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Профессиональный Документы
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Operation
The artisanal method of ‘early smelting’ is reported
by Peter Appel from the Philippines, and outlined below.
Hardrock ore is first crushed and milled. The milled
ore is then subjected to gravitational separation to
produce a black sand concentrate with visible gold.
The concentrate (one part) is dried carefully and then
mixed in a very small plastic bag only a few centimetres in
size with borax (three parts). After mixing, a few drops of
water are added.
The plastic bag in put in a pottery bowl serving as a
crucible, and positioned tilted on a few pieces of charcoal.
The mixture of borax and heavy mineral is heated by
a blow torch. The blow torch is gasoline fuelled, is very
Figure 25. BORAX SMELTING
Smelting concentrate to recover gold in the Philippines. (photo: cheap and already used by the artisanal miners for
Peter Appel of GEUS, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland) burning amalgam. The heating continues until first the
‘Early smelting’ is possible on unclean concentrate to borax melts and later the gold melts.
recover fine gold that might be lost if upgrading were to Borax depresses the melting point of gold. The
be attempted by amalgamation or gravitational means. molten gold is heavier than the other heavy minerals
The ‘early smelting’ method of recreational miners is which float off as slag to leave a nice gold pellet.
described at www.nuggethunters.org [46,47]. The ore is The entire process only takes a few minutes.
screened or milled at 2mm and the black sand soaked in Adoption by placer gold miners
acidic acid for couple of days to help break down
sulphides, then carefully dried. The flux is of anhydrous ‘Early smelting’ assisted by borax has been used for
borax Na2B4O7 (5 parts), #70 silica sand SiO2 (40 parts), many years by small-scale gold miners in the Benguet
soda ash Na2CO3 (10 parts) and sodium nitrate NaNO3 area north of Manila in the Philippines as an alternative to
(20 parts) as oxidizer. The ingredients are mixed and mercury or cyanide. Elsewhere borax-assisted smelting is
stored in a container and kept dry. sometimes used by artisanal miners, but only after
Flux (1-2 parts) is added to the concentrate (1 part) mercury amalgamation or cyanide leaching.
and mixed well. The mixture is spooned into the crucible Smelting assisted by borax is common among
and dampened with rubbing alcohol. The mixture is fired recreational and industrial gold miners in North America,
by the acetylene torch up to 1,100°C and the heat kept Russia and Mongolia upon concentrates that are clean.
until the mixture is molten and a bright yellow white. But ‘early smelting’ is advocated for recreational miners by
The molten material is poured into a cast-iron mould, www.nuggethunters.org [46,47] for recovering fine gold
requiring special clothes and care [46,47,48]. from concentrates that are not particularly clean.
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Figure 119. GOLD RECOVERY BY GOLD-PARAFFIN WAX FLOATATION – results of CETEM experiments
Recovery by the experimental gold-paraffin wax method that merits further investigation. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Figure 30. GOLD RECOVERY BY SIMPLE RIFFLED SLUICES – Soviet Union tests
Poor performance of simple riffled sluices [2]. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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35: Flat bar riffles – 1980s research in Yukon, 1990s research in Mongolia
Operation
First, black rubber mats are laid on the floor of the
sluice box, with the ends of the mats either butted
together or slightly overlapping, imbricated down-slope.
About 6-20 riffles are welded to side bars to create a
‘riffle set’. In Mongolia the flat bar riffles are severely
slanted at 30-45° to the sluice-box floor.
Each set of riffles is slotted into the sluice-box and
bedded down on the black rubber mat. The riffle sets are
secured by metal or wooden chocks.
Figure 72. FLAT BAR RIFFLES Generally the riffle sets are orientated with the riffles
Slanted flat bar riffles on ribbed rubber matting at a placer mine slanted down-sluice. This helps to stimulate vortices and
in the Zaamar Goldfield of Mongolia. (photo: Jeanie Barnett of GSA)
shields metalwork from damage and abrasion from stones.
Flat bar riffles consist of flat metal bars inclined For clean sands, a 30° slant is preferred. For clay-rich
across a sluice box to trap black sand and gold. They have sands the slant may reach 45°. Sometimes the riffles are
been popular for at least 70 years. slanted upstream to act as a nugget catcher.
1980s tests in the Yukon, Canada Flat bar riffles are commonly used in conjunction with
Flat bar riffles on unbacked NomadTM matting were a Siberian-style PgSh wash-plant typified by violent
slanted at various angles to the sluice-box floor in tests by surging and wide fluctuation in flow and density of slurry.
