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Foundation Of
Individual
&
Organizational
Behavior
LOGO
MBA( Business Economics )
Submitted By
Sameer Goswami
Mrs.
……………… Jasvinder Kaur
Shubha Shrivastava
Rajesh Gautam
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Individual Behavior
Companies who are looking for employees look for
individual characteristics that will improve the chances
of success
Individual differences exist
Biographical characteristics
Abilities
Personality
Perception
Attitudes
Emotions
Moods
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Physical Abilities
The capacity to do tasks
demanding stamina, dexterity,
strength, and similar
characteristics
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Intellectual Ability
The capacity to do mental activities
Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence contains four subparts:
cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural
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Cognitive Intelligence
Intelligence tests are supposed to measure
Abstract reasoning
Practical reasoning
Declarative knowledge
Context free
Episodic- autobiographical
Procedural knowledge
Rules, skills, strategies to manipulate declarative
knowledge
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••Number
Numberaptitude
aptitude
••Verbal
Verbalcomprehension
comprehension
••Perceptual
Perceptualspeed
speed
••Inductive
Inductivereasoning
reasoning
••Deductive
Deductivereasoning
reasoning
••Spatial
Spatialvisualization
visualization
••Memory
Memory
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Social Intelligence
How well we get along with each other.
Dimensions central to the concept of Social Intelligence
Understands people’s thoughts, feelings and
intentions well
Is good at dealing with people
Has extensive knowledge of rules and norms in
human relations
Is good at taking the perspective of other people
Adapts well in social situations
Is warm and caring
Is open to new experiences, ideas and values
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Social Intelligence
Social Competence depends on
Extraversion
Warmth
Social influence
Social insight
Social openness
Social appropriateness
Social maladjustment
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Emotional Intelligence
Definitions
Affect
• Generic term covers a broad range of feelings people
experience
Emotions
• Intense feelings directed at someone or something
Moods
• Feelings that tend to be less intense and lack context.
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Emotional Intelligence
Jennifer George
Feelings (moods and emotions) play an important
role in the leadership process
Moods and emotions affect the way people think,
their motivations, decisions made and behaviors
engaged in.
Emotional Intelligence
• The ability to manage moods and emotions in self and
others.
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Cultural Intelligence
The ability to function in a cultural environment that is
different than your own.
The ability to recognize cultures different than your own
and adjust your behavior
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Biographical Characteristics
Measuring the impact of intelligence or physical ability
on productivity, absence, turnover and satisfaction is
often complicated
Other factors are easily definable and readily available
from historical data
Age, gender, job tenure.
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Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs
as a result of experience.
Learning
Learning
••Involves
Involveschange
change
••Is
Isrelatively
relativelypermanent
permanent
••Is
Isacquired
acquiredthrough
throughexperience
experience
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Theories of Learning
Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds
to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce
such a response.
Key
KeyConcepts
Concepts
••Unconditioned
Unconditionedstimulus
stimulus
••Unconditioned
Unconditionedresponse
response
••Conditioned
Conditionedstimulus
stimulus
••Conditioned
Conditionedresponse
response
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Key
KeyConcepts
Concepts
••Reflexive
Reflexive(unlearned)
(unlearned)behavior
behavior
••Conditioned
Conditioned(learned)
(learned)behavior
behavior
••Reinforcement
Reinforcement
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Key
KeyConcepts
Concepts
••Attentional
Attentionalprocesses
processes
••Retention
Retentionprocesses
processes
••Motor
Motorreproduction
reproductionprocesses
processes
••Reinforcement
Reinforcementprocesses
processes
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Key
KeyConcepts
Concepts
••Reinforcement
Reinforcementis
isrequired
requiredto
tochange
changebehavior.
behavior.
••Some
Somerewards
rewardsare
aremore
moreeffective
effectivethan
thanothers.
others.
••The
Thetiming
timingof
ofreinforcement
reinforcementaffects
affectslearning
learning
speed
speedand
andpermanence.
permanence.
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Behaviorism
All complex behavior is learned
A theory about human behavior (explain and predict)
must address how humans learn
Definition
Permanent changes in behavior as a result of experiences
Learning is inferred – we see the result-change-and infer
that learning has taken place
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Constructivism
Constructivism is a philosophy of learning founded on
the premise that, by reflecting on our experiences, we
construct our own understanding of the world we live in.
Each of us generates our own "rules" and "mental
models," which we use to make sense of our
experiences. Learning, therefore, is simply the process
of adjusting our mental models to accommodate new
experiences.
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Discussion
Learning is a search for meaning.
Meaning requires understanding wholes as well as
parts. And parts must be understood in the context of
wholes. Therefore, the learning process focuses on
primary concepts, not isolated facts.
In order to teach well, we must understand the mental
models that students use to perceive the world and the
assumptions they make to support those models.
The purpose of learning is for an individual to construct
his or her own meaning, not just memorize the "right"
answers and regurgitate someone else's meaning.
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Organizational Behavior
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Organization Behavior
A field of study that investigates the impact that
individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior
within organizations, for the purpose of applying such
knowledge toward improving an organization’s
effectiveness.
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Psychology
The science that seeks to measure, explain, and
sometimes change the behavior of humans and other
animals
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Sociology
The study of people in relation to their fellow human
beings
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Social Psychology
An area within psychology that blends concepts from
psychology and sociology and that focuses on the
influence of people on one another
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Anthropology
The study of societies to learn about human beings and
their activities
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Gender
Gender
National
National
Disability
Disability Origin
Origin
Age
Age
Non-Christian
Non-Christian
Race
Race
Domestic
Domestic
Partners
Partners
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A Downside to Empowerment?
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x
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Effectiveness
Achievement of goals
Efficiency
Meeting goals at a low
cost
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Absenteeism
The failure to report to work
Turnover
The voluntary and
involuntary permanent
withdrawal from an
organization
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Independent
Independent
Variables
VariablesCan
Can Be
Be
Questions?
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