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1 XlJOcmOBQ K.B., (!>UHR B.K. TIpoeiAeMM RCTOpH'leCKOrO n03HaHIDl B CBeTe COBPeMElHHIiIX lde:>!(AHcD;HIIAHHapHSX HCCheAoBaJnIi1!. M .• 1991. C. 111.

2 BpOKMllifep 11., Xappe P. HappaTHB. TIp06.IIeMI>I H o6elllaHID! 0AHOU 8AJ,TepHaTHBHOU napilJl.Hl'Mbl / / Benpocsr qJHiI,OCOCPHH. 2000. N2 3. C. 29 - 30.

3 Iloimep K. HH!I.leTa HCTOpm(H3Ma. M. 1993. C. 85.

4 KeMe B.)l(. TIpo6AeMa MHOTOMepHOCTH B MeTOAOAOI'HH CO~8AJ,HO-HCTOPH'lE!CKOTO n03HaHID! / / TIpo6AeMbl HCTOpH'l:eCKOrO n03Ha.HIDI / OrB. pe,tt.. K.B. Xaecrosa. M .• 2000.

S lloyd Ch, Metodologie of Social History. A Critical Survey of Structuralism. / / History and Theory. 1999. Vol. XXX, N 2. P. 189.

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6 TIo rrpoGheMe ~BIDIH3ruurli: CM.: L!HBIDIH3aI\HH. M., 1993-1995.

BhIII. I - III; COBpeMeHHl'>Ie reopaa ~HllE3~: PelP. ce, M., 1995. Cp. TaKJKe: Cpaaaarexsaoe asyseaae ~HllE3aIlHH MHpa: CG. CT. / OrB. PeA. K.B. XBoCTOBa. M .. 2000; MOHOB M.H., XaqamypRH B.M. Teopas ~HllE3~ OT dHTH'lHOCTH AO xoana XIX B. M., 2002.

7 Huntington S. The Clach of Civilization 1/ Foreign Affairs. Summer 1993; Xsocmosa K.B. BH3aHTI1li:cKdlI ~HJ\H3dl1HlI /1 Bonpocsr HCTOpHH. 1995. N29; Clivostova K. V. La ciVilization byzantine comparee 11 l'Occident du Moyen Age /1 XIXth International Congress of Byzantine Studies. Copenhagen, 1996. P.37-48.

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8 Ksocmosa K.B. Pa3B1'ITHe IJpaBOBhlX 1l0IDlTlllH B snoxy CpeAHBX BeKOs (JllfeTOAOIl.OIWIecKHH H KOHKPeTHO-HCTopwreCKHH acnexrsa np06J1eJllfbl) II Borrpocsr lPHAOC9q.HH. 2004. Nl! 1.

9 XBocmoIYJ K.B. BH3currm'iCKall qHBHJUl3an;wr ... C.33; ORa JKe. BH3aHTHB:CKaH ~3an;wr I I 3AeKTPolIHIilli JKYPHaA: "HCCAMOBaHO B POCCHH". http.!IZhurnal.apl.relarn.ru/articles/l1198/006pdf.; Cbvo$1ova K. V. La civilization byzanttnecomperee a l'Occident du MoyeucAge. P. 'JJ.

10 KeM.e B.JK. KYAhTYPa B CHCTeMe IJ.HBHAH3~OI!lihlX MexaHH3J11fOB II 3AeKTPOHHblH lK)'PHaA: "HCCAeAOBaHO B POCCHH". http.!1 zhumal.apl. relam.ru/articleS/1990!007 pdf.; OR JKe. KYAhTYPdB CHCTeMe IJ.HBHAH3(UWOH" HhlXMexaHB3MOB/I CpasHHTeAhHOO H3yqeHHe IJ.HBHAH3aI:J;HH Mnpa. Moo 2000. C.S-16.

11 Parsons T. Sociological Theory and Modem Society. N.Y., L., 1961.

8

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Ha3'BaHHaH IIp06AeMaTHKd aKTYaAbHa He TOJI.bKO B CHA Y CBOen CAa60H 1f3yqeHHoCTH, HO If 6AarOAapH csoea HCTOpJiIlieC'Kon 3Ha'IHMOCTH. borOCAOBHe B YCAOBHHX BH3aHTHil:cKon IIOAHTH'leCKon 0PTOAOKCliIliI OKa3bIBaAO 3aMeTHOe BAH5!HHe aa COD;HaAbHOrrpaaoasre H IIOAHTH'leCKHe oraomeaaa, MeXaHH3M BOCIIpOlf3- BOACTBa BlfSaHTHHCKOn n;lfBHAH3au;HliI BO spexeaa TillOKe IIpeA,C'l'a.IlMIA COOOH YHHKaJu.HhIH If 3HalffiTeAbmilll: aarepec, BeAb STa U;HBHAH3aD;HH, KaK IfSBeCTHO, OKa3aAa BAIDlHlfe aa pa3BHTHe APyrliIX IIpaBOCAaBHhlX HapOAOB, B TOM '!MCAe Hill Pycs, B n;eAOM Blf3aHTllliCKaH ~HAHSan;HH HaMH paCCMa'l'pHBaeTCH KaK IfCTOpJiIlieCKaH rrapt3AW'Ma.

nOHHTHe u~IDlli3an;IDI" H COOTBeTCTB)'IOID;aH KOHI.J;eIIIJ;IDI:, COAepJKam;aH HcxOAHhle IIOCryAaThl H apryMeHTau;mo, HMeeT, Ha Ham ssrAHA, TO I!pelfMYlIleCTBO IIepeA PHAOM APyrHX, npacymax HCTOPWIeCKO:i[ HaYKe 'l'eOpeTH'IeCKliIX KOHn;erru;llli, 'ITO OHa HOCHT HHCTpyMeHTaAHCTCKHH xapaxrep. B n;eAHX ero HMIOCTPan;HH IIpHBeAeM CAeAyroID;llli IIpHMep, OTHOCHm;HXCH K sasaaraaCKO:l[ n;HBHAH3aD;H1f If Cp€AHeSeKOBOMY 3arraAY.

KaK IIO.ll.araIOT HeKOTopBIe coapesseansre HCCAeAOBaTeAH, aa CPBAHeBeKOBOM 3arraAE! AHIITh B XII B. IIpOH30ill.l\.O 1f3MeHeHliIe u;eHHOCTHhlX YCTaHOBOK, osaaxasmee 'laCTJiIliHoe If IIpOTHBope'lHBoe oIIpaBAaHHe aesoropsrx HB.II.eHliIH MHpcron JKH3HliI: TOprOIlAH, POCTOBID;JiIlieCTBa, 3eMeAbHOn C06CTBeHHOCTlfI2. 3TO rrpHBe.I\.O K HSBecTHoH HapacraIO:rn;eH BO BpeMeHJiI TeHAeHI.J;HH 'K CeKYMIplf3aD;1f1f oTHomeBJiIil: rroBceAHeBHocTH If MHpCKOro coSHaHliIH. 3TOMY, KaK 1f3BeCTHO, IIpeAilleCTBOBaAH ynopnsre If AJlHTE!JU>Hhle IIpOTHBOCT05[HJiI5[ COD;HaAbHhlX rpyrrrr If COCAOBllli, pa3BHTHe roPOAOB, ax 6opb6a C ceasopaaa, COIIepHH'IeCTBO HMrrepaTopoB H IIaII, AJIHTE!JU>Hhle BO:i&:HbI. B pamree CpeAHeBeKOBhe B YCAOBlf5lX AliIXOTOMHH H aHTHHOMHH MHpOBoaspeH'lecxoro, C oAHon CTOPOHhl, H IIOBCeAHeBHOrO - C APyron, ypoBHen C03HaHHH AOMHHHpOBaAa HeraTHBHaH onenxa Ha3BaHHhlX MHPCKliIX 3aHHTllli (K s<j;>ec. r.ll.. V. 3). OAHaKO B BH3aHTHH, KaK Mhl IIOAPOOHO IIOKaJKeM HHJKe, cyID;eCTBOBaAO OCHOBaHHOe aa TPaAHn;HHX pHMCKOrO rrpasa oIIpaBAaHHe IIOA06HhlX HB.II.eHllli, HeHSMeHHO B03HHKaIOID;liIX B .II1060n IIOBCeAHeBHoH JKH3HliI. 3TO oIIpaBAaHlfe He 6hIAO, eCTeCTBeBHO, a6coJllOTHhlM. B aexoropsrx

12 Ae rorP4J )K. C He6ec na 3eMJlIO. flepexeasr B CHCTeMe n;eHHOCTHbIX opneman;IDl: aa JqlRCTHaHCKOM 3an(lAe XIl- XIII BB. / / OARcceli: qeAOBeK B acropaa, M .• 1991. C. 31-33.

9

CHTYaI\IDlX aKIJ;eHTHpOBaAH OHO.ll.eHCKylO TPiiAFIIJ;HIO. KpOMe TOro, B paHHeH BM3aHTHH YJKe <PYHKIIMOHMPOBM Pl'IA MHCTHT)'TOB, HMeBIIlliX <POPMY (HO He COAepJKaHHe), HanOMMHaBIJIYlO TY CHCTeMY conaaxsasrx OTHOWeHMH, npeAIIOCblIIKM KOTOPOH aa 3anaAe B03HHKaAH ./I.HWb B n03AHee Cpeaaesexoase. A HMeHHO, B BM3aHTHH cYIIliecTBOBaAa CM.II.bHaH rocynapcrseaaaa B.II.aCTb, nyoAM'nIoe nPaBO CO'leTMOCb C 'laCTHbIM M He C.II.HBMOCb C HMM, a xerxo OT Hero OT.II.H'lMOCb. Bce 3TO COCTaB./I.l'I./I.O pa3.11.H'lMe C 3anaAOM, rAe B CpeAHeBeKOBbIH nepaoz, AOMMHHPOBMO 'laCTHOe H AaJKe .II.H'lHOe npaao: ceasopaaxsaoe M <peOAa.ll.hHoe. B BH3aHTHM rocnOACTBOBMa pa3BHTaH OIOpOKpaTHl'I H Oe3YC.II.OBHaH, nO./I.HaH B IOPHAHlleCKOM OTHOWeHMH COOCTBeHHOCTb aa 3eM./l.IO. Ha npoTHJKeHHH BceH BM3aHTHHCKOH HCTOPMH <PYHKIIMOHHPOBMa pa3BeTB.II.eHHaH HMOrOBaH CHCTeMa. HMorH B3MMaAHCb B COOTBeTCTBMH C ny6./1.H'lHbIM npasox H TPaAHIIMOHHbIM <pMCKa.ll.hHbIM nOPHAKOM, H npeoo.II.aAaJ\H HaA 'laCTHonpaBOBbIMH II.II.aTeJKaMH. COXPaHMHCb pHMCKMe rOCYAapCTBeHHbIe xcaono.iI.HH, YTpaTHBWHe aaaseaae H.II.H npexparaanrae csoe eymecrBOBaHHe aa 3anaAe. Bce 3TH HHCTHT)'TbI, OTHomeHHH H TeHAeHIliMH, xapaKTepH3YIOIIIHe He TO.ll.bKO BH3aHTHHCKHH nO.II.HTH'lecKHH peJKHM, HO M BH3alITml:cKylO IliHBH.II.H3~ B neaox, aa 3anaAe B03HMKaAH B pesyxsrare AJUITe.ll.bHOH OOPbObI HMIIepaTOpOB H nan, C OAHOH CTOPOHbI, COC.II.OBHH H HMIIepaTOpCKOH B.II.aCTH - C APyrOH.

OAHaKO HCTopHKaM M3BeCTHO, 'lTO arrexaraeaae 0 COIIMa.II.hHO-3KOHOMH'leCKMX npaoparerax BM3aHTMH no CpaBHeHHIO C 3anaAOM - IDVI1030PHO, MOO Ha3BaHHbIe HB.II.eHHH BH3aHTHHCKOH IliHBH.II.H3aIliHH HB.II.SI1OTCH pesyxsrerox BK./I.IOqeHHH aHTH'lHbIX MHCTHTYTOB, npeacraaaeaae 0 KOTOPhlX ObI./l.O nepepaooTaHO C n03HIJiHH XPHCTHaHCTBa, B CHCTeMY AeHCTBYIOIIIerO npaBOnOPHAKa. BH3aHTHHCKaH HMnepHH - 3TO OOm;eCTBO, KOTOpoe BO MHOrHX npOHB.II.eHMHX npMHaA./l.eJKMO K THIIY APeBHHX HMIIepHH, TorAa KaK aa 3anaAe B 3nOXY CpeAHeBeKOBbH W./I.a 60Pboa sa YCTaHOBAeHHe rpaJKAaHCKOrO OOm;eCTBa, xoropoe B nO./I.HOH Mepe pa3BH.II.OCb II03AHee. ITOAOOHbIH BbIBOA 06 IDVI1O- 30PHOM xapexrepe npeHMYIIlieCTB BH3aHTHHCKMX conaaxsao- 3KOHOMH'leCKHX OTHOmeHMH nepea 3anaAOM He xor ObITb cAe./I.aH oe3 neaocrnoro nOAXoAa K paccMoTPeHHIO TOH H APyrOH IIMBH.II.H3dIliHH, oe3 OXBaTa BceH COBOKYTIHOCTH B3aHMOCBH3eH MeJKAY COIliHd.ll.bHbIMH, npaBOBbIMM H KY.ll.bTYPHbIMH <paKTOpaMH, HHbIMH C.II.OBdMH, 6e3 IliHBH.II.H3an;HOHHOro nOAXoAa, aeseBHCHMO OT Toro, HB.ll.HeTCH .II.H 3TOT IIoAXOA HBHbIM H.II.H CKPbITbIM, HMII.II.HIJiHTHbIM.

10

B BH3aHTHHOBeA'leCKOM xareparype XapaKTepH30BaJl.CH PHA <paKTOPOB, OOYCAOBHBIIrnX OCOOeHHOCTH BH3aHTHH13• B HX 'lHChe yKa3hlBaAHCb HBheHHH KaK qlffiHJUI3~HOHHOro, TaK H COObITHHHO-HCTOpH'leCKOrO PRAd. TPdAllil:HOHHO BH3aHTHHCKaR U;HBHJUI3~H oueaasaaacs KaK pesyxsrar CHHTe3a aHTH'lHbIX HAeM H HHCTHTYTOB H BOCTO'lHO-XPHCTHaHCKHX B033peHHH, HCIIbITaBIIrnX B aexoropux CBOHX nposaxeaaax HYAaHCTCKOe BAHHHHe. HmKe rrpx aKu;eHTe npoOAeMaTHKH, OTHOcm:u;eMcH K BOCrrpoH3BOACTBY BH3aHTHHCKOM U;HBHJUI3~HH BO BpeMeHH, OAHOspesrenao 0YAeT CAeAaHa rrOIIbITKa OXapaKTepH30BaTb HeKOTOpsre MaJl.O H3ytreHHbIe seprsr 03Ha'leHHOrO cHHTe3a, a TaIOKe Ou;eHHTb HX C ytreTOM HCTOpH'leCKOrO 3Ha'leHHH BH3aHTHHCKOM D;HBHJUI3aD;HH.

B hHTeparype HeOAHOKpaTHO paCCMaTPHBaAHCb TaKHe OCoOeHHOCTH BOCTO'lHOro XPHCTHaHCTBa, KaK BbIpaJKeHHe csoeoepasaoa AYXOBHOCTH, KOHCTaTHpOBaJl.OCb B 3TOM CBR3H oraomeHHe B BH3aHTHH K TIHCaHKEO H 1l0CTaHOBheHHHM BCeAeHCKHX COOOPOB, KaK BblCillHM H He3bIOheMbIM aBTOpHTeTaM, yxassraaxocs Ha 3Ha'lHTehbHYID poxs AHryprnKH H 3TH'lecKHX IlpOOheM. TIOAPOOHO H3ytraAHCb AOmaTH'leCKHe paCXOJKAeHHH C 3anaAOM, KOHCTaTHpOBaAaCb 06hbmaR, 'leM aa 3anClAe, poxs, OTBOAHMaR CBOOOAe BOJUI 'leAOBeKa. HeOAHOKpaTHO paCCMaTpHBaJl.CH H Ou;eHHBaJl.CH MHCTH'lecKHH 1l0AXOA K pemeaaro MeTa<pH3H'leCKHX H oorOCAOBCKHX npOOheM KaK AOMHHaHTa BH3aHTHHCKOrO MHpOB033peHHR. Xapexrepasoaaxacs OCOOaR pons MOHameCTse, IlpeIlRTCTBOBaBillaR, KaK 1l0AaraJI. H. MeHeHAOP<P, coeAHHe~ Hmo ::ITHOCa H rocynepcrsa B eAHHYIO CHAY H npespameaaro BH- 3aHTHH B TeOKpaTH'lecKyIO MOHapXHIOI4. HapHAY C 3THM, cnenaahbHaR H OOmHpHaR JUITeparypa nocssmeae BH3aHTHHCKOH KYhbrype!5. Kpoxe roro, oOhbmoe BHHMaHHe HCCAeAOBaTeAH YAeARJUI asyserraro TaKOrO qlffiHJUI3~HOHHOro rpaxropa, KaK rrOJUITHKo-npaBOBaR AOKTpHHa, BOCXOARII\aR K 1l03AHeMY PHMY, H C<pOpMHpOBaBmaRCH B OCHOBHbIX 'lepTax npa IOCTHHHaHeI6. Coraacao ::ITOM AOKTPHHe, axneperopcsoa BhaCTH nparracsraahOCb oOJKeCTBeHHOe npoHCXOJKAeHHe. HMrrepaTOp-aBTOKpaTop, OaCHAeBC xor H3AaBaTb 3aKOHbI H H3MeHHTb HX B CHAY aeotixo-

13 Haussig H. W. History of Byzantine Civilizatione. L., 1971; Guillou A. La

civiIization byzantine. P., 1974.

14 Meyendorff J. Gregoire Palamas etlamystique orthodoxe. P., 1956. P. 16. 15 CM., aanpaaep: KYAbl'Ypa BH3aHTIlli. M, 1984-1991. T. I - III.

16 Kyp6amoB r.A nOliliTH'leCKaJi reopaa B PaHHeH BH3aHTIlli . .i1AeOAOI'Hl! axneperopcxoa BAaCTH H apacroxparaxecxaa onn03HD;Rl! / / Kyxsrype, BH- 3a.HTJrn:. M, 1984. T. I. C. 113.

11

AHMOCTIl, OH MOr AaJKB He CAeAOBaTh 3aKOHaM, 3TH rrpesaaa COAepJKaJI.H B ce6e nporaaopexae, TilK KilK C'lHTaJl.OCl>, 'ITO 3AOCTHoe aapymeaae HMllepaTOpOM 3ilKOHOD: npeBp~aJl.O ero B TIlpaRa1? B AaHHOM OTHOIDeHHH BH3aRTmkKruI nOJlHTHlleCKruI AOKTpHRa MaJl.O OTJI.Hlld1l.aCl> 01' coorneTcrnyrom;eM AQKTPHRhl aa CpeAReBeKOBOM 3an(lAe. OT1I.H'IHe 3dKiUO'idJI.QCl> B TOM, 'ITO B B:B:- 3aHTHH COXPdRHAdCl> CH1I.bHruI nOJUIT1i!lIeCKruI 1lAaeTl>, TorAd KaK na 3an(lAe pa;:lBHBaAHCl> q,eOAdJl.bRhle OTHOmeHIDI, npeOAOII.eRRe KOTOPbIX aa npOTIDKeHHH BceM cpeAReBeKOBOM He:ropHH :r01l.bKO B Ko~e Ra3BaHHOrO nepHQAa npHBe1I.O K YCHll.eErnOO n;eRTpdJl.bHOH B1I.ac:rH.

He .II.HIllelIHilll rrponmope'lliH rrOJI.HTH'IeCKaJI AOK:rpHHa BH- 3aHTHH B nOCAeAyrom;He CTOAeTIls[ nOCAe m6eJI.H BR3aHTHHCKOH rOCYAapCTBeRHocm, KaK H3BeCTHQ, He p8.3 nOABeprdll.aCl> HHTepnpeTan;HSlM, npa KOTOPbIX dKIJ;eHTRpOBaJl.HCb MAeS[ RII.H a6co, 1I.lOTHOH, RII.H orpdHR'IeRHOH MOHapXHH. 3m RHTeplIpeTaqHH B Adll.bHeHmeM BJI.HSlJI.H Ha paSBHTRe MQHapXH'leCKOrO rocyaapcrBeRHOrO ycrpoacrsa B POCCHH, Cep6HH, EOMapHH HAPyrlPC peraoaax lOro-BoCTO'IHOH Esporrsr,

BH3aHTHHCKOH n;HBRll.H3aqHH 6bI1\. npacym CHMQH03 n;epKBH H I'QCYAapc:rBd. HMnepaTop SlBMIAcR no cyID;eCTBY rJtaBOM nepxBH. Bee nepe'lHC1I.eHRhle <pdKTOPhI, KaK rOl;opIDl.OCb, B TOH RII.H HHoM Mepe paCCMa:rPHBaJl.HCb B Jl.HTepcrrype. B Hac:rORII\eM pa- 60Te ORR 6YAYT aarpoayru JI.Hillh B TOH CTeIIeRH, B KilKOH 31'0 OKaJKeTCSl He06xoAHMhIM npa pemeHHH OCHOBHhlX, nocraaxeaHhlX 3AeCl> npo61l.eM: T.e. npooJl.el\i oco6eHHoc:reH MeXaHH3Ma BocnpOH3BOACTBa IJ;HBRll.H3an;HH BO BpeMeRH H Cnen;R<pHKH BH- 3aHTHHCKOH CaKpaJI.Hsan;HH o6m;ecrna, CBR3aHHbIX C OC060H po- 1I.b:lO B BH3aHTHH BOC:rO'IHO-XPHCTRaHCKOro 6ol'OCAOBHSl. KOHKpeTH3HpySl CKa3aHHOe, OTMeTHM Heo6xOARMOCTh paCCMoTpeHHSl COBOKynHOCTR conaexsae-npaecsux H MHpoBo3speHliec, KHJ{ rrpo6AeM. HeooxoAHMo rrpOaHWlli3HpOBaTh ocoeeaaocra BJI.HSlHIDI rrepepa60TKH rrpaBQBOH HH<POPMan;HH aa <pyma:(HORHpOBaHHe H paSBHTHe con;HYMa, BH3aRTHHCKyro KapTHHY MRpa, crren;H<pH'ieCKHe occeeaaocra BR3aR:rHHCKOH 3eMeJl.bHOH COoCTBeHHOCTR, HMIl.IIJ!lJ;HTHyro MAeIO BH3aHTRHCKOH rrO.Jl.HTIlKOHOMHH, CYAh6bI BH3aHTHHCKOrO KpecThSlHCTBa, BH3aRTHHCKyro npoamo, KaK npaseaoe SlBAeRRe, B3aHMOOTHOmeHHSl ropoAa H AepeBRH, 3.11.eMeHThI BH3a.HTHHOWH <pH.II.OCO<pHH HCTOPHH, zapexrepasyromae IIOHRMaHHe BH3aHTHHn;aMR OpHeHTaD;HH B no-

17 Hunger H. Prooimlon. Elemente der byzantinischen KaiSetidee in Arengen derUrkunden. Wien, 1964. S.111u. folg.

12

BCeAHeBHOH JKH3HH H PM APYTHX COIlHaAbHO-npaBOBbIX, noxaTWIeCKHX H 3KOHOMH'IeCKHX np06J1.eM, a TaKJKe npo6AeMbI BH- 3aHTHHCKOrO 3THH'IeCKOrO CaMOC03HaHH51, rocYAapCTBeHHOH H n;HBR.Illi3an;HOHHOH CaMOHAeHTII<pHKan;HH. C06eTBeHHO KyAbrypoxorrrrecxae npo6J1.eMbI (Jl.RTepaTYPa, H306pa3HTeA:bHOe HCKYCCTBO, axoaorpaqms H T.A.), sa HCKJUO'IeHHeM aexoropsrx BOrrpcces BH3aHTHHCKOH <pHJl.OCO<pHH HCTOPHH H' KaK YJKe OTMe<[MOCb, OCHOBHoro MHpoBo33peH'IeCKOrO sorrpoca - BH3aHTIIHCKOrO 60rOCJl.OBHH, B patiore He paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH.

AKn;eHTIIPOBKa Ha3BaHHhlX BhlIIIe npo6J1.eM H p~a OTHOCHIqI'IXCH K HRM 'IaCTHhlX BOnpOCOB npesnoxaraer HCnOAb30BaHHe onpeaexeaasrx MeTOAOB. Xapazrep COOTBeTCTByrom;HX Me:roAoB onpeAeAHeTC51 Heo6xOARMOCTbIO aaaxaaapoaars COn;HaAbHhle OTHOmeHHH, CTPYKTYPhI, TeHAeHIlHH, Tpa,ll,Hn;HH. ITpH H3yqeHHH D;RBHJI.R3an;HOHHhlX napasrerpoa B nerrrpe BHHMaHRH HaxO,ll,SITCH HCTO'IHHKR aopaaraaaoro xaparcrepa: 3aKOBbI, nepxoamae KaHOHhl, RMnepaTOpCKRe HOBeAJI.bI, aKTOBUH MaTepHM, a HMeHHO HMTIepaTOpCKHe XPHCOBYJI.hI, CHrHJI.JI.HH, npocrarsrsr OTpaJKaIOT npasoasre HOPMhI, <popMHpyrom;He IlHBHJl.H3~OHHhle napaererpsr. O,ll,HaKO 3TH nOCJl.eAHHe HO(:IDIR CTaTHCTR'feCKHH xapaicrep, T.e. <pyaKn;HOHHpOBaAH KaK TeHAeHD;HH, B paMKax' KOTOPhlX OTAeJl.bHhIe C06blTH5l COCTaBAHAH KOHKpeTHOe MHoroo6pa3He npOID3AeIll'fH: HOPMhI. 3TH TeHAeHD;HH OTPaJKeHhI B n03,l1,HeBH3aHTHHCKHX HopMaTHBHhlX naMHTHHKax, npaxraxax, aappsraaasrx HCTO'IHHKax. HapMY C TpaAHD;HOHHhIMH MeTOAaMR mrraprrperanaa, COnOCTaBJl.eHHH, ceMaHTH'IeCKOrO aHaAHSa, HCnOAb3yeTC51 KO.llli<[eCTBeHlI!.IH ana.Illi3 ,lI,aHHhlX BH3aHTHHCKHX aKTOB, COAepJKam;HX 06ITIHpHhle KOJI.WIeCTBeHHhIe CBeAeHHH.

OCTaHOBRMCH 6oJl.ee nOAP66HO na MeToAax, HCnOAb3yeMhlX B AaHHOH patiore. B 3TOH CBH3H npeJKAe ncero n;eJl.eC006pa3HO paCCMOTpeTb HCn0Jl.b30BaHHe KOJI.WIeCTBeHHhlX MeTOAOB' Hx npHMeHeHHe rrpeczezyer n;eA:b YTAy6HTb aHaAH3 D;HBHJl.H3an;HOHHhIX napaxerpos, BhIHBHTb (H3MepHTb) ,ll,Hana30H HX sepsaPOBaHHH BO BpeMeHH H rrpocrpaacrae. ITpRMeHeHHe KOJI.WIeCTBeHHhlX MeToAoB B HCTOPHH, TO'IHee COIlHaJIhlIO-3KOHOMR'feCKOH HCTOPHH, AOCTaTO'IHO PeAKRH npaex HCTopH<[ecKHX HCCJl.eAOBaHHll. B TO JKe BpeMH, 6eccnopHO, HCTOPHKR BcerAa rrpaxeHH.Illi npocreanrae KOJI.WIeCTBeHHhIe MeTO~,hI, HaTIpRMep, nponearmre pacrrpeaexeaax. 3AeCb pe'Ib nOH,ll,eT 0 6oJl.ee CJl.OJKHhlX npxexax acropasecxorc aHaAH3a fOBOPH 06 ocoeeaaocrsx H n03HaBaTeA:bHOM 3Ha'IeHHH KO.llli'IeCTBeHHoro nO,1l,XoAa K H3y-qeHHIO HCTOpH'IeCKOH HH<POPMan;HH, MhI orrapaesrca aa peayxsra-

13

TbI COOCTBeHHbIX HCCAeAOBa.HHH B AaHHOR OOAaCTH 3Hamm18. B TO JKe BpeMH B pa60Te np:QcyTCTB)'lOT HeKOTOpbIe 3AeMeHTbI Ha)"IHoro 0630pa COOTBeTCTB)'lO~eR .ll.HTepaTYPbI, BKIUO'IeHIlbIe B TOR Mepe, B KOTOPOR OHH OTpaJKillOT HOBeRIill1e TeHAeHqHH ,lI.aHHoro HanpaBJl.eHIDI HCCAeAoBa.HHH.

KOJ\.H'leCTBeHHbIe H 4>opMilJl.bHbIe MeTOAhl, KaK npaBHJ\.O, HCIIO;u,3)'lOTCH B CO~a;u,HO-3KOHOMH'IeCl{OR HCTOPHH npa HCl.IIR'IHH B HCTO'IHHKax: oo;u,moro MaCCHBa KOJl.HqeCTBeHHbIX AaHHhlX. AeCHTKH, COTHH TbICH'I KOJI.Ht!eCTBeHlIbIX CBe,!I.eHMR He;u,3H mrnaTHTh C nOMO~IO ~ H penpeaearapesass B pexsax aapperaaa, MCTOPHKH BCerAa illJ\.H no cooTBeTCTByrom;eMY rryTH, HaIIpHMep, npHMelUI.lUf He 'l'O.ll.hKO, KaK OTf.{eqaJI.OCh, npo~eHTHbI€ pacnpeAeJl.eHMH, HO H HaxOA,HAH cpeAHHe BeJI.H1!HHM RII.H JKe CBOAiI'JI.H KOAl'PIeCTBeHHbIe cBe,!I.eHHH B Ta6~, 'ITO nossnnaao penpe3eHTdTHBROCTb 3THX CBe,!I.eHHK. OAHaKO HHof1l,a H 3TO OKa3bIBaeTCH HeAOCTaTOQHbIM. B03HHKaeT Heo6xoAHMOCTb nOCTaBHTh B.COOTBeTCTBHe TaOJ\.H'IHbIM A(tHHbIM KOJUr!leCTBeHIlbIe aaaxera,

COBPeMeHHbIK HCCAeAOBaTe.ll.b A. TIpo cnpaBeAJIHBO OTMeqaeT ABe OCHOBHbIe BexH B pa3BHTHH KOJl.HqeCTBeHHOM acropaa, Ha3bIBaeMoR TaIOKe KJl.HOMeTpHeM. C OAHOM CTOPOHbI, OR IIHmer: "KOJ\.H'leCTBeHHaH HCTOPHH Bhl3bIBaJ1.a BO BTOpOM TpeTH asmero BeKa (XX. - K.X.) CHJl.bHe:iillrHi:i HHTepeC y $PaHIzy3-

18 Xsocmosa K.B. KO.llWU!CTBeHIIhlli nO)I.1WA B CP~BeKOBOj{ C01l;Ha.llbHO- 3KOHOMH'leCKOH acropaa, M., 1980; Chvos.tova K. V. Die Theory der Sozial6konomischen DifferenZierung feudalabhiiniger Bauern und das Problem ihrer teilweisen Formaliesferung II Wirtschaftsgeschichte und Mathematik. 13., 1985. S. 9 -28; Khvostova K. V. Emploi .des methodes quantttatives et formelles dans la byzantinologie: Bilans et perspectives 1/ XVilth Congress International of Byzantine Studies ... P. 325 - 336;· Xsocmoso K.B. Co- 1l;Ha.IIbHO-3KOHOMH'feCKOe nponeccsr B n03AHeH BH3aHTHH H HX nOHHMaHHe BH3aR'!'HiU:1aMH-COllpeMeHBHKaMH (XIV-XV BB.). M., 1992; Khvostova X:v., Knmekitt Yu.P. A Classification of Peasants attached to Land in Byzantium of the 14th Century // Historical Social Research: The OffiCial Joumal of Quantum and Interquant. Kaln. 1991. Vol. 16, N2. S. 11-26; 1atvostova K.V. Les modeles simules dans l'histoire du Moyen Age / / L'histoire economique, Prato, 1991; Ksocmosa K.B. KO.II.H'IeCTBeIIHbIe MeT0Ahi B HCTOPHH 1/ BOnpOCLI cPH.IIOCOq,HH. 2000. N2 6. C. 60-68; ORa JKe. KOHTeHT-aHaJlM3 B HCC.lleAOBaHH>IX no HCroPHH KYllhrypLI 1/ OAHcce'ii: qe.lloBeK B HCTOpHH. M., 1989. BLIll. 1; Khvostova K. V. Problemas gnoseologi(:os de la ctencia historica a Ia luz de la aplicacion de los metodos cuantitativos y de los sistemas de b11squeda Infermativa 1/ Theoria y Metodeloqia de la Historia. 1990; Oudal'zQva Z; Chvostova X. Sur la question d' application des methodes quantitatives dans les recherches soclo-economtques de Byzance du XIV siecle /1 XVI. Internattonaler Byza.p.tinisten Kongress // Jahrbuch der osterretchiscaen Byzantinistik. lAaAee: JOB.) 31/1. Wien, 1981. Bd. 1.

14

cxax HCTOpHKOB ... "19. K 3TOMY' MOJKHO OhlJl.O ObI AOOaBHTb, 'ITO IIOAOOHbIH HHTepeC 6hlJ1. B Ha3BaHHbIH IIep:aOA BpeMeHH xapaxrepea MJl eBpOIIeHCKOH H aMepHKaHCKOH HCTOPHH B IleAoM20. C APyrOH CTOPOHbI, A. TIpQ OTMe'laer. «CeI'OAIDI roCIIOACTByroT APyrHe HaCTpoeHIDI, H MHOI'HM HCTOPHKaM IIp5IMO-TaKH IIpeTHT HCrrO.Jl:b30BaHHe 3= Ha)"IHblX MeTOAoB. Ho TdK KaK CHAd me O'leBH,i!.Ha H TaK KaK 3TH HCTOPHKH He OCMeJl.HBaIOTC5I npaaaarsCM B HaJlli'!HH IICHXOAOI'H'leCKOI'O oapbepa HAM IIpOCTO B CBoeH AeHH, OHH dpI)'MeHTIlpyroT CBOH OTKa3 C IIOMOIIlhID KpHTHKH B03MOJKHOCTeH 'lHCJl.eHHOro BbIpaJKeHIDI. TIpH'leM He.JI:b3li CKasars, '!TOObI 3Ta KpHTHKa ObIJl.a BIIOJI.He AoopOCOSeCTHOH, H60, KaK OTMe'IaeT TIoIIIIep, "3TH MeToAbI peaasao H oseas ycnemao HCnO.Jl:b30BaAHCh B HeKOTOpbIX COIlHaJlliHbIX Hay:Kax. KaK nOCAe :lITOrO MOJKHO oTPHIlaTb me npHMeHHMOCTh" }}21. K BhICKd3hIBaHH5IM A. TIpo neaeceoepaaae AOOaBHTb, 'ITO KOJlHll:eCTBeHHa5I HCTOPH5I OTHIOAb He COIITAa co eneasr, aaocopor, ee CTOPOHHHKH reeaee CIIJI.OTHAHCb, pa3BHAHCb MeJKAYHdpO,i!.HbIe KOHTaKTbI. Ho aa <pOHe COBpeMeHHOI'O IIOCTMOAepHH3Ma, B paMKax KOTOPOI'O aKIleHTHPyeTCH IIpe~eCTBeHHbIH HCCJl.eAOBaTe.Jl:bCKHH HHTePec K'leAOseKY, ero MeHTaAHTeTY, KY.JI:bTYPe, KOJIHll:eCTBeHHa5I HCTOPH5I npespaTIDl.aCh B HeMOAROe HaIIpaBJI.eHHe. 'ITO xaCaeTCH MeTOAOB, TO B paMKax IIOCTMOAepHH3Ma MeTOA0J\.OI'HH He IIOAyqHAa TlI!aTeJl.bHOH pespaeorxa, OTAaeTCH IIpeAIIO'lTeHHe aapparaay, B HaCTOlIlI!ee BpeM5I MOARO IIOA'IepKHBaTb KPaHHHH HCTOpH'leCKHH CyO'beKTHBH3M, HeOOH3aTe.JI:bHOCTb BbIoopa rex HAH HHbIX aClIeKTOB aHaAH3a. 11 3TO HeCMOTP5I aa TO, 'ITO HCTOpH'leCKa5I pea./l:bHOCTb MHOI'O<paKTOpHa, a HCTOpH'IeCKa5I neyxa - MHOI'OaClIeKTHa22• nOCAeARee 03Ha'IaeT HeOOXOfI,HMOCTb CTO.Jl:b JKe IIpHCTaAbHOrO BHHMaHH5I K COIlHaJlliHbIM OTHOmeHH5IM, CTPYKTYPaM, OOlI!eCTBeHHbIM TeHAeHIlH5IM, KaK H K Ae- 5ITe.JI:bHOCTH 'IeAOBeKa, ero IICmeOAOI'HH, CHCTeMaM qeHHocTeH H T.J!;,., xoropsre He MOryT ObITb IIOH5ITbI BHe COIlHaJlliHOI'O KOHTeKCTa H TPaAHqIDI. OC03HaHHe sroro <paKTa MHOI'HMH HCTopHKaMIl H IIpHBeAO K TOMY, 'ITO KBaHTHTaTHBHa5I HCTOPH5I He HC'Ie3- xa, a, HaIIpOTHB, IIpOAOJI.JKaeT ycnemao pa3BHBaTbC5I. ITPH aTOM

19 JIpo A. A,BeHBMan. YPOKOB no HCTOpHH. M, 2000. C. 210.

20 CM. aa 3TOT cser HaH50Aee 3Ha'UITehhHhIH aHaJlH3 AHTepa-rypbl, cosepJKaIIleli BeAYJIIlffi JiINlli lID HCIlOAb30BamnD KOAH'<eCTBeHlThIX MeTOAOB B PS,.SAH'nIbIX 06AaCTIIX couaaxsao-ryxaaarapaoro 3HaHHlI: COqHOAOI'HH, 3KOHOMHxe, COqHaAbHO-3KOHOMlf'leCKOH HCTOPHH, KYJIh-rypOAOrn:a CM.: Boudan R. L' arralyse mathematique des faites soCiaux. P., 1968.