Randy Clarkson and Owen Peer [8]. When slanting 15° Lacking a lip, a flat bar riffle is less able to guide sand
upstream, flat bar riffles choked with sand faster than if into a vortex, and sand exits its vortex instead of being led
slanting 15° downstream. Slanting downstream produces into the next vortex. This “severely reduces the opportunity
a slower vortex with its eye closer to the centre, and the for gravels and gold to enter the riffles” and “the turbulence…
vortex launches material at a lower angle. Performance …destroys effective vertical segregation.” [8]
was inferior to Hungarian riffles. Vortices cease after a few hours choked with
1990s tests in Mongolia sediment, yet washing continues for an 8-hour shift.
Slanted flat bar riffles on ribbed rubber matting were Flat bar riffles are less strong than angle iron
tested by a Soviet team led by Ms. Tsevel Delgertsoo in (Hungarian riffles) and more prone to bending.
1991-95 at four placer gold mines – about 25 tests in all.
Adoption by placer gold miners
Each test consisted of panning to estimate the head-
grade, measuring the volume washed in an 8-hour shift Slanted bar riffles on square-ribbed black rubber
(1-2,000m3) and sampling tails every 15 minutes across mats are the norm for placer gold mines in the former
the sluice. Careful panning was done in a gold room. Soviet Union and Mongolia.
Recovery was 60-70% for medium to large gold. Fine gold
was not fully tested – it was often present but lost.
Figure 73. GOLD RECOVERY BY SLANTED FLAT BAR RIFFLED SLUICE – Mongolia tests
Recovery of placer gold by slanted flat bar riffled sluice on ribbed rubber matting, tested by Mrs. Tsevel Delgertsoo. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Figure 75. GOLD RECOVERY BY ANGLE-IRON RIFFLES ON UNBACKED NOMAD MATTING – British Columbia tests
Recovery of placer gold in lab tests by James Hamilton and George Poling [7] (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Figure 76. ANGLE-IRON RIFFLES ON BACKED NOMAD MATTING – Yukon field tests
Recovery of placer gold by 2x2-inch angle-iron riffles @ 4-inch spacing, on backed NomadTM matting [86]. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
Figure 77. ANGLE-IRON RIFFLES ON BACKED NOMAD MATTING – Yukon field tests
Recovery of placer gold by 3 x3-inch angle-iron riffles @ 6-inch spacing, on backed NomadTM matting [86]. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
Figure 78. ANGLE-IRON RIFFLES ON BACKED NOMAD MATTING – Yukon field tests
Recovery of placer gold by 1½x2-inch angle-iron riffles @ 4-inch spacing on backed NomadTM matting [86]. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Operation
To comply with the Yukon tests, the sluice is tilted at
50 to 106cm per 4-m length of sluice to ensure the
grating can generated many small and distinct vortices.
First a roll of unbacked NomadTM matting is cut to
size and unrolled on the floor of the sluice box. If several
pieces of matting are used then their ends are closely
butted together to avoid a ‘step’. Instinctively the
NomadTM matting is laid with its smooth side downwards,
but there is recent anecdotal evidence that putting the
smooth side uppermost either makes no difference or is
Figure 79. EXPANDED METAL GRATING RIFFLES slightly better (source – Zooka of Alaska Gold Forum).
Raised expanded metal grating suitable for using as large A sheet of expanded metal grating is cut to fit snugly
expanded metal riffles. (photo: Robin Grayson) in the sluice box, and secured by metal or wooden chocks.
Expanded metal grating was invented in the early Several sections may be fitted into a sluice box, butted
1880s. The first innovative use of expanded metal as together with no overlap. Each equates to a ‘riffle set’.
riffles in a sluice was by Robert Hodgson Postlethwaite, a The grating is inserted with the raised lips facing upstream
British subject at the Risdon Iron and Locomotive Works in to serve as riffles.
San Francisco. He applied for a patent in 1897, awarded The riffles are “coarse” 4lbs/ft2 raised expanded
1900 (US #652,900). It was only in the 1980s that the metal grating identical to 4.0# grating of the Expanded
effectiveness as riffles was proved by scientific tests. Metal Manufacturers Association (EMMA) 'standards',
1980s tests in Yukon, Canada downloadable: www.naamm.org/emma/literature.php.
