REPORT OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING

OF

THERMAL POWER PLANT

AT
TITAGARH GENERATING STATION

Submit by

JISHNU PRASAD SEN

GURUNANAK INST OF TECHNOLOGY
ECE DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO:

DATE:
 ABOUT CESC

Kolkata has come a long way on the wings of power. Through rapid growth
and change during the world’ most eventful decades. CESC Limited ,a
RPG company brought thermal power to India more than 100 years ago
and supplies power to the city kolkata, serving 11 million population across
it’s are of 567 sq.mtthe peak load so far handled more than 1300 mw and
its’s no of consumer crossed 2.1 million. CESC have now four generating
station . they are New cossipore,titagarh,southern and Budge Budge. Their
capacities are 100MW,240MW,135MW,750MW . CESC is not only a
generating station but also a power distribution company. It’s no of
receiving stations are 6. The no of 132 KV sub station is 7. It’s distribution
station is around 91. The no of transformers is above 6000. Power is
distributed in industrial, domestic and commercial purposes. We all know
that pollution is main obstacle in way of power generation. CESC is so
much concerned about the environment that it is the India’s best
environment friendly generation station.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the end of such compassionately gruelling but informative training I

felt myself much more confident and competitive. The entire credit
goes to excellent and competent personnel of your esteemed
company. Your training and guidance showered on me by Mr. M.
Choudhury (HRD), Mr. J. Roy Choudhury (generation),Mr.S.
Sarkar (HRD) Mr. K. Aditya, Mr.T.Choudhury, Mr.A. Patra,
Mr.B.Mitra, Mr. S.N. Nath, Mr.S.Patra, Mr. S.Dutta put me in solid
rock to garner courage and expertise in facing any challenges in the
years to come.

I am thankful rather grateful for such whole hearted cooperation

of not only them but also all members of TGS throughout the training
tenure.
 CONTENT

CESC
 LIMITED
TITAGARH
 Generating Station
Thermal
 Power Plant
Thermodynamic
 Cycle
Four  Basic Cycles on Which
Power
Generating  Plant Operates
Coal  Handling Plant
Water  Treatment Plant & its
Operation
Fan 
LDO PUMP
Boiler  & its Auxiliaries
Turbine  & its Auxiliaries
Alternators 
Excitation  System
Transformers 
Ash  Collection & Handling Plant
TGS is one of the oldest generating station & is the first pulverized fuel
thermal station of CESC situated on B.T. road, Titagarh. It has total
installed capacity of 240 MW comprising four units each rated 60 MW. Its
generating voltage is 10.5 KV. The plant started commercial generation
since 1983, when the first unit started operating. Subsequently the other
three units started in the years 1983, 1984 & 1985. Plant Load Factor
(P.L.F) of this plant is generally high (87.39) in 2006-07 & P.A.F. is 94.79
(2006-07).TGS is committed to ensuring required power supply to the
CESC’s distribution network in line with the varying level of electricity
demand. In TGS the generating voltage 10.5 KV is stepped up by
generating transformer to 33KV. This 33 KV supply is again stepped up to
132KV in the receiving station & is sent to distribution station & stepped
down to 11KV.
Thereafter it is again stepped down to 6 KV, 415 V for distributing to
consumers. Operation & maintenance of the plant is part of the business
activity of TGS. CESC central Turbine Maintenance department (CTM) is
responsible for Turbo-Alternator sets while, testing & calibration of
protection metering equipments are done by company’s test department. In
2006-2007 TGS captured the 5th position all over India due to its great
performance.
 THERMAL POWER PLANT

A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime

mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine
which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is
condensed in a condenser; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in
the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer
to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into
electrical energy. However, power plant is the most common term in the United
States. while power station prevails in many Commonwealth countries and especially
in the United Kingdom.Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric,
and waste incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal.
Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat
from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in a combined cycle plant that improves
overall efficiency.Such power stations are most usually constructed on a very large
scale and designed for continuous operation. History -Reciprocating steam engines
have been used for mechanical power sources since the 18th Century, with notable
improvements being made by James Watt. The very first commercial central electrical
generating stations in New York and London, in 1882, also used reciprocating steam
engines. As generator sizes increased, eventually turbines took over due to higher
efficiency and lower cost of construction. By the 1920s any central station larger than
a few thousand kilowatts would use a turbine prime mover. Efficiency -The electric
efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered as saleable energy
produced at the plant busbars compared with the heating value of the fuel consumed,
is typically 33 to 48% efficient, limited as all heat engines are by the laws of
thermodynamics (See: Carnot cycle). The rest of the energy must leave the
plant in the form of heat. This waste heat can be disposed of with cooling water or
in cooling towers. If the waste heat is instead utilized for e.g. district heating, it is
called cogeneration. An important class of thermal power station are associated with
desalination facilities; these are typically found in desert countries with large
supplies of natural gas and in these plants, freshwater production and electricity are
equally important co-products.
Since the efficiency of the plant is fundamentally limited by the ratio of the absolute
temperatures of the steam at turbine input and output, efficiency improvements
require use of higher temperature, and therefore higher pressure, steam. Historically,
other working fluids such as mercury have been experimentally used in a mercury
vapour turbine power plant, since these can attain higher temperatures than water at
lower working pressures. However, the obvious hazards of toxicity, and poor heat
transfer properties, have ruled out .mercury as a working fluid.

THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE

Rankine cycle
The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which converts heat into work. The heat
is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water as the working fluid.
This cycle generates about 80% of all electric power used in America and throughout
the world including virtually all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants.
It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath. Description
Physical layout of the four main devices used in the Rankine cycle. A Rankine cycle
describes a model of the operation of steam heat engines most commonly found in
power generation plants. Common heat sources for power plants using the Rankine
cycle are coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear. The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred
to as a practical Carnot cycle as, when an efficient turbine is used, the TS diagram will
begin to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that a pump is used to
pressurize liquid instead of gas. This requires about 100 times less energy than that
compressing a gas in a compressor (as in the Carnot cycle). The efficiency of a
Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure going
super critical the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small, turbine
entry temperatures are typically 565°C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and
condenser temperatures are around 30°C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of
around 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power
station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the
Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined cycle gas turbine power
stations.
The working fluid in a Rankine cycle follows a closed loop and is re-used constantly.
The water vapor often seen billowing from power stations is generated by the cooling
systems (not from the closed loop Rankine power cycle) and represents the waste heat
that could not be converted to useful work. Note that steam is invisible until it comes
in contact with cool, saturated air, at which point it condenses and forms the white
billowy clouds seen leaving cooling towers. While many substances could be used in
the Rankine cycle, water is usually the fluid of choice due to its favorable properties,
such as nontoxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, and low cost, as well as its
thermodynamic properties. One of the principal advantages it holds over other cycles
is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the
pump, due to the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point. By condensing
the fluid to liquid, the work required by the pump will only consume approximately
1% to 3% of the turbine power and so give a much higher efficiency for a real cycle.
The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature. Gas
turbines, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500°C.
Nonetheless, the efficiencies of steam cycles and gas turbines are fairly well matched.
Processes of the Rankine cycle
Ts diagram of a typical Rankine cycle operating between pressures of 0.06bar and
50bar .There are four processes in the Rankine cycle, each changing the state of the
working fluid. These states are identified by number in the diagram to the right.
Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure, as the fluid is a
liquid at this stage the pump requires little input energy.
Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant
pressure by an external heat source to become a dry saturated vapor.
Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine, generating power.
This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may
occur.
Process 4-1: The wet vapor then enters a condenser where it is cooled at a constant
pressure and temperature to become a saturated liquid. The pressure and temperature
of the condenser is fixed by the temperature of the cooling coils as the fluid is
undergoing a phase-change. In an ideal Rankine cycle the pump and turbine would be
isentropic, i.e., the pump and turbine would generate no entropy and hence maximize
the net work output. Processes 1-2 and 3-4 would be represented by vertical lines on
the Ts diagram and more closely resemble that of the Carnot cycle. The Rankine cycle
shown here prevents the vapor ending up in the superheat region after the expansion
in the turbine , which reduces the energy removed by the condensers.
Real Rankine cycle (non-ideal):
Rankine cycle with superheat

In a real Rankine cycle, the compression by the pump and the expansion in the turbine
are not isentropic. In other words, these processes are non-reversible and entropy is
increased during the two processes. This somewhat increases the power required by
the pump and decreases the power generated by the turbine. In particular the
efficiency of the steam turbine will be limited by water droplet formation. As the
water condenses, water droplets hit the turbine blades at high speed causing pitting
and erosion, gradually decreasing the efficiency of the turbine. The easiest way to
overcome this problem is by superheating the steam. On the Ts diagram above, state 3
is above a two phase region of steam and water so after expansion the steam will be
very wet. By superheating, state 3 will move to the right of the diagram and hence
produce a dryer steam after expansion.

Variations of the basic Rankine cycle

The overall thermodynamic efficiency (of almost any cycle) can be increased by
raising the average heat input temperature of that cycle. Increasing the temperature of
the steam into the superheat region is a simple way of doing this. There are also
variations of the basic Rankine cycle which are designed to raise the thermal
efficiency of the cycle in this way; two of these are described below.

Rankine cycle with reheat

In this variation, two turbines work in series. The first accepts vapor from the boiler at
high pressure. After the vapor has passed through the first turbine, it re-enters the
boiler and is reheated before passing through a second, lower pressure turbine. Among
other advantages, this prevents the vapor from condensing during its expansion which
can seriously damage the turbine blades, and improves the efficiency of the cycle.
Rankine cycle with superheat

Regenerative Rankine cycle

The regenerative Rankine cycle is so named because after emerging from the
condenser (possibly as a subcooled liquid) the working fluid is heated by steam tapped
from the hot portion of the cycle. On the diagram shown, the fluid at 2 is mixed with
the fluid at 4 (both at the same pressure) to end up with the saturated liquid at 7. The
Regenerative Rankine cycle (with minor variants) is commonly used in real power
stations. Another variation is where 'bleed steam' from between turbine stages is sent
to feedwater heaters to preheat the water on its way from the condenser to the boiler.

Regenerative Rankine cycle

 FOUR BASIC CYCLES ON WHICH A POWER
GENERATING PLANT OPERATES

Any COAL FIRED Power Generating Plant operates on the following four basic
cycles:

1. Coal & Ash cycle

2. Air & Flue Gas cycle
3. Water & Steam cycle
4. Cooling Water cycle

Of all the above four mentioned cycles, the fist two i.e. COAL & ASH CYCLE &
AIR & FLUE GAS CYCLE are called OPEN CYCLES.
The next i.e WATER & STEAM CYCLE is a CLOSED CYCLE.
The fourth and the last mentioned cycle i.e. THE COOLING WATER CYCLE occurs
in the condenser.
COAL ASH CYCLE

Raw coal is fed into the Coal Handling Plant (CHP) after which it is sent to the coal
bunker.Then through the coal feeder the coal is fed into the pulveriser/ crusher where
the coal (50mm dia.) is pulverized. After that the pulverized coal is fed through the
24(6x4) coal burners by primary air fans into the boiler furnace. After proper
combustion (determined by the 3-Ts : Temperature, Time and Turbulence) ash is
formed. This ash is of two types. The heavier variety is called the Bottom Ash while
the lighter variety passes out as flue gas into the Economiser. From the Economiser
also bottom ash is obtained. The bottom ash is obtained as clinkers which are crushed
into powder form by the scrapper-clinker grinder conveyer. Then the bottom ash thus
obtained is converted to slurry by water through the ash water pumps. The flue gas
from the furnace is fed to the economiser and the Air Preheaters (APH).Then from the
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) the flue gas is vent out into the atmosphere by ID fans
through the chimney. The ESP collects all the suspended ash particles by high voltage
discharge. The ash thus obtained is the second variety of ash and is called Fly Ash.
This fly ash, as the bottom ash, is converted into slurry. The slurry (of bottom ash +
fly ash) is collected in the Ash Slurry Sump. The slurry from the sump by a set of
three ash slurry pumps is sent to the Ash Pond .This ash is used in several applications
like cement industry, manufacture of bricks, etc.
 AIR-FLUE GAS CYCLE
AIR CIRCUIT:

