TRANSFORMATIONS OF y = x onto y = ± [a(±x/b − d) + c]

vertical Stretch/compression 8
a = 2 a.f(x)
6

horizontal Stretch/ compression 4

b = 1 f(x.1/b)
2

Vertical Translation 0
y
c = -3 f(x) + k
-2

Horizontal Translation -4
d = 5 f(x - h)
-6

✘ Reflection in x-axis - f(x) -8

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
✘ Reflection in y-axis f(-x)
x

TRUE -1
TRUE -1
 a >1

0<a<1

b>1

0<b<1

4 6 8

c>0
positive

c<0
negative

d>0
positive

d<0
negative
change the value of a only in the blue box and observe the correspondig graph of the equation.
How does a affect the graph in each of the following cases?

the graph stretches away from the x-axis

the graph compresses toward from the x-axis

change the value of b only in the yellow box and observe the correspondig graph of the equation.
How does b affect the graph in each of the following cases?

the graph stretches away from the y-axis

the graph compresses toward from the y-axis

change the value of c only in the red box and observe the correspondig graph of the equation.
How does c affect the graph in each of the following cases?

the graph moves shifts c units up

the graph moves shifts c units down

change the value of d only in the green box and observe the correspondig graph of the equation.
How does d affect the graph in each of the following cases?

the graph moves shifts d units right

the graph moves shifts d units left

Click on the pink box and observe the correspondig graph of the equation.
Try again with different values of a, b, c, and d.

the graph reflects over the x-axis

Click on the purple box and observe the correspondig graph of the equation.
Try again with different values of a, b, c, and d.

the graph reflects over the y-axis

h of the equation.

-32 -32 -51 76 cell link for 'a' 110

32 32 77 104 cell link for 'b' 110
301 cell link for 'c' 200
256 cell link for 'd' 200
350 cell link for 'x' 320

x y
aph of the equation. 0 0
0 0

x y
0 0
0 0

of the equation. x y
0 0
0 0

x y
0 0
0 0

ph of the equation. x y
0 0
0 0

x y
0 0
0 0