Randy Clarkson and Owen Peer [8] tested relatively Expanded metal riffles achieve a very large
“coarse” 4lbs/ft2 expanded metal grating and finer 1-10H concentration ratio (i.e. shed vast amounts of black sand
expanded metal mesh. In flume tests, both displayed, to achieve a gold-rich concentrate), as do flat bar riffles
“similar deposition and vortex patterns” and the mesh and angle-iron (Hungarian) riffles.
developed “smaller and more numerous vortices”. Expanded metal grating riffles can maintain the
They observed that the grating remained firmly in captured black sand in a loose state for a long time, so
place whereas the mesh warped off the NomadTM matting continuing to be able to recover gold. This enables clean-
causing “excessive scour”. ups to be needed only once every 24 hours.
The grating has to be ‘Raised (R) = Standard (S)’ and
Adoption by placer gold miners
not ‘Flattened (F)’. According to Vincent Ruth of
Continental Wire Cloth, “the applications that this product Raised expanded metal riffles of grating type are
dominates would be used when designing something that used worldwide by placer miners.
requires a walking surface.”
Figure 80. GOLD RECOVERY BY RAISED EXPANDED METAL GRATING ON BACKED NOMAD MATTING – Yukon tests
Recovery of placer gold by expanded metal grating, type 4lbs/ft2 (4.0 grating) on backed NomadTM matting [86]. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Operation
To comply with the University of British Columbia tests,
the sluice is tilted at 50 to 106cm per 4-m length to ensure
the mesh can generate many small and distinct vortices.
First, a roll of unbacked NomadTM matting is cut to
size and unrolled on the floor of the sluice box. If several
pieces of matting are used then their ends are closely
butted together to avoid a ‘step’. Instinctively the
NomadTM matting is laid with its smooth side downwards,
but there is recent anecdotal evidence that putting the
smooth side uppermost either makes no difference or is
slightly better (source – Zooka of Alaska Gold Forum).
Figure 81. EXPANDED METAL MESH RIFFLES A roll of raised expanded metal mesh type 1-10H is
Raised expanded metal mesh suitable for using as small
expanded metal riffles. (photo: Robin Grayson) unrolled and cut to fit the sluice box, and secured by
metal or wooden chocks. Several sections may be butted
Expanded metal mesh seems to have been used for
together with no overlap. Each equates to a ‘riffle set’.
riffles a little later than grating. It was only in the 1980s
The mesh is inserted with the raised lips facing upstream
the effectiveness of mesh was proved by scientific tests.
to serve as riffles.
1980s tests in British Columbia, Canada When unrolling the mesh, flatten it. Keep the sluice
James Hamilton and George Poling [7] tested 1-10H narrow to reduce warping. Clamping too tight may
expanded metal mesh. The mesh is ‘Raised (R) = compress the NomadTM matting and warp the mesh. Tying
Standard (S)’, not ‘Flattened (F)’. the mesh to the floor of the sluice-box inhibits warping
The riffles are 1-10H raised expanded metal mesh but prolongs cleanups; quick release bolts are better.
identical to the 1-10H expanded metal mesh manufactured Expanded metal riffles achieve a very large
by Continental Wire Cloth Inc of Calgary. Their product 1- concentration ratio (i.e. shed vast amounts of black sand
10H has not changed since the early 1980s according to to achieve a gold-rich concentrate), as do flat bar riffles
Vincent Ruth, see: www.cwcloth.com/expanded.htm. and angle iron (Hungarian) riffles.
Of concern is the susceptibility of 1-10H mesh to lose Expanded metal 1-10H mesh can maintain the
gold by the mesh warping to permit scouring of the captured black sand in a loose state for a long time, so
matting beneath. Even a small surge is likely to cause gold continuing to be able to recover gold. This enables clean-
losses for, as pointed out by Randy Clarkson and Owen ups to be needed only once every 24 hours.
Peer [8] the live sorting crescent is so shallow it is
vulnerable to being ejected. The cause of scouring is due Adoption by placer gold miners
to the ease of warping of the mesh, plus two variables: Expanded metal riffles of mesh are popular
² a surge of water, due to too much or too little water; and/or
² a surge of changed slurry, due to too much or too little solids.
worldwide amongst placer gold miners.