21 Ilpo A. A,BeHBMaTb ypOKOB ... C. 211.

22 XBOcmOBU K.B., C!>UHH B.K. YKa3. cox, C. 11.

IS

ORa CTaAa cTpOJKe H TpeOOBaTMbHeH K cetie. 3aIDITIDI xoxaseCTBeHHOH HCTopHeH TpeoyroT orrpenexemrsrx MaTeMaTWIecKRX Il03HaHHH H IlOTOMY KAHOMeTpHH cocpesoro-reaa B cnenaaxsHbIX AaooparopIDlX npa MIY, HHCTH'ryTax PAH, Pf'I'Y, BHHMTH H T.A. B OTe'IeCTBemIOH HCTopHorpa<p,HH 3TO nanpenxetrae B03HHKAO B 60-e ro,ll.hl XX B. npa IlOMepJKKe H IlOA PYKOBOACTBOM aKa,Il,eMHKa-CeKpeTapH OTAeJl.eHHH HCTOPHH P AH, aKa,Il,eMHxa H.A KOBaJIh'IeHKo. 3a py6eJKOM H y Hac cyrnecrayror He TOllhKO crrenaaxsmre nenrpsr, HO H H3AaHHH, IlOCBfIIJ:\eHHbIe COOTBeTCTByrom;eH TeMaTHKe23• B 1993 r. AaHHOe aanpaaxeaae IlOAyq.HAO MeJK,ll.yHapOAHoe IlpH3HaHHe, Bhlpa3HBmeeCH B IlPHCYJK,ll.eHHH aMepHKaHCKHM y-qeHhlM P. <DoreAIO H A. HoPTY HoOeAeBCKOH npeMHH 3a u;HKA paOOT IlO HCTOPHH aMepHKaHCKOrO paOCTBa24. B 3THX paoorax HCIlOllh3yroTCH TaK Ha3bmaeMhle KOHTpa<PQKTWIeCKHe MOAEMH, Il03BOMIJOm;He BhlHBHTb H orrpezeAHTb CPaBHHTeJlhIfYIO poxs aJlhTepHaTHBHbIX Hepa3BHBIIIHXCH, HO HaMeTHBmHXCH B OOm;eCTBe C~aJlhHbIX TeHAeHl\HH.

Ha HaCT0flIJ:\eM srarre pa3BHTHH KAHOMeTpHH ee npasepJKeHl\hl COAHAapHbI BO MHeHHH OTHOCHTeJlhHO HeOO:X0AHMOCTH IIpH npHMeHeHHH KOllli'feCTBeHHbIX MeTOAOB nepBOHa'IaJlhHOH paapefiorxa COAepJKaTeJlhHOH MOAeAH, KOTOPaH 3aTeM B pesyxsrare <P0PMaAH3<ll\HH noaysaer a,Il,eKBaTHhle KOAHqeCTBeHHhle aHaAOrn. CrrOCOOhl nposepxa a,Il,eKBaTHOCTH OTllli'faIOTCH CIIellH<pHKOH, H 0 HHX 0YAeT CKa3aHO aecxoxsxo HHJKe.

KOAH'IecTBeHHble MeTO,ll.bI B HCTOPHH - Ha3BaHHe YCAOBHoe. ORo rrOA'IepKHBaeT assecrayro HeKOppeKTHOCTb, MHOJKeCTBO orpaffHqeHHH, HaKAa,Il.hlBaeMbIX aa MaTepHaA npa npHMeHeHHH MaTeMaTHKH, KaK B HCTOPHH, TaK H B oom;ecTBeHHO-ryMaHHTapHOM 3HaHHH B l\eAOM no CpaBHeHHIO, nanpaxep, C HCII0JIh30BaHHeM MaTeMaTHKH B <pH3HKe. COOTBeTCTByroID;He or-

23 Harrpassep, nearp "Quantum" B KeAhlle H li3AaBaeMhIli: liM C60PHHK "Zentrum fiir Historische Sozialforschunq". TaICHe nepHOAH'lecKHe H3A<iHHll B CIlIA, KaK «Historical Methods. A Journal of Quantitative and l:titerdisciplinary History; "History and Theory"». CM. TaKJKe HHCPOPM~Hm.rii: 610JlAeTeHb accouaanaa "I1CTOprua: H xosnrsrorep'', H3AaBaeMblil: Aa60paTopneli HCTOPWIeCKOil: HHcpopMaTHKH acropasecxoro cpaK)'J\bTeTa MIT, pyKOBOAHMoli npodieccoposr A.I1. EopoAKHHbIM; a TaKJKe ny6.IIHKYeMYIO STOil:

Aa6opaTopHeil: cepaio C60PHHKOB: "MaTeMaTJi-qeCKOe MOAeAHpOBaHHe HCTOpasecxax ItpoIleCCOB" H "Kpyr HAeM:: HCTOpnqeCKa>I RHcpopMaTHKa aa nopore XXI nexa".

24 Fogel R. W. Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery. N.Y .. 1989; Without Consent or Contract: Conditions of Slave Life and the Transition to Freedom. Technical Papers / Ed. R. W. Fogel, S.L. Engerman. N.Y., 1992. Vol. 2.

16

PaHH"leHlffi B HCTOpFf<IeCKOM HCCAel\,OBaHHH CBH3aHhl C ocooeaHOCTHMH HCTOpFf<IeCKOH HH4JOPMa.wm: OTcyrCTBHe npaxoro aa- 6J1.IOl\,eHHH, cy6'beKT-OiS'beKTHdH KOPP~Iffi, MHOro~dK'l'OpHOCT!. rrpOHBJl.eHHH H COOTBe'l'CTBYIDlIldH MHOrOdCneKTHOCT!. H3yq:eHHH, CAd6aH OAHOPOAHOCTh HHCPOPM~H H T.A. KCTdTH CKd3dTh, re IDlli HIllile orpaaaxeaaa H A()IIym;eHHH HMeIOT MecTO He TOJ\.:E.KO npa KOJl.Ff<IeCTBeHHOM, HO H .I\1060M Ka"leCTBeHHOM aaaxase cBeAemm HCTO"lHHKOB.

Msr IlpoHJ\.Jl.IOCTpHpyeM B03MOJKHOCTH IlpHMeHErnHH aa- 3BaHHbIX Me'fOAOB B CO:u;lfaJI.:E.HO-3KOHOMH"leCKOH aCTopHH Cpe.z.,HeBeKOB:E.H, B KOTOPOH HCnOJI.:E.3yeMhle Me'fOAHKH 11 MON!J\.H ocoeeaao 3aMeTHO OTJ\.HYaIOTC$,[ OT cooTBeTCTBYIDlIlero'Hl!cTPYMeHTapHH B CO:u;lfOJ\.OfHH, 3KOHOMHKe, HCTOPHH H~eKoro npomxoro. ITPH 3TOM Mhl OCHOBhlBaeMCR, KdK )'JKe OTMe'IdJ\.OCb, B 3Hd"lHTeJl.:E.HOH Mepa Ha c06cTBeHHoM HCCAeAo:saTeJI.:E.CKOM onsrre,

ITpH npHMeHeHHH, HarrpaMep, CTaTHCTHKH B BH3aHTHHCKOH H B n;eJl.OM B cpeAHeBeKoBoH CO:u;lfdJI.:E.HO-3KOHOMH"!eCKOH HCTOpHH O"leBHAHhl orpaaaaeamre B03MOJKHOCTH 3KcTparroJ\.HD;HH pe3YJI.:E.TdTOB Bhl60po"lHoro aaaaasa Hd APyrHe CBeAeHHH<Ii, He nOABepraBDmeCH CTdTHCTFf<IeCKOH o6pa60TKe. AeJ\.o B TOM, "ITO see cBeAeHHH, eoxpenaamaeca aa npOTIDKeHHH AJ\.HTeJI.:E.HOrO CO apexea cpeAHeBelWB:E.H nepHOAai - 3'1'0 eCTeCTBeHHO oopa- 30BdBIDdHCH Ethl60pKd, T.e. "laCTh cBeAeHHH no OTHomeHmO K 60JI.:E.IDeMY 'illCJI.y cOOTBeTCTBYIDIIlHX CBeAeHHH, cym;eCTBQBdBIDHX B TY OTAdJ\.eHHyro H3yq:deMyro srroxy, HO yrpd"leHHhlX K naIDeMY spexeaa, No 3TO He 03Ha"laeT, "ITO YTPa'IeHHhle cBeAeHHH OhlJ\.H OAHOPOAHhl co CBE)AeHIffiMH, COXPaHHBIIIHMHCH H 06pa6oTaHHhlMH CTaTHCTH"leCKH. CKa3aHHOe OTHOCHTCli He TOJI.:E.KO K BH3aHTHH, HO, nO-BHAHMOMY, 1'1 KCpeAHe&eKOBOHHCTOPHH B neJl..OM. B CpeAHHe BeKa o6lIlHe COn;HdJl.:E.HO-3KOHOMH"lecKHe TeHAeHl\llli IlpoCJI.eJKHBaJl.Hc!. CJl..doo. OTHOIDeHHH H TeHAeH:u;lfH CHJI.:E.HO pa3J1..H"laJIHCl> no 061I1HHaM, BOT'illHaM, peraoaasr, rAe OHH perJl.aMeHTHpOBaJl.HCb MeCTHbIl'4 OOhl"laeM. 3TO csaaxaer, "ITO OAHOPOAHOH COBOKYTIHOCTH AaJIHIill( no cpaaaeaaro, AOrrycTHM, C COXPaHHBIDHMHCH H CTarnCTH"leCKH 06paooTaHHblMH AaHHl>IMH OT HeCKOJI.:E.KMX oiSlIlHH, MOrJl.O BooolIle He cymeersoBaTh • .Ka.JKAdH oOIIlHHa IDlli BOT'illHd - cnen;H¢H"lHhl, H COOTBeTCTBYIDlIlHe CBE)AeHHH CJl.eAyeT H3yq:aTh no OTAeJl.:E.HOCTH, HO

<Ii Xsocmoea K.B. KOJUl'lecTBeHHbIH nOAXPA- .. C. 21. Bnpoxess, TaKHe orpaIm'leHaJI HepeAKO B03HHKaIOT Ii npa HCll0.lll>30BaHHH K~eCTBeHHhlX MeTaAOB B COIzylaJU.HO-3KOHOMH'feCKOK HCTOPHH 60Aee n03AHHX nepaosoa.

17

HX He BcerAd Jl.eI'KO COrrOCTaBHTh 6e3 H3BecTIIbIX KOppeKTHB, BHOCHMhlX B HHCPOPMau;:mo HCTO'IHHKOB.

Ha Ham B3rMlA, 60lUtIIIOe 3Hd'IeHHe HMeeT nocrpoeaae HAedJl.H3HpOBdIIllliIX CTPYKTypIllilX COAepXdTeJU.HhIX MO,ll,eJl.eH, xapaxrepasyronrax YCTOH'IHBhle ,1I,IIlITelUtHhle TeHAe~, H aaXOJKAeHHe B arore CPOpMdJl.H3awm: HX KOJl.H'!eCTBeHHOrO aaaxord. AdJl.ee, Qpe3Bbf'IaHHO BdJKHO nocrpoeaae COAepXdTeJU.IllilX MOAeJl.eii, peKOHCTPYJil:PyeMblX HerrocpeACTBeHHO Hd OCHOBe CBeAeHHH HCTO'IHMKOB IlO CO~HaJU.H0-3KOHOMH'!eCKOH HCTOpHH. TdKHe MOAe.II.H, TdKJKe rrOAyqarom;He B pesyxsrere CPOPMaAH3awm: KOJI.H'!eCTBeHHbIe aaaaora, ~eJl.eC006pa3HO Hd3bIBdTh MO,ll,eJl.HMH pd3BHTmr26. 11, HaKOHe~, He MeHee cymecraenno aaaepmaromee 3BeHO COOTBeTCTByrom;ero CPOPMalUtHO-KOJl.H'!ecTseaaoro HCCJl:eAoBa.HM5I, a HMeHHO HaxOJKAeHHe KOAH'IeCTBeHaoro IlOKa3aTeNI pesylUtTaTOB COrrOCTaBAeHIDI KOJl.H'!eCTBeHHbIX aHaJl.OrOB MOAeJl.eH pa3BH= H COOTBeTCTByrom;HX aaaxoros CTPYKTypIllilX MOAeJl.ea. MbI Ocym;eCTBHAH rrOAo6Hoe HCCAeAOBaHHe aa MaTepHaAe noasrymeeraeaao-aaaeroasrx Kd,lI,aCTPOB (rrpaKTHKOB) BH3aHTHH XIV B., CO,ll,epXam;HX ,lI,eClITKH TbICli'l KOJl.H'!eCTBeIIllliIX AdHlIhlX 06 HMym;ecTBeHHoM rrOJl.OXeHHH rr03eMeJU.HOr3aBHCHMbIX KpecTbHH21. EJl.arOCOCToHHHe KaJ;KAOrO KpeCThmiCKOrO X03HHCTBa XapaKTepH3yeTcH B Ha3BaHHbIX HCTO'I1IHKax 16-MepHhlM rrpocTPdHCTBOM rrpH3HaKOB: naxoraaa 3eMMl, BHHOrpdAHHK, THr.ll.hlH, HeTHr.II.bIH CKOT, ynpxaoca, CM oropoA H T.A.

3a,11,a'la COCTOIDI.a B HaxOJKAeHHH K03CPCP~eHTa HMYIqecTseaaoro paCCAOeHIDI KpecT~ oTAeJU.HbIX 06m;HH. 113i1.oxeHmO llQHCKOB peIIIeHIDI 3TOH 3d,l1,a'IH He06xoAHMo rrpearrocxars aexoropae 3aMe'IaHHH. PM IIpH3HaKoB HaxO,II,HTCH MeJKAY co- 60H B KOpP~OHHOH CB5I3H. Kpcxe Toro, OHH 5IB.II.IDOTC5I 06'beKTOM 06AoxeHHH COBOKyrIHbIM aaxorox, B3HMaeMhlM C KaJ;KAOro X035IHCTBa no HopMaM, BhNHCil.5IeMbIM C rrOMOIIJ;hlO K03CPCPH~eHTOB il.HHeiiHOH perpeccaa. BbNHC.II.eHHhle HOPMbI o6.1\.oxeHH5I sepadiartapysorca C noxomsso CBe,ll,eHHH HCTO'IHHKOB HOPMaTHBHOrO xapaxrepa, He HCITOlUt3yeMbIX IIpH MO,ll,eJl.HpOBaHHH. BaPhHpOBaHHe B paxxax 06m;HHbI cosoxyrraoro aaxora C xpecTb5IHCKHX X035IHCTB MoxeT paCCMaTpHBaTbC5I KaK HHAHKaTOp HMYID;eCTBeHHoro paCC.II.OeHH5I KpeCTbIDl, H AalUtHeHmHe HCC.II.e-

26 BOAee nOAPOOHO 0 Ha3BaHHJill( MOAeASIX CM. pa6.: Xsocmosa K.B. KOAHqeCTBeHHblH nOAXoA- .. ; ORa JKe. CO~ahhHO-3KOHOMWleCKRe npOIlecCbI ... C. 68 -14. CM. TaIOKe HpHMe'I. 1.

21 Xsocmosa K.B. CO~aAhllO-3KOHOMll.'leCKRe npcneccsr ... C. 66-61.

18

AOBaHID! xoryr OC~eCTBMITbCH C AaHH:bIMR, OTHOCmu;HMHCH K 3TOMY rrOKa3aTeJIIO. OAHaKO aTO OrpaHWIeHHe, HaKAaAblBaeMOe aa MarepHaA, He HCKJ\lO'IaeT B03MOJKHOCTH rr01l.y-qeHIDI cyMMapnoro nOKa3aTeJI.H paCCJl.oeHID!, pacoraraanoro C ycrpaaeaaex KOPPeMlIJ;llli Me'JKl;,y rrpH3HaKaMR. IIoCJI.eAHee AOCTHraeTC5I 611.arOAap5I HcrrOJU,30BaHIDO H3BeCTIIl>IX B MaTeMaTHKe $OPMY1I.2B•

AaAee, OhlJl.O 6M HeKOppeKTHl>IM 060HTH MOJI.'IaHMeM CJl.eAYIOm;HM sonpec, AMr HaxO'JKl;,6HH5I K03$$HD;HeHTa HMy-m;eCTBeHaero paCC1I.OeHIDI rrpom;e scero 6hlJ1.o 6bI 06paTHThC5I K MHoro'IHCJl.eHHOMY COOTBeTCTByIOm;eMY HHCTpYMeHTapHIO, KOTOP:&Ift HcrrOAb3yIOT B COD;H01l.0rHH, 3KOHOMHKe, HOBOH, HOBeHmeH HCTOpHH (KpHBa5I AOPeIw;a H COOTBeTCTByIOm;HH eH K03$$HD;HeHT A,HaiHH, AHCrrepCH5I H T.A.)29. Ho 3TH rrOKa3aTeJI.H xapazrepH3yIOT crerreas KOHD;eHTpCII\HH HMyI'D;ecTBa. OAHaKO Ahl! snoXH CpeAHeBeKOBb5I onpeAeMIlOm;HM 6hlJ1. APyrOH ran paccxoeHH5I KpeCTh5IH, He CB5I3aHHJ>IH C HHTeHCHBHOH KOHD;eHTpau;HeH 3eMJI.H B KOHKpeTHl>IX KpeCTh5IHCKHX X035IHC'I'Bax. /vI5i BH3aHTHH, KaK H B D;eJl.OM Ahl! CpeAH6B6KOBMI, TillIH'IHO rrpeo611.aAaHHe CJl.05I KpecTh5IH cpeAHeH 3aJKHTO'IHOCTH, AepJKaTeJl.eH TaK Ha3l>IBaeMOrO HOpMaJl.bHOrO HaAeJl.a. HMeHHO 3Ta TeHAeHD;H5I o6ecrre'IHBaJI.a AJUITeJl.bHOe OIITHMaJlliHoe pa3BHTHe cpeAH€!BeKOBl>IX arpapasrx rrOpSlAKOB. A,eHCTBHTeJlliHO, eCJI.H KpeC'l'b5IHcxoe X035IHCTBO repaxo 'I.aCTb cnoero H~eCTBa, rrpe)K,1l,e BCeI'O 3eMJI.H, TO 3TO He 03Ha'IaAO, 'ITO 3Ta 3eMJl.ll: rrepeXOAH./I.a B PYKH APyrHX KpeC'l'b5IH AaHHOH 06m;HHl>I. 3eMJI.5I Mona OCTaThC5I 6e3 o6pa6oTKH, T.e. OKa3l>IBaAaCb 3aopOIIl6HHOH HJI.H MOr1l.a nonacrs B PYKH rrpeACTaBHTeJl.eH APyroro COD;HaJl.bHOI'O CJl.OfL BCHxoe OTKJI.OHeHHe OT paCCMOTpeHHOH TeHAeHD;HH, rrOHB1I.eHHe saMeTHl>IX S1I.eMeHTOB KOHD;eHTpan;HH 3eMJill B PYKax OTAeJl.bHl>IX KpeCTh5IHCKHX X035IHC'l'B 06ID;H1IbI - CHMIITOM yTIdAKa CP6AHeBeKOBl>IX arpapasrx rrOPHAKOB. CKa3aHHoe 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO rrpaMeHeHHe Ahl! H3MepeHHH creneaa HMy-m;eCTBeHHoro paccxoeHID! cpeAHeBeKOBl>IX xpeerssn K03$$HD;HeHTOB, rrpeznaaaa'leHHl>IX AMI H3MepeHH5I creneaa KOHD;eHTpan;HH HMfID;6C'l'Ba B 601l.ee n03AHIOIO 3IIOXY, 03Ha'laAO 6bI IIOAXOA K H3y-qeHHIO OTHOmeHIDl: cpeAHeBeKQBOrO IIepHOAa C MepKaMH HEOR, 601l.ee rr03AHeH snoxa, 3TOT rroAXoA saBeAoMo HeaAeKBaTeH.

IIo3ToMY Ahl! H3MepeHH5I CTeneHH HMfID;eCTBeHHoro pacCAOeHH5I BH3aHTHHCKHX l103eMeJl.bHO-3aBHC~ KpeCTb5IH (PaBHO, KaK H B D;eJl.OM CpeAHeBeKOBl>IX KpeCTh5IH) He06xoAHMa

28 Boudon R. L'analyse mathematique des faits sociaux. P., 1968. P. 155. 29 Xaocmosc K.B. KOhWfeCTBeHHhIH ITOAXOA •.• C. 86.

19

Bhlpa60'I'Ka APYToro, o'l'JUl.'IHoro 0'1' KCrrOJl.b3yeMLIX B 3KOHOMHKe FI CO~OAorFIFI K03<p<p.l1IIl;KeIITa paCCAOeHFI5I. /vuI 3TOro CAeAyeT <pOpMaAFISOBaTh CpKAeHIDI, xapaerepaayrormre CO,l),epJKaTeJlhHbfe MO,1l.eAFI paSBFITFIH FI CO,l),epJKaTeJl.bIfYIO CTPyKTyPIfYIO MOAeJI.b. IlplfMe'IaTeJl.bHo, 'ITO <popl\l1YJllipoBKa 3TFIX cyJKAeIIFIifl: B pexxex o6LI'lHoro HCTOpFI'leCKOrO HappaTHBa rrpeACTaBA5IeTC5I TPHBHaJl.bHOil: H H3AlillIHeM, IlOCKOJl.bKY COQTBeTCTByroIl\He cyJKAeHIDI $HKCF!pYIOT CBJl3H MeJKAY aTO)ltaplIhIMH <paKTaMH.

YTBepJKAdeTCH, 'ITO paCCAoeHFIe COCTOHAO B TOM, 'ITO cpef;,IIFIifI: CAOH KpeCThHH TepHA FIMYIl\eCTBO, T.e. 6eAHeA KAFI rrpaooperax ero, r.e. 60raTeA. 06ef;,HeHHe B K~ <pHKCF!pOBaHHbIH MOM-eRT BPeJ\£eHlf npmro rrpOIlOPIViOHaJl.bHO KaK passrspy norepannoro HMYID;eCTBa, TaK FI BeAH'lHHe 6ef;,HOCTH B 3'1'0'1' MOMeHT. IlOCAef;,Hee 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO IlOTepH FIMYIl\eCTBa oARoro H TOm JKe passsepa 60Aee onryraxa AJI5f. 60Aee 6ef;,HhIX KpecThHHcKFIX XO- 3IDl:C'I'B IlO CpaBHeHIDO C TeM, KaK OHa BAFI5IAa na MeRee 6MHhIe Xo.amCTBa. 06ordIl\eHHe npmso npcnepnaoaaasao paaxepy npaoepereaaoro FIMYIl\ecTBa B <pHKCF!pOBaHHbIH rrepHOA FI 06- perao npenopnaeaaasao CTerreHH 60raTCTBa B 9TOT JKerrepHOA, T.e. npaooperenae m.rym;ecTBa orrpeAeAeHHOrO passsepa cymeCTBeHHee AJI5f. MeHee 60raToro BAilAeJl.br:t;a IlO CpaBHeHIDO C TeM 3Ha'leRFIeM, KaKOe 3'1'0 npH06peTeHHe HMeAO 6hI B X03HHCTBe 60Aee 60l'"aTOrO KpeCThHHHHa.

AaHHhIe YTBepJKAeHIDI HBA5I:IOTCH TeMFI rrOCTYAaTaMH, KOTOphIe 3aIIHChlBaIDTCH B BFIAe AH<p<pepeHr:t;HaJl.bHhIX ypaBHeI'lFIH, 'IaCTHbfe pemeaaa KOTOPhIX HHTeprrpeTF!pYIOTCH KaK K09<P<PHr:t;FIeHThI 6ef;,HOCTH H 60raTCTBa H paCCMaTPHBaIDTC5I KaK MOAeAFI pa3BHTHH npa COOTBeTC'I'ByroIl\FIX paCCAOeHHHX KPeCThHH. /vuI rrOCTpoeHHH FIAeaAFI3FIPOBaHHOH CTPYKTYPHOH MOAeAH, 0TP~ JKaIDIl\eM ,l),AHTeJl.bIfYIO TeHAeHr:t;J.l::IO rrpe06AilAaHHH npsr paccaoeHHH CAOH KpeCThHH cpeARero YPOBHH 3aJKHTO'lHOCTFI, noxaraex, 1:['1'0 y rrpeACTaBH'reJI.eH sroro CAOH crerrem, 6ef;,HOCTFI B KIDKAbIH <PmcCF!pOBaHHbIH rrepKoA pa:sHHAaCh creneaa 60raTCTBa, r.e, pasaana MeJKAY 9THMH COCT05IHH5IMFI paBHHAaCh HYA:IO. Y xpocThHH, OTAH'laBillFIXCH B HM)'IIleCTlleHHQM OTHOmeHHH 0'1' cpeAHero YPOBHH, ara paaaaua OTAFI'lMaCh 0'1' HYA5I FI arrrepnpenapyeTCH KaK K03<p<p.l1IIl;KeRT paCCAOeHFIH.

MbI XapaKTepH30BaAFI AFIillh O'leHh KpaTKO FI CYJ.IIIMClpHO rrportenypy HCCAeAOBaHIDI30• 3TCl xapaKTepHCXHKa lle06xo,I),HMCl,

30 Boxee nO)l,p06HO CM. B pa60Tax: Xsocmona K.B. CO~aJU,HO-3KOHOMH'leCKKe nponeccsr, .. C. 68-14; Ksociaosa K.B., ct>URH B.K. YKa3. co-r. C. 118 - 185. CM. TIllUKe: IIpKMe'l. 1.

20

'n'06hI ncaesers CMhICA H CneI\HtPmcy pdCcyJ.KAeHHH npn C03AdHHH COAepJKdTeJU,HhIX MOAeJl.eH H HX ¢OpMal\H3an;HH, a TdlUKe COAepJKdHHe, KaK ::lBpHCTmreCKOrO BhI60pa HCXoAHhIX rrocryxaTOB pdCCpKAeHIDI, TaK H xapaxrep BbIBOAd.

Heo6xoAHMo CKd3dTh 0 MeTOAH'leCKOM H mape - rHOCe01l.0- rmreCXOM 3Ha'IeHHH nOAo6HhIX HCCA~OBaHHH. <J)0PMaJl.H3dD;IDI TpHBHallbHhIX CpKAeHHH, OTpaJKdIOID;HX CB£'3b npOCThIX dTOMdpHhIX tPaKTOB, XapaKTepHCTHKd xerepax B paxxax OOhI'lHOre trapparaaa, TpHBHdlI.bHa H H3J\.HlliIDI, C TOtrKH 3peHHH rHOCeO- 1I.0mH HCTOPHH HMeeT TO 3Ha'IeHHe, 'ITO 6AarOAapH ¢OpMaJl.H3aI\HH H II01l.)"IeHHlO KOll.H'IeCTBeHHOTO noxaaarexs 3TH CpKAeHHH npHo6peTdlOT n03HdBaTeJ\.bHYID 3Ha'IHMOCTb, KOTOPOH OHH OhIJI.H 6hI lI.HllieHhI B 06hI'IHOM Ka'IeCTBeHHOM aapparase. B CHJ\.y 3TOrO AOCrnraeTCH 'leTKdH ¢OPMYJl.HpOBKa HJI1.l: YTO'lHeHHe pacIIJ\.hIB13:aThIX HCTOpmreCKHX nOIDITHH -:8 rrpHB~eHHOM nprorepe YTO'lHeHHe lIOIDITIDI paCCAOeHIDI CpeAHeBeKOBhIX KpeCTbHH; O'IeBHAeH dPryMeHTHpOBdH~H KOHI\errn;:aOHHbU1 IIOAXOA K rrpofisesre. KOll.H'IeCTBe~e nOKd3aTelI.H KaK lffiAHKaTOphI HB- 1I.eHIDI 1I.erKO COrrOCTdBHMhI. Hx COIIOCTaBll.eHHe 03Ha'IaeT pacnrapeaae PaMOK CpdBHHTeJU,HOrO dHdJ\.H3a.

ECJ\.H B COCTdBe PdHJKHpOBdHHOrO PRAd, OXBaThIBaIOtll;erO tPMKCHpOBdHHhIH nepaoz, BpeMeHH, HMeeTCH COBOK)TIIHOCTb KOlI.H'IeCTBeHHhIX IIOKa3dTe1l.eH 6J1.H3KHX no BeJ\.H'IHHe, a sa HeM CAeAyeT APyrdH COBOKyrrHOCTh pa3l1.H'IdIOID;HXCH IIOKa3aTeJl.eM, TO MOJKHO C 60ll.hllieM onpezeneaaoeneo, 'IeM npa Kd'IeCTBeHHOM nOAXoAe, rOBOpHTh 0 pa3BHTHH, xoropoe B Te'IeHHe HeKOToporo BpeMeHHXapdKTepH30BdlI.OCh YCTOM'IHBOH TeHAeHJJ;HeH, OTpaJKeHHOH B 6J1.H3KHX IIO BeJI.HlIHHe rrOKd3aTeJI.HX, HO 3Ta TeHAeHD;IDI 3aTeM B cazy KaKHX-Jl.H60 npaxaa nepecraxa 6hITh TaKOBOH. MbI HMeeM, TaKHM 06pa30M, nporaos, onpOKHHYTbm B npomaoe, II03BOJ\.HIOtll;HH BhIHBHTh axsrepaaraasr HCTOpH'IeCKHX TeHAeHn;HH H MOMeHThI HX H3MeHeHHH, 'ITO HHorAa B PdMsax CHHepreTHICB: Hd3h1BdIOT TOtrKdMH 6:a¢YPKdI\HH.

Crpyxrypasre MOAelI.H H MOAelI.H pa3BHTIDI, AdIOtll;He, KpOMe scero npoxero, HarJUIAHYIO penpesearertaro 60ll.hlliHX MdCCHBOB 'IHClI.OBOH HHtP0PMciD;HH, aa Ham B3rJ\.HA, HdH601l.ee nepcnexrna~. Hx npaxeaeaae H COOTBeTCTByrotll;dH arrrepnperarraa pe- 3Yll.hTaTOB COCTdBJ\.HIOT 311.eMeHThl I\eJl.OCTHoro MeJl\AHCI\H1l.lllinepaero HCClI.~OBdHHH C )"IeTOM CrreI\HtPHKH HB1I.eHHH H HH¢OPMan;HH 0 HeM. I1CClI.~OBdHHe He xmneao cyO'heKTHBHOCTH, rrpOHBJ\.HIOm;eMCH, B 'IaCTHocTH, B BbI60pe 3BPHCTHK H BJfAeHHH MHpa CP~HeBeKOBhIMH asropaxa HCCAeAyeMhIX TeKCTOB. TeM He MeHee, TOT ¢dKT, 'ITO rrpa HClI0J\.h30BdHHH CTp)lK-

21

TYPHoro MOAeAHpOBaHID.! H MOAeJl.eM pa3BHTIDI, CYJKAeHHSI, cPm<:capyronrae CBSI3b aTOMapHbIX cPaKTOB, rrpaoeperaror nosaasarexsaoe 3Ha'<eHHe, CBHAeTeJlbCTByeT, eCAH MOJKHO TaK BhIpa- 3li1TbCSI, 0 noasnneaaa npa MOAeAHpOBaHHH creneaa 06'beKTHBHOCTlii liICCAeAOBaHID.!. ITpmrcx:ONIT KaK 6bI c03AaHHe rr03HTHBHOrO 3HaHID.! (BbIpaJKeHliIe yCAoBHOe), OCHOBaHHOrO na AeTaJIbHOM nepeoope HHcP0PMB.W1li1 B pasrxax COBpeMeHHOrO aeoparraOHaJlliCTWleCKOrO uanpasxeaas HCCAeAOBaHHM. HHbIMliI CAOBaMliI, HHTeprrpeTaI(HSI pe3YJlbTaTOB COnOCTaBlI.eHHSI MOAeJI.H SIBlI.eHHSI, peKOHCTpynpOBaHHOrO na OCHOBe liICTOl<HliIKOB, C ero TeHN~HIJ;HeM Pa3BHTIDI, BblpaJKeHHOM HAea1l.lil3HpOBaHHOM CTPYKTYPHOM MOAell.bI031, C03.AaeT 311.eMeHTbI roro 06'beKTHBHOrO CMbICAa, KOTOPbIM OTAeJlbHbIe rrpeACTamITelI.H repMeHeBTHKliI 0603Ha'laIOT KaK "BbIHeceHHbIH" H3 HCTO'lHm<:a HlI.H "AapOBaHHbm" CMbICA32. B COOTBeTCTBHH C TPdAJ2lI\HOHHhlM HCTOPH'lecKHM nOAXOAOM SIBitemre xapexrepasyerea B $m<:CliIpOBaHHOM rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHOM AHana30He.

OAHaKO B HacTOSIm;HM rrepaoz, pacnpocrpaaeasr 1iI rll.o6alI.HCTCKliIe HCCAeAOBaHID.!, BlillIOll.HeHHbIe C rrpHMeHeHHeM KOll.H'leCTBeHHbIX MeTOAoB. OHH CBSI3aHbI C XapaKTepHCTHKOM HeKOTOPbIX pa3BliIBaIOm;HXCSI BO BpeMeHH HCTopWieCKHX nponeccoa C noseomsso $eHOMeH01l.0rH'leCKOM reopaa C HaHMeHbmHM H3 B03MOJKHb!X '<HCAOM nepexeaasrx H 3BpHCTWleCKH onpesexaeMbIMliI napasterpaxa no oopasny TeopHM, OIIHCbIBaIOID;HX B cPH- 3HKe caxoperyaapyeasre CHCTeMbI, xoropsre H3Y'laeT canepreTm<:a33• 113BecTHa, HanpHMep, HHTepeCHaSI MOAeJlb pOCTa aacelI.eHliISI B MacmTaoe BceM nxeaersr aa BceM rrporasceaaa JKliI3HH 'leJI.OBe'<eCTBa, rrpHHClMe)l{am;aSI c.n. KaIIHn;e34• ITpon;ecc npez-

31 Hexcropsre HCCJl.eA01!aTeJIH 11ICrrOAE>3)IIDT APyrHe HaHMeHOBaH11I1I npaMeHlIeMhIX B HCTOP1lli MOAeAeil:. M.A. KOBaJIb'leHKO pa3AM'lM 0TPaJKaTeAbHOH3MepHTehhHhIe, HMHT~OHHO-rrpOI'HOCT11l'leCK11Ie, a TaKJKe CTPyKTyPHhle MOAeJIH. CM.: KOBaJl1,'leRKC M.A. MeToAhI HCTOpH'leCKOrO 11ICCJl.eAOBaHlliI. M., 1987. C. 359 - 415. AM. BopoAKHH Ha3hIBaeT, KpoMe ynOMlIH)1ThIX, erne aHaJ\.MTH'leCKHe, KOHTpaq:,1lKTH'leCK11Ie, HMHTaIlJiI0HHO-aJlbTepHaTHBHhIe MOAeAM. CM.: EOpOgKUR AM. MaTeMaT11l'lecK11Ie MOAE\AM B HCTOp11l'leCKRX HCCJl.eAOBaHH- 5IX. Deus ex machina? / / Merexerasecxoe MOAeJlHpOBaHHe HCTOpH'leCK11IX rrponeccos. M., 1996. C. 11, 18, 19. Pa3J\.M'lHlI B HaHMeHOBaHHH MOAeAeil: aasaem' OT aKI:\eHT11lpoBK11I Tex HAM HHhIX acrreKTOB 11ICCJl.eAoBaHHH.

