Psychosocial theory

*INFANT
 Trust vs. Mistrust
 Foundation of all future psychosocial task
 Baby develops sense whether world can be trusted or not
 Significant person: MOTHER or caregiver
 Resolution of crisis:
- presence of attentive care; needs are promptly felt
- life is predictable; faith and optimism about the environment
 Unsuccessful resolution:
- needs are inconsistently met or delay gratification
- difficulties in relating to other people; sense of uncertainty; fear of the future

*THE TODDLER
 Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
 “Hold on or let go”
 Struggles to gain independence and breaking the symbolic ties/dependence from the mother
 Significant person: FAMILY
 Ritualistic, negativism, and independence predominate social interaction
 Temper tantrums, seeks security
 Blankets objects
 Starts to delay gratification
 Favorable outcome: self-control and will-power

*PRESCHOOLER
 Initiative vs. Guilt
 Try new things and learns how to handle failure
 Psychosocial virtue: PURPOSE
 Period of intensive activity; play and consuming fantasies
 Highly creative and imaginative; imaginary playmates
 Significant person: FAMILY, GRANDPARENTS, SIBLINGS and PRESCHOOL EXPERIENCE.

*SCHOOL AGE YEAR

 Industry vs. Inferiority
 School age task: acquisition of competence
 Child is halfway outside the family world; active period of socialization
 PEER – most important person. The child learns to win recognition by finishing task to completion,
producing things, solving problems.

• Juvenile era (6 to 10 years)

- the child turns away from his parents as being the most significant people in his life and looks
to peers of the sex to fill the functions.
- Period of gang loyalties.
- Child requires the very important interpersonal tools.
- Ability to compete and compromise.

• Preadolescence (11 to 12 years)

- child develops the ability to experience intimacy
- CHUM RELATIONSHIP –an intense love relationship with a particular person of the same sex
whom the child perceives to be very simple to himself.
- Child learns to put other need of his need.

*ADOLESCENT
 Identify vs. Role confusion
 Adolescent determines own sense of self
 Development of who, what, and where they are going become focus (self-concept)
 Psychosocial virtue: FIDELITY
 Significant persons: PEERS
 Favorable outcome: devotion and fidelity