The air requirement of the boiler is met by two forced draft fans (FD FANS). The
forced draft fans supply the necessary primary and secondary air. About 80% of the
total air which is the secondary air goes directly to the furnace wind box and 20% of
the air goes to the mill via primary air fans. This air is known as the primary air. The
air before it goes into the furnace or to the mill it is pre heated in the air pre heaters.
The air pre heater installed is a tubular type heat exchanger in which the heat
exchanger takes place between flue gas and air. The flue gas flows through the tubes
and air flows over the tubes. The air heater serves to recovers the useful heat in the
outgoing flue gas (after recovery in the economizer) and thus improves the efficiency
of the boiler. At the air heater cold end the outgoing flue gas contains constituents like
sulpher dioxide. If the operating temperature goes below the dew point of the vapours
then the vapours get condensed and react with sulpher dioxide and sulphuric acid is
former which is corrosive in nature. The possibility of cold and corrosion is more
during lighting up of the boiler and at low load. To avoid this corrosion problem the
flue gas bearing the air is to be maintained at a higher temperature. This is
accomplished by passing the Air Pre-heater during lighting up and low load condition
when flue gas temperature is low. The primary air is supplied to the five mills by the
five primary air fans. The primary air is used in the mill to dry the pulverized coal and
to carry it into the furnace. To ensure drying of coal a portion primary air is taken after
passing through the air pre-heater. A cold air line is also connected to the hot primary
air line before it enters into the mills. The temperature of the coal air mixture at the
mill outlet is controlled by admitting the cold and hot primary air proportionately.
FLUE GAS CIRCUIT:
The flue gases move upward in the furnace and through the rear gas pass in a
downward direction to the air pre-heaters. The flue gas leaving the air preheater pass
through the electrostatic precipitators and then the induced draft fan (ID FAN) sucks
and forces the flue gas through the stack. The flue gas leaving the boiler furnace
carries with it particles like ash, unburnt carbon etc. The quantity of these matters is
small when oil is fired but it becomes quite considerable when coal is fired,
particularly when high ash content coal is fired. The ESP helps in minimizing the dust
concentration of flue gas thus reducing the erosion of ID FAN impellers, ducting and
the atmospheric pollution.

AIR FLUE PATH

WATER & STEAM CYCLE

Feed water is supplied to the boiler drum from economiser outlet header through
economiser links and these two links at the point of entering the drum have been
divided into 4 branch pipes. Altogether there are 8 downcomers from boiler drum, out
of which two downcomer pipes termed as ‘short loop’ (water platen) divided into 4
branches before entering the boiler and ultimately water flows to the drum through
these 4 water platen outlet headers. The front & the rear wall inlet headers feed the
front and rear furnace wall tubes. The furnace side walls are fed by two side wall inlet
headers. The water in the furnace sidewall, water wall platen and the extended side
wall absorb heat from the furnace.The resultant mixture of water and steam is
collected in the outlet headers and discharged into the steam drum through a series of
riser tubes. Steam generated in the front and the rear walls is supplied directly into the
drum. In the drum separation of water and steam takes place. The boiler water mixes
with the incoming water. The saturated steam is led to the roof radiant inlet header
and from there to the final SH outlet header via LTSH and platen superheater stages.
The steam is superheated to the designed temperature and from the superheater outlet
header the steam is led to the turbine via the main steam line.

COOLING WATER CYCLE

There are NINE cooling tower fans each of voltage rating: 415 V. They are
of ID fan type. All of them are controlled by MCC blocks.
 COAL HANDLING PLANT

Coal is a primary fuel. Source of coal varies from thermal power plants of
CESC as per design parameters of individual boiler. Much coal is supplied by ECL
from Rani gaunge and Mugma fields, BCCL from Barakar and Kusunda areas and by
ICML. Coal is transported through railway linkages from respective fields to
generating stations. Requirement of coal at TGS is about TGS is about 3000 tones per
day.There are some properties of coals which are used in TGS.
# SWELLING INDEX: Some types of coal during and after release of volatile matter
become soft and pasty and form agglomerates called caking coals.

# GRINDABILITY: This property is measured by grindability index.

# WEATHERABILITY: It is a measure of how coal can be stockpiled for long

periods of time without crumbling to pieces.

# SULPHER CONTENT: Sulpher content in coal is combustible but the product

after combustion i.e.SO2 is a major source of atmospheric pollution.
# HEATING VALUE: The coal used in TGS has4000-5000 kcal/kg of heating
value.
PROCESS: First the coal is coming in the station .then with the help of tripplers or
bull dozer, coal from wagon or reclaim hopper is dropped to vibrating feeder through
a 30mm mesh. Any large coal chunk is broken manually and then fed. The first
conveyer belt starts below the ground and with an angle of 18 deg. with the ground. It
comes out and discharges the coal to another conveyer belt. This also with an angle of
18 deg. makes the coal reach the crusher. But before the crusher, impurities like iron
parts, which get carried so far, are separated by a magnetic separator which is oriented
in cross way. The coal is then dropped to the vibrating screen. The coal chunks are
already less then 20mm and go to stock. In the crusher, solid metallic, non ferrous
crushing wheels are used to crush the coals to 20 mm. From the crusher, coal goes to
the bunkers. From these bunkers they are dropped in ball & race mill. Here, huge solid
metallic balls are used to pulverize the coal to 75 micro meters. Then the coal is fed to
furnace. By primary air coal is dried from any moisture and also carries the pulverized
coal to furnace. At the starting of combustion, oil is required. The volatile matter in
coal starts to burn at a temp. near about 400 deg.C. This is temperature is attained by
burning oil which is LDO for industrial purposes. Sometimes oil is also required to
fire the furnace when the quality of coal is not up to mark or when there is high
moisture content in the coal. The main function of the Coal Handling Plant (CHP) is
to feed crushed coal up to the bunker. In the 4th Unit of DTPS there are 6 nos. of
bunkers as well as coal mills.
The CHP is divided into three zones:
ZONE 1 --- Unload uncrushed coal from wagon tippler up to UNCRUSHED
COAL YARD. Equipments: WAGON TIPPLER, VIBRATOR, CONVEYER BELT.
ZONE 2 --- Taking uncrushed coal from yard for crushing and send it to crushed yard.
Equipments: BELT, SCREEN, CRUSHER, VIBRATOR, DISCHARGE BELT.
ZONE 3 --- Taking crushed coal from yard through reclaim hopper (7, 8, 9 and 10)
and send it to the bunker. Equipments: BELT, VIBRATOR, TIPPER CAR.