32 PeMe ,ll,lK., ARlnucepu A 3arrBAHaH q:,HAOCOq:,HH OT 11ICTOKOB AO nanrax AHeil:. CTI6., 1991. T. 4. C. 434.

33 XaKeH T. CHHepreTHKa. M., 1980.

34 KHJl3eBa B.H., KypgroMOB c.rr. Caaepreraxa KaK HOBoe MHpOBHAeHHe. ARMor C III. TIPHrOJKHHhIM / / Bonpocsr q:,Hll.OCOq:,HH. 1992. N2 12; Kanuqa c.rr. <I>eHOMeHOAOrH'leCKalI TeOp11lH pOCTa aaposoaacexeaas / / Ycnexa q:,H3!fqecrrnx HaYK. M, 1996. T. 166, N21; OR)Ke. Odmas reopaa pocra 'leAOBe'feCTBa. M., 1999.

22

CTaBJl.eH KliK caMopery.I\.HPYeMruI CHCTeMa, sasacamaa 01' speMeRH H '!HCJl.eHROCTH HaCeJl.eHIDl B <pHKCHPOBiiHIII:>IH MOMeRT BpeMeHH. MI:.I BRAHM BOCXO~HR K CHRepreTHKe nOAXoA, Ilp~a;u,HO OT.IUl:'I.H.bIR 01' IlpmUITOrO B TpaAIDJ;HOHROR HCTOpH'ieCKOR AeMOrpa<pHH, H3yqaIOm;eR HapOAOH<lCeJl.eRHe KaK cyMMy CHCTeM no peraoaaa H nepHOAaM. TIPH 3TOM B TpaAHD;HOHROR HCTOpH'IeCKOR AeMorpa<pHH yqHThlBaIOTCH xaorae COD;HaJl.hHhle H <pH3H'ieCKHe <paKT0PbI, TaKHe KliK BOmn.r, 31lHAeMHH, YPOBeHb }KH3RH, KJl.HMaT H T.A.

11 B APyrnx Tp~OHHhlX HCTOpH'IeCKllX AHCIJ;HIlJIHRax npa MOAelI.HPOBaRHH OTHorueHHH peruarom;ee 3Ha'leRHe rrpHAaen:H Ka'leCTBeHHOMY pa3Ho06pa3HIO HBJI.eHHH, COOTBeTCTBeHRO npoHCXOAHT yqeT H rrepepadorxa KaK MOJKHO 60Abruero 06'beMa CBeAeHHH HCTO'lRHKOB, OTIiOCJ!JI!HXCH K aarepecyromexy HCCJl.eAOserexs crozcery, Y'leT TaKOrO pa3Ho06pa3HH, xoropoe B pe3YAbrare MOAelI.HpOBaHHH MOJKeT ObITb 1l0Jl.OJKeHO B OCHOBY HeKOTOpsrx 060om;eHHH, - D;eAb HCCJl.eAOBaRHH H 6a3aA,II.H MOAelI.HpOBaHHH B HCTOpHH. B rJl.OOaJI.HCTCKHX, OCHOBaHHhlX aa HAeHX CIDIePreTHKH MOAeJI.HX C HaHMem.llmM '!HCJl.OM rrepexenaax H 3BpHCTH'IeCKH 1l0A6HpaeMhlMH rrapaaerpaxa, Ha3BaHHhle xapaxrepacTHKH KaK 6& 1l0rJl.Om;aIOT see paaaooepasas <paKTOPOB, xoropce, TaKHM, 06pa30M, TpaKryeTcH KaK H36hITo'lHruI HR<P0PMaD;HH. IToAooHoe MOAeJI.HpOBaHHe, 6e3ycJl.omi:o, rrpezcraaxaer 60MlIloll:

HRTepec, HO OHO HOCHT'I'eOpeTH'IeCKHH, MOJKeT OhlTh conaoaera'leCKHH HJI.H <pHJl.OCO<pcKHH, a He KOHKpeTHO-HCTOPH'iecKHH xapasrep. 06a THIIa HCCJl.e:ll,OBaaHH He MOryT 3aMeHHTh APyr APyra.

CBil3h caaepreraxa C HCTOpH'leCKHMH HCCJl.eAOllaHHHMH, KaK HaM ITPeACTaBJl.HeTCH, aesaaacs C OAROR H3 paOOT 11. TIPHrOJKHRa, B KOTOPOH OH OTMe-qaeT CXOACTBO 'B 1l0AXoAax TaKHX HCTOpmW'B, KaK M. EJl.OK H <D. EpOAeAb, C 1l0AXOAOM B OOJl.aCTH <pH- 3HKH, HMeayeMoR cmrepreTHKOH35. 3aTeM Y PHAa yseasrx B pe- 3YAbTaTe AJl.HTeAbHhIX AHCKYCCHH nOHBHJl.OCh MHeRHe, COPJl.aCHO KOropOMY HCTOpH'IecKoe p'a3BHTHe, BO BCHKOM cJl.yqae B HeKDropsrx CBOHX rrpOHBJl.eHIUIX, 1l0HHMaeTCH KliK CIlOHTaHROe CTaHOBJI.eRHe 06m;ecTBeHH1>IX CHCTe:M, npoacxonsmee B arore HRAHBHAYaAbRO MOTmmpOllaHHoro, HO rrpOHBJl.HIOm;eraCH KaK xaoTH'lHoe COD;HaAbHOrO 1l0BeAeHHH36.

35 npurOJKUR Pl. Ilepeorspsrrae Bpe1'leHH 1/ Benpoeer <pIlAOCOCPIDl. 1989.

N29. C. 3-4.

36 Reisch G. Chaos. History and Narrative 1/ History and Theory. 1991.

Vol. 30; Idem. Scientism without Tears: a Reply to Roth and Ryckman / / Ibid. 1995. Vol. 34, N 1. 0630P KOHIIe~, cOAepJKaIIIHX HAem xaoca IIpHMemrTeAhliO K HC'fOplNeCKoMY nponeccy CM.: Chaos, Clio and Scientific Illusion of Understanding (P.A. Roth and T.A. Ryckman) / / Ibid.

23

C'lHTaIOT TaKJKe, 'lTO MaTeMaTWIecKaH TeOpIDI xaoca y.lI,oo:aa AMI OO'bKCHemm H€TOpH'leCIrnX C06blTHH31. YTBepJKAaeTCH, -qT0 B <pHAOCO$CKO-TeOpeTH'leCKOM nxaae ITOAOOHhle KOHD;eIIqIDI BOCXOAHT K <pHAOcoiPCKHM H TeOCO<pCKHM HAeHM APeBHerO BocTOKa H aHT~OCTH. OAHaKO XOTeAOCb OU OTMeTHTb, 'lTO HMeeTCH B3aHMOCBH3h MeJKAY TeOpeTWIeCKHMH HAeHMH CHHepreTHKH, rrpoenapyexsesa na HCTOpHIO H APyrHe ryxaaarapmae HayKH, H BOCTO-q:aOXPHCTHaHCKOM OOrOCAOBCKOM HASeM CHHeprHH. COrAaCHO COOTBeTCTByIOID;HM rrpeACTaBAeHIDiM, "CHHepmH" - 31'0 crrOCOOHOCTb 'IeAOBeKa K BocrrpHHTHIO HMcrrOChlAaeMOM B MHp OOJKeCTBeHHOM saepraa, EAarOAapH CHHeprHH 'IeAOBeK, BOCnpHHHMaH OOJKeCTBeHHyIO 3HeprHIO, npHHHMaeT pemeaaa, COOTBeTCTByIOID;He OOJKeCTBeHHOMY nxaay, HO pa3BHBaIOm;HeCK B MHpy KaK CnOHTaHHO npOHCXOAHm;He COOhlTHH.

IIpooAeMhl CHHepreTHKH B rrpHMeHeHHH K HCTOPHH B 3Ha'lHTeAhHOM Mepe npnotipexa TeopeTWIeCKHH xapaxrep. OHM npaBAeKaIOT BHHMaHHe <pHAOCO<POB, cneD;HaAHCTOB rro rHOCeOAOrHH HCTOpHH. l.iTO JKe xacaerca HCTOpHKOB-rrpo<peCCHOHaAOB, 3aHHMaIOm;HXCH KOHKpeTHO-HCTOpH'leCKHMH HCCAeAOBaHHHMH, TO OHM rerreps, KaJ!: H panee, B:0:AHT CBOIO OCHOBHyIO 3aAa'lY B Tm;aTeAhHOM H3yqeHHH HCTOlffiHKOB H AHTepaTypl>I, aa OCHOBe KOTOPhlX BhlCTpaHBaIOT 3HaHHe B <PHKCHpOBaHHOM npO€TPaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHH6M AHarra30He. I1CTOPHKH, 3aHHMaIOm;HeCH KOHKpeTHO-HCTOpH'leCKOM rrpOOAeMaTHKOM, He paapatiarstaaIOT, KaK npanaxo, rAOOaAHCTCKHe rrOAXOAhl, CBH3aHHhle C OTKa" 30M 01' H3yqeHMH MHOrb<paKTOpHOCTH H MHor006pa3HH peaxsHOCTH. B PaBHOM Mepe OHM OTKd3hlBaIOTCK 01' rrpHHHTHH PHAa HAeM rrocTMOAepHM3Ma, TpaKTyIOID;HX HCTOpH'leCKOe rr03HaHHe KaK cyrytio cy6'beKTHBHoe. Msr noxaraere, -qT0 B Ha€TOKID;ee BpeMH, paBHO KaK H paaee, HCTOPHH, C03AaBaeMaH HCTOPHKaMHrrpoqieccaoaazarca, aarepecysomaaaca KBAeHHHMH B osepseaHOM rrpO€TpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHOMAHaIIa30He, BbrITOAHHeT orrpeAeAeHHyIO COD;HaAbHyIO <pyHKD;HIO - OHa oraexaer sarrpocaa HCTOpH'leCKOM IIa.M5ITH, KOTOPblMH OOAaAaeT BCKKoe OOm;eCTBo. OHa Il06YJKAaeT JUOAeM HHTepeCOBaTbCH npomxsrx BO BceM ero MHor006pa3HH. 31'01' mrrepec npHBOAHT HCTOPHKOB K 3aKAIO'leHHIO, corxacao KOTOPOMY HX BhlBOAhl, OCHOBaHHhle na aHaAH3e HCTO'IHHKOB, 06AaAaIOT AocToBepHOCTbIO H nOToMY rrpMCTaBAH-

31 KnYQi!eva E.N., Kurdyamov S.P. Synergetits at the Crossroads of the Eastern and the Western Cultures. Moscow, 1994. Cp.: ARgpeeB A.IO., EopogKUR A.H., AeBURgOBCJ<UucM.H. >1CTOPWI II xaoc: HOBbIe not;;XoNJ. K caaepreraKe II CpaBHHTeAbHoe aaysenae U;HBID\1i3~ MHpa. M., 2000.

24

lOT 06m;eCTBeHHhIii: IDiTepeC H BaJKHbl M5I pa3BlITIDI HCTOPWIeCKOro 3HilHIDi. TaKOe MHeHHe MHOr= HCTOPHKOB-npO<peCCHOHMOB, 0 'leM CBHAeTeJII>CTByeT 3HaKOMCTBO C pa3HOo6pa3HhIMH HCTOpH'leCKHMH pa60TaMH, rrOCBsrm;eHHhIMH MHOrnM ClOJKeTaM, He MOJKeT 6blTb cfipomene co C'leTOB npa 06m;eH OIJ;eHKe rrpoe- 1J;HpOBilHIDi HAeH CIDiepreTHKH, CB5I3aHHhIX C rA06aAHcTcKHM rrOAXoAOM, na HCTOPHlO, a HMeHHO: 9TO rr06YJKAaeT K xspaxrepHCTHKe 9TOfO rroAXOAa KaK TeOpeTHKO-COn;HOAOrH'leCKoro.

qTO JKe KacaeTC5I KOHKpeTHO-HCTOpH'leCKHX rrpooxesr. axnearapyronrax MHoro06pa3He HCTOpH'leCKHX npOHBAeHHH, MHOrO<paKTOpHOCTh H MHorOaCrreKTHOCTb HCTOPHH, TO M5I ax coapeaeaaoro pemenaa 60Abmoe 3Ra'leHHe HMelOT, rrO"BHAHMOMY, CAeAyrom;He Ha]"lHble pa3pa60TKH.

B rHOCeOAOrH'lecKOM IIAaHe, O'leBHAHO, O'leHb 6oAbilloe 3Ha'leHHe HMeeT ocym;eCTBAHeMM B.K <I>HHHOM paspaoorsa npo- 6AeM <P0PMaJ\bHOH AOrHKH. Oc060e saaxerrae npHAaeTC5I AOrHxe apI)1MeHTan;HH, np06AeMe yrO'lHeHHH HAeH, ax npespameHHlO B rrOHHTHH, MaHHIIYAHpOBaHHlO rrOHHTHHMH, COCTaBAHlOm;eMY COAepJKaHHe HCTOpH'leCK= KOHn;eJ:In;ID!:38.

Crren;HaAbHhllil: aarepec rrp8ACTaBAHeT ITorryAHpHM npoexeMa (KcTaTH, pKe AaAeKO He HOBM) C03AaHHH MamHHO'lHTaeMbIX TeKCTOB HCTopH'leCKHX HCTO'lHHKOB. 3TO 'laCTh pa3BeTBAeHHOH nporpaxersr "'leAOBeK H KOMITbJOTep", 3aCApKHBarom;eH CaMOCTOHTeJII>HOrO paCCMOTpeHHH39. MbI JKe KpaTKO OTMeTHM B03- MOJKHOCTH HCITOAb30BaHHH MaTeMaTH'leCKOrO amrapers, B'laCT" HOCTH TeopHH HHct>OPMan;HH npa H3yq:eHHH COn;HaAbHO-9KOHOMH'leCKHX HBAeHHH CpeAHeBeKOBbH, T.e. KaK pKe OTMe'laAOCb BbIIlIe, 3ITOXH, np05IBAeHHH KOTOPOH OTAH'laAHCb OOAbillOH CITen;H<pHKOH, '!TO H orrpeaezaer oco6blli mrrepec K ax H3yq:eHHlO C ITOMOm;blO KOAH'leCTBeHHbIX MeTOAOB.

np06AeMbI COn;HaAbHOH HR<pOPMan;HH, ee BAHHHHe Ha pesBMTHe o6IItecTBa Hero peryxapoaanae B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH IDiTeHCHBHO pa3pa6aTbIBaIOTCH4O. CYII\ecTByeT n;eAhllil: PM onpeAeAeHHH IDi<POPMan;HH, 3aBHCsrm;HX OT yrxa 3peHHH, CBH3aHHOfO C TOH HayKOH, B PaMKax KOTOPOH AaeTcH COOTBeTCTByrom;ee OII" peAeAeHHe. TaK, IIO MHeHHlO HeKOTOPhIX HCCAeAOBQTeAeH, B 9KOHOMH'leCKOH HaYKe IDi<pOPMan;HH MOJKeT 6blTb oxapasrepa-

38 CX>U1lH B.K. HHTeM.etcryallhllhte CHcTeMI.I H 06II\ecTBo. M., 2001; XsocmOM K.B., Cl>URR B.K. YKa3. CO'l:. C. 100-145.

39 CM. HlIlPOpMaI\Homn.re 6IOMeTeHH "qeAOBeK H KOMIIbIOTep" M60J)<lTOPHH no HH<popMaTHKe HcT<paKa MIY.

40 PeiiMU1I A,4. IiIH<pOp~OHHoe oOII\eeTBO H poAb TeJl.eKOMM)'HHK~ B ero CTaHOBJI.eHHH II Bonpocsr <pHAOC0<pHH. 2001. NIl 3. C. 3-9.

25

30BaHa, KaK "AaHHhIe, npocesrsrrsre {VI5f KOHKpeTRhlX AIOAeH, rrp06AeM, n;eJl.eH, cmyan;Ril:" 41. B pasrxax KH6epHeTHKR "HHq,OPMan;lUI YJIH'ITOJKaeT pa3HOOOpa3He ... nOBeAeHHe CHCTeMhI CTaHOBHTCH 60Aee rrpeACKa3yeMhIM42. B reopaa rrpHH5ITH5I pemeHHH, OTpaJKaIOmeH COn;HdJU>HOe COAepJKaHHe HHq,6pMan;HH, OHa orrpeAeA5IeTCH KaK "nee re CBeAeHIDI, 3HaHIDI, C006m;eHKH, xoropsre nosroreror pemarr, orrpeaexeaayto 3dAallY". /1MI TeoPHH HHq,OPMan;HH H ceMKOTHKR HHq,OPMan;HH - Mepa YCTpaHeHIDI Heonp~eJl.e:HHOCTH 3HaHIDI43.

IIpH HaJlli'IHH COOTBeTCTByroID;HX AaHHbIX rr~ACTaB)u{eTCH BO$MOJKHhIM 06pa.rqaTbCH K nOIDITHIO "HH(¥OpMan;HH" BO scex YKd3aHHbIX 3Hd'leHH5IX. EC/\H HCnOJl.b3yeTcH TO 3Ha'teHHe, KOTOPOe CBHSaHO C TeopneH HHq,OPMan;HH H KH6ep:a:eTHKOH, TO BOSMO)KHO rrpHMeHeHHe q,OPMYJU>! K. Illenaeaa H rrOH5ITHH 3HTPOmm KaK Mephl HeOIIp~eJl.eHHOCTH AM BbIpaJKeHHH ereneaa pasaooepaaaa HAM aeorrpeaexemrocra H3yqaeMbIX HBAeHHH. Herrpasrep, CpeAHeBeKOBM TepMHHOAOI'IDl KaK aa 3arrdAe XPHCTHaHCKOrO MHPa, TaK H aa BOCTOKe, B 'laCTHOCTH B BH3aHTHH, 0603Ha'laBmM B HCTO"IlIHKax, xapaKTepH3yroID;HX COn;HaAbHO- 3KOHOMWIecKYIO HCTOPHIO, TaKHe 3KOHOMHKO-rrpaBOBhle nOHHTHH, KaK COOCTBeHHOCTb, MdAeHHe, AepJKaHHe (l3:ecMOTpH Ha TO 'ITO Ha3BaHHhIe rrOH5ITH5I OIIHpdAHCb aa pHMCKOe rrpasot, OTAH'laeTCH CMemeHHeM 0603Ha'leHHH.

B03HHKaeT 3dAa'la HaxOJKAeHH5I CTeneHH HeorrpeAeJl.eHHOCTH COOTBeTCTByrom;eH TepMHHOAOrHH B pa3AH'lHbIe HCTOpH'leCKHe nepHOAhJ:. Msr pemaxa ee aa n03AHeBH3aHTHHCKOM aKTOBOM MaTepHaAe, rr03BOAHBmeM He TOJl.bKO BhlHBHTh aeorrpezeAeHHOCTh TePMHHOAOrHH, HO H BhlHBHTh 'laCTOTHoe COOTHomeHHe pa3AH'lHbIX 3Ha'leHHH TepMHHOB, 'ITO B CBOro O'lepeAI> npHBeAO Hac K HCnOJl.b30BaHHIO Koaq,q,Hn;HeHTOB, OHp~eJI.HIOm;HX Mepy Heonpe#~AeHHOCTH TepMHHOAOrHH. YAaAOCb 66:a:apYJKHTh BpeMeH:a:yro TeHAeHD;HIO K pocry onpeAEO!AeHHOCTH B TepMHHOAOrHHM•

3Hd'leHHe IIOIDITHll HHc:POPMan;HH B reopaa HHq,OPMan;HH H KH6epHeTHKe OKa3bIBaeTCH IIOAe3HhIM B KYJl.bT}'POAormr, KOTOpas B n;eAOM OC'I'aAaCb sa IIpeAeAaMK AaHHOH pa60ThT. KpaTKO OCTdHOBHMClI xanrs rra HeKOTOphlX acnexrax 3TOH rrpo6AeMhI,

41 TaMJB;e. C. 3. 42 TaMJB;e.

43 Xnocmosa K.B. Hexoroptae oe06emlOCTH BR3aHnmmmH IzyIBHJlli3allIDf / / CpaBImTeM.HOe Ray'feHRe IzyIBIDUf3aIJ;RH MRpa. C. 192 - 193.

44 TOM Ea. C. 192-193.

26

OTHOCHIqHXCH K TeKCTOAOI'HH. B PHAe TeKCTOB ffPKO npoanaarorcs OCOOeHHOCTH CpeAHeBeKOBOH aprysrearanaa a MMeHHO OTxOA OT a.HTHlfHOH pIITOpHIlli H 3aMeHa ee OOAee rrpMMHTHBHbIMH C CPOPMaAbHOH TO'lKH 3PeHHlr, MOJKHO CKa3aTb, KOAH'IeCTBeHHbIMH npHeMaMH. Herrpaxep, acnoxssyercx npHeM YABoeHHlr HHCPOPMa.u;lill, CBlr3aIIHbIH C IIOBTOPaMH H H30bITO'lHOH HHcpopMaD;HeH. B PHAe oorOCAoBCKHX H CBeTCKRX TeKCTOB, B 'laCTHOCTH B TpYAax BH3aHTHHCKOfO MHCTHKa Fparopax I1aAaMbI, KaK 3TO nOAPOOHO 6YAeT nOKd3aHO HHJKe, cOAepJKHTclr CTpOfa5I CHCTeMa H3AOJKeHHlr MaTepHaAa: MMeIOTClr Te3HC, aHTIITe_$HC, CHHTe3. Xapaxrepao, 'ITO Te3HC H CHHTe3, H3 KOTOPbIX IIepBbIH BbIPaJKaer nocryxer, a BTOPOH - BbIBOA, rrO'ITH AOCAOBHO IIOBTOpmoT APyr APyra45• I10BTOPbI, r.e. H36bITO'lHaH HH<PoPMaD;Hlr, cOAepJKaT OCHOBHble H,ll,eH TeKCTa. ABTOP TOH OT,Il,aAeHHOH snoxa C'lHTaA HyJKHbIM rrOBTOpHTb COOTBeTCTByroID;He HAeH. I1HbIMH CAOBaMH, nosropsr aecyr CMbICAOByro HarpY3KY. MOJKHO yrnepJKAaT}" 'ITO IIOBTOpmoTCli OCHOBHbIe MblCAH TeKeTa, PdAH cooomeHHlr KOTOPbIX OH H C03AaBaAClr. I10BTOPbI <pparMeHTOB TeKCTa C OAHMM H TeM JKe COAepJKaHHeM H CPHKCl[pOBaHHbIM rrOHHrnHHbIM annapeross CHHJKdlOT HeoIIpeAeAeHHOCTh rrOBeCTBOBaHHlr, 3HTpOIIHJQ TeKCTa. HHJKe MbI OCTaHOBHMCH aa IIOBTOPax, cOAepJKaII:lHXCH B aKTOBOM xarepaaae.

I1QBTOPbI 03Ha'ldlOT xapaxrepaee M5I 3noXH COBIIdAeHHe rrpou;eCCOB xpaaeaaa, IIepeAa'lH H rrepepaOOTKH HH¢OPMaD;HH BO BpeMeHH. OTIIOmeHHe K HHCPOPMaD;HH B Te'leHHe AJUITeAl'>HOrO BpeMeHH He MeHHeTCH co CTOpOHbIAIOAeH H3yqaeMoH snoxa, HappaTHB TaKJKe COOTBeTCTBeHHO OCTaeTCH TpdAHD;HOHHbIM, He nperepneBaeT H3MeHeHH:il:. I103TOMY HHCPOpMau;HOHHbIe nponeccsr, HX ocooeHHOCTH - oARa H3 rrpH'lHH TpdAHD;HoHHoro xapaxrepa otimecrae, Hayaaas 3Ha'lHMOCTh 3TOH rrpoOAeMbI, xposre scero roro, 'ITO YJKe ObIAO CKa3aHO aa 3TOT cser, COCTOHT enre H B CAeAYromex, I10BTOPbI, oOHaPYJKHBaH, KaK MbI CKa3aAH, COBIIdAeHHe rrpOU;€AYP xpaaeaas, rrepeAa'lH H rrepepaooTKH HH<PoPMau;HH, He TOAl'>KO HerrocpeAcTBeHHO OTPaJKdlOT MexaHH3M CPYHKD;HOHHPOBaHHli rrOHHTHHHOrO armapera, KOHD;eIID;HH H COOTBeTCTByrom;= peaAHil: - B AaHHOM cAyqae ax craOM1l.bHOCTh BO BpeMeHH, o6ec-

45 Greqorii PaIamae. Physica, 1'heologica, Moralia et Practica. Capita CL / / Patrcloqtee cursus completus: Series graeca / Ed. J.P. Miqne, (AMee Be3Ae: PG.j T. 150. Col. 1121. 1. CM. TCUOKe 0 AP}'I"HX B03MOJKHOCTJD( HcnOJlh30- aaaaa CPOPMaJlbHbIX MeTOAoB B cpeAHeBeKoBoH K)'JlhTYPOJl.OI'HH: Ousterhout R. Contextualizing the Later Churches of Constantinople: Suggested Methodologies and Few Examples / / Dumbarton Oaks Papers. Wash., 2000. Vol. 54.

27

nesaaasonryro Tp~OHHOCTb OTHomemIilr, OHH rrexassrsaror MeXaHH3M BOCIIPOH3BOACTBa D;HBHllH3awtii BO BpeM€HH. BeAh HMeHHO D;HBHllH3aD;HOHHhIe rrponeccsr B OTAK'me OT COObITIril:HOH HCTOP= XapaKTepH3YIDTQI BpeMeHH6H IiI OAHOBpeMeHHO HHCPOpMaD;HOHHOH YCTOH'lHBOCThlO, OTAH'lalOTCR TpaAm:J;HOHHOCThlO.

3Ha'leHHe cpopMaAhHOrO IIoAXOAa B HCTopH'leCKFIX HCCAeAOBaHIiIRX COCTOIiIT He TOAhKO B TOM, 'lTOOhI ITPIiI aHaAH3e MaT€pHaxa IiICTO'lHHKOB HCITOAh30BaTh KaKHe-AIiI60 MaTeMaTFI'leCKHe CPOPMYAhI, HO H B npl'lMeHeHHH HAeM TO'lHhIX nays; rr03BOARlOmax BOCrrOAh30BaThQI npa OlWHKe IiI3Y'laeMhIX RBAemrn TOlJ:HhIMIl CPOPMYAIiIpOBKaMIiI.

Ha aam BsrARA, nexecooopasae cCPOPMYAIiIpOBaTh IiI aKD;eHTIiIpoBaTh H APyrHe aCITeKThI IIpo6AeMaTHKH, CBR3aHHOH C conepJKaTeAhHhIM aHaAH30M xp<'lHeHIDI, rrepepa60TKH H rrepeAalJ:H HHCPOPMaD;= B pasasre IiICTOpH'leCKHe 3IIOXH H, B'laCTHOCTH, B BH- 3aHTHH. Oor:u;ecTBa rrpomaoro, OTAWIaBIIIHeC5l oOAee IIpHMIiITHBHhIMH HHCPOPMaD;HOHHhIMH CHCTeMaMH, ITO CpaBHeHHlO C cospeMeHHOCThlO, TeM He MeHee, KaK H COBpeMeHHoe, xapasrepasosa.ll.HCh TeCHOH B3aHMOCBR3h1O COD;HaAhHhIX OTHOmeHFIH H HHCPOpMaD;HOHHOM CHTYaD;HH. 3AeCh Ha6AlOAaAaChABOSIKaR CB5l3h. C oAHOM CTOPOHhI, 06rn;ecTBO C ero TexHH'leCKHMFI B03MOJKHOCTJIMH oilpeAeM!AO crreD;HcpH'leCKHe 'lepThI rrepeAa'lH, xpanenas H nepepa60TKH HHCPOPMa:u;=, C APyrOM - oc06eHHOCTH HHcpopMaD;HOHHOH CHCTeMhI BJUHIJlli aa cOIJ;HaA.hHhIe CTpyKTyPhI. B cpeAHHe BeKa HHCPOPMaD;HR HeIIOCPeACTBeHHO nepezaaaxacs AlOAhMIl KaK B YCTHOH, TaK H ITIiIChMeHHOH cpopMe. Ha 3arraAe CAOJKHAao. HepapXH'leCKaR cTpYKTYPa 06rn;ecTBa: BaCCaAhHhIe OTHOmeHIDI. COOTBeTCTBeHHO HepapXHlJ:eCKaR cTpyKTYPa xapaxrePH30BaAa H HeKOTOphIe CPOPMhI pacnpocrpaaerraa HHcpopMaD;HH. 3aKOHhI, rrOCTaHOBAeHIDI no KOHKpeTHhIM BOrrpOCaM pacnpocrpaaaaaci, OT BhIcmero crosepena - nepxomrorc rrpasrrreAR, KOPOAR H.II.H HMrrepaTOpa, K ero BaCCaAaM RBARBIIrnMCR ceasOPaMIiI /VI5I APYfHX BaCCaAOB; a 3aTeM 'laCTh HHCPOPMa:u;= IIOC'rynaaa K IIPOCTOAlOAHHaM H 3aBHCHMhIM CAORM HaCeAeHHH. AMr CpeAHeBeKOBhR xapazrepao CJKaTHe HHCPOPMa:u;HH rro Mape ee pacnpocrpaaeaas. OAHOBpeMeHHO OHa oGpaCTaAa AOJKHhIMIiI CBeAeHHRMH, T.e. rrORBARAHCb IiICKaJKeHFIR, IIOMeXH, H30bITOlJ:HM lfHCPOPMaD;HR, nonsnneaae 3HTpOITIiIH. 3TH RBAeHHR MOryT HMeTh KOAWIeC'fBeHHhIe aHaAOrH, COilOCTaBAeHIiIe ax BO apexeHH IIOMOJKeT yTO'lHeHHlO CpaBHIiITeAhHOH KapTHHhI COD;HaAhHOro pa3BHTIDI. MbI noxaraex, 'lT0 BaJKHM npOOAeMa cpeOAaAhHOH Hep&pXHFI 3an&A& - 3TO BO MHOrDM HHCPOPMaD;HOHHM upotixeMa HepapXH'leCKOH CTpyKTYPhI IIepeAa'lH HHCPOPMaD;=. Ha Boc-

28

TOKe XPHCTHaHCIWro MHpa, B BH3aHTHH coxpaaaaacr, CHAbHaH ~eHTpaAbHaH BAaCTh. 11mpopMau;IDI pacnpocrpaaaxecs AP)1THMH rryTHMH. 3TO pacnpocrpaaenae, KaK HaM npeACTaBMIeTCH, nopOJKAaAO aesoropsre BHAbI CO~aAbHbIX oraonreaaa, HanpaMep, CYII\eCTBOBaHHe H poxs raxoro HHCTHT)lTa, KaK HapOAHOe coopaaae (nepeJKHTOK nO.I\.HCHoro CTpOH) B CHCTeMe 6ropoKpaTH'£eCKOrO H nearpexaacaaaaoro BH3aIITIrH:CKOro rOCYAapCTBa TpYAHO 06'bHCHHTh 6e3 y<IeTa roro CPaKTa, 'ITO na coopaaaax CO- 06II\a.II.H OCP~HaAbHYlO HHcpOPM~. KopnOpaTHBHOCTh CPeAaeaeaoaoro o6II\ecTBa (COCJI.OBHH, 06II\HHhl, ~eXH H T.A.) 06'bHCHHeTCH TaJOKe cpeAHeBeKOBhlMH nOTpe6HOCTHMH pacnpoerpaHeHHH HHCPOPM~H, CYII\eCTBOBaBWHMH HapHAY C APyrHMH CPaKTOPaMH COqHaAbHOH AeTepMHHaqHH AaHHorO HBAeHHH.

MAeH Te0pHH BepOHTHOCTeiJ. H HHCPOPMan;HH nOMoraIOT oneHHTb aa OCHOBe 'IeTKHX CPOpMaAbHhlX KpHTepHeB nexoropsre B033peHHH npomaoro, TaK, MbICJI.HTe.II.H CpeAHeBeKOBbH peeCMaTpHBa.I\.H aa yposne MHpCKoro 06bIAeHHOrO C03HaHHH o6II\eCTBeHHoe pa3BHTHe H OpHeHT~ B HeM 'IeJI.(lBeKa, eC.I\.H nOAh- 30BaThCH TepMHHOAorneiJ. COBpeMeHHOH reopaa BepOHTHOCTeH, KaK BepOHTHOCTHbm CTOXaCTH'leCKHH nporrecc. ECTeCTBeHHO, coapexeamre y<IeHhle npeACTaBAHlOT 3TH HBAeHHH KaK aecpasHeHHO 60Aee CJl.OJKHhle. B cpeAHHe aexa, B 'IaCTHOCTH B BH3aHTHH, nOAHTH'leCKHe AeHTe.II.H C'lHTa.II.H, 'ITO aa OCHOBe npomxoro B 3eMRoiJ. JKH3HH MOJKHO npeABHAeTb 6YAYII\ee. AM BhlPaJKeHHH 3TOiJ. HAeH HCnOAh30BaACH rAarOA <ITOxut;OJ.laL, orrpenexaaWHf1, KaK H3BeCTHO, HaHMeHOBaHHe CTOXaCTH'lecKoro nponecca B COBpeMeHHoiJ. reopaa BepOHTHOCTeiJ.. Ho AeJl.O He B HaHMeHOBaHHH, a B paCC¥JKAeHHlIX BH3aHTHibJ;eB. OHH C'lHTa.II.H, 'ITO npoHBAeHHe 'IeJl.OBeKOM npa rrpHIDlTIrn liM pemeHHiJ. AapOBaHHoiJ. eMY cssmre CBOeiOAbI BO.I\.H 3aBHCHT OT peaxaaartaa HAM nepea.l\.H3aqHH liM AoeipoAeTeJl.eH, TaJOKe AapOBaHHhlX casnne. Ha60p npeznoxaraexsrx Ao6pOAeTeJl.eH 6hlA KOHe'lHbIM, crporo oxep'leHHbIM, XOTH H napsapyromaa B nOHHMaHHH pa3HhlMH asropaMH. Ha60p Ao6pOAeTeJl.eH (eC.I\.H OIIHTb )lee npH6erIIYTI> K H3hlKY COBpeMeHHOH reopaa BepOHTHOCTH) KaK 6hl H306paJKaACH B xa'IeCTBe npocrpaacraa C06hlTHH CTOXaCTH'leCKOrO rrponecca, B paxxex xoroporo 'IeJl.OBeK npHHHMaA pemeaas. 11 secbMa HHTepeCHO, 'ITO Bhl60p .ll.HHHH nOBeAeHHH B H3BeCTHhlX CHTY~HX yrrOAo6AHACH pe3YAhTaTY 6pocaHHH HrpaAbHOH KOCTH C norrpaaKOH B OTAeAbHhlX caryanasx B Ayxe EKKAeCHaCTa aa He06xoAHMOCTh ysera BpeMeHH6ro MOMema. nOAo6Hhle XapaKTepHCTHKH B033peHHH npomxoro II03BOAHlOT On;eHHTb FIX C y<IeTOM HCTopWleCKOH nepcnexrnasr H perpccnexrassr,

29

Harepec K mI<pOPMa:Qllli CB5I3aH C BHHMaHHeM K 'leJI.OBeKY, npHIDlTHIO EM pemeHHli:, nOBeAeHHlO. C:BeAl~HHe, STOR npOOAeMaTI!KH B eAHJII>lli KOMIIAeKC H osaaxaer n;eJl.OCTHI>IH MeJKAHc~HaPlIhIH nOAXOA, na KOTOPOM HaCTaHBaIOT MHon:re xpynasre aaaAHTHKH (HanpHMeP, K. J\AoHA)46. B STOM rroAXoAe np0HBJI.IDOTC5I n03HD;HH cOBpeMeHHoro HCTOpH'leCKoro Heopan;HOn;HOHaAH3Ma.

B TO :IKe BpeM.\I B HCTOpH'leCKOR AHTepaTYPe, KaK ObIAO OTMe'leHO, HH<pOPMan;HOHHbtM nponeccaa B OOIJJ;eCTBe YAeAHeTCg R6;AoCTaTO'lHOe BRHMaHHe~1, ero YCHAeHHe HOOOXOAHMO, aa Ham B3rMIA, C TO'lKH speaas COBpeMeHHOH MeTOAOAomH HCTOpHH. B 'laCTHOCTH, npa aHaAH3e COI\HaAhlIOrO pa3BHTHH, AeTepMHHan;HH H CPYHKI\HOHaJl.bHblX CBH3eH B OTAaAeHHOM npOllIAOM peAKO OOparn;aroT BHHMaHH6 aa TaKOH O'leBRAHE>lli H HrpaIOIJJ;HH, C aamea TO'lKH 3peHHH, BaJKHYID POAh r,paKTOp, KaK mI<popMan;HO_HHE,Ie nponeccsr B 06IJJ;eCTBe B III':lAOM H, B ocooeHHOCTH, HX COCTaBA5IIOIJJ;aH - rrepepa60TKa COn;HaJl.bHOH mI<popMan;llli.

