Applied Electricity

Starting Methods of Motors

NAME : Jayasinghe W.G.P.

INDEX NO : 050180T
FIELD : Material Science and Engineering.
COURSE : B.Sc. Engineering
PRU. DATE : 21/11/2010
SUB. DATE : 08/11/2010
Introduction:
Electric motors are the devices which convert the electric energy to mechanical
energy. There are three main types of motors which are dc motor, induction motor and
synchronous motors. Also electric motors are categories on motor energy supplier such as dc
motor, single phase ac motor and three phase ac motors.
Some motors such as single phase induction motors do not have starting torque so
it is necessary to have some starting arrangement for such motors. As well as some time use a
starting method for safety, durability, proper working condition and controllable starting torque.
Different types of mechanisms are used such as capacity induction, split phase induction.etc.
During this lab session basically focus on methods of starting on single phase
induction motors, three phase induction motors and dc shunt motors.

Theory:
 Starting Methods of Single Phase Induction Motors
Unlike poly-phase induction motors, single phase induction motors do not have
a starting torque. So it is necessary to have some staring arrangements are;
1. Split phase induction motors.
2. Capacitor induction motors.
3. Shaded pole induction motors.
1. Split phase induction motors:
In split phase type induction motors, the starting torque is provided by as
auxiliary winding, which produces a flux nearly 900 out of phase with the flux produced by
the main winding. The Phase difference in time is achieved by making one winding more
resistive than the other. Thus the motor starts as a two phase motors.
2.Capacitor induction motors:
In capacity motors a capacity is connected in series with one of the winding to
obtain the necessary phase difference in time.
3. Shaded pole motors.
In shaded pole motor a heavy copper ring is inserted in these rings shifts the
resultant magnetic field from un-shaded portion periodically. Thus imparting is a small
starting torque to the motor.

Starting Methods of Three-Phase Induction Motors

The method of staring a three phase induction motor depends to a great extent on
starting torque required, starting current limitations and the type of motor.
The basic methods available are
1. Direct on Line (D.O.L.)
2. Star-Delta.
3. Auto Transformer.
4. Power Electronic Starter.
5. Line Impedance Starter.
6. Rotor Resistance Starter.

1. Direct on Line:
The D.O.L. method is the direct connection of the motor terminals to the supply
terminals through a suitable starter having contactors operated by a coil. This method id
restricted to motor below few kilo watts. Direct online starting causes a high starting current
at lagging power factor. It also can cause voltage fluctuation on the supply network. Motors
supplied at a high voltage may be started by D.O.L. method.

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2. Start Delta:
In the start-delta method the stator windings are start connected at start and when
it reaches a substantial speed, the stator windings are delta connected. At start the phase
1 1
(winding) voltage is reduced by a factor of , and hence starting torque would be of
3 3
1
the normal. At the same time the starting current is also reduced by a factor of .
3
However during the change over period from start to delta, the air gap flux decreases to
zero. The speed also drops. When the switches are reclosed the transient current can be still
high. Thus this method does not necessarily reduce the peak value of the starting current.
Since the rotor has gained some speed the duration of the existence of high current is
reduced.
3. Auto Transformer:
In the auto transformer method, the starting voltage to the motor can be reduced
1
by an arbitrary factor K unlike the fixed factor in the start-delta method to limit the
3
starting current. The torque is then reduced a factor K2. With this method, there is no surge
current by like that present in the star-delta method during the star to delta transition.
4. Power Electronic Starter:
In the power electronic transformer methods use an electronic power control
mechanism.
5. Line Impedance Starter:

6. Rotor Resistance Starter:

Wound rotor motors could be started by rotor resistance method. In the staring
wound rotor induction motors, additional rotor resistances are introduced at start. This
method gives a higher starting torque and a lower starting current. As the machine speed up,
the rotor resistances are gradually reduced and finally short circuited.