Figure 82. GOLD RECOVERY BY RAISED EXPANDED METAL MESH ON UNBACKED NOMAD MATTING – B.C. tests
Recovery of placer gold by expanded metal mesh, type 1-10H on unbacked NomadTM matting. (compiler: Robin Grayson from Poling and Hamilton [7])
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Figure 83. GOLD RECOVERY BY SMALL SLUICE WITH DIFFERENT MATTING – Zooka Tests
The superiority of NomadTM matting in recovering placer gold compared to close weave matting. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
Figure 84. GOLD RECOVERY BY RAISED EXPANDED METAL MESH ON BACKED NOMAD MATTING – Yukon tests
Recovery by expanded metal mesh (type 1-10H ?) on backed NomadTM matting. (compiler: Robin Grayson from Clarkson 1989 [86])
Figure 85. GOLD RECOVERY BY RAISED EXPANDED METAL MESH ON BACKED NOMAD MATTING – Yukon tests
Inability of expanded metal mesh (type 1-10H?) to retain medium-coarse placer gold. (compiler: Robin Grayson from Clarkson 1989 [86])
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Figure 89. GOLD RECOVERY BY HYDRAULIC RIFFLES WITHOUT MATTING – Yukon tests
Recovery of placer gold by hydraulic riffles one of NZ-style, the other unknown. (compiler: Robin Grayson from Clarkson 1989 [86])
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Figure 154. GOLD RECOVERY BY THE EXTRAC-TEC HPC HELIX BELT – generalised
Recovery of placer gold by the Extrac-TEC HPC helix belt, according to information from the manufacturer. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Figure 46. GOLD RECOVERY BY TRADITIONAL SHAKING TABLES – Soviet Union tests
Recovery of placer gold by Soviet shaking tables in the Soviet Union. (compiler: Robin Grayson, after Zamyatin and Konyukova [62])
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54: Mark-7 Reichert spirals – 1980s research in California, Arizona and Colorado
Operation
The feed is screened at <2mm and poured as slurry
in the spiral channel and helter-skelter down the spiral
with the denser particles settling as dense basal slurry or
traction carpet. The channel’s cross-section has a
continuously variable profile that takes its deep axis
outward during the descent, and the stream of dense
particles is constrained to follow the axis of the channel.
At the bottom of the ‘helter-skelter run’, the stream of
heavy concentrate is collected via a take-off port on the
final turn of the spiral.
As well as the concentrate stream, three other
streams are collected at the bottom of the spiral:
² concentrate stream – taken for further upgrading;
² middlings stream – recycled (acts as buffer, inhibiting gold
Figure 115. MARK-7 REICHERT SPIRALS
loss if slurry surges or fluctuates);
Mark 7 Reichert spirals installed on a mobile placer gold wash-
plant in the USA. (photo: courtesy of John Strain)
² tailings stream – discarded;
² water stream – low in solids, either discarded or recycled.
Reichert spirals were developed in Australia in the
Compared to the traditional Humphrey spirals, all the
1960s by using lightweight materials and reassessing the
concentrate off-take ports are eliminated from the spiral
hydrodynamics of the Humphrey spiral.
except on its final turn. This simplification dispenses with
Reichert spirals are made of lightweight fibreglass, a
a large amount of expensive tubing, and eliminates the
material that permitted many improvements and
need for the addition of any top-up wash water.
variations. Over 20 models exist, the spirals contoured to
separate particles of a particular range of densities. Adoption by placer gold miners
Mark-7 Reichert spirals have been produced since
1982 and its spirals are designed to recover cassiterite Mark-7 Reichert spirals proved to be successful in
particles with a density of 6 to 7g/cm3 and it then proved recovering moderately fine placer gold in California,
Arizona and Colorado USA, and proved effective at
effective at recovering fine gold in tests in North America
scavenging for fine gold from washed sand concentrates
[61,163-166]. The mark-7 model has no moving parts,
and can operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, for at sand pits [164-166]. But the take-up of spirals by placer
many years. Compared with earlier spirals, the mark-7 is gold miners has been low, being seen only as a valuable
easier to operate and requires less water. processing stage rather than a key component of a wash-
For tests, a spiral is mounted vertically on a support plant. An exception is gold placers that are fine well-
column. For production, identical spirals are mounted on washed sand of high energy coasts and large swift rivers.
the same column as a double or triple helix to increase the
capacity from ‘one-start’ to ‘two-start’ or ‘three-start’.