B HeKoTophlX <pHAOCO<pCKHX cHcTeMax, paccMdTpHBaIOIJJ;HX OOIJJ;,eCTBeHHYIO AeTepMIDIan;HIO H COOTBeTCTByIDIJJ;ee rroBeAeHHe 'leJI.OBeKa (rrpeHMyIn;eCTBeHHO B HtmeHmyro srroxy) , rrpOOAeMa PoAH COD;HaJl.bHOR HH<pOPMaD;HH BbIpaJKeHd HeHBHO. TaK, C.3. TYAMmI onepHpyeT rrOHHTHHMH, XdpaKTepH3yIDID;HMH CHCTeMbI rrpaasrsrx B OOrn;eCTBe HOpM H OOpa3I\OB, KOTOPbI6 enpezeAHIOT aA,aIITan;mo lflIAHBHAa K cpeAe46• r. TapA nOHHMaA pa3BHTHe rrOBeAeH'leCKHX CHCTeM KaK rroAPaJKaHHe H OllII03Hn;~9. B AdHHblX pacCYJKAeHHHX )'l'ilAblBdeTCH llpOHBAHeMOe HMIIAHD;HTHO BHHMaHHe K RH<pOPMaD;HOHHbIM rrponeccasr, xoropsre TaK H He CTaHOBSITCH 06'heKTOM aHaAH3a. B HCTOpH'leCKOH AHTeparype H3- BeCTam IDITep6C BbI3bIBaeT npo6AeMa COI\HaJl.bHhlX KOMMYHHKdD;HH, CBH3aHHhlX TaK HAH mIaHe C rrepeAa'leM HH$OPMaD;HH H OTHOCHID;HXCH npeHM)1IIl;6CTI!eHHO K HOBOH H HOBeMmeR HCTOpHH50.

46 CM.: Lloyd Ch. The Methodology of Social History ... P. 189.

~1 CM. B 3TOH CBiI3H cG. CT.: POAb CO~a;u,SOH HH<PQpMaIlHH B <pOPM~" BaHB:H H p,,3BHTHH COJ:IHYMaB HCTQPID!eCKOMnpOlllAOM / OTB. pez, K.B. XBoCTOBa. lUi. EopoAKIDL M., 2004.

46 Toulmin S.B. The Philosophy of Science. 1., 1965. 49 Tapg r. 3aKom.r no,q>a1KaEmiI. CIT6., 1892.

50 YJKe sa XVI MeJKAY!I"POA!{OM HCTOpID!eCKOM xoarpecce B IUrYITapTe B 1985 r. paCCMOTpeHmO 3To:itnpo6il.eMhl6hTM nocaameaa C~ nOA Ha3Ba_eM "La motorisation de 1a circulation routiere et ses effets: ljl85-1985. (XVI" Conqras international des sciences historiques: Rapports, Stuttgart, 1985. T. II. P. 554-581); a TaIQKe crrenaaasaas C~ oIJhanoCBiIIIl;eHa paccMOTpeHmO COOTBe7CTByrom;e:it npo6AeMhl APelJHOCTH H CpeA!{eBeXoBbiI:

"Montagnes, fleuves, desertes, forets: barriers, lignes de convergence?" (Ibid. T. I. P. 315-353).

30

OAHOH H3 3C1Aall: AaHHOH pa60TbI HBMIeTC5I aKIJ;eHTHpOBaHHe MeTOAoAOr:aqeCKHX np06AeM nepepa60TKH B BH3aHTHH CUqHaJl.bHOH :mICPOPMaIJ;HIi!, rrepepaoorsa, paCCMaTpHBaeMOH npn 3TOM KaK MeXaHH3M pa3BHTH5I 06m;eCTBeHHbIX H MeHTaJl.bIffiIX CHCTeM, a TaK1Ke BHl5IBAeHHe CB5I3H 3TOH rrepepatiorxa C HHCPOpMaqHOHHHlMH rrponeceasca B n;eAOM, XapaKTepH3yeMHIMH KaK CPaKTOP COqHaJl.bHOH AeTepMHHaD;HH, H IIIHpe - MeXaHH3M BOCnpOH3BOACTBa D;HBHAH3aq:aH BO BpeMeHH. B nerrrpe BHHMaHH5I, TaKHM 06pa30M, MeTOAHKa H3yqe:mu.r HeKOTUpHlX D;HBHAH3aqHOHHHlX napaxerpoa, paCCMaTPHBaeMHlX aa npHMepe 3B01l1On;HH BH3a.HTl1HCKOrO p:paBOBOrO rrOH5ITHHHOrO anrrapera. BHHMaHHe K np06AeMaM AerepMHHaD;HH, B03MO)KHO, He nceraa IIOAHOCTbIO coraacyerca C norryxspaoa ceroAH5I CHHepreTIIKOH. OAHaKO HCropaay-rrpoqieccsroaaxy He COBceM 5ICHO, 06AClAaeT AM canepreTIIKa KaK HCTOpHll:eCKa5I TeOpIl:5I, IIOHHMaIOm;a5I HCTOpHll:eCKHe 5IBAeHH5I KaK xaoc, a ax pa3BHTHe KaK cal)wperyA5IqHIO, C06CTBeHHhIM MeTOAH'lecKHM HHCTpYMeHTapHeM. Msr Y1Ke rOBopHAH, 'ITO HaSBaHHa5I TeOpH5I paccvaraaa aa rA06aAHCTCKHH, a He KOHKpeTHO-HCTOpH'leCKHH IIOAXOA K H3yqaeMHlM npo6AeMaM. qTO JKe KaCaeTC5I CBOHCTBeHHOrO HCTOpHll:eCKotl: HaYKe aHaAH3a 5IBAeHHH B <pHKCHpOBaHHOM rrpOCTPaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHH6M AHanaaoae, TO OH TPe6yeTyqeTa MHOI'HX CPaKTOPOB KaK <pyHKqHOHaJl.bHOH, TaK H KaY3aJ1.bHoH 3aBHCHMOCTH, a TaKJKe BHl5IBAeHH5I POAJ1[ HHCPOPMaqHOHHbIX rrpoueccoa, He, B03MO)KHO, KaK YJKe rOBOpHAOCb, HMeHHO npa rA06aAHCTCKOM nOAXoAe K H3yqeHHIO 5IBAeHHtl: npasoxepno rOBOpHTh 0 HaA01KeHHH cpaKTOPOB H pe- 3YAbTaTOB :ax Aetl:CTBH5I APyr na APyra, 'ITO II03BOA5IeT KOHCTaTHpoaars casroperyxsrtaro.

AaAee, B cOBpeMeHHoH 3IIHCTeMOAorHH pacnpocrpaneao npeACTaBAeHHe 0 "KpH3Hce II03HTHBHCTCKotl: 3IIHCTeMHl", 0 ryMaHHTaPHOM aapparaae, KOTOPbID TPaKTYeTC5I KaK OTKpHlTHIi1r TeKyqHH AHCKYPC, KaK "HOBa5I Hay<IHa5I IIap!!AHfMa"51. IToA'lepKHBaeTC5I cy6'beKTHBH3M FYMaHHTapHoro, B TOM ll:HCAe HCTOPH'leCKOrO 3HaHH5I. Ho HCTOpHK-rrpocpeCCHOHaA paCCM<lTPHBaeT IIOAo6HHle B03SpeHH5I, OTHOC5IID;HeC5I K CPHAOCOCPHH fICTOPHH, nOA'lepKHBaIOm;He OTAMll:H5I FYMaHHTapHOrO H, B 'l<lCTHOCTH, HCTOpH'leCKOrO 3HaHH5I OT MaTeMaTH'leCKOrO, KaK OAHOBpeMeHHO rrpOTHBOpe'lCUD;He COBpeMeHHHlM KOHKpeTHHlM HCCAe,II;OBaHH5IM IIO HCTOPHH, BocTPe6oBaHHh!M 06m;eCTBOM. MeTOAOAOl'H5I HCTOpHH H ceroAH5I pa3BHBaeTC5I, HCIIHlTHlBa5I B TOM 'lHCAe fI BAH5IHHe

51 EpoKMai1ep M., Xappe P. Heppsras. ITpo6AeMhl Ii oeenranaa OAROH a;u,TepHaTIlBHOH napCIAffi'MI>I ... C. 29 - 30.

31

TI03HTHBHCTCKOH 3TIHCTeMhl. 06 3TOM CBHAeTeAbCTByroT npaxeHeHRe B H3BeCTHl>IX HCCJl.eAOBaTeAbCKHX cwryaIJ;IDIX KOJIH'1eCTBeHHbIX MeToAo.s52, TI03BOMIIO~ BbffiBIITb TeHAe~, .a.erepMHH~ H a.KD;eHTHpOBaHHe ryssaaarapacro aCTIeKTa HHq,OPMaJJ;HOHHbIX TIpOn;eCCoB53, T.e. aHaAH3a cOAep:>KaTeAbHbIX OCO· 6eHlIOCTeH xpaasaas. nepepaoorxa H rrepeAa'lH HH<PoPMa.u;HH. KaK OTMel.IaAOC:b, pa3pa6aTbIBaeTCH TaK:>Ke q,OPMaJlLHruI AOI'HKa HCTOPlif'IecKHX HCCJl.eAOBaHHH. TIpeMO:>KeHHCUI B.K. <DHHHOM AorHKa yroxaeaaa HAeH H paCIlAHBl.IaTbIX acropasecxax noaaTHH, nocrpoenas KOHn;enn;HH54; erpascarorrtax peaAbHbIe MhlCAHTeAbHhle nponeaypsr B ryMaHHTapHOM, B 'iaCTHOCTH HCTOPH'l'eCKOM 3HaHHH, OTHOCHTCH He TOAbKO K COBpeMeHHOH HCTOPH'l'ecKOH aayxe, KOroPa5I COBepmeHCTBYeTCfI B pe3YAbTaTe yronHeHIrn HAeiil H nOIUlTHH, HO H K nOHf!THHHOMY amrapary, KOTOphlM onepaposaaa JUOAH OTAClAeHHOI'O HCTOplif'IeCKOrO npOIIIAO- 1'0. CKa:>KeM, B BH3aHTHH 3TOT ennaper pa3BHBaACfI BO MHOI'HX CBOHX npoaaxeaasx TaKHM :>Ke 06pa30M, H 3TO pa3BHTHe BAHfIAO aa COD;HaJILHhle peexaa.

MO)KHO C'l'HTaTh, 'ITO MexaHH3M pa3BHTlliI MHOI'HX SIBAeHHH COCTOHA B TOM, 'ITO JUOAH npomxore, HCXOAH H3 npasmrseexax IIQTPe6HOCTeH H TIOA BAIDIHHeM BHeIDHHX 06CTOHTeAbCTB, nepepa6aThlBaAH pacnpOCTPaHeHHYIO B 06rn;eCTBe COD;HaJILHyID HHq,opMan;mo nyreM yrO'IHeHIDI HAeH H IIOIUITHH, T.e. pacmapeHH}! HAM cyJKemrn HX o6'beMa H COAepJKaHIDI, a.KD;eHTHp0BaHlffi HAM C03AaHIDI HHOro CMhlC/\a IIOIUITHH. Ilepepariorxa COD;HaJILHOH HHq,OPMa.u;HH, TaKHM oopa30M, He COBIIa;lI,aeT C ee HHTeprrperanaea, xora B peaAbHOH JKR3HH 3TH ABe npOn;e.a.YPhl, ecreCTBeHHO, HMelOT PHA TO'leK nepeceseaaa. B pesyxsrare y-qaCTIDI B HHq,OPMa:qHOHHbIX npon;eccax y JUOAeH MeHHAC}! MeHTaAHTeT, IIpHHHMaAHCb HOBhle penreaaa, KOTOphle HapHAY C APyrHMH BHeIDHHMH q,aKTOPaMH COD;HaJlLHOH .a.eTepMHHa.u;HH HaxQAHAHC:b B CJl.OJKHOH B3aHMOCBH3H C COD;HaJILHhlMH peaAHllMH.

52 !::M., HaTIpHMSp: IIpo A. AsSll<lMaTb ypOKOB ... C. 210-211; XsocmoBCl K.B. KOAH"leCTBemn.IS MSTOAbl B HCTOpHH. C. 6(}- 68; Marexarasecxoe MOAeAHPOBamlS HCTOpH'leCKHX npoqSCCOB: Co. CT. / OrB. peA. A.M. Bop0A!<HH. M,2002.

53 Kpyr HAsH: HCTOPH'lSCKIDI IDIlPoPMiiTHKii aa nopore XXI B. / OrB. PeA.

A.M. BopoAKHH. M., 2002; Xsoemosa K.B. ITPOOJl.SMbI COllHaJl.bHOH HHt¥OPMllqKI'! B C})eAHSB8KOBOM oorqecme (aa BII3a.HTHii:exOM MaTSpHaAe) / / ITpo6J1.eMbI HCTOPWol8CKOro ll03HaIDm. C. 86 - 94.

54 <1)URH B.K. ITpo6JI.SMLI KOHqerrryaJl.H3~ H aPryMelIT~ B COllHOJl.Ol'H'IeCKOM II IICTOPH'lSexOM 3HaHHH / / ITp06J1.SMLI HcroPH'lSCKOTO n03Ha.IDllI ... C.11-18.

32

MeTOAOAOI'HH HCTOPHH B paCCMOTpeHHH <pHAOco<pa H HCTOpaxa paaxaxsercs TeM, 'ITO HCTOpHK CKAOHeH 06pam;an.c.!I K HA.IIlOCTpilI\HH. B AaHHOM HCCAeAOBaHHH rrp06AeMbI CIleD;H<pHKH ITepepa60TKH HH<pOpMan;HH B BH3aHTHH H B 3ITOXY CpeAHeBeKOBhlI B n;eAOM paCCMaTpHBaIOTCR aa MaTepHaAe, OTHOClfI:QeMCR K PHMCKOM)' Bem;HOM)' npasy, a TaJOKe rrpasy, B03HHKIlIeM)' yxe B CpeAHeBeKOByro enoxy, npeACTaBAHBmeM)' c060n CHHTe3 PHMcxoro H xeeraoro npaaa esperreacxax HapOAoB, a TaJOKe 06bI'laH H npasa rrpen;eAeHTOB. ilpo6AeMa HMeeT CBOIO a.KTydAbHOCn.. PHMCKOe nemaoe npaao B nepepaooraaaox H nepeocMhICAeHHOM BHAe B CpeAHeBeKOBhe l2ITpaAO 6oAbmyIO pOAb aa XPHCTHaHCKOM 3andAe H BOCTOKe. 3aKOH PHMCKOrO npasa BAH BNCKa3hIBaIIIDI IO.pHCTOB paCCMaTpHBaAHCb KaK CnpaBeAAHBbIe H paCC'lHTaHHbIe aa Bce061D;Hocn. rrpHMeHeIIID!. I103TOMj' nepepa60TKa COOTBeTCTByrom;eil: HH<pOPMa.I:\HH nOA yr'AOM 3peIIID! yrO'lHeHHR nOHHTHH, 03Ha'laH pa3BHTHe H OOAee rAy6oKoe OCMhICAeHHe 3aBeAOMO BepHbIX, ITO MHeHHIO .IIlOAen 3T0:l1 3noXH, rrpHHD;HIIOB, 6bIAd BaJKHaAAH 3THX.IIlOAen H, CAeA0BaTeJ\hHO, HHrepecaa AAH eeapeeeeaaore HCCAeAOBaTeAH. K 3TOM)' BIDKHO AOOaBHn., 'ITO npaso penpesearapyerca C nOMoID;hlO AOCTaTO'lHO TO'lHOrO aapparasa, RBAHIOm;erOCR npeAIIHCaHHeM, HHCTpYKD;Hen. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, HHTepecHbI rrpH'lHHbI, nOOYlKAaIOm;He nOABepraTb HH<pOPMdD;HIO COOTBeTCTByrom;ax aapparaaoa B onPeAeAeHHbIe BpeMeHHhie nepHOAbI nepepaoorxe H yrO'lHeHHIO IIOHHTHH.

Kpoxe rerc, 3HaHHe no HCTOPHH CpeAHeBeKOBbH KapAHHdAbHO OTJllill:aeTCH OT 3HaHHH no COD;HOAorHH, nOAHTOAOrHH, 3KOHOMHKe H AaJKe no HCTOPHH aosoro H aoseaurero BpeMeHH. CpeAHeBeKO_BaH HCTOPHR - 3TO 3HaHHe 0 AaJl.eKOM npourxox, T.e. cyry60 HCTOpH'leCKOe H ryxaaarepaoe 3HaHHe. I103TOM)' XapaKTepHCTHKa CPeAHeBeKOBhIX HRII.eHHil: ocooeaao IIOKa3aTeAbHa C TO'lKH 3peHHH aHaAH3a ryMdHHTapHOrO aapparana. AaAee, COBpeMeHHaH HCTOPH'lecKaH HaYKa. nOABepJKeHHaH pasHbIM <pHAOCOCPCKHM BAIDIHIDIM, IIo-pa3HOM)' On;eHHBaeT poas CpeAHeBeKOBhR B HCTOPHH EBpOIIbI. TaK, M. <l>YKO aKD;eHTIIpYer paspsra TpctAHD;HH, TeM CaMbIM KaK Obi npHAaBaH BTOPOCTeneaaoe 3Ha'leHHe 3BO.lllOD;HH, CBR3H spexea: ocefioe BHHMaHHe yqeHbIil: YAeJI5l.eT aHaAH3Y TeHAeHD;HH, B03HHKmHX AHmb B n03Aaee CpeAHeBeKOBbe HAM B HOBoe BpeMH55. HarrpOTHB, <1>. <pPH XaAeM - nporpeccop IOpHCrrpYAeHD;HH pacrtenaseer CpeAHeBeKOBhe KaK BaJKHbIH STarr B HCTOPHH EBPOIIbI, KorAa

55 $yxo M. HCTOPHJl 6e3}'MWI B xxaccaseexyro anoxy, M., 1997. C. 13.

2. XBoCToBa K.B.

33

npOHCXOAHAO HHTeHCHBHOe CAHHHHe TeHAeH~HH pHMCKOrO rrpasa H XpHCTHaHCTBa S03HHK.11.0 nOHHTHe lOpHAH'IeCKOrO AHua, npacymee KOpnOp~M. Ha 3an8,1l.e B CPeAHeBeKOBYlO 3nOxy pa3J1.H11He MeJKAY nOIDITmIMH "J\H1lHOCT.b", "HHAHBHAYYM" H "~O" rrpaodperaer, no MHeHHlO <1>. q,OHXBAeMa, nepBeHCTBYrotnee saaseaae, "S sepy BTOpraeTCH, - KaK rroxaraer yseHldH, - AOI'HKO-p~OH8AHCTH'l:eCKOe MblIlIAeHHe"56. ITOJKBAyH, ~eAeCOoopasHo OTMeTHTb TOT q,aKT, 'ITO nOHHTHe "lOpHAH'IeCxoe AH~O" ~eCTBOBBAO B PHMCKOM npase yxe B aHTH'lH)'IO 3noxy57. A.M. Hexxecca, HanpOTHB, )'TBepJKAaeT, 'ITO B Cpe)I,HHe sexa HaoAlOAalOTCH "KpH3HCHble COCTOHHHH HHAHBHAY~, npa KOTOPblX CHCTeMa pacnaaaerca aa cooemecrsa KOAAeKTHBasrx cyO'beKToB"58. CXoAHoro MHeHHH npHAepJKHBaeTCH H s.r. <1>eAoToBa58. 3TO MHeHHe He B IIOAHOH Mepe OTpaJKaeT 3IIOxy. S AaHHOM CAYllae npaa <1>. q,OH XBAeM.I1HAHBHAYYM HrPBA ~eCTBeHH)'IO poxs B OOID;eCTBe, YllaCTBYH H npHHHMaH pemeHHH B HHTepeCYlOID;HX Hac HHq,OPM~HOHHblX rrponeccax. IT. PHKep OTMe'lBA cxaeoe BHHMaHHe q,HAOCOq,HH K npasoasrsr BOnpocaWiO. CTO.ll.:& pasnsre BblCKasblBaHHH COBpeMeHHblX yseHblX IIO IIOBOAY npasoasrx TpBAH~ H CO~HaA:&HblX TeHAeH~H CpeAHeBeKOBbH H ocooeaao B SH3aHTHH, rAe HHTepeCYlOID;He Hac rrponeccsr OTAH'lalOTCH AOnOAHHTe.II.:&HOH cne~q,HKOH, AeAalOT COOTBeTCTBYlOID;He npOOAeMbl aKTYaA:&HbIMH.

I1cxo,ll,H H3 scero cxaaaaaoro Bblme, Mbl YAeMeM B ,a,aHHOH patiore oO.ll.:&moe BHHMaHHe npOOAeMe q,OPMHPOBaHHH nOHHTHHaoro npasosoro annapara B SH3aHTHH B ero cpasaeaaa C asyseHHeM nOAOOHoro q,OPMHPOBaHHH aa Cpe)I,HeBeKOBOM 3an8,1l.e.

MCnO.ll.:&30BaHHe HHq,opMa~OHHoro IIOJI,XOJl,a HeOOXOAHMO TaKJKe npa Hsy'leHHH HHTepeC)'IOID;HX HaC ~HAH3~OHHblX q,aKTOPOB, xapaKTepH3YlOID;HX CO~HaA:&HO-3KOHOMH'leCKHe H npaaossre OTHOmeHHH B HX CBH3H C COOblTHHHOH HCTopHeH. 3TOT nOJI,XOA BaJKeH H rrpz H3Y'leHHH CO~HaA:&HOH AeTepMHHa~H.

Poas HHq,OPM~OHHblX nponeceos B OOID;eCTBe noxaasrsaer, 'ITO ace HCTO'lHHKOBeAeHHe AOAJKHO OblTb nepeIIHCaHO nOA

56 Xa.!.eM (!). WOH. I1CTopHKo-npaBoBEJe acnexrsr Up06AeMbI BOcrOK - 3aUilA / / Bonpocsi qlHAOCOq,IIH. 2002. NIl 1. C. 26.

57 XBOcmOB B.M.l1cropHli PHMCKOro rrpasa, M., 1916. C. 256.

58 HeJVI.ecca A.M. TpaHcM)'T~ HCTOPHH / / Bonpocsr q,HAOCOq,IIH. 2001.

NIl 3. C. 61.

59 (!)egomoBa B.F. HeKAaCCH'JeCKHe MOAepHH3~H H MhTepHaTHBhl MOAepHH~OHHOH reopax / / Bonpocsr q,HAOCOq,HH. 2002. Ne 2. C. 3 - 4.

60 Puxep IT. Topzcecrso 1I3hlKa HilA HaCHAHeM. repMeHeBTH'leCKHH UOAXOA K q,HAOCoq,HH npasa / / Bonpocsr q,HAOCOq,HH. 1996. Ne 4. C. 21.

34

Ha3Ba.HHbIM yrAOM 3peHIDI, T.e. C TO'iKH 3peHIDI pa3BHTIDl H cne$i<pHKH HH<pOPM~OHHE.IX npO~eCCOB H HX B3aHMOAeHCTBHH C CO~OM. B pesyAhTaTe MOJKeT 6DlTb AOCTHrHYTO BKIUO"lIeHHe aHaJW3a HCTOpWieCKOrO aepparaaa B paMKH MeJKAHC~HapHbIX HCCAeAOBcumH. HeCOMHeHHO, HH<pOpM~OHlUde nponeccsr B .1U060M o6ID;eCTBe <>T"tJ:YJKAaIOTC5I OT arparomero B HHX aKTHBHYJO pO.iU> "lIeAOBeKa H npOTHBOCTOHT eMY ("lIeAOBeKYl KaK CaMOCTOHTe.iU>mill!: BHeIIIHHH AeTePMHHHpyroID;HH <paKTOP, KGTOpbtil: o6bI'lHo OCTaeTCSI 6e3 BHHMaHHH B HCTOpWieCKHX pa60- Tax, COAePJKaID;HX aHaAH3 CO~a.iU>HOH AeTepMHH~.

IuoAH CPeAJIeBeKOBhlI nO-CBOeMY nOHHMaJW poas HH<POpM~ B OOID;eCTBeHHOM paaBHTHH. 3Ta CII~<pHKa He B noCJl.eAHIDIO o"llepeAb onpeAeJUlII.aCb, pO.iU>IO ~PHCTHaHCTBa, 1IpeAIIHCcumH ~epKBH, nOCTaHOBAeHHH coeopea, BHHMaHHeM K nepKOBHOMY npeAffiiHIO; a TaKJKe B3aHMOOTHOmeHHeM ~epKBH H,TOCYAapCTBa, PaBHO KaK H npaKTWieCKOH AeHTeAbHOCTbIO .1UOAeH. BH3aHTHHqbI OTAaBaAH ce6e OT"lIeT B TOM, KaKyIO PO.iU> IIHC.bMeHHoe HIlli YCTHoe CJl.OBO HrPlIAO B pa3BHTJm AeHTe.iU>HOCTH .1UOAeH H B C03AaHHH nHCbMeHHOH Tpl!AHWlli. "1'bl:eIOTCSI ABe AeHCTBeHHble CHAbI npOHCXOAHID;ero: CJl.OBa H AeHCTBHH, aesoropsre CJl.OBa 1IpeAWeCTByroT Ae:aCTBHHM, APYJ'He BbITeKaIOT H3 llliX. [CyID;ecTBYIOTl Te, xoropsre B03HHKaIOT H3 aKTHBHOCTH pesyxa, HIlli re, KOTOPbIe 1IplfAClIOT 3HepI'HIO [HMeIOID;HMcHl TeKCTaM", - rOBopHTCH B QAHOM H3 0<PHD;Ha/\bm,xx. AOKYMeHTOB OT 31IOXH no- 3AHeH BH3aHTHH61. Jlo MHeHHIO B~eB, HOBaH HH<pOPMa$iSI 1IpHAaBaAa CWl.Y cyID;eCTBYIOID;HM TeKCTaM, T.e. cnocoocrsoBaAa C03AiiHHIO IIHCbMeHHOH Tp~D;HH, HrpaBmeH, KaK H3BeCTHO, B CpeAHeBeKOBbIX o6ID;eCTBeHHbIX OTHOIDeHIDIX H ocoeeaao B BH3aHTHH QrpoMHyIO P0.iU>.

61 Aetes de Lavra / Ed. A Guillou. P. Lemerle, N. Svoronos, D. Papacbryssanthou. P., 1917. Vol. II. N 12. P. 14. 1-4.

2'

CnOPHbIE npABOBLIE BOnpOCLI BH3AHTHHCKOH 3EMEALHOH COBCTBEHHOCfH H EE PEAALHLIH CTAITC

OOpam;eHll:e K npOOll.eMdTHKe, CBH3aHHOH C npaBOBbIM H peaJ\.bHbIM COn;HaJIhlIO-!3KOHOMH'ieCKHM CTaTYCOM 3eMeJlbHoH cooCTBeHHOCTH B BH3aHTHH, npaBOMepHO B AaHHOH paobTe, noCK01I.BKy" OCOOeHHOCTH rr03eMeJlliHhIX oraonreaaa aa npOTHJKeHIm ncero cymecraoaeaaa BR3aHTHifcKOM liMIIepHH COCTaBMiJlli BaJKIIh1l! I(lmHJlli3an;HOHIlhIii c}:lrucr.op, 0TAH'IaBIIIHM BM3aHTHIO OT CPeAHeBeKoBOro 3an(3Aa.

Crpyxrypa H OCQOeHHOCTH 3eMe1I.bHOM COOCTBeHHOCTH, KaK H MHOrHe APyrMe npOOAeM1.l COn;HahI>HO-3KOHOMWleCKOrO paaBHTHH BH3aHTHH B HaCTOHmee llpeMH CAaOO AHCKfTHpyrorCH B BM3lUlTHHOBeA'leCKOM ./lliTeparype. KaK YJKe OTMe'laAOCl>, 3'1'0 OO'hHCHHe'l'c;H, Bep0HTHO, TeM OCOObIM BHHMaHMeM K 'le1l.0BeKY, KOTOPoe xapaxrepao f¥I5I coBpeMeHHoH HCTOpM'leCKOH Ha)'KH. 11HTepec K C06bITMHHOH HeTOpHH HBHO npesaxapyer HClAHHTepeCOM K HCTOPHH COn;HaAliliblXHHCTlilryrOB, 'reHAeIIJ:lHH, TPAAMn;Hil:. Ho BeM 'le1l.0BeK 4>YHKn;HOHMpYeT B OOm;eCTBe. H :;)TOT Q:>aKT npSAIIOll.arae-r paccxorpeane MHOrHx BHeIIIHHX AeTepMMmrpyronrax rro eraomeaaio K rrOBeAeHHIO OTAeJlbHhIX ./lli'lHOCTeM c}:laKTOPOB, B TOM 'lHC.II.e nOSeMe1I.bHhIX OTHomeHHM H IilHCTHTYTa COOCTBeHHOCTH. Cymeersyer H 3IIHCTeMO.ll.OrM'leCKOe 06OCHOBaHMe HeOOXOAMMOCTH H3YlleHMH Ha3BaHHOH rrpOO.ll:eMaTMKM. AKu;eHTMpoBa.HHe BHeIIIHHX AeTepMlilHll:pyro~ c}:laKT0-pOB conaaxsaoro nOBeAeHMH 'le1l.0BeKa He TOAhKO orsexaer COBpeMeHHbIM crpeM.II.eHHHM K IJ;e1I.OCTHOMY (XO.II.MCTCKOMY) nOAXOAY K HCTOPHH, C OAHOM CTOPOHbI, M K Me)KAMCn;HII.ll.MHapHbIM MCC.II.eAOBaHMHM - C APyrOH, HO H n03BO.II.HeT BIillIBMTb pruu. PHMCKO-BH3ClHTIrifcKOro HOpMaTHBHoro npeaa H BH3dHTHil:CKO" ro rrpana rrpen;6AeHTOB B c}:l0PMHpOBaHHH H c}:lym<n;HOHll:pOBaHHH YCTOHllHBbIX TeHAeHI.:lHM IJ;HBHJlli3a.:u;HOHHOro xepaxrepa, TI03TOMY C.II.eAyeT IIpHBeTCTBOBaTb TO IIOKa em;e C.II.aooe. HO nee JKe 3aMeTHOe OJKHB.II.eHHe KorAa"TO QAHOH H3 BeAyrn;HX B HCTO-

36

paorpaepaa TeHAeHD;HH K H3yq:emnO BH3aHTID!:CKHX COD;HiUU,H.:@X CTPYKTYP H IiIHCTIITyTOB, xoropsre, 6YAyqH C03AaHHhIMH B pesyxsrare AeHTeJl.bHOCTH 'leJI.OBeKa, B JU06yro :moxy oTlfYJKAaIOTCH OT Hero H npOTHBOCTOHT esry B ero 'laCTHOH H COD;HaAhllOH JKH3HH. HCXOMI H3 CKa3aHHOrO, Mhl 06pam;aeMCH K paCCMOTPemHO HeKOTOPhIX HeAOCTdTO'lHO H3yq:eHHhIX M, aa Ham B3rAHA, CnOpH.:@XBonpOCOB BH3aHTHHCKOH 3eMeJ\.bHOH COOCTBeHHOCTHl.

H3BeCTHO, 'ITO B Kll.aCCM'leCKOM PHMCKOM rrpane COOCTBeHHOCTh IOpHAM'leCKH OTJill'idAdCh OT BJl.dAeHHH. OAHaKO COOCTBeHHHK, KaK npanaxo, HBJl.HJl.CH OAHOBpeMeHHO H BJl.dAeJl.hD;eM 3eMJI.H, KOTOPaH HaxOAHAaCb Y Hero B COOCTBeHHOCTH2. ECJI.H )Ke OH OKa3hIBdACH JI.illIIeHHhIM BJl.dAeHHH, TO CoxpaHIDI. TOJl.bKO IIpaBO COOCTBeHHOCTH - "roxyro co6CTBeHHOCTh"~. AOCTaTO'lHO pacrrpocrpaaeno MHeHHe, COrJl.aCHO xoropessy B Bl!f3aHTHH AoMHHHpOBdAa nOJI.HaH OeaYCJl.OBHaH COOC'rBeHHOCTb na 3eMJU04. AeHCTBHTeJl.bHO, TaKaH COOCTBeHHOCTh, HBJl.HIOID;aHCH

1 ~eJ\ecoo6pa3HO DTMeTliTb CAeAYIDI11He pa60TbI nOCAeAHHX AeT, noCBHID;eHHhle np06A.eMaM KaK BH3aHTH:i!:CKoa 3eMeJlhROH C06CTBeRROCTH, TaK H APyrHX npOmlAeRRli BH3aRT1iliCKRX COIzyIwu,RO-3KOROMH'l:eCKRX oraomeaaa:

AUmaBpUR I'F. K H3Y'IeHmO npo6AeMIoI fJ,OXOAHOCTli KPecThlIHCKOro X035IHCTna B BH3aHTIiH X-XI BB. II BB. M., 2000. T. 59(84); Xsoctnosa K.B. CaxpaJlhHhIii: CMIoICA HaHMeHOsamrn HeKOTopbIX BH3aHTH:i!:CKRX COIzyIaA.hHO-3KOHOMH'leCKHX aneraryroa (K sonpocy 0 pOJU! 60roCAOBl'IlI B q,OPMHPOBaHHH COI<BYMa B BH3aRTliH) I I TaM JKe; EUDUKOB M.B. Osepxa CpeAHeBeKOBOH HCTOP=, 3KOHOMHKH H npaaa. M., 2002; Papagiamri E. Legal Institutions and Practice in Matter of Ecclesiastical Property II Dumbarton Oaks Studies. Wash., 2001; Vol. XXXIX; Patlagean E. fOVLX6v. Note sur la propriete allodiale ii Byzance II Byzantium State and Society: In memory of Nicos Orkonomides I Ed. A Avravea, A Laiou, E. Chrysos. Athen, 2003. DpHMeqaTeJl.hHO, 'ITO aa DapIDKCKOM MeJKA)'HapOAHoM Bl'I3aHTHHOBeA'leCKOM KORI'peCCe 2001 r. rOBOpHII.OCh 0 Heo6xoAHMocpR o(ipaTH'rh crrenaaasaoe BIlliMa:IDIe aa rrpooxexy BH3aHTH:i!:CKOH coricraeaaocra.

2 Levy E. West Roman Vulgar Law. The Law of Property. Philadelphia, 1950. P. 62.

3 XBOcmOB B.M. I1CTOPl'lll PHMCKOro rrpaaa. M., 1911. C. 409; Levy E. Op. cit. P. 62, 75; AunulU!! E.3. 3aKpao)l,iiTeJl.hcrno H IDpHCIl,Hl(qHlI B BH3aHTIiH B IX - XI BB. A., 1981. DpHII.oJK.: "Pacc:yJKAeHRH 0 roxsrx fJ,orooopax". TeKCT, rrep, C rpes, H KOMMeHT. C. 195-228. Cp. fJ,aHHhIe KOfJ,eKca ApMeHorryM, corMCRO KOTOPhIM: "eCAR KTo-A.H60 pacnoxaraer co6crseHHOCThlO, RaxOJl.!IIIleHCH B IDpHfJ.R'lecKoM BMfJ,eHHH Y APyroro ,uru;a, TO 011 HMeeT A.HIIIb "rOAYID c06- cTBeHHOCTb". CM.: Kiavoravtivou APP£VtmOVAV np6XElpPv Nourov 1\ 'ESaf3lI3Ao~ I K.f. rr"l'tdxl]~. AaTiv~, 1911, II, 2. l:. 99. (A,aA.ee: ApMeaony.ll.)

4 Levy E. Op. cit. P. 19; M.5I. CID3IDMOB yrnepJK;ll;aeT AOMHHHpOBa:IDIe nOARolf co6cTBeRROCTli B .BH3aRTIiH, CChIAaHCh aa 114-ID HOBeJlA.Y IOcTliHHaae. CM.: C1031OMOB M.fL 3KOROMHQeCKHe B033peHHH Assa VI II BB. M., 1959. T. 15. C. 35. DOARaH COOCTBeHROCTb 3aq,HKCHpOBaHa B npaae lOcTliHHaaa. CM.: Codex: Justinianus I I Corpus juris civilis I Ed. P. Knqer, R Schoell, G. Kroll. Berolini, 1959. (AMee: CJ.) 8.55 (1) pr (249)).

37

IOpHAH'leCKH nOAHbIM rocnoACTBOM HBA B~105, HO l'!MeBmrur aa npaaraxe PHA orpamrqeHlril:6, BHAHMO, arpaxa penrasonryro pOAb B BH3aHTJi!l'!.