COMPONENTS OF DIRECT FIRING SYSTEM ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1.Raw coal feeders.
2. Source to supply hot primary air to the pulverizer for drying the coal.
3. Pulverizer fan, also known as primary air fan arranged as a blower.
4. Pulverizer arranged to operate under pressure.
5. Burners.

TRANSMISSION OF COAL:(Coal yard to furnace)

1. Coal is brought by rail wagons, which the Indian Railways deliver till the coal yard
of TGS. From there, six to eight wagons are separated and are pulled to the Wagon
Tripler where there are unloaded one by one.
2. Wagon Tripler is a device by which the wagon is tripled to unload the coal to the
bunker. The Wagon Tripler consists of a moveable platform, which also acts as a
Computerized Weight Bridge A single wagon is first brought to the platform.
Then by a pulley and weight arrangement Powered by an electric motor, the
platform is tilted towards the bunker by 140 degree while a support from the top
catches the wagon and tilts it which causes the coal to fall down to the bunker. While
the unloading is done, water is sprayed on the coal to avoid spreading of coal dust.
3. From the coal bunker, the different varieties of coal. May be mixed by Dozers and
the coal from there is sent to the crusher.
4. In the crusher, coal is broken into small pieces of sizes not exceeding 20 mm in
diameter. From there by conveyor belt, the coal is taken through the chute and sent to
the top of. the main building
5. The coal is then dumped into an area from where it is fed into by conveyor belts to
the coal trolley which gathers the coal, decides which bunker requires coal, then it
rolls over to the of that bunker and pours the required amount of coal in it.
6. From the bunker, the coal comes down through the Hopper to the Besta Feeder.
7. The Besta Feeder controls the rate of the amount of coal to be fed tot the
pulverizer.Besta Feeder is a device consisting of a conveyor belt, which transfers the
coal from the hopper to the mouth of the pulverizer. The transfer rate of coal is
controlled from the controlled room by monitoring the speed of the Besta feeder. This
is because as the coal is grounded in the pulverizer, it becomes explosive in nature and
cannot be stored.
8. The coal is sent to the Pulverizer to get crushed into the size of 200 micron in
diameter.The Pulverizer consists of an enclosing cylinder with a channel comprising
of large Steel balls. These balls are rotated under pressure and coal is fed into this
channel where due to movement of these balls, it gets grounded. This procedure is
taken to achieve complete combustion of coal, better control of furnace temperature
and increasing the efficiency of the boiler.
9. From the Pulveriser the coal dust and air mixture is blown to the furnace by
PRIMARY AIR FAN.

COAL PULVERIZATION

Coal is pulverized in order to increase it’s surface its surface exposure thus promoting
rapid combustion without using large quantities of excess air. In modern power plants,
lump coal, crushed to uniform size is continuously supplied to the pulverized hopper
from where it is fed into the pulverized through a feeder arrangement. Combustion
rate is controlled by varying the feeder speed thereby controlling the rate of coal being
fed to the pulverizer. It is swept out from the mill and floated to the burner located in
the furnace wall by admitting enough of the combustion air at the pulverinizer to
accomplish air bone transportation. This air is called primary air as it is varied from as
little as 10% to almost the entire combustion air requirements, depending upon load.
 SOME SPRECIFICATION ABOUT FHP

RH1------------------------ ECL
RH2------------------------- ICML, ECL
RH3------------------------- ICML

CRUSHER HOUSE SPECIFICATION

The no of convert belt----------------------- 18

It’s area---------------------------------------- Wagon tippler to bunker
Crusher speed--------------------------------- 750rpm
Shaft per crasher------------------------------ 4
The no of hammers inside the shaft-------- 18
The no of Gates------------------------------- 19

BUNKER SPECIFICATION
The no of bunker per unit-------------------- 5
The no of wagon per bunker----------------- 5
The height of bunker-------------------------- 60
Timing of to fill up a bunker----------------- 30 to 45 min
Bunker division-------------------------------- 1 ECL coal Bunker
4 ICML coal Bunker
Ability of supply of coal in a bunker--------- 14-15 hrs
Time require for transport of coal from
Wagon tippler to bunker--------- 5-6min

WATER TREATMENT PLANT & ITS OPERATION

The river water contains suspended matter with colloidal particles and some of
organic and inorganic impurities which make it necessary for chemical and
mechanical treatment in WT plant before being used as clarified and filtered water.
The impurities in water are of two kinds, volatile and non-volatile. Volatile impurities
can be expelled from water to a very great extent by it in fine streams or droplets into
the atmosphere. By this means foul gases dissolved in it are removed. By the Cascade
Type, 5 Stage Aerator the iron dissolved in water also is oxidised and thus
precipitates, enabling easy removal by filtration. The pH value of the water is often
increased due to aeration owing to the removal of CO2 from it. Lime dosing is done to
promote the coagulation efficiency. It also helps to maintain the pH value around 7.4
during coagulation. The non-volatile impurities like clay, vegetable matter, colouring
matter and bacteria being minute escape through filters. Hence alum is added to
sedimentation and hence, filtration. In the clariflocculator mechanical agitation is
created and the mixture is allowed to fall into a trough below for integrate mixing with
the chemicals used, creating violent turbulence. The flocculated water is admitted into
the clarifier tank from the bottom of the flocculator tank in a continuous rotary upward
movement that enhances the rate of deposition of sludge on the floor of the tank. This
sludge is removed by continuous sweeping through a desludging valve. The clarified
water is then collected in the gravity filter beds where they are filtered through a layer
of sand and gravel by the effect of gravity. Now to clean the pores in the filter bed,
backwashing is done. This process of backwashing involves flushing by compressed
air and water from beneath the filter bed and simultaneous drainage of the turbid
water. The filtered water thus is collected in the filtered water sump from where
through colony filter pumps this water is supplied to the colony. Through plant filter
pumps the clarified water is supplied to the DM plant & the Bearing Cooling Water
(BCW) sump or the non-dm plant.