 Starting Method of DC shunt Motor

• 3 point starter:

Off
On

Spring

HC

OC Relay

Supply
+
Field winding
-

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 Armature

With intention of minimizing starting current a series of resistances are

connected in series with the armature during normal operation. When the starting arm is held
up by the No volt coil (HC), if the supply disconnects or the current through the field
become zero then HC release the starting arm. In addition to that if the motor is overloaded,
overload relay operates and short –circuits the HC. Hence even in overload condition the
supply is disconnected.
Procedure:
Practical 1: Starting Methods of Single Phase Induction Motors
1. Apply 100V to the rotor winding of the fan motor. Give a
small push in the clockwise direction. Measure the speed using the stroboscope. Bring the
voltage zero and allow the motor stop. Apply 100V to the rotor winding and measure the
speed in the anti clockwise direction.
2. Connect the two windings in parallel and adjust the supply
voltage to 100V. Motor will now run as split phase motor. Changing the connection
Change of stator winding to reverse the machine.
3. Connect the 2µF capacitor in series with stator winding and
start the motor with 100Vsupply. Now machine run as a capacity motor. Reverse the
motor by changing the connection.
4. Change C from 2µF to 12µF and note the minimum voltage
necessary to just run the motor without speeding up. Note the current in the stator
winding (Is) and the value of the capacitor used.
5. Study the shade pole motor by connecting it at 130V supply.
Measure the speed using a tachometer. Note the number of poles & directions of motion.
(From shaded portion to un-shaded portion or other war round.

Practical 2: Starting Methods of Three Phase Induction Motors.

1. Study the construction of wound rotor and squirrel cage induction machines. Write down their
operating speed and various other nameplate data and determine the synchronous speed.
2. Study the manually operated star-delta switch available on the panel. Start the 3 phase using this
switch.
3. Study the manually operated star-delta starter using magnetic relays, push button and a timer, the
block diagram of which is given in below. Adjust the timer setting and see the difference.
4. Study the rotor resistance starter and start wound rotor induction motor using the rotor resistance
method.
5. Start a squirrel cage induction motor using auto transformer method.

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 On Off

R1, R2, R3, - Magnetic Relays

T - Electric Timer.
M - Motor

Result:
Practical 1: Starting Methods of Single Phase Induction Motors

rpm Supply Voltage for Winding

Only winding 0 rpm 100 V
Winding and Stator 215 rpm 100V

Applied Capacity Staring Voltage Current in Winding

3.00 µF 19 V 0.008 A
4.00 µF 22 V 0.015 A
6.36 µF 24 V 0.017 A
7.00 µF 19 V 0.012 A
9.30 µF 26 V 0.018 A
10.30 µF 28 V 0.021 A
13.30 µF 32 V 0.024 A

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 Practical 2: Starting Methods of Three Phase Induction Motors.
Squirrel Cage:
Model : EMDBN IGN CLASS E
Rating : CONT JTS C4004/ BODY JP225
Rotor : C BEARING G202.6202
Frame No: DBN 71 SER N0: 8401170

Hz V A rpm Code
50 20 1.4 1440 J
0
0.2 kW - 4 poles 60 20 1.2 1735 H
0
U V W
60 20 1.3 1745 K
0
Connection:
Wound Rotor (single phase):
ASEA
Motor : Shunt 5881.262
Type : 2.0 kW 3000 rpm
0.4 A
Margin: 260 V Margin: 0.3 A
SEN 2601TEC Is 1 kg
Made is Weden Fabrigue EN Sadee Nepana Power

Wound Rotor ( three phase):

ASEA
Motor ~ 50 Hz
Type : MKD11 N : 5948597
18 kW 2.5hp 1390 rpm
Prim. 380 V Prim.
Y 4.5 A ∆
SEN – 260402. S
SEN 26001 IEC 34-1 Made in Swedeen.

Calculations:
120 × f
Synchronous speed Ns = p
, where p is total no of poles (4), f supplier frequency (50 Hz).