B pasmae rrepaoxsr BH3aHTnHCKOR HCTOpl'!l'! H3MeIDUl.aC:E. Ta POAb, KOTOPyro B OOm;eCTBeHHhlX OTHOmeHIDlX arpaxa 3eMeAbaaa C06CTBeHHOCTh l'! APyrHe Bem;HhIe rrpasa, B nepsyro O'IepeA:E. BAaAeHHe. MeIDlIllic:E. TaIOKe rroIUlTlril:HhlH arrrrapaT l'! repMHHOAOrml, COOTBeTCTBYIDm;He COOCTBeHHOCTH H BABAeHHlO. HOBoe rrOHl'!MaHHe COOCTBeHHOCTH H BABAeHliffi 11 nepaoz, Me')KAY AHOKAeTHaHOM l'! IOCTMHHaHOM rr03BOJI.HJI.O aaasars COOTBeTCTBYIDID;HH rrepHOA 3110XOH BYAbrapHOro npasat. ECTeCTBeHHO, AaHHOe HaMMeHOBaHHe HBMleTC51 YCAOBHhIM H He~,oCTaTO'IHO TO'IHhlM.

B rrepMoA BYAbrapHoro rrpsae, KaK OTMe'IaIOT Crren;HaAHCThI, COAepJKaHHe rrOH5lTHH "co6cTBeHHOCTh" (dominium) H "RIlBAeHHe" (possessio) MeH51eTC51, OHH yrro-rpe6.1UIlO'I'c51 B paemapeaHOM 3Ha'IeHHH, HepeAKO HMe51 OAHH M TOT JKe CMhlCA $aKTH'lecxoro KdHTpOMl HBA 3eMJ1.eH8. TIPM aTOM TepMHH possessio noxy'laeT 3Ha'lHTeAbHO oOAbmee pacnpocrpaaeaae, OH rrOCT05lHHO yrrOTpe6MleTC5I He TOAbKOB 3Ha'leHHH "co6CTBeHHOCTh", HO 03- Ha'laeT M HeKOTophle jura in re aliena KAaCCH'leCKOl'O pHMCKOrO npaaa, a HMeHHO: Y:llyI}>PYKT (xpecac). 3M$MTeBCMC, cynepdian;nH M CepBHTyTliI. C6J1.HJKeHHe CO,1\epJKaHlril: rrOH5lTnH "C06CTBeHHOCTh" l'! "RIlBAeHHe", CMemeHHe COOTBeTCTBYIDm;HX TepMHHOB9 03Ha'IaeT M3BeCTHOe YMeH:E.meHHe pa3J1.H'!M5lllfeJKAY rrOH5lTM51MH "jure" H "facto"IO.

5 Co6crBeHHOCTb B KhaCCI'l'leCKOM PHMCKOM npa:se onpeAeJlH!laCl> AOCTaTO'lllO KpaTKO xepes nepeseas ee OCHOBHblX KCl'leCTB: npeporerassr npasa n0Ab30BaHIDI, nOAyq:eHruI DAOAOB, rrpasa BAaAeTb, paCnOpIDKaTbC5I. CM.:

Levy B. Op. cit. P. 7'1; Ksocmos B.M. C'aCTeMa paxcsoro-npesa. q. II: Bemaoe npa:so. M., 1901. C. 2-3.

61I1maepMClH E.M. APeBHHH PHM: TIpoOAeMhI3KOHOMH'leCKOrO pa3BHTHH.

M., 1978. C. 54, 98; CMUPUR B.M. PHMCKiIH familia H npMCTaBAeHHH pHMAHH 0 cooCTBeHHoCTH II EhlT JiI HCTOPHH B aHTH'lllOCTH. M., 1988. C. 29. C06CTBE1HHOCTb orpaaaxasaaacs TaKJKe npasasra Ha'lYJKYlO 3eM1UO. CM.: XBOcmOB B.M. CHCTeMa pHMCKOrO npa:sa. C. 8 H CAeA-; Illmaepuan E.M. YKa3. CO'l. C. 49; CMU1JUR B.M. YKa3. CO'L C. 28.

7 Levy E. Op, cit. P. 2; P. 21, 27. 8 Ibid. P. 61.

9 Levy E. Op. cit. P. 61. 0 pacmapeaaa 3HaqeHHK yKa3aHHhIX TepMHHOB lIHCaA ente <I>IOCTeiIl> Ae KYAaIDK. CM.: C1>lDcme;u, ge KJ'AaJlJK H.A, HCTOPJiIH o6~eCTBeHHoro crpos APeBHeH <I>pClliIlHH. CTIG., 1907. T. IV. C. 4; Cp.: AunlUu~E.3. TIpa:so Ii CYAB BH3aHTHHB IV- VIII BB. A., 1976. C. 57.

10 Levy E. Op. cit. P. 62.

38

M3MeHHBIIIaJICH CHCTeMa ynOTpe6AeHHH Hd3BaHHOM TepMHHOAOI'HH H, CAeAOBaTeAbHO, nOHHMaHHH cooTBeTCTByIDlIIHX npaBOBblX np06AeM, aa aanr B3rAHA, BO MHOrOM CB5!3aHa C peqropMOil: AnOKAeTHaaa, KOTOpb!ll:, KaK H3BeCTHO, pacnpocrpaaaa c::ylIIeCTBOBaBIIIee paaee TO.l\bKO aa HTaAHHCKHX 3eMMIX npaee C06CTBeHHOCTH aa 3eMAlO B npOBHH~IDIX, B TOM lfll:CAe H 3eMAR 6YAYlIleM BH3aHTHH. Ao 3TOM peqropMhI nposaarraaasasre 3eMAM paCCMaTpHBaAHC:b KaK BAdAeHHH TeX AM~, KOTOP:bIM OHH rrpaH1iA/I.eJKaAH, TorAa KaK C06CTBeHHOCTh aa 3TH 3eMAR 6:bIAa N>CTOHHHeM BHa'laAe pHMCKOrO HapOAa, a n03AHee - HMllepaTOpa, B IIOCAeAyrolIlY1O anoxy BY.l\brapHOro npaaa, oc06eHHO B 3IIOXY KOHCTaHTHHa, HTaAHHCKHe H npOB~a.l\bHbIe 3eMAn see 60Aee H 60Aee ypaBHHBaAHC:b B npaBOBOM OTHOmeHHH, 0 'leM CBHAeTe.l\bCTBYeT rroereneaaoe pacrrpocrpanemre HaAOrO- 06AOJKeHRH na HTaAHHCKHe BAdAeHHH. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, H re, H APyrHe 3eMAR MOrAE: 0603Ha'laThCH HAM "BAdAeHHe", HAM "c06- CTBeHHOCTh", AeMOHCTpHPYH C6AHJKeHHe H AaJKe cxetaeaae aa- 3BaHHhlX H nOIDlTHH, H TepMHHOBll.

B peecaerpaaaexyro 3IIOxyXaK nOMI'aIOT HeKOTophle cne~HaAHCThl, Mhl CTaAKHBaeMCH C IIpeAIIOChlAKaMH cpopMHpOBaHHH aa 3arrdAe 6YAYlIleM CPe0AaAbHOM C06CTBeHHOCTH, xapexrePH3yrolIleil:CH CO'leTaHHeM deminium directum H dominium utile, C06CTBeHHOCThlO dominium duorum in solidumn. t.IepThI, OTAH'laIOIIIHe rroAo6Horo posa co6CTBeHHOCTh, B III ~ IV BB. 6RAM xapexrepasr KaK M5I 3arrdAHOH, TaK H M5f BOCTO'lHOil: PHMCKOil: HMIIepHH.

B 3dAalfll: AaHHoH rAaBhl BXOAHT peccsrorpenae Aa.l\bHeiiIIIHX cYAe6 peaxsrroro ¢aKTH'leCKOrO H ropHAH'leCKOrO cTaTYca C06CTBeHHOCTH, paBHO KaK H noIDITHil: "C06CTBeHHOCTh" H "Bl\aAeHHe", a TaKJKe npas na tIyJKyro 3eMAIO B BH3aHTHH. FloCAeAyro~ee nOCAe 3noXH BY.l\brapHOro rrpasa pa3BHTHe rrpaseB:bIX OTHOIIIeli:H:H B BH3aHTHH H aa CpeAHeBeKOBOM 3arraAe npOHCXOAIDl-O pa3HbIMH rryTHMH. B BH3aHTHH pHMCKOe rrpaso nperepneaaxe PM H3MeHeHHH, npOHCXOAHBIIIHX B peayxsrare rrepepadorxa HHCPPPM~, OTHOC~eHC5! K npany KaK KAaCCH'leCKOrO, TaK H BY.l\brapHOro nepHOAOB. 3Ta nepepariorxa COCTOHAa B arrreprrperartaa CMhlCAOBOrO COAepJKaHHH nOHHTHM, C03AaHHH HX HOBOro CMhICAa, ~eHTHpOBaHHH HeKOTOpsrx HOBhlX aCrreKTOB CMhICAOBOrO COAepJKaHIDL Ha 3andAe npOHCX0AIDI- CAOJKru.IH npaBOBOH CHHTe3 MecTHhlX 06bI'laeB,

!llbid. P. 71.

12 Ibid. P. 67 sq.

39

aapaapcxorc npaaa H PHMCKRX rrpasonsrx TpllAHlJ:HH, DTHDCH~HXCH npeHM)lIll;eCTBeHHD K nepHDAY BYM.rapHDrD npasa, HeKDl'Dpme rrpDHBJl.eHHH MeCTHOrD 3aIIClAHOTD npasa DKa3aAHCb no CBOeMy cOAep:acamno OMI3KHMH K HDpMaM pHMCKOrD npasa (HarrpHMep, aNl.OA), DAHaKO AD nepH.o,lI,a pe:o;eIIIWH pHMCK.or.o npasa aa 3aIIa,lI,e TaM r.oCnOACTB.oBaA CMenIaHHhlH, n.oCT.oHHH.o <pOPMHPYID~ikjf H H3MeIDnO~CSl npaaoneji nopsnoa. APyr.oe AeMJ BH3aHTIDf. Flepeparforza HHQ:>0PMa:o;HH pHMCKOrO rrpasa, PaBHO KaK H HCn.oM.3.oBaBRe rerossrx H.oPM 3TorD rrpasa, rrpOHCXOAHMI Ha npOTSI:aceHHH BceM BH3aIlTmkKDR HCTOpHH, coseraaci, C rrpaB.oTBOpTfeCTBOM HMnepaTopOB. B more 3THX rrpensccoa C03AaBaAHCb KOAHQ:>HKa:o;HH pHMCKOr.o npasa, H3AaBaAHCb HMllepdTOpCKHe HOBeJUlliI, B03HHKll.O 3aQ:>HKCHp.osaaaoe B exrax npaae npe:o;eAeHT.oB.

OC.oOeHH.o Hac 0YAeT aarepecoaers t6pHAR'IeCKHH H Q:>aKTHTfeCKHH C'raTYC CDOCTBeml:.oC'rn B II.o3AHeM BH3aIITHJif; ooecne'leHHOM 3Ha'lHTeJl.hlIbIM MaCCHBOM axrosoro MaTepHaAa. MbI He C.orJl.aCHbI C MHeHHeM E. J\eBH, KOT.oPbIM noxaraa, 'ITO HMeHH.o socrosnoe BMISlHHe SlBIDI..oCb .oAHDR H3 npasaa CMemeHHSlB PaMKax BYJI.hl'apH.or.o npasa nolUI1'HH, a TaK:ace CODTBeTCTB)1IOnrax TepMHHOB, .o003Ha'laro~ c06CTBeHHOC'rb H BJl.dAeBReI3• AaAee, HCCJl.e,lI.OBdTeJI.b, sonpexa AaHH.oMy CBDeMy YTBep~.BRIO, OTMe'laeT rrpOTHBOII.oCTaBJl.eBRe B nanapycax TepMHH.oB "COOCTBeHHOCTb" H "BJ\.dAeBRe"14.

0AFUIK.o, y<mTbIBIDi acropasecxyto nepCIIeKTHBY, a HMeHH.o cy{:>P6bI PHMCKOro npasa B BH3aHTHH, B 'laC'rH.oC'rH: AOCTaT.o'lH.o 'leTKoe pa3MI'leBRe nOlUITBH "C.o6cTBeHHOCTb" H ''llJl.a,lI,eHHe'' B aKT.oB.oM MaTepHaJl.e IID3AHeM B1I3aHTHH, .0 'leM IIoAP06HO pe'lh IIDH,lI.eT Bnepe,ll.H. BPSlA JI.H M.oJKHO yrnepJKAaTb BDCTO'lHhlH xapaxrep TeH,lI,eHD;HH K CMemeHHIO Hd3BaIlHbIX II.oIUI1'HH H TepMHHOB. BHARMO, CMemeHHe IIOHSITHH "coeitTBeHH.oCTb" H "BJI.dA& BRe" B srroxy BYJI.hl'apH.oro npasa, B IIepH.oA 6yp1IblX II.oMITH'leCKHX C.oObITHH .onpeAeJI.SlJI.DCb B 3Ha'lHTeJ\.hll.oR Mepe TeM, lIT.o B IOpl!lCIlPYAeHD;HIO H npasossre .oTH.omeHHl'l BTQpraJI.CSl AeJl.OBDR &3hIK nQBCE!AHeBHDC'rn. Ha TeppmopHH BH3aHTHH, KpoMe TOro, ObIJl..o 3aMeTHO BJIlliI1me rpeseexax aorapaaxsasrx ADKYMeHTOB C ax n.oAP.oOHbIMHXapaKTepHC'rHKaMH. Ha 3aIIa,lI,e IIepBeHCTBYIOID;HM ADMHHHP)1IO~HM Q:>aKTDpOM B CMemeHHH Ha3BaHHbIX noHSlTHH H TepMHH.oB lIBJI.SlJI.aCh Ha'tIaBmaSIC5I Jl.OMKa A.oMHHHP.oBaBmHX paaee crpyxryp H BMISlHHe BapBapH3~.

13 Ibid. P. 69.

14 Ibid. P. 69. Note 294.

40

l..lTO JKe xacaercs 31I0XH IOcTHIIHaHa B BH3aHTHH, TO OHa CBH3aHa CO 3Ha'IHTeAbHhlMH H3MeHeIllliIMl2I B TpaKTOBKe ae- 3Ba.HHhlX 1I0IDITHH 1I0 CpaBHeHmO C 3IIOXOM ByAhl'apHOrO npasa. 11pH IOCTHIIHaHe Mhl CTahKHBa~MCH C 06PaSD;aMH HOBhIX $OpM nepepaeoraa IIPaBOBOM HH<pOPMau;HH, OTpaJKaIO~ MexaIDi3M <pOPMHpOBaHIDI npaBOBhIX oraomeaak H npaaosorc aIInapara B aosyro XPHCTHaHCKYID anoxy BH3aHTHHCKOH HCTOpHH. MOJKHO C'lHTaTh, 'ITO HMeHHO TOI'Aa CKaAhlBaIOTCH AOMHHHpyromae 3aTeM na npOTHJKemm: BceM BH3aHTlri!:CKoM HCTOPHH <popMbI coocraeaaocra, a TaKJKe MeXaIDi3M BocnpoH3BOACTBa D;HBHJ\H3art;HH BO BpeMeHH, orrpeAeMIeMhlli MeXaHH3MOM nepepaOoTKH npaBOBOH HH<P0PMaD;HH.

11PH IOcTHHHaHe rrpeOQAaAaAa TeHAeHD;HSI pa.3.lIJfqeHHH cooCTBeHHOCTH H BAaAeHHH. B Am'eCTax, HaI!pHMep, a 3aTeM B BaCHAHKax Mhl BCTpe'laeMCH C TaKHM YTBepJKAeHHeM: "BJl.aAeHHe noAeM OTAH'IaeTOl OT npana COOCTBeHHOCTH" 15. Ilpaao IOcTHHHaHa, KaK rrpasaao, B Ayxe Kll.aCCH'leCKOrO npasa psccxarpaaexo BAaAeHHe KaK xapaKTepmilli: npaaaax, a TaKJKe oNrf H3 npll'nm B03- lIHKHOBeHRSI COOCTBeHHOCTHlfi. 11oAooHhle onpeAeAeHRSI acrpeaaeM 3aTeM B BaCHAHKax H y ApMeHoIIyAa, rAe ~PJKAaeTClI, 'ITO BAaAeHHe - 3T0 oOAaAaHHe BemI>IO co CTOPOHhl roro, KTO HaMepeHT'ocnOACTBOBan. HaA HeMI1. Pe'lh HAeT, TaKHM oopa30M, 00 animus possidendi, animus domini KAaCCH'leCKOrO rrpasa18• KaK BHAHO, npase IOpJ!IAH'IeCKoro KOlITpOASI HaA 3eMAeM, KaK H B KAaCCH'lBCKYID 3IIOXY, acconaaposaxocs C IIpaBOM c06CTBeHHOCTH. HeTO'lHHKOM COOCTBeHHOCTH IIO ApMeHOIryJl.Y liBAlIACH TaKJKe HaeM 3eMAH19. 3TOT IOpHAH'IeCKHH zasyc CBHAeTeAhCTBYeT 00 H3BeCTHhlX OTAH'llilIX OT KAaCCH'leCKOrO pHMCKOrO rrpesa, B paMKax KOroporo HaeM He pa,CCMaTpHBMClI KaK BeID;Hoe npaao H He IIOPOJKAM COOCTBeHHOCTH. AMee, IIO ApMeHOIIyAY, npaso AaBHOCTH IIOPOJKAMO COOCTBeHHOcTh2O. <l>H3H'leCKOe BAaAeHHe, onsrs JKe, KaK H B KAaCCH'lecKHH nepHOA, OTAH'IMOCh OT IOpHAH'leCKOroll. 110- CAeAyroII:{Jilil: nepHoA H oceeeaao snoxa II03AHeM BH3aHTHH

15 Digesta / / Corpus Jurts Civilis. Berolini, 1954. Vol. 1. P. 16, 115. (AMee:

D.); Basilicorum Libri IX / Ed. H.E. Scheltema, N. van der Wal, D. Holwerda. Groningen, 1953. Vol. n. P. 112 sq. (AMee: Bas.). Cpo D. 6.2.1.6.

16 C.J. 1. 16.5.2; 8. 22. 3; 8. 55. 1 pr. (249); 3. 39. 3; 4. 21. 8 (281); proprietas

possesionis; jus possessoris (c. J. 2.50,3; D. 6. 2. 16; D. 16.35). 17 Bas. II. 2. 33; ApMeRqnyA.. II. 1. C. 98. 2.

18 Levy E. Op. tit P. 48.

19 ApMenonYA. I. 2. C. 98.

20 Ibid. 6, 1.

21 Ibid. II. 1. 2. P. 98.

41

(XIII - XV BB.), AeMOHCTpHpyIOT AaAbHefuuee YKPeITAeHHe TeHAe~IDi:, xapasrepasrx MJI npasaeaaa lOcrmmaHa, H CBHAeTeJI.bCTByIOIIJ;I!X 0 pa3J1Hll:eHHH COOCTBeHHOC'I'H H BJl.aAeHHlr. BH3YaJlliHaH OJJ;eHKa axrosoro MaTepHaJI.a n03BOJIHeT BbIABHHY'Th rHTIOTe3Y, COrJl.aCHO KOTOPOH COOCTBeHHOCTb H Bll.aAeHHe B rr03AHeH BH3aHTIm: crporo Pa3J1Hll:aJl.HCb, npa ::ITOM Bll.aAeHHe liBJlHJl.OCb rrpasrraKOM COOCTBeHHOCTH. AHaJl.H3 TepMHHOAOrHH, OC~eCTBJl.eHHblH C D;eJl.bIO apryxearertaa AaHHOH rHIIOTe3hI, rr03BOJI.HJI. CAeJl.aTb CJI.eAyIO~e BbIBOAhI. MMeIOlIlHear aKThI, paccssarpaseeersre C TO'lKH 3peHIDl: yrrOTpeOJl.eHHOH B aax TepMHHOJl.OrHH, 0003Ha'laIOlIleH COOCTBeHHOCTb H BJl.aAeHHe, MOryT OhITb IIOAPa3AeJl.eHhI na CAeAYIOIIJ;He rpynnsr. IIpe)KAe BCerO cJl.eAyeT BblAeJl.HTb HMIIepaTOpCKHe JKaJl.OBaHHble rpaxorsr (npOCTarMhI H XPHCOBYJI.bI, XPHCOBYJl.bHble CID'IDI.IIHH), H3AaHHble C D;eJl.bIO IIOJKaJl.OBaHIDI KPYITHbIM acP0HCKHM MOHaCTbIp.llM COOCTBeHHH'leCKHX rrpen aa 3eMeJl.bHhle BJI.aAeHIDl:. B 3THX asrax COAepJKaTar HaHMeHOBaHH.lI COOCTBeHHOCTH (5ea:Jtrn;e£u, X'Upl6TIlC;), a TaKJKe roBOPHTCli 0 npase COOCTBeHHHKa Hd BJl.aAeHHe 3eM11.eH (voll", XUTOX"). llHbIMH CJl.OBaMH, Bll.aAeHHe KJl.aCCHcPHD;HPyeTar' KaK npaaaax COOCTBeHHOCTH22. IIocKOJl.bKY BJl.aAeHHe - ::ITO cPaKTH'leCKHH KOHTPOJl.b HaA 3eMJ1.eH, TO B HMIIepaTOPCKHX aarax, IIOCBliIIJ;eHHhIX OCBOOOJK;ll.eHHIO MOHacTBlpCKHX Bll.aAeHIDi: OT HaJI.OroB, o6hI'lHo HCrrOJl.b30BaJl.HCb TOJl.bKO TepMHHbl, 0003Hd'laIOm;ne Bll.aAeHHe23•

<I>aKT, 'ITO 0003HaQeHHe "COOCTBeHHOCTb" OObI'lHO npaCYTCTByeT B HMIIepaTOpCKHX AOKYMeHTax, COAepJKaIIJ;HX IIOJKaJl.OBaHHe Kpymn;rM MOHaCThIpHM IOpH,1I,WieCKHX IIpaH COOCTBeHHOCTH aa orrpeAeAeHHble BJl.aAeHHll, CBHAeTeAbCTByeT 0 TOM, 'ITO HMIIepaTopCKHe 3eMeAbHble IIOJKaJl.OBaHHli CTdHOBl!Tca OCHOBHbIM H BaJKHeHrnHM HCTOllHHKOM 3eMeJl.bHOH COOCTBeHHOCTH.

B HeKOTOpbIX CAY'ldl!X B 3Ha'leHHH "COOCTBeHHOCTb" yrroTpOOAlieTCH BblpaJKeHHe "roHHKOH", He HMeBIIIee TO'IHOrO IOpHAH'leCKOrO CMbICJI.a, a 0003Ha'laIOlIlee HaCJI.eACTBeHHOe Bll.aAeHHe24. MCnOJl.b3YIOTCli H nexoropsre APyrne nsrpascerraa, TaKHe KaK rrOJKaJl.OBaHHe "HaHe'IHO", "aa nexa", "rrpO'IHO, HeOTtIYJKAaeMO" , TaKJKe .IIl1IIIIeHHhle 'leTKoro IOpHAH'leCKOrO CMhICAa, CBHAe-

22 Aetes de Lavra / Ed. A. Guillou, P. Lemerle, D. Papachryssanthou, N. Svoronos. P., 1977. Vol.li. N 11. P. 9. 31,36.39; P. 10.46.49.62.14,99; N 72. P. 14. 26. 34; P. 15. N 89. P. 16. 203; P. 13. 11. 14; P. 14. 16, 18, 122; N 103. P. 161. 24. 23 Actes de Dionysitm / Ed. N. Oikonornldes. P .• 1968. N 6. P. 63, 9; N 26.

P. 154. 3. 15.

24 Patlagean E. Ioveeov.

42

TeAbCTByro~He 0 rrpOHHKHOBeHHH B aKTbI 06IJAeHHoro 5I3bIKa25• B xacraocra, "rOHRKOH" ynOTpe6A5IeTCli H NIJI 0603Ha'l:eHHli aaCAeACTBeHHOH rrpOHHH26. B HeKOTOpbIX CAY'Ia5IX cpOpMa c06cTBeHHOCTH 5IBA5IeTCli pacurapeaaoa, T.e. B paCIIIHcppOBKe npasa C06CTBeHHOCTH ynOMHHaIDTcsr H TaKHe ee rrpH3HaKH, KaK y3ytpPYKT HAH xpecac, a TaIOKe npaao rrpOH3BOAHTI> aa 3eMAe paaaaxmre ~)"illIeHHli27. TepMHH "xpecac" PeAKO acrpesaercz B axTax, rOBOpHTCli 0 rrpase H3BJl.eKaTb necs H BC5IKHH AO'KOA28• TOT :IKe rrpHlIIlHII ynOMHHaHID! B OAHOM H TOM :IKe aKTe C06CTBeHHOCTH H BAaAeHHli H npaB aa AOXOA COAepJKHTCH B axrax AapeHHli H K)'II'IHX, o<popMJl.lllO~ aKT rrOKYIIKH-IIpOAaJKH 3eMJI.H29. B 3THX AOK-yMeHTax TepMIDIbI, 0603Ha-qaID~e BAaAeHH5I, KaK H B HMIIeparcpcaax axrax, H3AaHHhlX rro rrOBOAY rrO:IKaAOBaHHli 3eMJI.H B C06CTBeHHOCTb, YTO'l:HliJl.H H pa3'hll'CH5IJ\H o603Ha-qeHHli coeerBeHHOCTH. l1Hali TepMHHOJl.OrHli, KaK npaaaxo, pacrrpocrpaaeaa B npasraaax, B KOTOPbIX rrpe06J1.ilAaIDT BbIpaJKeHHli, OTHOC~ecs K BJl.ilAeHH1O, H ynOMHHaHHli C06CTBeHHOCTH 06bI'l:HO OTcyTCTByroT30. 3TO 06'b5IcH5IeTCli TeM, 'lT0 D;eJl.bIO COCTaBJl.eHHH npaxTHKa 5IBJI.liJI.OCl> OTB6AeHHe rrOJl.Y'IaTeJI.IO Tex 3eMeJl.b, rrpasa Ha KOTopbIe 6bIJI.H esry rrO)KaAOBaHhl BJl.aCTliMH H rrO:IKaAOBaHHe KOTOpsrx ocpopMJI.eHO HMIIepaTOpcKHMH :lKaAOBaHHbIMH rpaMOTaMH. YIHbIMH CAOBaMH, rrpaxraa COCTaBJI.liJI.C5I C D;eJl.bIO BBeAeHHli c06- CTBeHHHKa BO BAaAeHHe rrO:IKaAOBaHHOH eMy C06CTBeHHOCTbIO. /wyroe naaaaxeaae rrpasrasa - rrOATBep~eHHe rpaaan MMeIO~C5[BJl.ilAemrH. B JI.I060M cJl.Y'Iae npasrax COCTaBJI.liJI.C5I C D;eJl.bIO CPHKCa.n;HH ¢aKTa peaxseere BJ\.ilAeHH5[ 3eMJI.eM co CTOPOHbI KOHKpeTHOrO IOpHAH"lecKoro Jl.HD;a.

B P5IAe HMIIepaTOpcIrnX :lKaAOBaHHbI'K rpaxor B nOJl.b3Y OTAeJl.bHbIX <pH3H'l:eCKBX H IOpHAK'IeCKHK JI.HD;, pasAeJI.lfeMbIX RHOrAa 60Jl.bIIIHM BpeMeHHbiM rrepHOAOM, HAH B OAHOM H TOM :IKe rpaMOTe, a TaIOKe B npaxraxax HMeIOTCli rrOBTOpbI. Ilosropaercs B pa3HbIX <pparMeHTax TeKCTa <poPMYJl.a co6CTBeHHOCTH C npHCY-

25 Actes de Dionysiou. N 11. p .. 85. 2; Actes de Lavra. Vol. II. N 11. P. 9. 21. 32; Ibid. N94. P. 128.31; N 92. P. 119. 8, H.

26 Aetes de Xenophon I Ed. D. Papachryssanthou. P .• 1986. N 6. P. 91. 7;

Aetes de Dionysiou. N 11. P. 85. 2.

27 Aetes de Lavra Vol. II. N 79. P. 48. 7; N 116. P. 298. 11, 19. 28 Ibid. N 16. P. 35.13-14; N77. P. 42,113.

29 Ibid. P.158. 7; 16-17; N98. P. 139.27; Aetes de Xenophon. N 20.P. 165. 35; N B. P. 207. 27.

30 Aetas de Lavra. Vol. II. N 76. P. 35. 13-16; N 17. P. 42. 109; N 93. P. 121. 22-23; N 95. P. 125. 11; N 99. P. 143. B; N 105. P. 173.26; N 109. P. 217. 995; N 110. P. 279. 12-13; N 111. P. 294. 46.

43

~ eil: pa3BeTRII.eHHhlM yrOtmeHHhlM H KOMMeHTHpoBaHHbIM IIO~ amreperosr, nosropaercs pacnopzsceaae HMIIeparopa OTHOCHTeJl.bHO rrOJKaAOBaHHH AaHHOMY JIHIW 3eMAH B C06CTBeHHOCTb HAH rrOATBepJKAemm co6CTBeIffiHtIeCKHX IIpaB, a TaKJKe HMMJlllITeTHM KAay3y.ll.a. OHa COAepJKHT rrepe'IeRb HaAOrOBhlX JU,rOT H AapoBaHHhlX AaHHOMY JIHIW IIpHBHJI.erHH. 3TH noBTOPb[ OTpaJKaIOT crpexxeaae AapwreMI KaK MOJKHO noxaee H TO'IHee crpaaars 06'beM nepeaamnzx IIpaB H 1IX rapaaraa, pasHO KaK H rrepe'IeHb CaMHX nepezanasrx B C06CTBeHHOCTb 3eMeJI.b. ITpeAIIOAaraAOCb, 'ITO 'IaCTb TeKCTa MOJKeT 3aTepHTbCH, HO OCTaaerca APyrOH <pparMeHT C TOH JKe HIl:<p0pMaIJ;HeH. Xapaxrepao, 'ITO MHOrOIIAaHOBM H30m;peHHM aHTH'!Hilll paropaxa B cpeaHHe sexa 3aMeIDIeTClI B onpenexemrsrx TeKcTax MeXaHH'leCKH BbICTpOOHHhIMH, HMeIOIIl;HMH cyryfio KOAH'IeCTBeHHYID CTpYKTYpy, rroBTOpHIOm;HMHCH apryMeHTaMH. ITOBTOPhl IIpHAaIOT TeKCTaM KaK aocarexax IIpaBOBOH HH<pOPMaIJ;HH 11)(IAI'U:IHOHHbIH xapaxrep, COOTBeTCTByrom;HH TpCWiU\HOHHOMY xapazrepy caaoro o6m;ecTBa, a, C.II.eAOBaTeJl.bHO, nOKa3bIBaIOT oco6eHHocTH MexaHH3Ma BocrrpoH3BOACTBa YCTOH'lHBhlX, T.e. :u;HBHAH3aIJ;HOHHhlX TeHN~H:u;HH BO BpeMeHH. 3TOT MexaHH3M B AdHHOM cxyxae TeCHO CBH3aH C nepepadoraoa, xpaaenaex H rrepeAa'Ieil: HH<p0pMaIJ;HH.

MaAH3 KaK 3aKOHOAaTeJl.bHbIX llaMHTHHKOB, TaK H axroaoro xarepaaaa noxassraeer noapacreromyro BO BpeMeHH poxs nOIDITHH "co6cTBeHHOCTb" Hero IIpOH3BOAHhIX. 06 STOM TaKJKe rOBOpHT BbIpaJKeHHH, HMeIOIIl;HeCH B BacHJlHKax H y ApMeHorryAa, rAe 0603HaQeHHH co6cTBeHHocTH CO'IeTaIOTCH C HaHMeHOBaHHeM APYTHX IIpaB aa 3eMAI031, a TaKJKe pacIIIHpeHHaH XapaKTepHCTHxa C06CTBeHHOCTH B JKaAOBaHHbIX HMIIepaTOpCKHX rpaxorax.

AaAee, MbI cnenaaasan Q6pam;aeMclI K pacCMoTpeHHIO pOJlli C06CTBeHHOCTH B rr03AHeBH3aHTHHCKOM o6m;ecTBe, a TaKJKe aHaAH3y ee CTpYKTYPhl, rrOHHMaHHH C06CTBeHHOCTH ccapesreaHHKaMH H ee 0603HaQeHHH.

B nexoropsrx BH3aHTHHCKHX IIpaKTHKax Mhl HaxOAHM c:aeAeHID! 0 pa3AH'IHhlX CO:u;HdJU,HbIX crarycax 3eMeJI.bHbIX C06CTBeHHHKOB, cyII\eCTBOBaBIIlHX B rr03AHeH BH3aHTHH. A HMeHHO, liMexa pacrrpocrpaaenae C06CTBeHHOCTb apXOHTOB (apacroxparaa), rocynapcraenmae 3eMAH <pHcKa, HMIIepaTOpcKHe AOMeRbI, a TaKJKe C06CTBeHHOCTb n;epKBeii H MOHaCTbIpeH32. Coxpa-

31 Bas. n. 2. 33; ApMenony.il. II. 1. C. 98. 2: "vo!llj'eO"tI 1jJUXli 6e<m&f;ovtlX; x(rtOJCll" .

32 Actes de Lavra. Vol. II. N 71. P. 11. 91-92; Actes de Xenophon. N 15.

P. 139.2-4.

44

HHBIIIHHCSI aKTOBbIH MaTepMaA OTHOCMTCSI B OCHOBHOM K !V'>YM nOC.II.eAHMM KaTeropMSIM co6cTBeHHocTH. He TOAhKO B n03AHeBH3aIITIri1:cKHH nepaoz, HO H panee 3TH BFfAEI C06CTBeHHOCTH passaaaxacs no BOCXOASIID;('!H .II.HHMH, HO HX CTpYKTYPa rrperepnesaaa H3MeHeHIffi. 06paTHMCR K HCTO'lliHKaM. CnenarpasecKOH ';IepTOH nO.ll.OJKeHIffi n;ep'KOBHOH H MOHaCThlpCKOH C06CTBeHHOCTH 6hl.11.o rrpaBH.II.O, no KOTOPOMY B03BeAeHMe xpaaa H.II.H C03AaHHe MOHaCThlpSI AO.II.JKHO 6hl.11.O BcerAd rrpOHCXOAHTb aa 3eM.II.e, co6CTBeHHOCTb na KOTOPyro npHH1lMeJKHT COOTBeTCTBYromesry pe.ll.HrH03HOMY yqpeJKAemfiO. CPeAH AonO.II.HHTeJl:hHhlX 17 npasax (KaROHOB} KOHcraHTHHOnOAhCKOrO co6opa 861 r. meers Ba<rd.ll.bHhlX OTHOCHTCR K MOHamecKoH JKH3HM H nepsoe H3 HHX COAepJKHT sarrpemeaae .II.HI.(J, nOJKepTBOBaBmeMY caoe HMeHMe A,:SI. ycrpoenaa MOHaCThlpH, COXPaHHTb CBOH C06CTBeHHH'leCKHe H B.II.dAeM><reCKHe npasa Ha COOTBeTCTByrom;He 3eM.II.H H CaM MOHaCThlPb~3.

KaK BHARa, nOAo6HaSI npaBOBaSI CHTYaI.(HH 03Ha<raeT OTXOA OT npaarrana superficies solo cedit K.II.aCCH'leCKOrO pHMCKOrO npaaa, KOTOpbli1: rrpOAO.II.JKaA coxpaasrsca B OTHomeHMH HHhlX nocrpoex He pe.ll.HrH03HOrO, a rpdJKAaRCKOrO H X03HHCTBeHHoro Ha3Ha'leHIffi. I1HOl',ll.a 3eM.II.H, na KOTOPOH KTHTOPOM B03BOAHTCH XPaM H.II.H c03AaeTCH MOHacTWPb, nepenaeres rocYAapCTBoM KTHTOpy B AaP, a aarex IIepeXOAHT Pe.ll.HrH03HOMY Y<IpeJKAeHHIO' B 104-H HOBe.ll..ll.e AbBa VI YTBepJKAaeTCH Ha3BaHHOe ropaAH'!eCKoe rrpaBH.II.O. C006m;aeTCH, 'ITO 3eM.II.H, 6hlBmaH paaee roCYAapCTBeHHOH, B cxysae eC.II.H aa HeH nOCTpoeHO Pe.ll.HrH03HOe Y'IpeJKAeHHe, YJKe He p.aCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK TaKOBaSI, a SIB.ll.HeTCR nepeAaHHOH 6e3 BCHKHX orpaHH'IeHHH COOTBeTCTByrom;eMY y<rpeJKAeHMlO B Aap, T.e. B C06CTBeHHOCTb34. B 3TOH CB£:3M xapaxrepmr H APyrne AOKYMeHTbl. XPHCOBY.II. HMIIepm;,opa MeKces I KOMHMHa MOHaxy XpHCTOAY.II.Y OT 1088 r. rrpeAOCTaB.ll.HeT eMY OCTPOB ITiITMoc B sesnyro C06CTBeHHOCTh, OAHaKO npa yc.ll.OBRR, 'ITO nO.ll.y<raTeAh Aapa IIOCTpOHT aa ocrpose MOHacThlpbJs. 3TOT AOK)'MeHT CBHAeTeAhCTByeT 0 !V'>yx rrpaaoasrx SIB.ll.eHHRX, xapaKTepHhlX AJI.H MOHaCThlpCKOH H nepxosaoa C06CTBeHHOCTH H c03AdlOID;HX HORhle npescssre npen;eAeHThlrrO cpas-

33 BeplJRUKOB H.C. Kp1iT!lliii: KYPc nepxosaoro npasa npaBOCAaBHOH n;epKBH. Kesam, 1903. C. 43; ITOII.HhIH npaaocaeaasra 3HD;HKAOneAH'lecKHH CAOBaPI.. M., 1992. T. II. Penp. C. 1193.