DEMINIRELIZED WATER PLANT

Water is required for industrial process. From the Ganges the water is taken. The
water is first processed to deminarilize in DM plant. However natural water contains
dissolved salts, alkaline salts such as bicarbonates & carbonates of Ca, Na& mg. there
are also other dissolved impurities such as sulphates, chlorides & nitrates of Ca, Mg &
Na. Silica, dissolved CO2 and metals like Fe, Mn & organic matters are also present.
Ion exchange resins are porous materials that contain inert base attached to which
are free ions & can be free to move about within the resin structure. At first water is
taken from Ganges is taken to main water bus and is sent to water chamber where
alum is mixed. By clarifoculator system and flushing of air the alum gets mixed
properly in water and all the mud, algae etc. settles down.Uper portion of the water is
collected in reservoir which is divided into two sections. One portion goes for
treatment & other is for cooling of machines, coal yard & other services. There are
three types of pump. Clarified water pump, drinking water pump, service water pump.
 Clarifloclurator

PROCESS: The clarified water is fed to pressure sand filter (PSF). There are three
numbers of PSF (A, B, C) & used to remove sand, mud etc. From PSF the water is fed
to the activated carbon filter (ACF). In the ACF it absorbs
any chlorine. There are 3 no.s of ACF (A, B, C) & used to remove the small particles
& bacteria. From ACF the water is moved to Strong Acid Cation (SAC) which are
three in no. (A, B, C). In SAC the cation exchange resin causes removal of the cation
& in their place hydrogen ions are released in the
solutions.
REGENERATION: While supply of exchangeable ions within the resin is
exhausted, the quality of treated water from the resin deteriorates & the resin requires
regeneration.
SAC:
RNa + HCl RH + NaCl

R2Mg + H2SO4  2RH + MgSO4

SBA:

RCl + NaOH  ROH + NaCl

WBA:

RHCl + NaOH  R + H2O + H2O

The other part of the water goes to the non-dmplant from the clarifloculator. Now
from this the water is pumped out by service water pump & drinking water pump. The
water from the service water pump goes to clarified water pump the water of which is
used as heat absorber in case of ID,FD,PAF,generator air compressor etc. & this water
is cooled by raw ganga water tapped from the condenser. The water from service
water pump is also used as heat exchanger for ash water system bearing & rotary
unloader bearing. Now the water from drinking watrer pump goes to bathroom etc.&
the etc. part goes to the drain from the drain the water goes to the ETP1(effluent
treatment plant). The water then passes through ETP2,ETP3,&ETP4 & then it goes to
the circular reservoir after passing through the oil scheamer. While passing through
ETP3 chemical dodging was done. Finally the water from circular reservoir the water
goes to the non-dmplant. When the water flooded in ETP then to extract this extra
flooded water a tapping was done which is connected directly to the ganga & when it
returns to its normal condition then again it get back to the tapping line of condenser.
Again from the sump where water comesby tapping raw ganga water; the water goes
to the ash water pump & by creating a slury the ashes goes to the hydrabin & then to
the EADA(ash pond) from which the water goes to the ETP1 & ETP2. Now water
from demineralised water tank goes to CST(condensate storage tank). From which it
goes to the RFW(reserve feed water tank) by which the level of hot well is
maintained. The warter from CST also goes for deareator cold filling, boiler cold
filling & condensate emergency filling. Thus we can explain the full water treatment
cycle in a power plant.

SOME SPECIFICATION
In lower tower there are 9 IM PUMP used.
It’s voltage-------- 415v, speed-------- 2920rpm, current---------- 31amp………
There are used three type of pumps:
1. Service water pump---------------- 3
2. Drinking water pump--------------- 2
3. Clarified water pump---------------- 4
There is Oil skinning station where removes oil from the water.
Outer premises of D.M plant
2 tanks are used. 1 tank is full& the other tank is empty. A rotating device is attached
on top& it rotates slowly along the tanks boundary.
Inner premises of D.M plant
Effluent recircular system
The no of PSF( pressure sand filter) vessel------------------------ 2
The no of ACF (Activated charcoal filter) vessel------------------ 2{[A]---2kg/cm2
[B]---2.4kg/cm2 }
The no of SAC (SULPHURIC acidic cation) vessel -------------------3{[A] ---off,[B]--
0.5kg/cm2,[C]---2kg/cm2}
DEGASSED WATER PUMPS
Pump3 ------------1kg/cm2
Pump 4------------1kg/cm2
Pump1-----------------5kg/cm2

MB air blasts: Not running-----------2, mixed bed===== 3, pressure-----6kg/cm2

Strong base anion (SBA) basin------------- 3
Weak base anion (WBA) basin----------------3
Each of pressure----------------------------------2kg/cm2
 FAN

PRIMARY AIR FAN: It is used for pulverized system. Primary air has two
functions. First one is dozing coal & transportation the coal to furnace.

No of fan per boiler 5

Motor type 3 phase AC 50 HZ IM
Rating(KW/HP) 235/315
Rated voltage 6.6 KV
P.F. at full load 0.87
Rated speed 1490 RPM

INDUCED DRAFT FAN: It is used only in balanced draft units to stuck the
gasses out of the furnace & throw them into the stack.

No of fans per boiler 2

Motor rating(KW/HP) 450/603
Rated voltage 6.6 KV
P.F. at full load 0.85
Rated speed 740RPM

FORCED DRAFT FAN: It is used to take air from atmosphere at ambient

temperature to supply essentially all the combustion air. It can either be sized to
overcome all the boiler losses (pressurized system) or just put the air in furnace
(balanced draft units).