120 × 50
Ns = = 1500 rpm
4
Ns − Nr
Slip S = , where N r motor rotating speed.
Ns
N − N r 1500 rpm − 215 rpm
S= s = = 0.8567
Ns 1500 rpm

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Minimum current requiement for start motor = 0.0053 A

Minimum voltage requiement for staer = 15 .1V

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 Discussion:
1. Why the shaded pole motor rotates from un-shaded portion to shaded portion.
Motors are worked by forces which are work
between the stator and rotor. Generally generate
magnetic force repulse which are the same poles. When
consider this phenomenon the repulse force acting from
magnetic poles area to none magnetic poles.
When considering shaded pole motors they are
having a high magnetic repulsion forces in the un-
shaded poles compare to the shaded poles, so rotor
rotate from high magnetic repulse force area to low
repulsion area. Another word form un-shaded poles to shaded poles.
A shaded-pole motor is a type of AC single-phase induction motor. It is basically a small
squirrel cage motor in which the auxiliary winding is composed of a copper ring surrounding a
portion of each pole. This auxiliary winding is called a shading coil. Currents in this coil delay
the phase of magnetic flux in that part of the pole enough to provide a rotating magnetic field.
The direction of rotation is from the un-shaded side to the shaded side of the pole. The effect
produces only a low starting torque compared to other classes of single-phase motors.
These motors have neither only one winding on capacitor nor starting switch, so making
them, economical and reliable. Because their starting torque is low they are best suited to driving
fans or other loads that are easily started. They are built in power sizes up to about 1/6 hp or 125
watts output. For larger motors, other designs offer better characteristics.
2. The construction and working principle of the Direct On Line (D.O.L) starter.

A direct on line (DOL) or across the line starter starts electric motors by applying the full
line voltage to the motor terminals. A DOL motor starter also contain protection devices, and in
some cases, condition monitoring. Smaller sizes of direct on-line starters are manually operated
and larger sizes use an electromechanical contactor (relay) to switch the motor circuit. Solid-
state direct on line starters also exist.
The switch may be a manually operated load break switch or circuit breaker, but more
commonly it would be an electromagnetic contactor which can be opened by the thermal
overload relay under fault conditions. Typically, the contactor will be controlled by separate start
and stop buttons, and an auxiliary contact on the contactor is used, across the start button, as a
hold in contact.
To start, the contactor is closed, applying full line voltage to the motor windings. The
motor will draw a very high inrush current for a very short time, to establish the magnetic field in
the iron, and then the current will be limited to the locked rotor current of the motor. The motor
will develop locked rotor Torque and begin to accelerate towards full speed. As the motor
accelerates, the current will begin to drop, but will not drop significantly until the motor is at a
high speed, typically about 85% of synchronous speed. The actual starting current curve is a
function of the motor design, and the terminal voltage, and is totally independent of the motor
load. The motor load will affect the time taken for the motor to accelerate to full speed and
therefore the duration of the high starting current, but not the magnitude of the starting current.

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 Provided the torque developed by the motor exceeds the load torque at all speeds during
the start cycle, the motor will reach full speed. If the torque delivered by the motor is less than
the torque of the load at any speed during the start cycle, the motor will cease accelerating. If the
starting torque with a DOL starter is insufficient for the load, the motor must be replaced with a
motor which can develop a higher starting torque. The acceleration torque is the torque
developed by the motor minus the load torque, and will change as the motor accelerates due to
the motor speed torque curve and the load speed torque curve. The start time is dependent on the
acceleration torque and the load inertia. DOL starting results in maximum start current and
maximum start torque. This may cause an electrical problem with the supply, or it may cause a
mechanical problem with the driven load.
3. Shortcoming of the D.O.L. starter.
Starters using magnetic contactors usually derive the power supply for the contactor coil
from the same source as the motor supply. An auxiliary contact from the contactor is used to
maintain the contactor coil energized after the start command for the motor has been released. If
a momentary loss of supply voltage occurs, the contactor will open and not close again until a
new start command is given. This prevents restarting of the motor after a power failure. This
connection also provides a small degree of protection against low power supply voltage and loss
of a phase. However since contactor coils will hold the circuit closed with as little as 80% of
normal voltage applied to the coil, this is not a primary means of protecting motors from low
voltage operation.
4. The suitability of star-delta and auto transformer starting methods for starting of three
phase induction motors.
• Star-Delta Starter
The Star Delta starter can only be used with a motor which is rated for
connection in delta operation at the required line voltage, and has both ends each of the
three windings available individually. At Start, the line voltage is applied to one end of
each of the three windings, with the other end bridged together, effectively connecting
the windings in a star connection. Under this connection, the voltage across each
1
winding is of line voltage and so the current flowing in each winding is also reduced
3
by this amount. The resultant current flowing from the supply is reduced by a factor of
1
as is the torque. This type of starter is an open transition starter and so the switch to
3
delta is accompanied by a very high torque and current transient. In most situations,
there would be less damage to the equipment and less interference to the supply
employed. The star delta starter does get around the regulations in some countries
where there is a requirement for a reduced voltage starter. The main benefits of the star
delta starter are more economical and less complicate.