34 Noailles P., Daiu A. Les novelles du Leon VI le Sage. P., 1944. Nov. CN. 35 ButuvtLva 'Eyypa<pu 'tou ITCttj1OU. A'Mrroxpu'tOptxCt I E.A. Bpcvoeon. 'ABfjvat, 1980. L. 58.

45

HeHHIO C KMCCH'leCKHM H By.lIbrapHbIM IIpaBoM. To 06CTOHTeJ\bCTBO, 'ITO OC'rpOB B n;eMIX B03BeAeHIDI: MOll:aCThlpH AdpyeTcH HMneparoposr HMeHHToMY MOHaxy B IIO.I\HYIO C06CTBeHHOCTb, IIOsaasraeer em;e pas oTcyTCTBHe IIpdBHJl.a superficies solo cedit Al\5I MOHdCTblpeH H n;epKBeH. OAHaKO, aecxorpa aa TO 'lTO co6- CTBeHHOCTb Ha3blBaeTCH IIO.I\HOH, lIO cymecrsy OHa HBMIeTCH ycAOBHOH, a HMeHHO, 3eMMI IIepeAaeTCH XpHCTOAYAY aa YCAOBIDIX C03AaHIDI: aa HeH MOHaCThlpH.

CBeAeHIDI: OTHOCHTeJ\bHO B03BeAeHHH n;epKBH aa 3eMAe, IIpHHaAAeJKdBmeH aa npasax c06CTBeHHOCTH KTHTOPaM, COAepJKaTCH B HOBeAAe BacHAIDI: II OT 996 r.36, H3 KOTOPOH ysaaex, 'ITO cBo60AHble KpeCTbHHe c03AasaAH n;epKBH Hd 3eMAe, IIPHHdAAeJKasmeH HM aa rrpasax c06CTBeHHOCTH. 3aTeM xpecTbHHHH-KTHTOP IIpHIIHCblBaeT 3TOH n;epKBH C CorAdCIDI: OAHOceAb'laH CBOH Y'laCTOK, CTdHOBHTCH MOHaxOM H IIOCeMIeTCH Y nepxsa AO KOHn;a CEoeH JKH3HH. TaKJKe IIOCTYIIalOT H APyrne KPeCThHHe. TaKHM 06pa30M, KdK rOBopHTCH B HOBeAAe, lIOHBMIeTCH HeCKOAbKO MOHaxOB H B03HHKdeT MOHaCThIph. OAHdKO IIOCAe CMepTH MOHdxOB CAY'laAOCh TdK, 'lTO eIIHCKOII HAM MHTPOIIOAHT IIPHCBaHBaAH ce6e nepaoas H 06'I>HBMIAH see nocexeHHe MOHaCThlpCKHM. HOBeAAd IIpeAIIHCbIBdeT B03Bpam;eHHe IIOA06HbIX n;epKBeH H MOHaCThlpeH nOA BAdCTb CeAbCKOH 06- ID;HHbI. Hac HHTepeCYeT, KdK OTMe'laAOCb, TO, 'ITO B 3TOH HOBeAAe HMeeTCH CBHAeTeAbCTBO 0 cym;ecTBOBaHHH n;epKBH H MOHaCTbIpH Hd 3eMAe, nepeAdHHOH B HX co6CTBeHHOCTb. B n;eAOM JKe HOBeAAa orpazcaer H3BeCTHyw, HeOAHOKpaTHO paccxarpasaesryro B AHTepaTYPe IIpdKTHKY 60Pb6bI roCYAdPCTBa sa COxpaneaxe CeJ\bCKOH 06m;HHbI - HCTO'lHHKd HaAOrOBbIX IIOCrynAeHHH B Ka3HY. nOMHMO MHOI'HX APYI'HX BbIBOAOB, KOTOpsre 6bIAH CAeAdHbI aa OCHOBdHHH AaHHOrO AOKYMeHTa, OTMeTHM TaKJKe, 'ITO OHa, B03MOJKHO, rOBOpHT HaM 0 HeKOTOpbIX H3 nyTeH B03HHKHOBeHHH n;epKOBHbIX IIpHXOAOB. CBeAeHIDI: 0 TOM, 'ITO 3eMMI, aa KOTOPOH coopysceno peAHI'H03HOe yspezcAeHHe, HaxoAHTCH Y Hero B c06CTBeHHOCTH, HaxOAHM H B KOAeKce Apsreaorryxa, rAe rOBopHTCH, 'ITO Y'lacTKH 3eMAn ('t63t0l), 3aHHThle XpaMdMH, HBMIlOTCH CBHThlMH H HenOAlIHHSIeMbIMH ([epo( xal Mt03t.O'tOl). 3To HX COCTOHHHe Be'lHO H He IIOMeJKHT H3MeHeHHHM31.

36 Jus Graeco-Romanum / Ed. I. Zepos. Aaalen, 1962. Vol. I. Nov. XXVI.

P. 262 - 212; Papagianni E. Legal Institutions and Practice in Matters of Ecclesiastical Property. P., 1058. Not. 42.

37 ApMe.!!ony.ll. II. 61. C. 106.

46

OTMe'leHHOe OTJUilIHe QepKOBHOH H MOHaCTblpCKOH C06CTBeHHOCTH OT CBeTCKliX 3eMeAbHbIX BABAeHH:ii, 3aK1UO'IaIOm;eeCH B HerrpHMeHHMOCTH K HHM rrpHHQHIIa superficio solo cedit, OTHIOAb He eAHHCTBeHHaH ax ClIeQHq,H'leCKaH xepra, 06 3TOM roBOpHT TOT q,aKT, 'ITO xpynasre MOHaCTblpH, KaK IIpaBHAO, OCBO- 60JKAaAHCb OT yrrAaTbl TaKOrO naaore, KaK KOMMepKH:ii38, OT BHeceHHH xoroporo 6bI./I.H CB060AHbI erne TOAbKO HaxOAHBWHeCH B HMIIepHH aa OC060M IIOAOJKeHHH HTaAbHHCKHe KYIIQbI. TIPHBHAerHpOBaHHbIH craryc QepKBeH H MOHaCTbIpeH He cnacaa ax, OAHaKO, OT'IaCTOH KOHq,HCKaQRH 3eMeAbHbIX BABAeHHH, ocymeCTBAHeMOH rOCYAaPCTBOM. B lIepHOAbI 060CTPeHHH BHeIIIHeH 06CTaHOBKH asmeparopea B HHTepecax "oomero 6Aara" II, 1I0Ah- 3YHCb CBOHMH HCKAIO'IHTeAbHbIMH 1I0000000eCKHMH npeporaraBaMH, HepeAKO rrepeAaBaAH aexoropsre MOHaCThIpCKHe 3eMAn rrpOHHapaM39•

TIoA06HbIe aKQHH 6bIAH aapynreaaex 1I0CTaHOBAeHHii QepKOBHbIX COOOpOB. AeHCTBHTeAbHO, 24-e IIpaBHAO IV XMKHAOHCKOro cooopa 451 r. rAaCHT, 'iTO OCBHm;eHHbIe IIO BOAe eIIHCKOrra MOHacTbIpH AOAJKHbI HaBCerM coxpaaers CBOH CTaryc H He TOAbKO He MOryT 06pal!laThCH B 1I0Mem;eHHH CBeTCKOro xapaxrepa, HO sa MOHaCTblpHMH AOAJKHO COXPaHHThCH see ax HMYlIleCTB040. CeAbMOH BceAeHcKH:ii c060p 181 r. B CBOliX 12-M H 13-M npaaaaax TaKJKe sanpemaer oT'iYJKAeHHe HMYlIleCTBa, rrpHHaAAeJKal!lero elIHCKOIIHHM H MOHaCTblpHM. B CAYxae JKe, eCAH Ha3BaHHOe HMYlIleCTBO He IIPHHOCHT HHKaKOH BbIrOAbI, TO 1I03BOAHTeAbHO ycrynars ero B IIOAb30BaHHe KAHpHKaM H 3eMAeAeAbQaM, HO He MeCTHbIM AHHaTaM41• BeposrHO, B TaKHX CAYliaHX HCIIOAb30BaACH 3M<pHTeBCHC. Ha 1I0MeCTHOM Kapcpareacxoss coeope 419 r., 3aHHMaBmHMCH YCTPOHCTBOM AeA Aq,PHKaHCKOH QepKBH, 6bIAO IIpHHHTO 11-e aHMOrH'IHOe IIpaBHAO 0 He0TliYJKAaeMOCTH nepxosasrx 3eMeAb. B cxysae, eCAH 3eMAn He IIPHHOCHT AoxoAa, TO pemeaae 06 liX CYAb6e AOAJKeH 6bIA IIpHHHMaTh COBeT eIIHCKonOB42. MOJKHO 06HaPYJKHTh HCTOKH 3TliX KaHOHOB-nocTaHoBAeHH:ii B caK-

38 XBocmOBa K.B. CoqHaAbHO-3KOHOMH'leCKlfe npoueccsr B n03AHeH BH- 3aHTHH H HX nOHHMaHHe BH3aIi'l'HiiI.1aMH-COBpeMeHHHKaMH XIV - XV BB. M., 1992. C. 45.

39 TaM lKe. .

40 EepgHUKoB H.C. YKa3. cos, C. 25.

41 TaM lKe. C. 30; ITOJ\HhlH npaBOCMBm.m 6oroCAOBCKHH 3HqHKAOneAH'!eCKHH CAOBapb. T. II. C. 1191.

42 BepgHUKOB H.C. YKa3. cos, C. 42. ITOAHhlH npasoCAaBm.m 6oroCAOBCKIDl: 3HqHKAOneAH'leCKHH caoaaps. T. II. C. 1193.

47

PaJIhlfOM PHMCKOM npase, aanpemasnrest OTtI)'JKAeHl£e XPaMOBhlX HMylIleCTB43.

B nparnrane no ropBAH'feCKOR cHll.e zaaoma H 3aKOm.l co BpeMeH lOcnnrnaHa rrpapaasrraaxacs B BH3aHTlfH APYI' K APYry44. BbI06p Me AHKTOBaJl.CH npaKTH'IeCKHMH COOopaJKeRHHMH (nOAPOOHO HIDKe). ilOCTaHOBJl.emrn, cOAepJltam;HeCH B HMIIepaTOPCKHX )KaJl.OBaHHhlX rpaxorex, KaCillOIIJ;HeCH BpeM8HHoro OTo6paHHH MOHacTl>IpCKHX 3eMeA.b, rrpapasaaaaxacs, K 3aKOHaM, HQ C TOtnCH apenaa COBpeM8HHOTO 3HaHHH, MOryT 0bI'fl, pacnenemr KaK npaso npeu;eAeHTOB, arpasmee II BH3aHTlfH orpOMH)'IO POJU.. KpOMe roro, nOAOOHaH npaxraxa BOCXOAHT K PHMCKOR rOCYAapcTBEiHHOR TPiiAHD;HH. (J>HCK B PHMe He TOJU.KO Mar KOHq)MCKOBaTb 'IaC'I'HbIe 3eMAH, HO H npOAC$aTb HX4$. B AaHHOM CJl.Y'Ide OOHapYJKHBillOTCH CHJU.m.le KaK nOJl.HTHlIeCKHe, TaK H 3aKOHOTBOp'IeCKHe npeporaransr HMnepaTOpOB, HX MaIrnnyAHpOBaHHe 3aKOHaMH H nOCTaHOBJl.eHIDlMH. 00 aTOM rOBOpHT yJKe TO, 'lTO nOAOOm.le $aKTbI KOIIq,HCKilu;HH B axrax paerteaaBaJlliCb teaK BbI3BaBHbi:e aKcTPeMaJU.HbIMH cHTYau;lliIMH. OObI'IHO OTOOpaHHbIe MOltacTbIpCKHe 3eMAH H nO)KaJl.OBaHHhle npoaaapex, 3aMeHHAHCb HMllepaTOpoM na APyrHe paBHOu;eHHbIe46:

Em;e ¥I. IlieB'leHKO nOJl.araJI., '!TO nOAooIIIlIe MeponpHHTHH axacTeR oTPaJKa>lli oopb6y npeaaapoa H MOHaCTbIpeli47'. MbI noxeraeM, 'ITO 3'1'0'1' BbIBOA He HB.II.HeTCH AOCTaTO'lHO yoeAHTeA.bHbIM. ITo OTHOmeHHlO K BH3aHTlfH, eCA.H CpaBHHTb CHTYau;HIO C 3arrQAOM, rAe B cpeAHHe sexa Be./I.aCb 6op:s6a COGAOBHH aa CBOH npana H sa C03AaHHe rpaJKAaHCKOrO OOm;eC'rBa, BPHA.II.H U;e./I.eCOOOpa3HO roBOPHTb 0 TaKOM COD;HaJU.HOM q,aKTope, KaK nOJl.HTHlIeCKaH OOPboa KaKHX -.ll.HOO COD;HaJU.HbIX rPymIHpOBOK MeJKAY COOOR H.II.H sa orpaHH'leHHe HMllepaTOpCKoli BJl.aCTH. CpeAH MOHaxOB, KaK H3- BeCTHO, ObI.II.H MHOrHe ObIBnme Kpyrrm.te npOHHapbI. Hs MOHameCKOR cpeAbI BhlXOAH.II.H BHAHbIe AHIT.II.OMaTbI, l\!IOHaxaMH eraHOBH.II.HCb ObIBillHe nO.II.H'I'H'IeCKHe AeHTe.iI.H. fOCYAilPCTBO C noMOIIJ;b1O nOABAilCTHOR eMY 6lOpOI<panrn:li B u;e./l.OM peJKHMa, BOC-

43 VoeJkl L. Die Kirchenstiftunqen des Kaisers Konstantin im Lichte des remischen Sakralrechts, KoIn, 1964. S. 11.

44 D. I. 3, 11; BaS. II. 1.26; Vol. I. P. 18; Actes d'Iviron I Ed. G. Lefort, N. Oikonomtdes, D. Papachryssanthou, V. Kravari. P., 1994. Vol. III. N 66. P. 129.33; P. 79.11. C. J. I. 3. 44.1; I. 2.12.1.

45 Xsocmos B.M. Ci!:areMa PRMCKOro npasa, C. 4-7.

46 XBocmOM K.B. COIQilaJll,HO-9KOHOMH'leClWe rrponeccsr B BH3aH'l'l!H ...

C.45.

41 Sevtooco J. Anti-Zealot /I Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 1957. Vol. 11.

P.153-151.

48

xOAlllllero K 3IIOXe AOMHHaTa, 60J1.ee MAR MeHee ycnenmo MaHHrryAHPOBMO COu;HaJ\hHbIMH rpyrmaxa otimecrna. rOCYAapCTBO, OCHOBaHROe aa caxpaasmrx HAeHX IIOAHTI1'leCKOH OPTOAOKCHH H nepeOCMbICAeHHOH C XPHCTHaHCKHX Il03Hu;HH aHTH'lHOH rrpaBOBOH H IIOAHTH'lecKOH AOKTPHHhl, onpeAeMIAo )lJiIIl;o BH3aHTHHCKOH HMIIepHH H u;HBMAR3an;HH. EOrOCAOBHe COCTaBMIAO $YHAaMeHT pa3.J\H'lHhlX HAeOJl.OrH'leClrnX, B TOM 'lHCAe CO:U;HiIAhHO-3KOHOMH'leCKHX, Te'lemm. OTAeJUJlli[e KOH$Jl.HKTbI MeJKAY HMIIepaTOpaMH H u;epKOBHhlMH aepapxaera HOCMAR xapaxrep, OTJI.HlIHhIH OT 6oph6hl :u;epKBH H rOCYAapCTBa aa 3anaAe, B OClIOBe KOTOPOH Jl.eJKM IIpHHD;HII OCrrapHBaHHSI IIepBeHCTBa. CTPYKTYPHhle oceeeaaocra BH3aHTHHCKOrO rOCYAapCTBa, ero BOCXO· ASIIIlHH K aHTH'lHOCTH CaKpilAhHhIH xapaxrep IIOKa3hlBaIOT, 'lTO MOJKHO KOHCTaTHpOBaTh ./IHIIIb aaenrnee, HO He cYJIlHOCTHoe CXOACTBO C H3BeCTH.bIMH $aKTaMH KOH$HCKan;HH rrepxosasrx 3eMeAb na CpeAHeBeKOBoM 3aIIaAR B :U;eJl.OM B XIV - XV BB. MOaacrsrpa OKa3aJI.HCh nee JKe 6oJl.ee 3ar:u;mn;eHlIhIMH. qTO JKe xaCaeTCSI IIpOHHH, TO HeCMOTpSI aa paCIIpOCTpaHeHHOe MHeHHe, COTJl.aCHO KOTOPOMY IIpOHHSI IIpHo6peTaJl.a BCe 60Abmee 3HaHeHHe B o6lIlecTBeHHoii: CTPYKTYPe rr03AHeH BH3aHTHH, OHa nperepneaaxa KpH3HC. 06 3TOM CBHAeTeAbCTByroT $aKTbI CAa'lH IIpOHHH MOHacThlpSIM B apeHAy48 MAR NUKe rrpOAaJKa HX49. ITpaaa MOHaCThlpSI aa apeHAOBaHHhle rrpOHHH o603HaHaJl.Hch TepMHHaMH, o603Ha'laIOJIlHMH BJl.C!AeHH~o.

B AHTepaTYPe, KaK H3BeCTHO, mapoxe pacIIpOCTpaHeHO MHeHHe, COTJl.aCHO KOTOPOMY rrpOHHH He HBMIJI.aCh co6CTBeHHoCThIO. 3TO JI.Hillh rrOJKaJI.OBaHHe E:MOrOBOH KBOTbI sa CAYJK6y. OAHaKO A)'MaeTcSI, 'lTO 6hlJ1.O 6h1 TOHHee XapaKTepH30BaTh npoHHIO KaK 3eMeAbHOe o6ecrreHeHHe cooraercrsyromea aaxoroBOH KBOTbI. BHe BCSIKoro COMHeHHSI, HTO B PSIAe CAYHiileB npoaaap npaoeperaa $aKTHHecKHH KOHTpOAb!faA 3eMJI.eH. OCHOBhlBaRCh aa 3THX $aKTax yHeHhle cepeAHHhl XX B. paCCMaTpHBaJI.H rrpOHHIO KaK C06CTBeHHOCTh51. HaM npeACTaBJI.HeTCSI, 'lTO noAo6HaR TOHKa 3peHHH HMeeT rroA C060H OCHOBaHHe. AeHCTBHrexsno, npomea He MOJKeT paCCMaTpHBaThCSI KaK C06CTBelIHOCTh C rr03HIJ;HH pHMCKOrO KJl.aCCHHeCKoro npasa, Ho, KaK OTMe'lMOCh, B YCAOBHHX BU3aHTHH co BpeMeH IOCTHHHdHa KJl.aC-

48 Actes de Xenophon. N 6. P. 97.11. 49 Ibid. N 6. P. 97, 11, 19.

50 Ibid.

51 eM., HaIIpHMep: Ocmporopcxu r. TIpmmja. TIpHil.or HCTOpHjIf ¢eYAa.Illi3Ma y BH3aHTHje H y j)IJKHOCAOBeHCKHM 3eMlbaMa. Beorpas, 1951.

49

canecxoe pHMCKOe rrpaso, XOTH H 3aHHMaJl.O BHOBl. rAaBeHCTBYIOm;He rr03Hn;HH, HO CO'leTaJl.OCb C BYAbrapHhlM PHMCKHM npaBOM. HapHAY C 3THM, KaK YJKe TaIOKe OTMe'laJI.OCl., pa3BHBaJl.OCl. COOCTBeHHOe BH3aHTIukKOe npaso, <PYHKn;HOHHpOBaBllIee B OCHOBHOM B BHAe npaaa npeneaearos. COrAaCHO BYAbrapHOMY npasy C ero CMemeHHeM COOCTBeHHOCTH H npaa Ha'lYJKYIO 3eMJUO, PaBHO KaK H COOTBeTCTByrom;eH TepMHHOJl.OrHH, rrpOHHH snoxae MOJKeT O:bITb Ha3BaHa COOCTBeHHOCTbIO. OHa HBJI.HeTCH HOBblM BHAOM COOCTBeHHOCTH, cymecrsyiomea B paxxex BYAbrapaoro PHMCKOro rrpasa H BH3aHTHHCKOrO rrpasa npeneaeaTOB. Ee HdCJI.eACTBeHHblH xapaxrep 0003Ha'laeTCH BbIpaJKeHHeM ,)(U'tU i..6YOV YOVlmYrrr'tor;52. A/I5! XapaKTepHCTHKH npas npoaaapa ae COOTBeTCTByrom;yro 3eMJUO yrrOTPeOMI01"CH BbIpaJKeHHH, 0003Ha'laIOm;He BJl.aAeHHe, 'lT0 rrOATBepJKAaeT HaJI.H'lHe peaxsaoro KOHTpOM HaA 3eMJI.eH. CTaTYC npOHHH, HBMBmeHCH pe- 3YAbTdTOM AeHCTBHH rrpasa npen;eAeHTOB, HO OAROBpeMeHHO BOCXOAHID;eH K BYAbra!m0MY PHMCKOMY npasy - OARa H3 cnen;H<pWlecKHX ocoeeaaocrea BH3aHTHHCKOH n;HBHJl.H3an;HH, - 0YAeT IlOAPOOHO paCCMOTPeH B CJl.eAyrom;eH raase.

B03BPaII\aHCl. K MOHaCTbIpCKOH COOCTBeHHOCTH, OTMeTHM CJl.eAyroIn;He ee Cnen;H<pWleCKHe seprsr, B OAROM H3 aKTOB a<POHCKOro npore, ClAPeCOBaHHOM TPeM HMeHHTbIM MOHaxaM, COAepJKaTCH CBeAeHHH 0 nepezase HM aa CpOK HX JKH3HH PHAa 3eMeAbHl.IX BJl.aAeHHH H KeJl.HH aa A<pOHe. Tlocae CMepTH noCJl.eARero xoaexe H3 rpex, noxysaanrax COBMeCTHbIH Aap, ace BAaAeHHH, COCTaBMBllIHe 3TOT Aap, AOJI.JKHbI sepayrsca BHOBl. noz, BAaCTh nporara. A/I5! XapaKTepHCTHKH npaa nporara, KaK IOpHAWleCKoro ;uru;a, npeacrasarexex xoroporo HBJI.HJI.CH npor, PaBHO KaK H npan spesreanoro pacrropasceaaa Ha3BaHHbIM liMYm;eCTBOM CO CTOPOHbI MOHaxoB-rroJl.yqaTeJl.eH BpeMeHHoro Adpa, yrrOTPeOJl.HIOTCH OAHHaKOBl.le TepMHHbI, 0003Ha'laBllIHe COOCTBeHHOCTh (6e(m:6tro, 6ecmQ'te(u)53. KaK BHARO, nporer COXPaHHJI. sepxoaasre COOCTBeHHH'leCKHe npasa no OTHOmeHHIO K ycrynJl.eHHOMY BO BpeMeHHYIO COOCTBeHHOCTl. HMYID;eCTBy. Msa BCTpe'laeMCH C npaBOBblM npenaaearox BpeMeHHOH aepapxa'leCKOH co6CTBeHHOCTH, cymecraoaasmea B paaxex COOCTBeHHWlecKHX rrpan pe.ll.HrH03HblX yqpeJKAeHHH.

B HeKOTOpbIX CJl.yqaHX npor nepezaer KpynHOMY MOHaCThIpIO B Aap nexoropsre BAaAeHHH. Y CJl.OBHeM rrepeAa'lH 5IBMeTCH BOCCTaHOBJl.eHHe paapymenmax rrOCTPoeK HJI.H peMOHT rex, KO-

52 Actes de Xenophon, N 6. P. 91.1; Aetes de Dionysiou. N 11. P. 85.2. 53 Actes de Dionysiou. N 1. P.12. 10-12.

50

Topble aaxoaaxacs B IIII.OXOM COCTOIDmH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C PHMCKHM rrpesox TaKHe IIOCTPOHKH, KaK H3BeCTHO, CAaBaJlHCb B 3M<pHTeBCHC~. AMI XapaKTepHCTHKH rrpas IIO.ll.ytiaTeNr yrroTPe6hmOTC5I BbIpaJKeHHlI, 0603HallaIO~e BJl.AAeHHe55• 3TH JKe BbIpaJKeHHlIlIaCTO acnoxssyrorcs AJI5f 0603HalieHHlI APyrHX CHTYa:r:(HH. A HMeHHO, AJI5f <PHKcaIlHH 3eMe.ll.bHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH He- 60.ll.bIDHX Ke.ll.HH OT xpynaux MOHaCTblpeH56. B aexoropstx axTax npasa nporara aa 3eM.ll.IO 0603HallaIOTCli KaK C06CTBeHHOCTb, a npasa MOHaxOB, B PYKax KOTOPbIX peaasao aaxcaarcs 3TH 3eMAH, KaK B.II.AAeHHe57• I1HOrAa He rrpor, a lIaCTHOe .l\.HU;OKTHTOP nepezaer K.II.HpHKaM, MOHaxaM H.II.H KPyrrHOMY MOHaCTblpIO Ke.ll.HH H.II.H HeOO.ll.bIDHe MOHaCTblpH. Hepezxo npa TaKOM noJKa.ll.OBaHHH JKa.ll.OBaTeill> cexpsaser sa C060H npaao aa rroxyaeHHe B TelleHHe BceH ;)KH3HH onpeneaeamax AOXOAOB C COOTBeTcrsysomero HMYID;eCTBa. IloCJI.e JKe CMepTH JKa.ll.OBaTeNl noxysaTe.II.b npaoopereer npaso IIO.II.HOH c06CTBeHHOCTH H B.II.iiAeHHlI aa AaHHbIH 06'heKT. 3TH ero npasa 0603HallaIOTCli H KaK c06cTBeHHOCTb, H KaK B.ll.aAeHHe56•

Bee 3TH <paKTbl CBHAeTe.ll.bCTByroT 0 IIyTJIX <popMHpOBaHHlI YC.II.OJKHeHHOH CTPYKTYPhI MOHaCTblpCKOrO 3eM.II.eB.II.iiAeHHlI, peraastearapyexoro, IIO-BHAHMOMY, He CTO.ll.bKO KaHOHaMH, CKO.ll.bKO rPaJKAaHCKHM IIpaBOM. Flepez, HaMS BHOBb pesyasrarsr A03BO.ll.eHHOrO B KOAeKce lOcTHHHaHa BhIoopa MeJKAy KaHOHaMH H 3aKOHaMH. B AaHHbIX CJI.)"laJDC, KaK H BO MHOrHX APYTHX, IIpeAIIOllTeHHe 6hI.11.o OT)l,aHO rpaJKAaHCKOMYnpaBY, HMeHHO, ero nOCTaHOB.II.eHHllM, HMeIOm;HM CH.II.Y <popMHpyrom;erocli npasa rrpeneaearos. l:!TO JKe xacaercs KaHOHOB, TO HX nOCTaHOB.II.eHHll IIO AaHHOMY CIOJKeTY pacxoasrcs C BhIOPaHHhIMH B IIpaKTHlIeCKHX nexsx npaBH.II.aMH npasa npeneaearoa. AeHCTBHTeJl.bHO, IDeCToe npaBH.II.O H3 17 AOnO.II.HeHHH K IIOCTaHOBJI.eHHlIM KOHCTaHTHHOnO.ll.bCKOrO coeopa 861 r. rxacar: "MOHaxH He AO.II.JKHhI HMeTb HHKaKOH C06CTBeHHOCTH, HO HM npHHaAJl.eJKam;ee pBepJKAaeTcli sa MOHaCTblpeM"59. BCTYIIaIOm;HH B MOHaCTblpb nePeAaeT MOHaCTblpIO B.ll.aCTb HAA CBOHM HMYm;eCTBoM. IlpaBAa, ,11,0 MOMeHTa BCTyII.II.eHHlI 6YAYID;HH MOHax Mor CBOOO)I,HO pacnopa-

54 Nov. Just. 121. Cap. I; Bas. V. 2. 1; Vol. I. P. 130. 55 Actes de Xencphon. N 18. P. 153.6, 10; P. 154.28. 56 Ibid. N 18. P. 153.6, 10; P. 154.28.

SI Actes de Dionysiou. N 7. P. 72.10; N 9. P. 79. 3, 4, 24; N 23. P. 130.5,29; N 24. P. 133. 19,22,26; P. 135.5,31.

58 Actes de Xenophon. N20. P. 164.9; P. 165.31-33,35.

59 EepgRUJ<oB M.C. YKa3. COq. C. 43. TIo.l\HbIli npaBOCAaBHblH ooroCAoBcrrnH 3~oneAWIecKIlli cxosaps. T. II. C. 1193.

51

AHThCK CBOeH C06CTBeHHOCThIO: IIPOAaTb, nOAapHTh H T.A. 3TO IIpaBHAO coeopa no CMhlCJI.Y COBIIiiAaeT C 12J..,H BOBeMOM IOcTHHHaHa60• OAllaKO B BOHeMe V AbBa VI AaHHOe IIpaBIDI.O H3MeHHAOCh. MOHax rroaysaer IIpaBO HMeTh caoe X03ID1CTBO H nepenaBaTh eI:0 no HaCAeACTBY H no 3aBem;aHID061. JiIMeHHo 3Td HOB~Ad, BHARMO, H OIIpeAeAHAa AaAhBemrree pa3BHTHe COOTBeTCTBYremere BH3aHTId:HCIWro npasa npeqeAeHTOB, OTPaJKeHHOrO B axTOBOM MiITepHaAe H CB513aHHOro C YCAOJKHeHHeM CTPJ'KTYPhI MOHaCThlpCKOH c06CTBeHHOCTH.

3Ta CTp)'KTYPa, IIOBTop5leM, xapexrepasyer BeIIOAHyIO HepapXK<IecKYIO, HHOI"Ad YCJl.OBnyro c06crBeHHOCTh MOHaCThlpK, KAHPHKOB, MORaxOB, KeAR:l!:. B CHeTeMe IIOA06HhlXIIpe:u;eAemOB BCTPe'laIOTCK H TaKHe, KOl"Aa IIOAY'laTeAh Aapa, B 'ldCTHOCTH KpyrrHhlH MOHaCThlph B AHIJ;e CBoeI"O HIYMeBd, MOl" He TOAhKO nepeAdTh nOAY'leHHhlH ad CpOK JIill3HH Aap APymMy ARIJ;y, HO H OCTaBHTh em HdCJI.eAllHKaM. /'vlli XapaKTepHCTHKH IIpaB MOHacrhlp5l ynOTPeOAKeTCK TepMHH "C06CTBeHHOCTh"62. JiI3BecrHhl CJl.Y'laR, KorAa Aap 'laCTHoro xana MOHacrhlplO oxaasrsaerca 'lacTH'lHhIM. l{acTh HMYIIi;eCTBa, HaIIpHMep AOMa, rrpoaaerca 3TOMy MORaCThlplO. ITPH STOM HCIIOAhsyeTcK cTaHAapTHaK TepMHHOAOras, OTHOCHm;aKC5l KaK K BAaAeHHlQ, TaK H K COOCTBeHHO~. 0603Ra'C[eHH5l BAaAeHH5l, KaK BcerAa, pacmmpPoBhIBaIOT 060- 3Ha'leHH5l "coficraeaaocra". 06 3TOM cBRAeTeAhCTByeT aKT npOAaJKH lfaCTHhIM AHIJ;OM KAHpm<y :u;ePKBH Aeeossarea B <I>ecCaAOHHKe IIpHHdAAeJKaBmero 3T,OMy AHrt;y Ha npanax c06CTBeHROCTH AOMa, noerpoeanoro Ha qepKoBHoH 3eMAe64. 3eMA5l, aa KOTOPOH CT05lT AOMa, ohlAa apeHAOBaHa IIpOAaBqOM y :u;epKBH, r.e, Mhl Bc-rpe'laeMC5l C AeHcTBHeM IIpaBHAa superficio solo cedit B OTHomeHHH rp.aJKAaHCKHX H X035lHCTBeHHhIX nOCTPOeK.

A~e 0 APYJ"HX 'C[epTax YCJl.OBROrO, CIIeIJ;H<pHlfecKoro xapaxrepa HeKOTophIX BRAOB MOHaCThIpCKOH c06crBeHHOCTH coAep}KaTCK B cepHH HMllepa'fOpcKHX nO}KaAOBaHHH Hd'C[aAa XV B., KaCaIOIlI;HXC5l IIep€Ad'lH MOHaCThIp1Q A,HOHHCH5l OhIBilleH IIpOHHH B AepeBHe MapHCKHH na KacaHAPe!;.';. B nepnox AOKY-

60 Nov. Just. 123. 38.

(;1 Noailies P., Datn A. Op, cit. Nov. V. P. 27. 62 Actes de Dionysiou. N 12. P. 87.8: 'po 89. 33.

63ActesdeXenophon. N 10. P. 114.24-25. nOIDITHe "xpecac" B 3THXCHT}'CILlHSIX. KaK H B APyrBX. acrpexserca PeAKo. OHO cxpsrsaerca nOA BbIpiOKelllllIMH uHMe'I'b, BAaAeTb II.

64 Ibid. N 9. P. 109.22.

65 3TOT AOKyMeHT IIOKa3aTElAeH KaK CBHAe1'ElAI>CTBO nOJKaAOBaHHll MOHaCThIplO fiI.lBnmx npomm.

52

MelITe :3TOH CepRH B XpRcOByAe MOaHHd VIII OT 1408 r, rOBOpHTC1l 0 uozsaxosanaa ,II,epemrn MOHdCThlPro B nOAHYIOco6CTBeHHOCThl1P. 0,II,HaIW B nOCAe,II,yrom;HX ,II,oK)'MeHTax C006m;aeTC1l 0 TOM, 'ITO nOJKaJl.OBaHHe conpoBOJK,ll,aeTC1l PHAOM YCAOBHH. MoHax1iI: ua CBOH cpe,ll,cTBa ,II,OAJKHhI 6hl11.H nocTPOHTh 11 MapHCKmIe yapenxenae (ll1iI:pr) /VI5f 3aII(HThl HaCeAeHR1l OT HHeIIIHHX aana,II,eIfirii61. B OT,II,eAhHhlX ,ll,oKYMeHTax OTROCHTeAhHO ,II,aHHoro noCeAeHH1l OTCYTCTBytrr 0003Ha'l'eHRe "COOCTBeHHOCTI,", lID rOBOpHTC5.f 0 BAa,II,eH1il:H68. MOHax1iI: TaK H He nOCTpOHAH IIHpr. 3ry MHCCHIO B3M aa ceM ,II,ecnOT AH;1I.pOHHK Flaaeoxor, KOTOphlli B3HMaJI. onpe,ll,eAeHHhle nO,ll,aTH C AlO,II,eH, nOCeAeHHhlX aa ,II,aHHhlX 3eMMIX, HO nocxe CMepTH ,II,eCUOTa 3TH ,II,9XOAhl ,II,OA)KHhl 6hlAH nocryrrars MOHaCThlpro611•

B nOCAe,II,HeM H3 paccsrarpasaesrsrx ,II,oK)'MeHTOB TaKJKe OTCYTCTBYeT 0603HaQeHRe "coocTBeHHOCTh", HO OHO HMeeTC1l sonpeKH pacnpocrpaaeaaoa aa 3TOT cser TeH,ll,eHI\l'I1il: B axre nepe,ll,a'lH 3eMeAh aa KaccaH,II,pe, ocym;eCTBAeRHOM QeThlpJ>M1l anorpa<peBCaMH B 1421 r.m YJKe 3TH nesraorae, paccxorpeaasre Bl>I60- PO'l'HO CB.e,ll,eHH1l eIiJ;e P6.3 IIO,ll,TBepJKAaIOT Te3HC 0 TOM, 'ITO c06- CTBeHHOCTh H BAa.,II,eH1iI:e B II03,II,HeH BR3aHTHH He COBna,ll,aAH. Om aKThl UOKa3hlBaIOT TaKJKe OTCYTCTBHe npeAeAhHolli qeTKOCTH B ynoTpe6Aemrn repM1il:HOAOrHH, HO o,II,HoBpeMeHHO H HaAH'lHe orrpeneseaasrx TeH,II,eHu;ID!: B HCnO.ll.h30BaHHH nOH1lTHlli "co6CTBeRHOCTh" H "BA&,II,eHRe". BAa,II,eH1iI:e - 3TO np01lBAeHRe C06CTBeHHOCTH, XapaKTepH3yrom;ee ee B ,II,yxe KAaCCH'IeCKOrO pHMCKorO npasa KaK <paKTH'leCKHH KOHI'pO.ll.h Ha,II, 3eMJI.eH.