FD FAN SPECIFICATION
No of fans per boiler 2
Motor rating (KW/HP) 270/362
Rated voltage 6.6 KV
P.F. at full load 0.85
Rated speed 985 RPM
 BOILER & THEIR AUXILLIARIES

Boiler is a steam raising unit of single radiant furnace type with auxiliary designated
to generate 272 kg/hr. at 91.4 kg/sq. cm pressure. The unit burns pulverized coal and
is equipped with oil burners. This plant is designated to operate at a 475m above sea
level .the ambient temperature is 400 C with a humidity of 70%. Furnace consists of
walls, tangent bare water tubes. Rear water tubes from a cavity for the pendant super
heater. A boiler or steam generator is a device used creates steam by applying heat
energy to water. Although the definitions are somewhat flexible, it can be said that
older steam generators were commonly termed boilers and worked at low to medium
pressure
(1–300 psi/0.069–20.684 bar; 6.895–2,068.427 KPa), but at pressures above this it is
more usual to speak of a steam generator. A boiler or steam generator is used
wherever a source of steam is required. Here in T.G.S steam is generated 318ton/hour
at 89.5kg/cm2 pressure and 5150c in boiler.
Steam generator (component of prime mover)
The steam generator or boiler is an integral component of a steam engine when
considered as a prime mover; however it needs be treated separately, as to some
extent a variety of generator types can be combined with a variety of engine
units. A boiler incorporates a firebox orengine units. A boiler incorporates
a firebox orfurnace in order to burn the fuel and generate heat; the heat is
initially transferred to water to make steam; this produces saturated
steam at ebullition temperature saturated steam which can vary according to the
pressure above the boiling water. The higher the furnace temperature, the faster
the steam production. The saturated steam thus produced can then either be
used immediately to produce power via a turbine and alternator, or else may be
further superheated to a higher temperature; this notably reduces suspended
water content making a given volume of steam produce more work and creates a
greater temperature gradient in order to counter tendency to condensation due
to pressure and heat drop resulting from work plus contact with the cooler walls
of the steam passages and cylinders and wire-drawing effect from strangulation
at the regulator. Any remaining heat in the combustion gases can then either be
evacuated or made to pass through an economizers, the role of which is to warm
the feed water before it reaches the boiler.

DESIGN DATA:
Steam pressure --------------------------------91.4 kg/sq.cm.
Steam temperature ----------------------------515 deg.C
Furnace volume--------------------------------- 1558 m3
Drum:
Length-------------------------------------------- 12.97 m
Pressure-------------------------------------------- 102.7 kg/cm2
Temperature---------------------------------------- 312 deg. C
Pulvarizer:
Type --------------------------------------------------Ball & race
Capacity----------------------------------------------- 15 T/hr * 5 Nos.
Speed ---------------------------------------------------49 rpm
Required power----------------------------------------- 100 KW
Feeder:
Type------------------------------------------------------- Drag Link
Control Device- ------------------------------------------- Thyristor
Technicial data of T.G.S drum:
Length=12.93Mtr
Weight=56tons
O.D=1724mm
DESIGN press=102.7Kg/cm2
Shell thickness=105mm
Design temp= 3120 c
Head thicknes=90mm

Types of firing: a> perfect mixing of air & fuel

b> for complete combustion the optimum fuel &air ratio is maintained.
c> continuous and reliable ignition of fuel.
d>adequate control over point of formation& accumulation of ash when coal is fuel.
Schematic diagram of typical coal-fired power plant steam generator highlighting the air preheater
(APH) location.

STEAM DRUM:
The steam drum is made up of high cast steel so that its thermal stress is very high.
There is a safety valve in the drum, which may be explored if the temperature and the
pressure of the steam are beyond to a set value.
The boiler drum has the following purpose:
1. It stores and supplies water to the furnace wall headers and the generating tubes.
2. It as the collecting space for the steam produced.
3. The separation of water and steam tube place here.
4. Any necessary blow down for reduction of boiler water concentration is done from
the drum.
RISER AND DOWN COMERS:
Boiler is a closed vessel in which water is converted into the steam by the application
of the thermal energy. Several tubes coming out from the boiler drum and make the
water wall around the furnace. Outside the water wall there is a thermal insulation
such that the heat is not lost in the surroundings. Some of the tubes of the water wall
known as the ‘down comer’, which carries the cold water to the furnace and some of
other known as the ‘riser comer’, which take the steam in the upward direction. At the
different load riser and the down comers may change their property. There is a natural
circulation of water in the riser and the down comers due to different densities of the
water and the steam water mixture. As the heat is supplied, the steam is generated in
the risers due to this density of the steam water mixture is greater in the riser then in
the down comer and the continuous flow of water takes place. Down comer connected
to the ‘mud drum’, which accumulates the mud and the water. When the plant takes
shut down the mud drum is allowed to clean manually.
BURNERS:
15 Y jet sprayers are provided for lighting up and PF flame stabilization of 15
numbers burners. There is a provision for firing both the heavy fuel oil and light diesel
oil. The oil firing is done initially during the starting up and when the coal used in
TGS is of poor quality, then the plant is allowed to run on oil support. In TGS light
diesel oil (LDO) is used for the initiation for ignition of the pulverized coal. The LDO
charged into the furnace through the oil burners. It increases the burning capacity of
the pulverized coal. Heavy fuel oil passes through the pumping and heating unit to
reduce the viscosity as required for firing. For LDO no heating is required. Separate
oil pumps are provided for LDO. For both the type of oil, the oil pump discharge a
pressure is 14 kg \ cm². Constant steam pressure 10.5 kg \ cm² is maintained for oil
atomization and oil heating. P 34 gas igniters are provided for ignition.