• Auto Transformer
An Auto transformer starter uses an auto transformer to reduce the voltage applied
to a motor during start. The auto transformer may have a number of output taps and be
set-up to provide a single stage starter, or a multistage starter. There are two ways of
connecting an auto transformer starter, the most obvious way is to apply full voltage to
the transformer via contactor, and connect the motor to the tap by means of contactor.
When the motor has accelerated to full speed, or has run out of acceleration torque, the
tap contactor opens, disconnecting the motor from the transformer and another
contactor closes connecting the motor to the supply. The transformer can now be
disconnected from the supply. This format is known as an open transition starter and is
less than ideal due to the fact that the motor is disconnected for a short period of time
during the start period. While the motor is connected and accelerating, there is a
rotating magnetic field in the stator which causes flux in the rotor and thus a rotor
current to flow. At the instant the motor is disconnected, there is a magnetic field in the
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 rotor which is spinning with-in the stator winding. The motor acts as a generator until
the rotor field decays. The voltage generated by the motor is not synchronized to the
supply, and so on reconnection to the supply, the voltage across the contactor at closure
can be as much as twice the supply voltage resulting in a very high current and torque
transient. This open transition switching is often known as the auto-reclose effect as it
yields similar characteristics to opening and closing a breaker on a supply to one or
more motors. The consequences of open transition switching can be as bad as broken
shafts and stripped gears.
By a rearrangement of the power circuit, it is possible, at no extra cost, to build a closed
transition starter and thereby eliminate the current and torque transients. The closed
transition auto transformer starter is known as the Korndorffer starter. The open
transition switching is achieved by reconnecting the tap contactor between the
transformer and motor, to the star connection of the transformer, hard wiring the
motor to the tap, and altering the sequence of contactor control. To start the machine,
the main contactors and the star contactors are closed applying reduced voltage to the
motor. When the motor has reached full speeds, (or run out of acceleration torque) the
star contactor is opened effectively converting the auto transformer starter into a
primary reactance starter. Next the primary reactance is bridged by a contactor
applying full voltage to the motor. At no time does the motor become disconnected from
the supply.
The transformer is generally only intermittent rated for the starting duty, and so the
frequency and duration of the starts is limited. With a transformer starter, it is
relatively easy to change taps and thereby increase the starting voltage if a higher torque
is required. The auto transformer starter is a constant voltage starter, so the torque is
reduced by the voltage reduction squared over the entire speed range, unlike the
primary resistance or primary reactance starters which are constant impedance starters
and where the start voltage is dependent on the ratio of the motor impedance to the
motor plus starter impedance. As the motor accelerates, its impedance rises and
consequently, the terminal voltage of the motor also rises, giving a small torque increase
at higher speeds. Unlike the primary resistance and primary reactance starter, the
current flowing into the motor is different from that flowing from the supply. The
supply current flows into the primary circuit of a transformer, and the secondary
current is applied to the motor. The transformer reduces the primary current by the
same ratio as the voltage reduction. This would suggest that the lowest starting current
will be achieved by the use of an auto transformer starter. In most instances, the load
will require an increasing torque as it accelerates, and so often a higher tap must be
selected in order to accelerate the load to full speed before the step to full voltage occurs.
If a multistage transformer starter is employed, then the primary current will certainly
be lower than other forms of induction motor starter
5. The advantage of rotor resistance starting method for wound rotor induction motor compound
with the other alternatives.
The Primary Resistance starter will have one or more sets of resistors which,
during start, are connected in series with the supply to the motor. The series resistors
limit the starting current drawn by the motor, and thus reduce the starting torque of the
motor. Once the motor is up to full speed (or after a period of time) the resistors are
bridged by a contactor to apply full voltage to the motor. If the full details of the motor
starting characteristics are known, and the starting characteristics of the load are also
known, it is practical to determine the correct value of the resistors to provide enough
start torque for the load while minimizing the starting current. A primary resistance
starter correctly designed and constructed will cause the motor to accelerate the load to
almost full speed with the resistors in circuit before they are bridged out. In a poorly
designed system, the transition to full voltage will occur at less than 80% full speed, and
the current will then step up to almost DOL current, resulting in little gain from the use