CAOJKHhIe <POPMhl 3eMAenO.ll.h30BaHHSI, xoropere CAO)KFIAHCh B BH3aHTHH npe.liMYII\eCTBeHHO aa MOHaCThIPCKHX 3€MMIX, 06- RapyJKHBaIOT HecBoAHMocTh acex OTHOmeHRH C06CTBeHHOCTH K HaH60Aee pacnpocrpaaeaaoa B HMnepHH B roPHAWIecKOM OTaomeaaa IlOAHOH H 6e3YCAoBHOH C06CTBeHHOCTH. 3TH <pOPMhI 3eMeAhHhIX OTHomemrn: B MOHaCThlpCKHX BA&,ll,eH1il:SIX, Bep01lTRO, CKJl.&,II,hlBil.I\l1ICh B BH3aHTID1I 3a,11,OATO ,11,0 XIV B., K KOT0pOMY OTHOCHTC1l 66hI:illIaSI 'laCTh coxpaaasmeroea aKTOBOrO MaTepHaxa, B TO :m:e BpeMSI, no BeeK BepOSITHOcTH, B Il03,II,HeK BH3aHTHH, Kor,ll,a MOHaCThIpCKoe 3eMAeBAa,II,eHR6 YBeAH'l:HBaJl.OCh B passrepax, a PO.ll.h MOHaCThIpeH B03paCTaAa, STOT rrponecc YCKOPHAC51.

66 Actes de Dionysiou. N 10. P. 83. 7, 10-13. 61 Ibid. N 13. P. 91.

68 Ibid. N 16. P. 103.7 -8. 69 Ibid. N 17. P. 106.

10 Ibid. N 20. P. 120.6; P. 121.33.

53

YCTOWmBhlH BO' BpeMeHH xapaxrep AaHHO'H TeHAeHI:\HH CBH,II,eTeJIJ>CTByeT 0' ee ~IDili3ar:r;HO'HHO'M xapaxrepe. KpO'Me TO'rO', B nepaoa B03paCTaHlfH BHemHeH O'naCHOCTH 3KO'HOMHKa npHXO',1I,H.II.ii B yrraaox, CeJIJ>CKoe HaCeAeHHe nOCTO'flHHO MHrpHpOBaJl.O', paCnpO'CTpaHIDI.aCb npexeaaas apeHAa, YCJl.O'BHhle BAa,lI,eHHfl.

B D;eAO'M CneD;Hq,HKa BH3aHTHHCKHX 3eMeJIJ>HhlX O'THO'meHHH C npeO'OAa,ll,aHHeM IIO'JlHOH CO'OCTBeHHOCTH H HaJl.WU'!eM YCJl.O'BHhlX spexeaasrx BAa,Il,eHHH K nO'3ABeBH3aHTHikKO'MY nepHO'AY BhlfIBHAaCb B nOJlHO'M O'O'beMe. 3TO' flBAeHHe HMeAO M6CTO (B OT.J\.H'llie OT Cpe,ll.HeBeKOBOrO 3ana,ll,a, rAe IIO'AOOlIO'rO pona 3eMeJIJ>Hhle OTHOmeHHfI, saenrae nOXOJKHe aa BH3aHTHHCKHe, TaK:1Ke ~eCTBOBaJI.H) B YCJl.OBIDIX CRAbHOH aBTOpHTapHOH BAaCTH, OTCyrCTBHfI q,eO'AaAbHOH BaCCaAbHOH nepapxaa sanaznoro THIIa, 'IeTKOrO pasrpaaaseaaa B npaBOBOH TOOpHH BH3aHTHH 'IaCTHOro H nyoAH'IHO'ro rrpasa H BAaCTH.

I1O'CJl.e,ll,HHH q,aKTOP HMeA ocoeeaaoe 3Ha'IeHHe. Ha 3ana,ll,e, KaK H3BeCTHO, IIPOHCXO,1l,HJl.O He TOAbKO' CMemeHHe noasraa "COOcTBeHHOCTb" H "BAa,Il,eHHe", HO H B 3Ha'IHTeJIJ>HOH xepe cxemeaze 'IaCTHhlX H nyOAH'IHhlX rrpeporaras. B YCAO'BIDIX BH- 3aHTHHCKOH asroxperaa, COXpaHeHHfI pa3BeTBAeHHOH HaJl.OrOBOH CHCTeMhl, He CAHBmeHCfI C peHTHhlMH OTHOmeHHflMH, KaK aa 3ana,ll,e, rOCY,ll,apCTBO OhlAO 3aHHTepeCOBaHO B coxpaasaaa CBOOO,ll,HOro xpecrsaaexoro 3eMAeBAa,lI,eHHfl - HCTO'IHHKa ynAaThl HaJl.OrOB, H aa npOTII:1KeHHH AJlHTeAbHOrO' BpeMeBH npHHHMaJl.O 3HeprH'IHhle Mephl rro pasrpaaaseaaso 'IaCTHO'ro H nyo.Illi'IHOrO rrpaBal1• Herrpaxep, ,1I,HHaTaM 3anpeID;aJl.OCb BHeAPfIThCfI B CBOOOAH)'lO KpeCTb5I!HCK)'lO OOID;HHY12• B n03,l1,HeH BH3aHTIm, O,ll,HaKO', BHemHflfl yrposa H 3KO'HOMH'leCKHH KpH3HC sacraBHAliI BAaCTb npHOePHyrI> K MepaM, HanpaBAeHHhlM Ha rrOAA6P:1KaHHe xpyrraoro 3eMAeBJl.a,1I,eHHR, OAaroAa,pR 'IeMY 'IeTKaR rpaas Me:1K,1l,Y nyOAH'IHbIM H 'IaCTHhlM npeeox OKa3aJ1.aCb MeBee OID;yrHMOH. B pe3YAbTaTe rrO':1KaJI.QBaHHR KPYIIHDIM COOCTBeHHHKaM rroAaTBoro HMMYHHTeTa HaJl.OrH, OT ynAaTbI KOTOPbIX COOCTseHHHK OCBOOO:1K,1l,aJl.CR, He ynpa3,l1,HRAHCb, a B3HMaAHCb HM B CBOIO IIOAb3Y, BhllIOJIHRR q,YHKD;HIO 3eMeAbHO'H 'IaCTHonpaBOBOHpeBThl.

3TO, eCTeCTBeHHo, O'3Ha'IaAO B03HHKHOBeHHe 3AeMeHTOB CI\.HRHHR 'IaCTHoro H nyOAH'IHoro npasa. O,1l.HaKO H B lIo3,l1,HeH BH3aHTIm B reopaa rryOAH'IHO'e npaso npOTHBOrrOCTaBAIDl.OCb 'IaCTHO'-

11 D. 1. 1. 1; Bas. II.!. 1; Vol. I. P. 15.

12 Lemerle P. The Agrarian History of the Byzantium from the Origin to the Twelth Century: The Sources and Problems. Galway, 1981. P. 11.

54

MY. 06 3TOM CBHAeTe;u,cTB}'IOT, narrpaxep, H3BeCTHlile CAOBa HHKHcpopa Tparopsr, npoTHBOIIOCTaBHBlIIerO ynpasxeaae roeysspCTBOM no 3aKOHaM pexeea, IIpH KOTOPOM rrpasarexs HBMIeTCH HMnepaTOpoM, a He rOCIIOAHHOM, ynpaaaeamo no 06hI'IaHM AaTHIDiH, IIpH KOTOPOM npasarexs ynoAo6AHeTCH rOCTIOAHHy\'3.

HTaK, BH3aHTHi1:cKaH 3eMe;u,HaH C06CTBeHHOCTb AO xoana c~eCTBOBaHHH HMnepHH coxpaaaxa CBOH cnenarpaxecsae 'iePTbI, OTARqaBlIIHe ee OT C06CTBeHHOCTH, KaK aa CpeAHeBeKOBOM 3clIIaAe, TaK H B 3IIOXY aHTH'<HOCTH. COAepJKaHHe pHMCKOro npasa nepepaoersraaaocs B BH3aHTHH C yqeToM HOBbIX XPHCTHaHCKHX :o;eHHOCTeH. HAeH pHMCKOrO npasa aaxopnopapoaeARCb B BOCTO'<HO-XpHCTHaHCKHe npeACTaBAeHHH. B pe3YJ1:bTaTe B03HHKaA HOBbIH MeHTaAHTeT, HOBbIe conaaasao-rrpaaoaae KOHD;eII:O;HH H COOTBeTCTByror:o;He peaxaa, xapaxrepaayronrae BH3aHTHHCK}'lO D;HBHAH3aD;HIO. OAHOH H3 orrpeaexaronrax qepT 3TOH D;HBHAH3aD;HH 6bIAO HenOCpeACTBeHHOe BAHHHHe 60roCAOBHH aa OCMblCAeHHe COBpeMeHHHKaMH COD;Ha;u,HO-!':lKOHOMHqeCKOH pea;u,HOCTH H aa CaMY peaxsaocrs, 3TO BAHHHHe, 06yCAOBHBlIIee CaKPaAH3aD;HIO o6r:o;ecTBa (CM. rAaBY IV), AeTepMHHHPOBaAOCb TeCHOH CBH3bIO rOCYAapCTBa H nepxsa, TaK aassrseeMOH BH3aHTHHCKOH IIOAHTHqeCKOH 0PTOAoKCHeH.

B AaHHOM cxysae pe% HAeT 0 CAeAyror:o;eM. TIoHHMaHHe CO:O;HaAbHOH POAR H xapaxrepa 3eMe;u,HOH co6CTBeHHOCTH C no- 3HD;HH BOCTO'<HOrO BH3aHTHHCKOrO XPHCTHaHCTBa Ha1IIAO csoe OTpaJKeHFIe BO BBOAHOH qaCTFI FIMIIepaTOpcKHX XPFICOBYAOB H IIOCTaHOBAeHFIH arpoacaoro nporara, Hanpaxep, COrAaCHO cucry IIpOTa TIaBAa OT 1089 r., pecTaBPFIPOBaHHbIH IIPOTOM a<iJoHCKHH MOHacTbIpb Kceaorpoar BMeCTe C ero BAaAeHHHMFI, HaxOAHBIIIFIMFICH KaK BHe, TaK H B rrpeaexax Arpoaa, nepeaaercs HrYMeay CHMeoay. Bo BBOAHOH 'iaCTFI IIOCTaHOBAeHHH rOBOpHTCH, 'iTO FIMIIepaTOpbI AOAJKHbI B IIOAPaJKaHHe Eory npOHBAHTb B OTHOlIIeHHFI nOMaHHbIX 6AarOJKeAaTe;u,HOCTb H meapocrs, qeAOBeKOAI06FIe H npomenae. HMeHHo TaK, cootimaerca AaAee, nocryIIaA HMnepaTOp HHKHCPOp III BOTaHHaT, KOTOPbIH nOKpoBFITe;u,CTBOBaA MOHaxaM, MOHaCTbIpHM H HX yqPeJKAeHHHM. DE: IIOATBepAFIA crapaaaae XPHCOBYAbI, H3AaA HOBbIe, COrAaCHO CTapbIM IIpeAIIFICaHHHM H no npaaepy IIpeA1IIeCTBeHHHKOB14.

KaK BHARO, acrroxssyerca aHTH'iHaH HAelf o6r:o;ero 6Aara, C nOMOII\I>IO KOTOPOH 060cHOBbIBaeTCH, B qaCTHOCTH, IIOJKaAOBa-

73 Nicepbori Gregorae Byzantina historia graece et latine / Ed.

L. Schoepeni, T. Bekker. Bonnae, 1822. Vol. I. P. 233.18. 14 Actes de Xenophon. N 1. P. 70. 1-3.

55

HHe IO.p~eCKHM H cpH3JiIlIeCKHM .l\H:qaM 3eMJUII. OAHaKO 3Ta HAeH nepeocsrsrcxeaa C noaanaa XPHCTHaHCTBa H BbIpa)KeHa C nOMOm;bIO XPHCTHaHCKHX rrOHHTF.t:H. ~O /Ke KaCaeTCH XPHCTHaHCKHX HAeH HeCTH/KaTeAbCTBa H 6eAHOCTH, TO, KaK CBHAeTeJU,CTByeT, B 'IaCTHOCTH, rrpHBeAeHHaH BbIIIIe HOBeAAa HHKHcpOpa <I>OKH, OHH aKIJ;eHTHpOBaAHCb B 3Ha'lHTeJU,HOH Mepe TOrAd, KOTAd 06CTOHTeJ\hCTBa 3aCTaBMIAH rrp~CTaBHTeAeH CBeTCKOH BJl.acTH, rrpH6eraTb K TaKHM aerrorryxspasns MepaM, KaK orpaaaxeHHe H Ad)Ke KOHcpHeK~ MOHaCTblpCKHX 3eMeJU,. IlepeocxsscAeHHe C XPHCTHaHCKHX n03HqHH HAeH o6m;ero 6Aara, KaK BHARO, osaasaer HHYID TpaKTOBKy 3TOH HAeH, OTAJiIlIaronzyroCH HeIlocpeACTBeHHOH CBH3hlO C XPHCTHaHCKHMH D;eHHOCTHMH. Hareprrperauaa aHTH'lHOH HAeH o6m;ero 6Aara C XPHCTHaHCKHX n03HD;HH, conpOBO/KAarom;aHCH aKIJ;eHTHpOBaHHeM Pa3HbIX ee acnexroa. B 'laCTHOCTH, 3a6OTbI 0 nOMaHHbIX, COAep/KHTCH H B ApyrHX BH3aHTH:0:CKHX aKTax. TaK, B XPHCOBYAe AH;lI.poHHKa II Ilaxeoxora acpOHCKOMy MOHaCTbIpIO .1\aBPbI CB. AcpaHaCHH OT 1298 r. HMeeTCH 06rrmpHaH npeaM6YAa (rrpOOHMHH), KOTOPaH o6Hap)'JKHBaeT nOHHMaHHe BH3aHTH:0:D;aMH COOTHOmeHHH MHPCKHX HHCTHTYTOB H 6O)KeCTBeHHOCTH, rOBOpHTCH 0 POAH caneprHH, T.e. cnocoeaccra 'leAOBeKa K BOCrrpHHTillO HHCIlOCbIAae"' MOM B MHp 60)KeCTBeHHOH 3HeprHH H npHo6ro;eHHH K 60/KeCTBeHHOH 6AaroAdTH. rOBOpHTCH 0 POAH 60JKeCTBeHHocTH B 3eMHOM yrrpaBJI.eHHH15. O'leBHAHbI BhIDlHHe BOCTO'lHOro 60roCAOBHH H HAeH CaKPaAbHOCTH 3eMHOH /KH3HH. B XPHcoBYAe AaapoHHKa II Ilaxeoxora acpOHCKOMy MOHaCTbIpIO .1\aBPbI CB. ArpaaaCHH OT 1329 r., cOAep/Kam;eM nOATBep/KAeHHe C06CTBeHHWIeCKHX npan MOHacTE>IPH na PHA ero BJl.dAeHHH, B rrpooHMHH aaxoARM pesneprryroe 060CHOBaHHe C06CTBeHHH'leCKHX upaa MOHaCTbIpH aa 60AbIIIHe BAdAeHHH B IOJKHOH MaKeAoHHH, rrO/KaAOBaIIlIbIe MOHacTbIpIO HMIIepaTOpoM B DpeJKHHe rOAhl. MOHaxH, rOBOpHTCH B npoo:0:MHH, AOCTOHHbI IIOAY'lHTb co CTOpOHbI rcro, KTO 1KeAaeT HX B03HarpdAHTb, He AeHbrH, nOAH H 'lTo-AH60 MaTepaaxsaoe, rrpaeyrrtee 3eMHoMy, npexonamesry, HO 'lTo-AH60 HeH3MeHHoe, He rrOABep)KeHHOe H3MeHeHHHM H YHH'lTOJKeHHIO. Ho AeAaTb nOAo6HbIe AapbI HeAocrynHO AMI 3eMHoro H CMepTaoro. Ho BeAb Eor, MHAOCTHBbIH H 6AarOCKAOHHbIH, KOTOPbIH He nperepnesaer HH paspymeaaa, HH H3MeHeHHH, B COCTOHHHH HCrr0Ab30BaTb H Te, H APyrHe cpeacrsa no OTHOmeHillO K TeM H3 AIOAeH, KOTOPbIX OH nO/KeAaA 06AarOAeTeJU,CTBOBaTh, TaK KaK

15 Actes de Lavra Vol. II. N 89. P. 13. 26.

56

OH AeMHyPr H sesaoro, H rrpexoasmero. Heo6xoAHMo, 'lT06BI HaMepeBaro~HHCJiI B03AaTb AOJUKHOe TaKHM .I\IOAJiIM, COBepI1lliA 6BI 3TO B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeMH B03MOJKHOCTHMH, KOTOpBIe eMY AOCT}'IIHBI. PeTh HAeT He 0 TOM, 'lT06BI 3aI1AaTHTb 3THM .I\IOAJ'IM JKaAOBaHbe HhH AaTb B AOM, HO 0 TOM, 'lT06BI C IIOMO~bIO MaTepHaAbHBIX 6.11.ar OKa3aTh HM IIOMOro;h aa HX Il)'TH, AOCTOHHOM BO~eHHJiI. BeAb TOT, BO lifMjJ KOTOPOro OHM BCTaAH aa BeAHKYIO 6HTBY, JiIBMIeTCH HeII03HaaaeMBIM H HeBBIpa3HMBIM. HeY.II.OBHMbI H HeBBIpa3HMbI Hero 6.11.arOAeHHHH B OTHomeHHH IIOAo6HBIX .I\IOAeil:16•

B pasrxax nOAll'rH'ieCKOH OPTOAOKCHH IIepM HaMH HMIlJI.HqlITHO cymeeraoaaarrrea, r.e. He 6YAY'fH OC03HaHHOH aa yponae HHTe.ll.ll.eKTYaAbHOH pe<i>.II.eKCHH, BeA~ruI HAeJiI BH3aHTHHCKOH IIO.II.HT3KOHOMHH, 06HaPYJKHBaro~aH HeCOMHeHHOe B.II.HHHHe BOCTO'llIOrO xpHCTHaHC'rBa. 06 3TOM JKe C orrpMeAeHHOCTbIO CBHAeTe.ll.bcTByeT erne OAHH AOKYMeHT, a HMeHHO aKT II~TPHapxa AHTOHHH OT 1389 r., B KOTOPOM rOBOpHTCH, 'lT0 06eCIIeqeHHe peAHrH03HBIX yqpeJKAeHHH MaTepHaAbHBIMH cpeACTBaMH npoacXOAHT IIO 60JKeCTBeHHOH MH.II.OCTH, HO Qepe3 IIOcpeACTBO HMIIepaTopa11.

I1TaK, pe3Y.ll.bTaTBI aHaAH3a paCCMaTpHBaeMBIX AOKYMeHTOB MOryT OBITh pe3IOMHpOBaHBI C.II.eAYIOmHM 06pa30M. B Ayxe BOCTO'llIOrO XPHCTHaHCTBa, BH3aHTHHCKOrO HCHXa3Ma H B paxxax IIOAHTH'leCKOH OPTOAOKCHH, rrpeAIIOAararoro;eH MHHCTIlO nepxBH H rOCYMPCTBa, 60rOC.II.OBHe BBIIIOAHHeT po.ll.b OC:HOBHOii rocyMPCTBeHHOH HAeOAOrHH, o6eerre'llmaH IIpH 3TOM caspexasau;mo o6m;ecTBa. TIPH MHHCTBe, a He pa3"beAHHe:HHH (KaK aa 3aIIaAeJ MHpOB033pe:H'leCKOrO H IIpaKTH'leCKOrO YPOBHeH MHpbC03epn;aHHH HAeR nOAHT3KOHOMHH IIOHHMaAaCb KaK IIOIIeQeHMe HhH yrroAo6J1.eHMe HMIIepaTOpCKOH BAaCTH 60JKeCTBeHHOH H sa- 60Ta C ee CTOPOHbI 0 BCJiIKOM, B TOM 'lHCAe ~eCTBeHHOM, 6AarOAeHCTBHH IIOMaH:HbIX. Taxoe IIOBeAeHHe HMIIepaTopa coOTBeTCTBYeT ero 60JK~CTBeHHOMY rrpeAOilpeAeAeHHIO, npa KOTOpOM HMIIepaTOp ·OJl.arOAapH CHHep= nocnpaasoeaer 60JKeCTBeHHYIO 3HepI'HlO. PyKOBOACTBYHCb IIOAOOHOH KOHIlerr:u;HeH, HMII€paTOpBI C03AaBaAH nyTeM 3€Me.ll.bHBIX IIOJKaAOBaHHM 3Ha'lHTe.ll.bHbIe 3eMe.ll.bHbIe 60raTCTBa KpymIbIX MOHaCTBIp€ii. B TO JK€ BPeMH TaKaH nOAHT3KOHOMHlleCKaH HAeH, oTPaJKaBmaH cneIlH<i>H'l€CKHe QepTBI BliI3aHTHHCKOH I(HBHhHSaI(HH, OTAH'laAaCb

76 Actes de Lavra / Ed. A. Guillen, P. Lemerle, D. Papachryssanthou, N. Svorenos, P., 1979. Vol. m. N 118. P. 4. I-lB.

n Actes de Dionisiou. N 6. P. 61.18.

57

OT eBaHreJU,CKOH, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOH C06CTBeHHOCTb H MarepHaAbHhle 6Aara paCCMaTPHBaAHCb KaK rrOpO)KAeHHe 3eMHOrO cyeTHOrO xape. OHH OCyJKAalOTCH C TO'lKH 3peHHH BbIcmeH cnpaBeMHBOCTH H A03BOAH1OTCli 'I'OAbKO B mrrepecax 6J\.drOTBOPHTeJU,HOCTH. EBaHreAbCKHe HAeH HamAH cnoe OTPaJKeHHe Y MHOI'HX BH3aHTHKCKMX aBTOPOB, rrpHHdAAe)K~:ax B D;eAOM K pasHbIM MHpOB033peH'leCKHM HaIIpaBAeHHliM: y fPHrOPHH TlaxaMbI, HHKOAdli KaBacHAbI, Y PdAHKaAbHOH OIIIJ03HD;HH spexea rpaJl{AaHCKOH BOHHbI XlV B.

EBaHreAbCKHe HAeH aa IIpOTH)KeHHH scero CpeAHeB€KOBbH, KaK H3BeCTHO, HMeAH IIIHpOKoe pacnpecrpaaeaae Ha 3arrdAe. C 3THX rr03HD;HH B XII B. APHOAbA EpemHaHcKHK OTPHD;aA nepxosHY10 c06cTBeHHOCTb, <DoMa AKBHHcKHK B XIII B. paecxerpaaaa C06CTBeHHOCTb KaK MHpcKoe HBAeHHe, He COOTBeTCTByrorn;ee (0)KeCTBeHHOMy sasoay, orpaacaromee HeCOBepmeHCTBO rpemHbIX AIDAeH. OARaKO pa3BHTHe COqHaAbHO- rrOAHTIf'IeCKMX OTHOmeHHH H HAeH na <peOAaAbHOM 3arrdAe XapaKTepH30BaAOCb aapaeraromea TeHAeHD;HeH K ceKYAHpH3aqHH 06~ecTBeHHoH XH3HH, nocreneaacsry pa3'beAHHeHHlO CBeTCKoro MHpcKoro H 60roCAOBCKoro ypOBHeH MHpOC03epD;aHHH, IIpHBeAIIIerO B Hosoe BpeMH K ax rroxaoxry pa3AeAeHHl'O, BepIIIHHOH xoroporo MHoro nossaee CTaA eBporreHCKHK rr03HTHBH3M. B 06Ui;eCTBeHHOH XH3HH ceKyAHpH3aqHH npoasaaaacs B nocreneaaox OTXOAe OT nepxosaoro PHrOpH3Ma, B aapaeraroutea 60Pb6e HMIIepaTOPOB H nancraa sa rrepBeHCTBO B 3eMHOM MHpe. Bce 3TO OTPa)KaAOCb B H3Mea:eHHH 3eMHbIX u;eHHoCTeH B XII B,18 BbIpa3HTeAeM 3THX HAeH, aenpaaaeaasrx aa orpaaaseaae Moryrn;eCTBa KaK rrarr, TaK H HMrrepaTOpoB, HBHAHCb MapceJI.HH rIdAYaHCKHK, Koa:D;HAHapH3M, AerHCTbI.

B BH3aHTHH B conepmeano HHOH COD;HaAbHO-rrOAHTIf'IecKOH 06CTaHOBKe B3aHMOOTHOmeHHJ'f nepxsa H rOCYAapcTBa H ocoeeaaocra rOCYAapcTBeHHoH, B TOM 'lHCAe rrOAHTH'IeCKOH H 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH HAeOAornH, coxpaaaxa CBOlO OTHOCHTeAbHyro cTa6HAbHOCTb. Hx MO)KHO rr03TOMy paCCMaTPHBaTb KaK IIpH- 3HaK BH3aHTHKCKOH D;HBHAH3dD;HH, 0603Ha"IaeMbIH KaK caxpaJl.H3aU;HH 06m;eCTBeHHOH )KH3HH H MHpOC03epD;aHHH. 5IPKHM BbIpaJKeHHeM aroro, KaK OTMe'IaAOCb BbIIIIe, 6bIAO npapasaaBaHHe B O<pHqHaAbHbIX AOKYMeHTax rocYAapCTBeHHbIX 3aKOHOB H KaHOHOB. rIPH 3TOM 3aKOHbI Ha3bIBaAHCb CBJ'fTbIMH H 60-

18 Ae rocjJ(j;J JK. C He6ec aa 3eMJ\lO {I1epeMeHDI B CHCTeMe :qeHHOCTHOH OpHeHTaqHH aa XPHCTHaHCKOM 3anaAe XII - XIII RR.} / / OAHcceli. M., 1991. C.29.

58

JKeCTBeHHbIMH79. MMeHHO B CHAY rrpHpaBHHBaHIDI: KaHOHOB H 3aKOHOB, a rrm:pe - ABYX ypOBHeR MHpOC03ep~aHHH, - nOJKaJI.0BaHHe co CTOPOHbI HMnepaTOpOB 3eMJIH KpyrI1ffiIM MOHaCThlpHM, KaK H B ~eAOMlIlO6oe 3eMeJlbHOe nOJKaJl.OBaHHe, aprysreaTHpyeTCH He TOJlbKO HAeeR 6J1.arOTBOpHTeAbHOCTH, HO H CBO- 60AHhlM BOJl.eH3'bHBJl.eHHeM HMlIepaTOpa, IIOAPaJKaHHeM DOry, rrOHflTHHMH 3HepI'HH H canepraa HCHXa3Ma.

OAHaKO, aecxorpa aa 6oJl.ee caxpaxsaoe nOHHMaHHe 3aKOHa B BH3aHTHH, rro CpaBHeHHIO C ero IIOHHMaHHeM aa cpeAHeBeKOBOM 3andAe, BO MHOI'HX APYrHX npO.!iBJl.eHIDIX TpaKTOBKa 3aKOHa (B ~eAOM, a ae TOAbKO OTHOCIDD;HXCH K OTHOIlIeHH.!lM C06CTBeHHOCTH) B BH3aHTHH H na 3alIdAe COBlIdAaAa. TIoHflTHe 3aKOaa, nepeOCMblCJI.eHHOe C n03~ XPHCTHaHCTBa, rrOAPa3,11,eJI.!lxocs aa 3aKOH 60JKeCTBeHHhlH, aonxomeronraa a6cOJIlOnryIO cnpaBeAJIRBOCTb, eCTeCTBeHHhlH, osaasasomaa 60JKeCTBeHHOe YCTpoeHHe MHpa, AaHHoe cssnne lleAOBeKY B omymeaae, H, aaKOHe~, - 3aKOH lleAOBelleCKHH, IIOJI.HTH'IeCKHH, KaK YCTaHOBJl.eHHe 3eMHblX IIpaBHTeAeH, xoropsre B CBoeH ,1I,eHTeJlbHOCTH cxe,1I,yroT HlI.R He CJl.eA)1lOT eCTeCTBeHHOMY IIPaBy80• MMeHHO B HHrepnperamra COOTHomeHHH 3aKOHa eCTeCTBeHHOrO H IIOJI.HTHlleCKoro, KaK BHAHM, cym;eCTBOBaJl.O pa3JI.H'IRe MeJKAY BH3aHTHeH H 3andAOM, H 3TO rrpOHB.iUL'I.OCh B HeKOTOpblX paCCMOTpeHHhIX asmre oco6eHHOCTflX co6CTBeHHOCTH aa 3eMlllO.

I10HHMaHHe rrOll.HTH'IeCKHX 3aKOHOB KaK TeCHO CBH3aHHhlX C 60JKeCTBeHHbIMH YCTaHOBJI.eHRflMH, co06m;aeMblMH B MHp C IIOMOm;hIO 60JKeCTBeHHOH 3HeprHR H rrpHcym;eH lleAOBeKY CHHeprHH, HBHlI.OCh TeOp~eCKHM 06OCHOBaHHeM rrepeOCMhICJl.eHHH B BH3aHTHH C 1I03H~ XPHCTHaHCKOH HpaBCTBeHHOCTH aHTH'Iaere IIOHHTHfl o6m;ero 6J1ara. 3aKOH, eCTeCTBeHHbIH H nOll.HTHqeCKHH, accomrapyerca co cTa6HAhHhIM nOPHAKOM Bem;eH ('ta;~ - B BH3aHTHH, aequitas, tranquilitas ordini - Ha 3andAe). BCHKoe rrapymeaae 3aKOHa HHTeprrpeTHpOBaJl.OCh B BH3aHTHH KaK aHOMall.RH81. 3aKoHoAaTeJlbHaH ~aTHBa H B BH3aHTHH, H aa 3andAe IIpHHdAlleJKaAa ~eRTpaAbHOH B.II.aCTH. COOTBeTCTBeRRO, KaK aa 3andAe, TaK H aa BOCTOKe, ,1I,eHCTBOBaJl.O npasaao PHMCKHX IOPHCTOB, COr.ll.aCHO KOTOPOMY rrpaBHTeJIb cB060AeH OT 06HSaTeJlbHOrO HCnOJI.HeHHH aaxeae, ::lTO rrpaBH.II.O BOBce He 03- aaxaxo, lITO npaaareas MOJKeT aapymars 3aKOH, 3TO 03Halla.ll.0 TOAbKO IIOATBepJKAeHHe ero IIpaB na 3aKOHOTBOplleCTBO. TIo-

79 Aetas de Xenophon, N 9. P. 109.32; P. 114-115.24-26. 80 D. r. 1. 1; Bas. r. 1, 2; Vol. r.

81 Aetes de Lavra. Vol. II. N 12. 27.

59

CKOJ\hKY paCCMaTpHBaeMhlli! B AaHHOH rxaae CTaTyC 3eMe.JU>HOH C06CTBeHHOCTH TeCHO CBH3aH C nO.lU'.lTWIeCKOH, 3KOHOMIf'IeCKOH H 3aKOHQAaTeJlliHOH ,lI,OKTPHHaMH BH3a.HTMH, D;eJl.eco6op.a3HO OCTaHOBHThCH aa MHeHHH, BhlCKa3aHJilOM COBpeMeHHbIM yqeHbIM-CIIe:qHaJlHCTOM no ropHcrrpYAeHJ¥m: <1>. ¢OH XaJl.eMOM na CTPaHHD;ax OTe"leCTBeHHOrO JKYPHaJl.a "Bonpocsr ¢HAOCO¢IDi". Y"leHbIH yrnepJKAaeT, TIO B BH3aHTIDi OTCYTCTBOBaJl.O OTHOIneHHe K sexoay, KaK K 06.113aTe.JU>HOMy nOCTaHOBJlceHHlO. 3aKOH HMeJI. 6YATO obt 3TH'IecKYIO, a He roPHAH'IOCKYIO CRAy. Oco6oe aaaxeaae HMeJI. aBTopHTeT .ll.H'IHOCTH, H3AaBaBilleH 3aKOH62. Ha 3ana,ll,e )Ke, no MHeHHlO <1>. ¢OH XaJl.eM<l npOH30IIleA YJIl1Ka.II.bHbIH CHHTe3 pHMCKOrO rrpasa, npeaoarxamaamero CHAY 3aKOHa, H KaTOJl.H<leCTBa. B pe3YJlbTaTe 3TOFO CHHTesa B Bepy 6hl.11.a BHecexa P<lD;HDHa.ll.bHOCT1.ll3. TIpaBOMepHO, O,ll,HaKO, B03pa3HTb, "ITO aa 3ana,ll,e B YC.ll.OBIDIX ¢eOAaJlH3Ma, KDrAa :o;eHTpa.ll.bH<ill BAaCTh H H3AaBaeMhle eH 3aKOHbI 6bI.II.H OC.ll.a6AeHbI, KOFAa rocnOACTBOBaJIH aaccaxsmae OTHOllIeHHH, aBTOPHTeT ceasopa 6hl.11. ossas BhlCOK. B03MOJKHO, B pesyxsrare nOAo6Horo CHHTe3a B Bepy6hlM saeceaa pa:qHOHaJlHCTH'IeCKaH HAeH, HO rocYAapCTBeHHaH BJl.aCTb, H3AaIOII\aH 3aKOHbI, 6hl.11.a na 3ana,ll,e C.II.aOeH, lIeM B BH- 3aHTHH, n03TOMy HenOHHTHO, noqeMy nOAo6HhlH CHHTe3 cnoC06CTBOBaJI. B03HHKHOBeHHlO aa 3ana,ll,e YBaJKeHIDl K sexoay, a B BR3aHTID'! - asroparera OT,lI,eJlbHbIX 3aKOHOAaTeJl.eH.

B AeHCTBHTe.JU>HOCTH, B BU3aHTHH Ha6.11.IOAa.II.OCh OOJlliIIlOe YBaJKeHHe K 3aKOHY. Beecnopae, B BH3aHTHH (Bnp.o:qeM, KaK H Ha 3ana,ll,e), OTAeJlbHbIe 3aKOHbI nepeCMaTpHBaJU'ICb. li1MeHHo TaKOBa, aanparsep, 6hlM, KaK HgBeCTHO, D;eJlb perpepsraropCKOH AeSITeJlliHOCTH mBa VIM. OAHaKo He CAeAyeT ynyCKaTb H3 BHAY TO OOCTOSITeJlliCTBO, :q'fO BH3aHTHHCKOe 06m;eCTBO OT.I\.H"laJI.OCb 60JlbIIleH Tpa,1l,HD;HOHHOCTbIO, "leM Cpe,ll,HeBeKOBhlH 3a.naz, rAe npoacxoaaaa paaxasnsae nponeccsr COU;Ha.ll.bHO-nOlUITH'IeCKOrO, 3KOHOMH'leCKOrO, peJU'IrH03HOrO H o6II\er.rnposoaaperrsecxere xaparcrepa, rrpHBe,ll,IIlHe B pesyxsrare K PClAHKaAbHOMy H3MeHeHHIO CTpyKTypbl 06II\eCTBa. TpClAHD;HOHHooTb BH3aH'I'HHCKOH :qHBH.IU'.I3aItHH, KOTOPyro orpazaaaa noxaTH'IeCKClH OPTOAOKCHSI H CaKPaAbHbIH xepaxrep 001D;OCTBa, He 03Ha"laJI.a OTCYTCTBHe KaKHX-.ll.HOO H3MeHeHHH. 06 aTOM CBHAeTe.II.bCTByroT paCCMOTpeHHbIe ssnne OTHOllIeHHSI 3eMe.llbHOH

82 Xa/leM <P. cjJOH. I1CTOPHKO-DpasOBOH acnexr npo611.eMhl BOCTOK - 3allCIA / / BODpOCbI Q;lHAOCOCPm<. 2002. N~ 1. C. 49.