SUPER HEATER: The super heater rises the temperature of the steam above its
Saturation point and there are two reasons for doing this:
FIRST- There is a thermodynamic gain in the efficiency.
SECOND- The super heated steam has fewer tendencies to condense in the last stages
of the turbine. It is composed of four sections, a platen section, pendant section, rear
horizontal section and steam cooled wall and roof radiant section. The platen section
is located directly above the furnace in front of the furnace arch. it is composed of 29
assemblies spaced at 457.2mm centers from across the width of the furnace. The
pendant section is located in the back of the screen wall tubes. It is composed of 119
assemblies at 1114mm centers across the furnace width. The horizontal section of the
superheater is located in the rear vertical gas pass above the economizer. Itis
composed of 134 assemblies spaced at 102 mm centers across furnace width. The
steam cooled wall section from the side front and rear walls and the roof of the
vertical gas pass. The superheater works like coils on an air conditioning unit,
however to a different end. The steam piping (with steam flowing through it) is
directed through the flue gas path in the boiler furnace. This area typically is between
1,300–1,600 degree Celsius (2,372–2,912 °F). Some superheaters are radiant type
(absorb heat by thermal radiation), others are convection type (absorb heat via a fluid
i.e. gas) and some are a combination of the two. So whether by convection or
radiation the extreme heat in the boiler furnace/flue gas path will also heat the
superheater steam piping and the steam within as well. It is important to note that
while the temperature of the steam in the superheater is raised, the pressure of the
steam is not: theturbine or moving pistons offer a "continuously expanding space" and

the pressure remains the same as that of the boiler.[2]The

process of superheating steam is most importantly designed to remove all droplets
entrained in the steam to prevent damage to the turbine blading and/or associated
piping. Superheating the steam expands the volume of steam, which allows a given
quantity (by weight) of steam to generate more power. When the totality of the
droplets are eliminated, the steam is said to be in a superheated state.
Water tube boiler: Another way to rapidly produce steam is to feed the water under
pressure into a tube or tubes surrounded by the combustion gases. The earliest
example of this was developed by Goldsworthy Gurney in the late 1820s for use in
steam road carriages. This boiler was ultra-compact and light in weight and this
arrangement has since become the norm for marine and stationary applications. The
tubes frequently have a large number of bends and sometimes fins to maximize the
surface area. This type of boiler is generally preferred in high pressure applications
since the high pressure water/steam is contained within narrow pipes which can
contain the pressure with a thinner wall. It can however be susceptible to damage by
vibration in surface transport appliances. In a iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a
"pork chop boiler" the water is contained inside cast iron sections. These sections are
mechanically assembled on site to create the finished boiler. High pressure water tube
boilers generate steam rapidly at high temperatures that can be increased by
lengthening the tubes.

Boiler failure:

1. overpressurisation of the boiler.

2. insufficient water in the boiler causing overheating and vessel failure.

3. pressure vessel failure of the boiler due to inadequate construction or maintenance.

Fuel preparation system:
In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed coal from the coal storage area is first
crushed into small pieces and then conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at the boilers.
The coal is next pulverized into a very fine powder. The pulverizers may be ball mills,
rotating drum grinders, or other types of grinders. Some power stations burn fuel
oil rather than coal. The oil must kept warm (above its pour point) in the fuel oil
storage tanks to prevent the oil from congealing and becoming unpumpable. The oil is
usually heated to about 100 °C before being pumped through the furnace fuel oil spray
nozzles.
Boilers in some power stations use processed natural gas as their main fuel. Other
power stations may use processed natural gas as auxiliary fuel in the event that their
main fuel supply (coal or oil) is interrupted. In such cases, separate gas burners are
provided on the boiler furnaces.
Air path: External fans are provided to give sufficient air for combustion. The
forced draft fan takes air from the atmosphere and, first warming it in the air preheater
for better combustion, injects it via the air nozzles on the furnace wall.The induced
draft fan assists the FD fan by drawing out combustible gases from the furnace,
maintaining a slightly negative pressure in the furnace to avoid backfiring through any
opening.

Auxiliary systems:
Fly ash collection: Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gas by electrostatic
precipitators or fabric bag filters (or sometimes both) located at the outlet of the
furnace and before the induced draft fan. The fly ash is periodically removed from the
collection hoppers below the precipitators or bag filters. Generally, the fly ash is
pneumatically transported to storage silos for subsequent transport by trucks or
railroad cars.
Bottom ash collection and disposal:
At the bottom of the furnace, there is a hopper for collection of bottom ash. This
hopper is always filled with water to quench the ash and clinkers falling down from
the furnace. Some arrangement is included to crush the clinkers and for conveying the
crushed clinkers and bottom ash to a storage site.
ECONOMISER:
The heat of the flue gas is utilized to heat the boiler feed water. During the start up
when no feed water goes inside the boiler water could stagnate and over heat in the
economizer. To avoid this economizer re circulation is provided from the boiler drum
to the economizer inlet.
AIR HEATER or AIR PREHEATER:
The air heater is placed after the economizer in the path of the boiler flue gases and
preheats the air for combustion and further economy. There are 3 types of air pre
heaters: Tubular type, rotary type and plate type.Tubular type of air heater is used in
TGS. Hot air makes the combustion process more efficient making it more stable and
reducing the energy loss due to incomplete combustion and unburnt carbon. The air is
sucked by FD fan heated by the flue gas leaving the economizer. The preheated air is
sent to coal mill as primary air where coal is pulverized. The air sucked is heated to a
temp. of 240-2800C. The primary air transports the pulverized coal through three
burners at TGS after drying in the mill.
SPRAY ATTEMPERATOR:- In order to deliver a constant steam temperature
over a range of load, a steam generating unit (Boiler) may incorporate a spray
attemperator. It reduces the steam temperature by spraying controlled amount of water
into the super heated steam the steam is cooled by evaporating and super heating the
spray water. The spray nozzle is situated at the entrance to a restricted venture
sections and introduces water into the steam. A thermal sleeve linear protects the
steam line from sudden temperature shock due to impingement of the spray droplets
on the pipe walls.
The spray attemperator is located in between the primary super heater outlet and the
secondary super heater inlet. Except on recommendation of the boiler manufacturer
the spray water flow rate must never exceed the flow specified for maximum designed
boiler rating. Excessive attemperation may cause over heating of the super heater
tubes preceding the attemperator, since the steam generated by evaporation of spray
water and it does not pass through the tubes. Care must also be taken not to introduce
so much that the unevaporated water enters the secondary stage of the super heater.

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR: It is a device that separates fly ash

from outgoing flue gas before it discharged to the stack. There are four steps in
precipitation.
# Ionization of gases and charging of dust particles.
# Migration of particle to the collector.
# Deposition of charged particles on collecting surface.
# Dislodging of particles from the collecting surface.
By the electrostatic discharge the ash particles are charged due to high voltage(56KV)
between two electrodes. Generally maximum amount of ash particles are collected in
the form of dry ash, stored inside the SILO. Rest amount of ash(minimum) are
collected in the form of bottom ash and stored under the water inside HYDROBIN.