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 of the primary resistance starter other than the increased cost of the starter.
Advantageous is the starter supplier, not to the end user. Improved starting
characteristics with some loads can be achieved by the use of several stages of resistance
and bridging out increasing amounts of resistance as the motor accelerates. With the
primary resistance starter, it is not easy to alter the resistance and hence the starting
characteristics once the starter is built. Therefore, it is important that the correct
resistors are selected in the first place.
The primary resistance starter reduces the voltage applied to the motor terminals
while passing the full starting current to the motor. Consequently, there is very high
power dissipation in the resistors, resulting in the requirement for very high power
rated resistors. Typically, the resistors will dissipate as much as 150% - 200% the power
rating of the motor for the duration of the start. The resistors may be either metallic
resistors, or liquid resistors. Metallic resistors have a positive temperature coefficient
and as a result, as they heat up, their resistance increases. Liquid resistors, such as
saline solution, have a negative temperature coefficient and so consequently, as they heat
up, their resistance reduces. The heat build up in the resistors during start, and their
temperature dependant resistance characteristics, make it essential the resistors are
allowed to fully cool between starts. This restricts the starting frequency and the
minimum time between the starts.

6. Reverse the direction of a three phase induction motor.

The rotation direction of a 3 phase induction motor can be reversed by inter changing
any two of the three phase-supply lines.
7. The advantage and disadvantage of single phase induction motor.
This method allows external resistance to be connected to the rotor through slip rings
and brushes. Initially, the rotor resistance is set to maximum and is then gradually decreased
as the motor speed increases, until it becomes zero.
The rotor impedance starting mechanism is usually very bulky and expensive when
compared with other methods. It also has very high maintenance costs. Also, a considerable
amount of heat is generated through the resistors when current runs through them. The
starting frequency is also limited in this method.
However the rotor impedance method is known to be the smoothest and least stressful
method of accelerating an induction motor. It also allows the motor to be startrd while on
load.
8. The importance of starting method of a DC motor.
At starting the motor back emf isn’t present; also resistance of the motor coil is small,
so when starting the motor get high current. Due to that current motor can be damage to avoid
this damage there must be required a safe starting method,
9. The starting methods of a DC motor.
i.Ward-Leonard Arrangement.

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 If armature and field of dc shunt motor are energized together, large current is
drawn at start but the torque builds up gradually as the field flux increases gradually. To
improve the torque per ampere of line current drawn it is advisable to energize the field
first. The starting current is given by V/Ra and hence to reduce the starting current to a
safe value, the voltage V can be reduced or armature circuit resistance Ra can be increased.
Variable voltage V can be obtained from a motor generator set. This arrangement is called
Ward-Leonard arrangement. A schematic diagram of Ward-Leonard arrangement is shown
in figure below. By controlling the field of the Ward-Leonard generator one can get a
variable voltage at its terminals which is used for starting the motor.

ii.Increased Armature Circuit Resistance

The second method of starting with increased armature circuit resistance can be
obtained by adding additional resistances in series with the armature, at start. The current
and the torque get reduced. It can be unloaded machine reaches its final speed but a loaded
machine may crawl at a speed much below the normal speed. Also, the starting resistance
wastes large amount of power. Hence the starting resistance must be reduced to zero at the
end of the starting process. This has to be done progressively, making sure that the current
does not jump up to large values. Starting of series motor and compound motors are similar
to the shunt motor. Better starting torques are obtained for compound motors as the torque
per ampere is more.
`
Reference:
1. Lecture note and presentation.
2. Book:
i. Basic Electrical Engineering, P S Dhogal.
3. Web Resources:
i.www.wikipedia.org/
ii.www.tpub.com/
iii.www.lmphotonics.com/
4. Softer Tools,
i. AutoCAD 2007
ii. Microsoft Excel
iii. Microsoft Word

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