .9 400 C .7 :F 15 T Ž1 vr
/ "_ *B -_ / 5) / ; +;v 11 X \) " _,5,# ] s (29
:F 15 _ X •, 1 i ( • X •, 1
4 eV .@ 5.45x10-19 J .? 3.03x10-19 J .9 1.6x10-19 J .7
:F 1 124 kV < < Fv X 07 e / X \) X 0 , ,s ]7 (30
-12
10x10 m .@ 10 mm .? 1nm .9 1m .7
"_ * h •, - E ] C . W { <AD @ . C i 3 hf { ] s Š, ‹- 6( (31
hf - W .@ W / hf .? W - hf .9 W+hf .7 :F 15 X \)
‹] 1 Š,4 fo \ @@ 5 . W { <AD @ . C i 3 hf { ] s Š, ‹- 6( (32
) F7 i 3 B .@ " _ * h E ] C .? <AD @ .9 Š,4 ] s .7 :i 3
* C ] C . 7.3 MeV 115B . ;,\ £_ + ,) ., E, _ <* C ] C 2_ E 6( (33
36.5 MeV .@ 7.3 MeV .? 80.3 MeV .9 0.66 MeV .7 :F 15 . ;,\ + ,)
: a ) -\s A * r@ 3 • ) V + ,) Ž Y a ) (34
2 3
V ¤ (1/ A) .@ V ¤ A .? V ¤ A .9 V ¤ A .7
:,r 238
91 Pa 238
92 U +x < x , Ž 1 (35
- +
Ž 1 .@ 07 .? Ž1 .9 Ž 1 .7

:,r 56
26 Fe* x+ < x , ) (36
55
26 Fe .@ 56
26 Fe .? 59
27 Co .9 55
25 Mn .7

A3/4 (" #$ 4 )
 5 0 \1_ .,*5 : _ ; 37 • ;7 ; € " ,) ¦ { : ) 3 •D £_ / ) 3 (37
1/16 .@ 2 .? 1/4 .9 1/2 .7 :F 15 … B 5 0i( 3 0

: 222
86 Rn
218
84 Po + < h X \) ¤ " 1 ] s (38
6 keV .@ 200 MeV .? 5.56 MeV .9 25.7 MeV .7
235
; CD_ / 5) ] C . 215 MeV r; - ]s C5
+ ,_ ; CD_
92 U 3 2_ E 6( (39
235
:F 15 92 U / 10 g
215 MeV .@ 215x106 MeV .? 2.75x1022 MeV .9 5.5x1024 MeV .7
eh " _B @ 3 . 5 MeV F 15 `, 5, @ 5 ,_ ? _ / +; ] C 2_ E 6( (40
:F 15 109 J r; - ] s Zhs
10-19 .@ 1.25x1021 .? 5x 1019.9 100 .7

-34
NA= 6.02x1026 atoms/kg-mole , h = 6.63x10 J.s !" ( I= 6
19 -27 31
e = 1.6 x 10 C , mp = 1.6726x10 kg , m e = 9.11 x 10 kg
9 2 2
k = 9x10 N.m /C , «o = 8.85x10 C /N m , 1eV = 1.6x10 – 19 J,
-12 2 2

µo = 4 x10-7 Wb/A.m, R = 1.097x107 m-1 , Wien Constant = 0.2898x10-2 oK.m ,

: ! ,J
10
1Curie = 3.7x10 decay/sec , 1amu = 931.5 MeV
1
M(n) = 1.008665 u, M( 1 H ) = 1.007825 u , M( 12H ) = 2.014102 u,
M( 24He ) = 4.002603 u, M( 235
92 U ) = 235.043915 u
222 218
M ( 86 Rn ) = 222.01753 u, M( 84 Po ) = 218.00893 u
³ 2 _

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
M N N G N G M M

23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
G M M G M G N N G

36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24
M G N N N G G G N

40 39 38 37
M G N