Factors affect the dust removal by an ESP: -

a) Particle size:- 0.01μ or less

b) Particle resistivity:- 104 to 1010 ohm-cm
Both low and high resistivity beyond the stipulated value is detrimental to ESP
performances because high resitivity leads to ‘back corona’ causing re-entrainment
of deposited particle back to gas stream from the collecting electrode whereas dust
particles of low resitivity (below 108 ohm-cm) get neutralized so fast as soon as they
reach the +ve plates that particles still remain residual momentum that bounced
them of the collecting plates and caused re-entrainment.
c) Field strength, d) Corona Characteristic,
e) Flue gas velocity :-1.5 to 2.5 meter /sec.,
f) Area of collecting surface,
g) Rapping frequency.
h) Presence sulfur, carbon particles, moisture, affects the performances of the ESP
i) Flue gas temperature should be within 140 to 1600 C.

SAFETY VALVE: A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the automatic release of
a gas from a boiler, pressure vessel, or other system when the pressure or temperature
exceeds preset limits. It is part of a bigger set named Pressure Safety Valves (PSV) or
Pressure Relief Valves (PRV). The other parts of the set are named relief valves,
safety relief valves, pilot operated safety relief valves, low pressure safety valves,
vacuum pressure safety valves. Safety valves were first used on steam boilers during
the industrial revolution. Early boilers without them were prone to accidental
explosion when the operator allowed the pressure to become too high, either
deliberately or through incompetence.

Boiler losses
Feedwater heater: In the case of a conventional steam-electric power plant
utilizing a drum boiler, the surface condenser removes the latent heat of vaporization
from the steam as it changes states from vapour to liquid. The heat content
(joules or Btu) in the steam is referred to as enthalpy. The condensate pump then
pumps the condensate water through a feedwater heater. The feedwater heating
equipment then raises the temperature of the water by utilizing extraction steam from
various stages of the turbine. Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities
involved in steam generation and therefore improves thethermodynamic efficiency of
the system. This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid thermal shock to
the boiler metal when the feedwater is introduced back into the steam cycle.

Condenser:
The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is
circulated through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters
the shell where it is cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the
tubes as shown in the adjacent diagram. Such condensers use steam ejectors or rotary
motor-driven exhausters for continuous removal of air and gases from the steam side
to maintain vacuum. For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be
kept as low as practical in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in the
condensing steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost always be kept
significantly below 100 °C where the vapor pressure of water is much less than
atmospheric pressure, the condenser generally works under vacuum. Thus leaks of
non-condensable air into the closed loop must be prevented. Plants operating in hot
climates may have to reduce output if their source of condenser cooling water
becomes warmer; unfortunately this usually coincides with periods of high electrical
demand for air conditioning. The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling
water from a cooling tower to reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or once-through
water from a river.

Diagram of a typical water-cooled surface condenser

Deaerator:
A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water should be devoid of air
and other dissolved gases, particularly corrosive ones, in order to avoid corrosion of
the metal. Generally, power stations use adeaerator to provide for the removal of air
and other dissolved gases from the boiler feed water. A deaerator typically includes a
vertical, domed deaeration section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel
which serves as the deaerated boiler feedwater storage tank. There are many different
designs for a deaerator and the designs will vary from one manufacturer to another.
The adjacent diagram depicts a typical conventional trayed deaerator. If operated
properly, most deaerator manufacturers will guarantee that oxygen in the deaerated
water will not exceed 7 ppb by weight (0.005 cm³/L).

Diagram of boiler feed water deaerator

 BOILER HEAT PUMP
A boiler feedwater pump is a specific type of pump used to pump feedwater into
a steam boiler. The water may be freshly supplied or returning condensate produced as
a result of the condensation of the steam produced by the boiler. These pumps are
normally high pressure units that take suction from a condensate return system and
can be of the centrifugal pump type or positive displacement type. Feedwater pumps
range in size up to many horsepower and the electric motor is usually separated from
the pump body by some form of mechanical coupling. Large industrialcondensate
pumps may also serve as the feedwater pump. In either case, to force the water into
the boiler, the pump must generate sufficient pressure to overcome the steam pressure
developed by the boiler. This is usually accomplished through the use of a centrifugal
pump. Feedwater pumps sometimes run intermittently and are controlled by a float
switch or other similar level-sensing device energizing the pump when it detects a
lowered liquid level in the boiler. The pump then runs until the level of liquid in the
boiler is substantially increased. Some pumps contain a two-stage switch. As liquid
lowers to the trigger point of the first stage, the pump is activated. If the liquid
continues to drop (perhaps because the pump has failed, its supply has been cut off or
exhausted, or its discharge is blocked), the second stage will be triggered. This stage
may switch off the boiler equipment (preventing the boiler from running dry and
overheating), trigger an alarm, or both.

TURBINE SECTION
Turbine is a rotating device which converts heat energy of steam into mechanical
energy. It is a two cylinder machine of impulse reaction type comprising a single flow
high pressure turbine and a double flow low pressure turbine. The H.P. turbine shaft
and the generator are all rigidly coupled together, the assembly being located axially
by a thrust bearing at the inlet end of H.P. turbine. The turbine receives high pressure
steam from the boiler via two steam chests. The H.P. turbine cylinder has its steam
inlets at the end adjacent to the no. one bearing block, the steam flow towards the
generator. Exhaust steam passes through twin over-head pipes to the L.P. turbine inlet
belt where the steam flows in both directions through the L.P. turbine where it
exhausts into under slung condenser. Steam is extracted from both the H.P. & L.P.
turbine at various expansion stages & fed into four feedwater heaters.
 DESIGN DATA:
Economical and max. continuous rating------------------------------- 60 MW
Steam pressure at emergency stop valve------------------------------- 89kg./sqr.cm.
Steam temp. at emergency stop valve ------------------------------------5100C
Absolute pressure at exhaust------------------------------------------------ 0.088kg./cm2
Rotational speed---------------------------------------------------------------- 3000 rpm
Tripping speed-------------------------------------------------------------------- 3375r.p.m.