Figure 116. GOLD RECOVERY OF REICHERT SPIRALS – based largely on recovery of cassiterite
Recovery of placer gold by mark7 Reichert spirals, according to the cassiterite and placer gold tests [164-166]. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Figure 91. GOLD RECOVERY BY GRAEFE’s ELUTRIATED SLUDGE TANK (Keene Hydromatic Jig)
Placer gold recovery by Graefe’s E-tank, according to the original patent. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Figure 124. GOLD RECOVERY BY PYRAMID E-TANK (Pyramid rotary jig) – generalised
Recovery of placer gold by Pyramid E-tank based on claims of the manufacturer’s advertisement. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Operation
The feed consist of 15-35% solids that have been
finely screened, ideally 150μ. The slurry is fine enough to
be termed slime.
Slurry is fed to the device at a rate of about 500 kilos
per hour of solids. The slurry is introduced via a feed box
to about half the length of the central ridge of the belt.
Heavies settle on the belt and remain on it, moving
along with the belt, the belt travelling forward at a rate of
3-8mm per second. The moving belt passes through a
‘cleaning zone’ where middlings are washed off the belt.
The heavies remain on the belt to be discharged over
the roller when the belt starts to turn upside down.
The Bartles crossbelt is “particularly effective” for
recovering material from 20 to 150μ and “consistently
outperforms conventional fine sands and slimes tables”
[61]. The orbital shear is closely controlled and adjusted
to optimise recovery.
Figure 61. BARTLES’ CROSSBELT Lights fail to settle on the belt due to the action of
Layout simplified from the patent. (drawing: Robin Grayson). the orbital shear and so flow off the sides of the belt,
The Bartles crossbelt is a vanner invented by Richard made possible by the sides of the belt gently sloping
Owen Burt of Cornwall and patented in the UK and then in sideward at 1.5° to 3°.
1977 in the United States (US #4,060,482), and assigned The belt is much wider than conventional tables and
to Bartles (Carn Brea) Ltd of Cornwall. this allows a greater spreading area for valuable products,
The Bartles crossbelt consists of a 2.44m wide therefore allowing distinct cuts to be made between the
endless PVC belt that passes over a pair of rollers, one gold concentrate and the middlings.
being the drive roller. A unique feature of the belt is its
Adoption by placer gold miners
central longitudinal ridge from which the belt slopes
slightly to its sides. The Bartles crossbelt was intended primarily for
An orbital shaking motion of 250-400 rpm is imparted hardrock mills and tin recovery, and sold worldwide. The
to the moving belt by a rotating weight, made possible by author is unaware of it having ever being applied to
the belt assembly being freely suspended by four wires recovery of very fine gold, although it has potential. The
from a supporting frame. The orbital shaking motion is invention is an alternative to a shaking table but
induced by an out-of-balance rotating drive shaft driven manufacture ceased a decade ago.
by an infinitely variable D.C. electric motor.
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Figure 110. GOLD RECOVERY BY LEMMON’s VANNER – Lizard River tests, Yukon
Recovery of placer gold by Lemmon’s vanner, according to the original patent. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Figure 128. GOLD RECOVERY BY FALCONTM SB BOWL – based on recovery of tungsten tracer
Recovery by FalconTM Super Bowl, according to lab experiments with tungsten tracer [140]. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Figure 108. GOLD RECOVERY BY FALCONTM C BOWL – based on recovery of gold tracer
Recovery by FalconTM C bowl, according to lab experiments with gold tracer, and users claims. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Figure 106. GOLD RECOVERY BY KNELSONTM BOWL – based on recovery of tungsten tracer
Recovery of placer gold by KnelsonTM bowl, according to lab experiments with tungsten tracer [140]. (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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Operation
The author has not seen a description of how the
Yunxi bowl operates.
Figure 103. YUNXI BOWL
Generalised arrangement of an 80cm diameter Yunxi bowl, after Tin ore is first screened to <74μ and a suitable slurry
Y. Sun [123,124]. (drawing: Robin Grayson) prepared. The slurry is gravity fed into the rotating Yunxi
The Yunxi bowl was developed by the Yunnan Tin bowl and the heavies are slammed on the inside wall of
Corporation in the early 1960s in China for recovering the centrifuge. The amount of enhanced gravity is 102 g,
extremely fine cassiterite (SnO2) [124]. 51g and 30g for bowls of diameters of 40cm, 80cm and
For decades unknown in the west, over 20 years the 1.6m respectively.
Yunxi bowl was the world’s best centrifuge for recovering The heavies remain on the bowl wall as concentrate
fine minerals, until the advent of the KnelsonTM bowl, to await batch discharge, while the lighter particles are
FalconTM bowls, MozleyTM MGS bowl and KelseyTM ejected as a continuous discharge of tailings.
centrifugal jig. For three decades the Yunxi bowl remained After a period, the device is stopped for batch
radically different from other bowl centrifuges until the discharge of concentrate. The stopping, discharging and
birth of the Russian ItomakTM bowl. restarting are automatically controlled.
The Yunxi bowl is a short centrifuge that rotates on a Adoption by placer gold miners
horizontal axis. The bowl is near-parallel sided, sloping 3-
5° to its discharge end. A limitation is the low capacity, About 1,000 Yunxi bowls were installed in tin,
e.g. about 30 tons/day for an 80cm bowl [124]. tungsten and iron ore plants in China [128]. However the
In the late 1980s the Yunxi bowl spawned the SL- author has found no evidence of either the Yunxi bowl or
type separator (SLS) with “injection flowing film its successor the SLS bowl being used in gold recovery.
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42: Cleaveland jig and IHC jig – 1980s research in USA and Holland
Operation
Feed is screened to <12.5mm and pumped as slurry
to the narrow end of the primary jig bed of the IHC jig
plant. The trapezoidal shape of the jig bed widens towards
the tailings end to counteract and minimise the unwanted
acceleration in cross-flow typical of a normal type of jig.
The trapezoidal primary jigs can be clustered in a
compact 12-cell star with a single central feed – a major
advantage aboard large dredges. In land-based placer
gold mining, the optimum configurations are 1-cell, 2-cell
and 3-cell trapezoidal jigs otherwise the wash-plant is too
bulky and trucking placer becomes excessive [106]. When
integrated into a skid-mounted wash-plant the units are
semi-mobile [107,108].
The jig screen of the primary jig produces tailings of
Figure 92. IHC JIG PLANT <6mm that report as slurry to a “second stage”, a small
An IHC jig plant recovering fine gold in Sumatra, Indonesia. secondary jig who jig screen in turn produces tailings of
(photo: IHC Holland – www.ihcholland.com) <4mm that are recycled back to the primary jig. A “third
The Cleaveland jig was invented by Norman stage” is sometimes added to the series.
Cleaveland of New Mexico and patented in 1982 (US Coarse gold and nuggets remain on the jig screens
#4,310,413). The jig is an innovative circular jig intended for recovery as a batch discharge at clean-up, while small
for large tin dredges, a compact star-pattern of jigs with gold is produced as a continuous discharge with black
the slurry introduced at the centre [93]. sand via spigots at the bottom of the hutches of the jigs.
IHC Holland of the Netherlands and Alluvial Dredges
Ltd (ADL) of Scotland and Australia made Cleaveland-type
Adoption by placer gold miners
jigs. IHC made vast research into jigs led by the Mineral IHC trapezoidal jigs were installed on the Bema
Technological Institute (MTI) in the Netherlands [94-97]. Dredge, a famous bucket-line gold dredge off the coast of
IHC developed the Cleaveland jig further as a circular Alaska. Several winterised gold bucket-line dredges with
array of trapezoidal jigs with sawtooth jigging motion, a IHC jigs operated in NE China. IHC jig-plants of 1, 2 and
motion now emulated in most jigs. The short-lived fierce 3-modules were installed in placer gold mines in Alaska,
upward stroke prevents the loss of fine gold by Peru, Columbia, Ghana, Indonesia, Mongolia and
suppressing the phase of hindered settling is suppressed. elsewhere, gaining a reputation for recovering >90% of
IHC marketed its jigs for large tin dredges. After the tin moderately fine gold. Failure to gain wider popularity is
price collapsed, IHC marketed the ‘IHC trapezoidal jig’ for attributed to the high price, bulkiness, limited mobility,
recovery of placer gold, hardrock gold and diamonds on and low concentration ratio.
dredges, pontoons and dry land [98-105].
Figure 93. GOLD RECOVERY BY IHC TRAPEZOIDAL JIGS DERIVED FROM CLEAVELAND CIRCULAR JIGS
Placer gold recovery extrapolated from recovery of placer tin, as claimed in IHC technical literature. [96] (compiler: Robin Grayson)
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124
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