83 TaM xe. C. 26.

B4 Noailles P., Dam A Op. cit. Nov. L

60

c06CTBeHHocm, rrpereprresnrae pa3J\HlIHbIe B3MeHemrn. B TO JKe BpeM5I xaparcrepea TOT CPaKT, 'ITO 3TH B3MeHemrn B OCHOBHOM $BKCHPOBaAHCh C nOMO~IO HOpM npasa rrpeneaearon H He HBJUiIlliCh KOABCPHD;BPOBaHHhIMH, OAHOBpeMeHHO He aarparn:srur COAepJKamBI KOAB$HIJ;HpOBaHlIOrO rrpasa. B 24-:a HOBeAAe hsa VI, B KOTOPO:a rOBOplITCH 0 He06xoABMOCrn H3MeHemrn npescaax 3a.KOHOB, A06aBMIeTCH, 'ITO IloAo6Hrur caryanas HBMIeTCH BhIHYJKAeHHo:a H BO MHOrOM crapsre 3aKOHhl paccsseTpHBaIOTCH KaK 60Aee npeAIlO'lTlITeAhHhle, 'leM HOBhle~. Ta JKe BAeH BhlpaJKeHa B 19-:a HOBeJlAe, coraacao KOTOPOH aoasre saKOHhl B3AaIOTCH He P8AB nopanarraa crapsrx 3aKOHOB, HO TOAhKO MJI roro, 'IT06hI YCTpaHHTh npaaaxa, He COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;He nOTpe6HOCTHM nOAAaHHhIXB6• TIOA06HaH nparMaTH'leCKaH TpaKTOBKa 3aKOHOB oc06eHHO HPKO B'hIpaJKeHa B 9S-H HOBeJIJI.e hBa VI. B HeR rOBopHTCH, 'ITO B 60AhmHHCTBe JKH3HeHHhlX cmyan;BH CAMyeT 06parn;aThCH K cyrn;eCTBYIOID;eMY saxoay H TOAhKO B Tex CA Y'laHX, KOrAa TaKOBOH OTcyTCTByeT, CAeAyeT H3- AaBaTh HOBhIH81• YBaJKeHHe K A/lliTeAhHOH npaBOBOH TpaAJi!IlHH rrpoHBMIeTCH B 22-H HOBeJlJl.e J\.hBa VI, B KOTOPO:a o6hl'laH, TpaABIlBH npBpaBHHBaeTCH K 3aKOayB8.

Bee cxasaaaoe B OTHOmeHHH K HOBhIM H CTaphIM 3aKOHaM, KaK 6hl pe3IOMBpyeTcH B 41-:a HOBeJlJl.e, B KOTOPOH 3a.KoHOAaTeAh YTBepJKAaeT, 'ITO H3MeHeHHe JKH3HeHHhlX YCAOBH:a npHBOART K H3MeHeHHIO 3aKOHOB89.

Boaepemascs K HameR rrpb6AeMe C06CTBeHHOCrn aa 3eMAID, MOJKHO csasars, 'ITO npa peIJ77IHPOBaHHB coticraeamrtecKHX oTHomeHBH, npeACTIiBMIBIlIHX nepaeinrryro 3Ha'lHMOCT.b, C06AIDAaAOCh YBaJKeHHe K CTapoMY saaony. Bsnne roaopaAOCh, 'ITO nOCAe snoxa ByAhrapHoro npasa, npa IOCrnHHaHe npoascmex peJIlI1[TeAhHhIH llOBOPOT K TpaKTOBKe. coocraeaaoera H BAaAeHHH B Tp8ABD;HHX KAaccn'IeCKOrO nepaoze, H STa TpaKTOBKa llpeo6AaAaJ\.a Ao KOHIJ;a cymecrseseaaa HMIlepHH. TOAhKO B TOM CAY'lae, KorAa B03HHKaAH HOBhIe HepapXH'IeCKHe H YCAOBHhle cpOPMhI coecrseaaocra, AMI peryAHPOl~aHHH ax nOm3Jl.SlAOCh npaso npenenerrroa, a MJI nOHHMdHlrn npaBOBOrO craryca npOHHH HCIl0Ah30BaAH nexoroprse BAen npaaa BYAhrapnoro nepnoAa.

85 Ibid. Nov. XXIV. P. 93 - 95. 86 Ibid. Nov. XIX. P. 13-15.

81 Ibid. Nov. XCV. P. 313-315. 88 Ibid. Nov. XXII. P. 81.

89 Noailles P., Dam A. Op. cit. Nov. XLVIL P. 185-181.

61

B ~eJWM, rrpecrnxc pHMCKOrO npasa C era rrOHHMaHHeM 3aKOHa B BH3aHTHH 6bIA asnue, tfeM na cpeAHeBeKOBOM 3arraAe, rAe, KaK OTMe'IaAOCb, npoasonrex CHHTe3 sapsapcxoro H PHMcxoro ayxsrapnoro npaaa, a AaAee aa rrpoT.5DKeHHH scero CpezHeBeKOBb.5! nponcxoaaxo rrpaBOTBOptfeCTBO xopoxea H usmepaTOpOB. TOAbKO rroaanee B :moxy peuennmr pnr-rcxoro npaaa, 3TO rrocAeAHee aKTHBHO rrOBAH.5!AO Ha ¢OpMHpoBaHHe rrpaBOBOrO MeHTaAHTeTa. ECAH )Ke B nepaoz, CpeAHeBeKOBb.5! na 3arraAe saKOH, TeM He xrenee, nOAh30BaAC.5! 60AhIIIHM rrHeTeTOM, tfeM B BH- 3aHTHH, KaK 3TO YTBep~aeT <D. ¢OH XaAeM, -rro, snposex, OCTaeTC.5! HeAOKa3aHHbIM, TO na 3TO HMeAHCb COBepIlleHHO mnae npaxaasr. A HMeHHO, B BH3aHTHH B YCAOBH.5!X HaAHtfH.5! Clli\bHOH HMrrepaTopcKoH BAaCTH, HMrrepaTophl 06AaAaAH 60AbilleH B03- MO)KHOCTblO MaHHrrYAHpOBaHH.5! B crpepe npaBOTBOpqeCTBa. 3TO MorAO c03AaBaTb H3BeCTHble rrpeAIIoCbIAKH AA.5! 60AhillerO aBTOparera AHqHOCTH axneparopa-sexoaoxarexa, Ae.5!TeAbHOCTb KOroporo, corxacno HMTIAH~HTHO cymecrsoaasmea HAee rrOAHT- 3KOHOMHH, 3aKAIOtfaAaCb B rrOApa)KaHHH DOry, B rrOrretfeHHH rro OTHOIlleHHlO K nOAAaHHbIM. 3TO nonexeaae HMrrepaTop ocymeCTBA.5!A 6AarOAap.5! YCBoeHHlO C nosronrsro AaBHOH eMY caaeprna HHCrrOCbIAaeMOH 60)KeCTBeHHoH anepraa. B CllAY raxoro nOHHMaHH.5! 3aKOH BocnpHHHMaAC.5! B recaori CB.5!3H C AHqHOCTblO HMneparopa-aaxonozarexs Hero aBTopHTeTOM.

rAQBQ III

CIIElJ;lf <I> lfqECKlfE qEPThI Blf3AHTlf:llCKO:ll IIPOHlflf

Bsnne roaopaxocs, 'ITa nponas, oaaasas norrexeaae HaA 3eMAeH H KpeCTbHHaMH, MaJKeT TpaKTaBaTbCH KaK YCAaBHaH 3eMeAhHaH ca6CTBeHHaCTb, no B paxxex He KAaCCH'leCKara, a BYAbrapHara pasrcxoro rrpaaa, OAHaKa 3Ta noxa AMmb nmoresa, xoropyto B AaHHaH rxase npencrorrr nozporiao ooocaosars. AaJKe rrpeABapHTeAbHae a3HaKaMAeHHe C rra3AHeBH3aHTHHCKHM aKTaBhlM MaTepHaAaM noxaasraaer, xro B npaaosyro CTPYKTYPY, aCHaBaHHYIO na KAaCCH'leCKaM pHMCKaM npaae C era AaMHHHpaBaHHeM noxaoa 6e3YCAaBHaH ca6CTBeHHaCTH, rrponas HHKaK He BrrHCbIBaeTCH. OHa aCTaeTCH 3araAa'lHb1M cpeHaMeHaM AM! HCTapHKaB H rrpasoaeaos. ITpaHHH KaK 6hl HBAHeTCH rraJKaAaBaHHeM aaxorosoa KBaTb1 (nooornc) C onpenexenHaH reppnropaa. B CllAY aroro AaHHhlH HHCTHTYT AaAJKeH 6b1A 6hl HaxaAHTbCH B crpepe CPHCKaAbHara npasa. OAHaKa ynosranaHHH a nepeaaxe nocornc BCTpe'laIOTCH H B AaKYMeHTax (:>KaAaBaHHhlX HMrrepaTapcKHX rpaaorax, nocasmemrsrx rrozcaxoaaHHIO 3eMAH B coocrseaaocrs, B npexraxax, coxepacanrax ormcaane axra peaxsaoro aTBeAeHHH 3eMeAh HAM xce rraATBep:>KAeHHe npexcnax BAaAeAh'leCKHX rpannn), aTHaCHmHXCH K sioaacTh1pCKmlY 3eMAeBAaAeHHIO, B aTHameHHH xoroporo MaHaCTb1- pa HMeAH rrpasa rrOAHaH 3eMeAbHaH ca6CTBeHHaCTH, TaKJKe Hepezoco ynosraaaercs rrocorac, caaTBeTCTByIOmaH paastepan onpeAeAeHHaH 3eMAM. HaAH'lHe CHAhHaH raCYAapCTBeHHaH BAacTH 3aCTaBAHAa CPHCK npa rraJKaAaBaHHH 3eMeAh B ca6CTBeHHaCTb H npa nepezasre cpH3H'leCKaMY HAH IOpHAH'feCKaMY AMD;y aaxoroa C caaTBeTCTBYlOmeH reppnropan, xro orpopnxaxocr, B cpapMe noacaxoaanaa rronarnoro HMMYHHTeTa, cpHKCHpaBaTb yCTyrrAeHHYIO naxoronyro CYMMY, a6a3Ha'faeMYIO nocornc. LJ:acraonpasoasre aTHameHHH H 'laCTHarrpasaBaH penra, cxoznsre no CTPYKTYPe H no Ca~HaAbHa-3KaHaMH'leCKaH CPYHK~HH C 3arraAHaeBparreHCKHMH 'fHHmaMH TaKJKe 6b1AH pacnpocrpaaemr

63

B BH3aHTIrn: M arpaxa HeMaAyro POJl.b, HO HaAOrOBaJI 3KCIlJI.yaTaD;IDi B YCAOBMlIX u;empaAH30BaHHOH BJl.aCTM HMeJl.a rrpeasrymeCTBeHHOe 3Ha'IeHHe, 'ITO OTpaJKeHO B rry6Jlli'IHO-rrpaBOBhlX AOKYMeHTax, B KOTOPhlX, rrOBTOp51eM, HaO.lUOAaAaCb O'IeBHAHaJI TeHAeHD;M5l K <pHKCaU;MM HaAOrOB. AaHHaJI OCOOeHHOCTb 5lBA5lAaCb BaJKHbIM <paKTOPOM MeXaHlI3Ma <PYHKI\MOHMpOBaHH51 H BOcrrPOM3BOACTBa BO BpeMeHH BCeH BH3aHTMHCKOH D;HBHAH3aD;HM, 1l0CKOJl.bKY CHJl.bHaJI rocYAapCTBeHHaJI BAaCTb H nerrrpaAMCTCKHe TeHAeHD;HH COCTaBMIAM OARY H3 CrreU;M<pM'IeCKHX sepr 3TOH D;HBHAH3au;MM. TIPM 3TOM <pMCKaJl.bHOe rrpaso MaAO M3MeHMAOCb na rrpOTIDKeHHH BpeMeHH, COXPaH5lAHCb OCHOBHbIe ero TeHAeHD;Hli, B TO JKe spexs B03HHKaAH HOBbie llAaTeJKH. OrPOMHaJI POJl.b <pHCKaJl.bHOrO npasa B pacxpsrnra COAepJKaHH5l 1l0H5l'TIi5I "npoaaa" He npoacaaer, OAHaKO, 3TO nOIU!TMe AO KOHna. TIPaBOBOH craryc Ha3BaHHOrO HHCTMTYTa, HeCMOTp51 HaMHOrO'IHCAeHHble MCCAeAOBaTeJl.bCKHe YCMAM5l, OCTaeTC51 AOCTaTO'IHO 3anyraHHbIM. B U;eAOM, KaK 3TO HMeJl.O MeCTO H B OTHorueHHH MHOrHX APyrHX npaaoasrx 5lBAeHHH, rrpaBOBOH M peaJl.bHbIH CTaryc rrpOHHH perAaMeHTIlpOBaAC5l rrpaBOM rrperteneuroa. 3TO 03- aasaer CAeAyrow;ee. IOpHAM'IecKMe, 3KOHOMM'IeCKHe M <pHCKaJl.bHbIe npasa KaJKAorO npoaaapa B OTHorueHHH ero rrpOHHH CKAdAhlBaAHCb B 3aBHCHMOCTM OT ero HHAHBHAYaAbHoro rrOAOJKeHH5l B OOw;eCTBe, CTeneHH rrpHOAHJKeHH5l K HMnepaToPY, AM'IHoro MOryII\eCTBa, 3aHHMaeMOH AoAJKHOCTH. Ho OblAO M MHoro ofimero B IIOAOJKeHHH npOHHapOB. Ee3 aroro oemero MbI He MOrAH Obi CTaBHTb sonpoc 0 rrpaBOBOM craryce IIpOHHH. TIoBToplIeM, BblCKd3a.HHoe B rrpeAbIAYII\eH rxaae rrOAOJKeHHe, COrAaCHO KOTOPOMY nponaa - 3TO TaKOe rroneseaae HdA TeppHTopHeH, npn KOTOPOM rrpaBOBOH craryc rrpOHHM HaxOAHT csee BblpaJKeHMe B TaK Ha3b1BaeMOM BY.hbI'apHOM npaae, noxa ew;e AHrub ranoresa, KOTOPyro B AaHHOH rxase rrpeACTOHT aprysreaTMpoBaTb. MbI oopaw;aeMCH K MaTepHaAY aKTOB, COAepJKaw;eM, no HaIIIeMY MHeHIDO, CBeAeHH5l, HeOOXOAHMble AfI5f. BhICTpaHBaHHH COOTBeTCTByrow;eH aprysrearertaa. TIoIIyTHO BBOAHM HCTOpMorpa<pM'IeCKHH 3KCKYPC, T.e. paCCMaTpMBaeM aexoeepsre naHOOAee CYII\eCTBeHHble cyJKAeHH5l rro AaHHOMY BOrrpOCY.

TIpooAeMa BH3aHTMHCKOM rrpOHHH rrpMHdMeJKHT K TeM, KOropsre OTHIDAb He ObIAH OOOHAEllibI HCCAeAOBaTeJl.bCKHM BIIHMaHHeM. Ho 3To, KaK OTMe'IaAOCb, He osaaxaer, 'ITO see OTHOClIII\eeca K HeM nonpocsr 5lBAlIIOTCli peruElHHbIMH M 'ITO cymecrayer COrAaCOBaHHOCTb M ElAHHOOOpa3He AaJKe B nOCTaHOBKe HCCAeAOBaTeJl.bCKMX 3dAa'I. AaHHoe OOCTOHTeJl.bCTBO He 5lBA5leTCH AIDIIb pEl3YJl.bTaTOM HElAOCTaTKa HCTO'IHHKOB, OHO CBH3aHO C pas-

64

IffiIMH IiICCAeA0BaTeJl.bCKHMH n03~ pa3IffiIMH On;eHKaMH TeHAeII:I:J;:Illi pesnaras HMnepHH B n;eAOM. EAHHCTBeHHO, 'ITO na Aa.HHbI:il: MOMeHT npeACTaBAHeTCH oeccnOpHbIM, - 3TO y6eJKAeHHOCTh HCCAeAOBaTeAeH B TOM, 'ITO npoaas, no KpaHHe:if Mepe C xm B. (a sepaee, iii paaee, rrpa KOMHHHax), arpasa B B1iI3aHTHH erpoxayro POJlb.

B 60AlillIHHcTBe pa60T npOHHH paCCMaTPHBaeTCH B PaMKax onpeAeAeHHOrO XPOHOAOYffqeCKOrO nepHoAa, HanpHMep B X - XIII BB., B APyru:x - H3)"laeTCH n03AHeBH3aHTIi!HCKaH npoaaai, Ho HMeeTC51 H xopomo 1i13BeCTHoe 0606m;ruom;ee HCCAeAQBaHHe r. Ocrporopcxeroe, B KOTOPOM npOHHH npOCAeJKHBaeTCH rra npOTHJKeHHH BceH BH3aHTHHCKOM HCTOpHH H TPaKryeTcH KaK speereaaoe H YCAOBHoe BAaAeHHe 3eMAeH.

HaM npeACTaBAHeTCH BaJKHhIM TaKOH nOAXoA K HsyqeHHlO 06m;eCTBeHHhlX oraonreaaa, KOTOPhIH n03BOAHeT ocymecraars cBoeo6pa3HYID HCCAeAOBaTeJl.bcKYID PeTPOcneKD;HIO, a HMeHHO AeAiieT B03MOJKHbIM H3)"leHHe HHCTIiIT)'Ta B OIIpeAeAeHHhIH nePHOA ero ~ecTBOBaHHH C )"leTOM 3HaHHH rex ero ocoeeaaocTeH pa3BHTHH, aoropsre B nOAHOH Mepe H B HBHOH cpopMe npoHBHAIiICb n03AHee. A,yMaeTCH, nOA06HbI:H nOAXoA AaeT B03MOJKHOCTh 06HaPYJKHTh B HBAeHHH B paHHHH nepaoz, ero pQ3BHTHH Te 'lepThI, xoroprae 6hIAH IiICTOplil'leCKIiI nepcneKTHBHhIMIiI, a, CAeAoBaTeJl.bHO, H HMeJW HaH60AhIllee Hcroplil'leCKOe 3Ha'leHHe.

I Ahrweiler H. La Pronoia a Byzance: Structures feodales et feodalisme dans I'Occldent Mediterraneen (X-XIII si.ecIe). P., 1980; GlykatziAiuweiler H. La consession des droits tncorporels, Donations conditionnelles II Aetes du XII" Conqres International des Etudes Byzantines. Beograd, 1964. T. II; Eadem. L'histoire et lageographie de 1a region de Smyrne entre les deux occupations turques (1081 - 1317) II Travaux et Memoires. 1965. Vol. 1; Lemerle P. The Agrarian HIstory of Byzantium: From the Origin to the Twelth Century: The Sources and Problems. Galway, 1979. P.231 sq.; OCunOBO K.A. K aonpocy 0 poAH rocYAapcTBa B }'TBepJKAeHID2! cpeOAilJlH3Ma B BH3allTHH II XVI. Internationaler Byzantinistenkongress: Resumes der Kurzbeitriige 1/ Jahrbuch der OsterreiCbische Byzantinistik. Wien, 1981. Bd. 4.1; Ostrogorsky G. Die Pronia unter den Komnenen 1/ 36opHID< pap,oBa BH3aH'l'OAOIIlKOr HHCTHT)1Ta. (AMee: 3PBI1.) EeOIp6A, 1970. KH.. 12; Idem. Drei Praktika weltlicher Grundbesizer aus der ersten Hiilfte des 14. Jaltrhunderts II 3PBI1. 1973. KH.. 14/15; Carile A. Sulla pronoia nel Peloponneso bizantino anteriormente alIa conquista latina / / "3PBI1. 1§75. KH.. 16; XBocmoBa K.B. Oc06eHHOCTPI arpapao-npaaoaszx OTHOIllemm B rro3AHeif BH3aH'I'IDL M., 1968; MaxCUMo~ .lb. ITpoHHjapH y Tpanes}'HAeKOM LlapCTBy /1 360pmnc <J)UAo3ocpeKor $aK}'ATeTa y EeorpaAY. 1974. KH.. XlI. C. 1; CID3lOMOB M.H. BH)'TPeHIDlg nOAHTPIKa Aaapoaaxa KOMHHHa 1/ BB. 1957. BhIII. 12.

2 Ocmporopcxu r. Ilpoaaja: ITpHAOr HCTOpHj:H cpeYMAH3Ma Y BH3aH'I'HjH H j)'JKHOCAaBeHCKlIM 3eMJbaMa. Beorpaz, 1951.

3. XBOCTOBd K.B.

65

IIpH 3TOM B03MOJKHO, 'ITO paaee 3TH npOHBAeHmI HOCHII.H erne CKphlThIH xapaxrep H He HI'paJIH TOH POJIH, KOTOPyro OHH rrOAytmJIH B AaAbHeHilleM. 3HaHHe HCTopHlleCKOH nepcrrexraaia rr03BOMeT, TaKHM 06pa30M, BIilllBHTb AOrrOAHHTeAbHyro HHCPOPMaIJ;HIO H C nOMOII(bIO Hee 06HappKHTb orrpeAeMJ:IOII(He TeHAeHIJ;HH pasBHTHH. TIOAo6HbIil: perpocrrexrasasra B3rAHA aa CP~HOHHPOBaHHe conaexsao-npeaoaax HHCTHTYTOB, rrO-BHAHMOMY, A01lJKeH OKa3aTbCH IIAOAOTBOPHbIM B OTHOIlleHHH H3yqeHHB BH3aHTHHCKOH rrpOHHH. CBeAeHHB HCTO'IHHKOB, xapaxrepaayiomae ee B XI - XIII BB., HeMHOrmIHCAeHHbI H OCTasMIIOT xaoro HeHCHOCTeB. B TO JKe BpeMSI OT XIV B. COXPaHHll.HCb aexoropiae AaHHbIe, xoropsre He TOJI.DKO rr03BOMIIOT IIpOCAeAHTI> pa3BHTHe H H3MeHeHmI npOHHH B 3TO CTOAeTHe, HO H AaIOT B03MOJKHOCTb BIilllBHTb PHA ee HeHCHbIX qepT B 60Aee paHHHH nepaos, a, CAeAOBaTeAbHO, nOMoraIOT peKOHCTpYHPOBaTb THIIOAOrHlleCKHe oc06eHHOCTH sroro HHCTHT}'Ta. KpOMe TOro, H3yqeHHe IIpOHHH, Ha3bIBaeMOH B HCTO'IHHKax TaKJKe HKOHOMHSI, T.e. ynpaaxeaae, nexecooepesso npOBOAHTb B TeCHOH CBH3H C paCCMOTpeHHeM 06II(eil: CHCTeMbI BH3aHTHHCKOrO ynpaBAeHIDI H C yqeToM xapaxrepasrx xepr BH- 3aHTHHCKOH rrOAHTHKO-npaBOBOH AOKTpHHbI, BH3aHTHHCKOH MeHTaAbHOCTH H C yqeToM CeMaHTHKH BbIpaJKeHmI "npOHHH".

BHHMaHHe HCCAeAOBaTeAeB npHBAeKAO ynOMHHaHHe 0 npoHHH B TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM TpaKTaTe 06 06AOJKeHHH, Ony6AHKOBaHHOM M. KapaHHHonyAOCOM H OTHOCHII(eMCH, BHARMO, K XI HII.H xn B. B HeM ynOMHHaIOTCH 'tu :rcPOVOLClO'tLXU3• MCCAeAOBaTe.IIH noaerasa, 'ITO HMeIOTCH B BRAY HaAOm C 3eMJIH, rrOJKaAOBaHHbIe cTpaTHoTY HII.H 'lHHOBHHKY sa HCrrOAHeHHe HM rocynapcraeaHOH CApK6bI. ClIHTaAOCb, 'ITO OTAHllHTeAbHOH OC06eHHOCTbIO nOJKaAOBaHIDI SIBMeTCH TO, 'ITO OHO rrOAPa3YMeBaAO nepeAa'lY JlHIllb CPHCKaAbHhlX npaa, T.e. rex, xoropsre paaee IIpHH1lAAeJKaJIH rOCYAapCTBY. Y-ireHhle nozeraaa, 'ITO ace APyrne npasa aa AaHHyro TeppHTOpHIO He 6bI.IIH 06':beKTOM rrOJKaAOBaHHil:4. AaRHaH KOHn;eIID;IDi npeAAaraeT HaAH'IHe B BH3aHTHH xerxoro paarpaHHlleHmI MeJKAY ny6.11H'lHO-rrpasoBbIMH H qaCTHonpasoBbIMH (3KOHOMH'leCKHMH) CP~IDIMH R COOTBeTCTByroII(RMR AO-

3 Karajannopoulos I. Fragmente aus dem Vademecum eines byzantinischen Finanzbeamten / / Polychronion: Festschrift Fr. Dolqer zum 15. Geburtstag. Heidelberg, 1966. S. 322. 56-58.

4 Ahrweiler H. La pronoia ... P. 683. 684; Eadem. La consession des droirs incorporels ... P. 110; Cp.: Lemerle P. The Agrarian History of Byzantium. P. 232; Svoronos N. Le domaine de Lavra sous les Paleoloque / / Actes de Lavra / Ed. A Gnillou, P. Lemerle, D. Papachryssanthou. N. Svoronos. P., 1982. Vol. N. P. 164-111. (Aa;l.ee: Actes de Lavra. Vol. N.)

66

XOAaMH. TIoAo6Hoe 3TaTHCTCKOe B033peHHe, nO-BHAHMOMy-, B TO'IHOCTH BOcnPOH3BOAHT BH3aRTHHCKYID nOAHTHKO-npaBOB}'lO AOKTpHHY, COrJl.aCHO KOTOPOH pa3J1.HliaJI.OCb rocYMPCTBeHHOe H 'laCTHOe yIIpaBJI.eHHe. 3TO pesrpaaaseaae HaIIlJl.O CBOe HpKOe BbIpaJKeHHe Y l10aHHa AaMaCKHHa, o6m;ee IIOHHMaHHe ynpaaJl.eHHH KOTOpOrO BOCXOAHT K APHCTOTeJI.I05.

Bsnne MhI rOBOpHJI.H 0 TOM, 'lTO 'leTKOe pasrpeaaseaae rry6- JI.HliHhlX H 'laCTHhlX npaa B BH3aHTHH rrpomxo HeCKOhhKO 3TaIIOB B CBOeM pa3BHTHH. Ho H B paRHeH BH3aHTHH, KOrAa IIOA06- HOe pesrparraseaae 6hlJ1.o HaH60Jl.ee AeHCTBeHHhlM, KorAa aanpemexca TIaCTHhlH IIaTPOHaT, BPHA JI.H MOJKHO csarars, 'lTO B peaxsaocra IIoAo6Hoe pesrpaaaseaae 6hlJ1.o a6coJl.lOTHhlM. 06 3TOM CBHAeTei\hCTB}'lOT axneparopcxae HOBeJIJI.hl, 0 KOTOPhlX IIoAPo6HO IIHCaJI.H TI . .l\.eMephh H APyrHe Y'leHhle H 0 KOTOPhlX rOBOpHJI.OCh B nepaoa raaae, <I>aKT H3AaHHH 3THX HOBe.II.JI. YJKe CaM no ce6e cBHAeTehhCTBYeT 0 IIOCTOHHHhlX aapymeaaax na- 3BaHHOrO npHHr(HIIa. BOCXOAHID;HH K snoxe AOMHHaTa xapaxrep BH3aHTHHCKOH rOCYAapCTBeHHOH BJl.aCTH o6eCne'lHBaJI. nearpaJl.H3M, cym;eCTBeHHO OTJI.HliaBmHHCH OT n;eHTpaJI.H3Ma nOCJI.9A}'lOm;HX IIOCTCp9AHeBeKOBhlX 3IIOX. BH3aHTHHCKHH n;eHTpaJI.H3M, KaK H n;eHTpaJI.H3M, cBo:ii:cTBeHHhlH APeBHHM HMIIepHHM, 6hlJ1. CIIoco6eH o6ecneTIHTh pa3BeTBJI.eHHhlH 6IOpOKpaTHl{eCKHH aIInaper, C60Phl HaJl.OrOB, HO B COqHahhHO-3KOHOMH'leCKHX H HH<t>OPMaqHOHHhlX YCJl.OBHHX Cp9AHeBeKOBhH He 6hlJ1.o B03MOJKHOCTeH IIOBJI.HHTh aa xapezrep B3aHMOOTHOmeHHH B JI.1060H npoBHHD;HH H B KaJKAOM AOMeHe. TIPH 3TOM BCB nOJI.HTHKa BH3aRTHHCKoro rOCYAapCTBa 6hlJ1.a aarrpesxeaa na COXpaReHHe pasrpeaaseaaa secraoro H rry6J1.H'ffioro npas.

30Hapa ynpezan Axsxces I KOMHHHa B TOM, 'lTO OH IIPaBHJI.

He KaK HMIIepaTOp, a KaK rOCIIOAHH. HHKH<t>op Tparopa Pa3Jl.HTIaJI. yIIpaBJI.eHHe rocynapcraox IIO 06h[qaHM poxeen H C06CTBeHHOCThIO no 06pa3D;Y Jl.aTHHHH6. Cxemeaae <t>OPM 'laCTHqro H

5 Ioannis Damascenis Capita Philosophica Dialectica / / PG. T. 94. Col. 533. 6 Tinneleld F. Kategorlen der Kalserkritik in der byzantinischen Historiographie: Von Procop bis Nicetas Choniates. MUnchen, 1911. S. 144; Nicephori Gregorae N. Byzantina Historia graece et latine / Ed. L. Scbcepeni, T.Bekker. Bonnae, 1829. Vol. I. P. 233. 18. Ha'IaAo 3TOH nOABTHKH BOCXOABT K snoxe A,HoKAeTHaHa H C03AaHHIO BH3aHTHH:CXOH CPHCKilA1>HOH CHCTeMloI, MHOme np~mn.r KOTOPOH (ecrecrseaao, B H3MeHeHHOM BRAe) npocymecraoseAlI!>p Ko~a mmepHH. B 3TOT rrepaoz, B03HHKAH 3Ha'lHTeJIhllhle rrpeporaraaer 'IleHTPaJIhlJOH BJlaCTH B oraomeaaa 3eMeJlb noMaHHJillC (Lemerle P. The Agrarian History of Byzantium. P. 1). BH3aHTHHcKoe roCYAapCTBo B AaJIhlJeHmeM mapoxo nOJlb30BaAOCb no,Il,06HbIMH rrpeporarasasra, HeKOTOpbIe BH3aHTHHHcrbI CBH3bIBaJ\H 3Ha<rnTei\hllbIe rrpasa rocynapcrsa B OTHomeHHH 'IaCT-

3'

67

ny6AH'lHoro yrrpaaxeaaa yrpozsaxo oCJl.a6J1.eHHIO rOCYAapCTBeHHOB BJl.aCTH, rr03TOMY na orpaaaxeaae 'fdCTHoro nerpoaara 6hIAH HaIJ,eAeHhl MHorne yCHJ\HK BH3aHTHHCKHX BJl.aCTeB. OAHaKO 3Ta rrOAHTHKa sceraa 6hIJI.a rrpOTHBOpe'IHBOB, TaK KaK coxeraAaCh C MepaMH, CIIoco6CTBOBaBIIIHMH YKpeIIJl.eHHIO -qaCTHOrrpaBOBhIX OTHomeIIH:ll:, a, CJl.eAOBaTeJl.hHO, C c03AalllieM rrpeAIIOChIJl.OK K rrepeIIJI.eTeHHIO 'laCTHorrpaBOBhIX H rry6J1.H'lHO-rrpaBOBhIX tPymcn;:Hi!: yrrpaBJI.eHIDI1. B 3TOM OTHOmeHHH ocotienno xapaxrepma pa3Aa'la HMMyHHTeTHhIX rrpHBHJl.erHH H nozcaaoaaaae seMeJI.h B noxayro C06CTBeHHOCTh. Bnposaa, rroCJI.eAHHe, necssorpa aa MHorO'IHCJl.eHHhle 3aBepeHIDI B rrpOTHBHOM, COAep}KaIIlHeCll B

HOY co6crneHHOCTH C IIOIDITHeM roCYMpcTBeHHOH C06CTBeHHOCTH rra 3eMAIO, nOAPa3YMeBaH nOA IDIM; I'JIaBHhIM OOpa3QM, Te <POPMhI OI'paHH'IeHHlI'IaCTHOrO 3eMAeBlIiIAeHIDl, 'IaCmOH mrnn;HaTHBhI, xoropue 6bIJI.H xapaxrepasr fVIJl HMIIepHH Ha'IHHaH C X B. rOBOpHAOCh NJJKe 0 npase roCYMPCTBa KOH<pHCKOB'hIsars 3eMAH IIOMllHHhIX B CAyqae rOCYMPcrneHHOH Heo6xOAHMOCTH. 06 STHX B033peHHlIX CM.: AumaBPWl r.r. TIpooJl.eMa rocYMPcrneHHoH c66cTBeHHOCTH B BH3aHTHH X - XI BB. / / BB. 1915. Ne 34. Asrop cnpaslW\RBO B03piIJKaeT npoTHB Ha3BaHHhlX B3I'JUlAQB. LIacTH'IHo MO)KHO COrAaCHTbCSI C MHeID<eM H. 3BOpoaoca, COrAaCHO KOTOPOMY H3BeCTHhIe <PilK.ThI IIpeBpam;eHHSI 3eMeAh, IIPHHilMe}KiIBIIIHX aa IIpaBBX C06CTBeHHOCTH MOHaCThlPSIM, B roCYAapcrneHHhIe 03Ha'IaAl'l, BO BCID<OMCAyqae IO_PHAH'lecKH, He KOH<pHCKan;H1O HX, a npexpameHHe IIpHBHAerHPOBaHHOro COCTOSIHIDl, CBSI3aHHOro C oCBo6oJKAeHHeM 01' ynAaThI HdAOI'OB, lI.HKBHMn;HIO HaAOrOBOH 3KCKYCCHH (Actes de Lsvra. Vol. N. P. 52, 53). OAHaKo HHOTAa 3eMJlli AeHCTBHTeAhHO OT6HPaJlHCb. 3TO npoacxoAHAO B nepaos, otiocrpenaa BHeIIIHey 06CTaHOBKH H sceraa pacCMaTpHBdAOCh KiIK. 3KCTpdOPAHHdPHhIH Ka3Yc. 06hl'lH0 3eMJlli 3aTeM aosspemexa HJI.H 06MeHHBMH na APyrne. AaAee, BPM JI.H cIIpaseMBBo OTHOCHTb pacrrpocrpaaeaae TeHAeHn;HH, CBSI3aHHOH C IIpeHMYII\eCTBeHHhlM BJl.HSIHHeM uy6J1.H'lHOTO npasa H pOJlbIO rocynapcrae TOJlbKO K rrepaony Ha'IHHaH C X B. 3TO SIBAeHHe BOCXOAHT K rocynapcrseaaoery nopSIAKY, C03AdHHOMY pe<pOPMaMH AHoKAeTHaHd H OTMe'IdAOCb YJKe TaKHMH HCCAeAOBaTeASIMH PHMCKOro rrpesa, KiIK. E. AeRH H M. Kasep. TIoCAeAHHii NUKe !!HCdA 0 TOM, 'ITO B nocTKAaCCH'leCKHH nepaoe, B03HHKAa OI'paHH'IeHHaSI C06CTBeHHpCTb 'IaCTHbIX AHn;, 'ITO MOJKeT 6hlTb HHreprrperapoaaao, KiIK. roCYAapCTBeHHaH C06CTBeHHOCTh. CM.: Kaser M. Das romtsche Privatrecht. Munchen, 1959. Bd. II. S. 189 -190. Cpo TilK.JKe: Levy E. West Roman Vulgar Law: The Law of Property. Philadelphia, 1951. P. 111, 119. TIpeeMcTBeHHOCTh snoxa N B. C nOCAeAYIOIn;HM pa3BHTHeM HMUepHH crrpaBIW\RBO IIOA'IepKHBdAa E.3. AmnIIIm. CM.: AUllIuul.! E.3. K HCTOPHH sazpenom;eHHll BH3aHTHHCKoro'KpeCTbliHCTBaB Vl B. II BH3aHTHHCKHe O'IepKH. M., 1911. C. 101, 109. HMeHHo B N B. IIPOHCXOAHT B BOCTO'IHOH PHMCKOHH:MIIepHH orpeaaxeaae 'IaCTHOrO nerpoaera (Lemerle P. Agrarian History of Byzantium. P. 11). BC>I AaAbHemndSI HCTOPHSI BH3aHTHH, c:oAepJKam;aSI MHOJKecrno BiIJKHbIX sex B 6oproe HMUepaTOPOB aa coxpaaeaae crporax Pil3Jl.H'IHlii: MeJKAY 'IaCTHhlM X03SIHCTBOM H rocyMPCTBeRHhIM YlIPiI1lAeHHeM, noxaasraaer, 'ITO IIpOHHSI HMeJl.a B :ITOH 60Pb6e He nOCAeAHee 3Hd'IeHHe.

1 MCIKCUMOBUi!j K. BR3dHTHjCKd npOBHHIiH.iCKd YlIPaBa Y Ao6a Ilaxeoxore, Beorpas, 1912. C. 14-95.

68

HMrrepaTOpc:rrnx rpaxorax, O<J:>oPMMIIOID;HX COOTBeTCTByroIqHe rrOJKaAOBaHlffi, BOBce He 6b1AF! rrp0'ilIhlMH H cHa6JKeHlIbIMH aaCTOllIqHMH rrpaBOBhIMH rapearasxa. TIpHBHiteTIm He TOllbKO MOrJIH OTMeH5ITbCl'l, HO rro cpaaaeaaro C 3arrilAHOeBpOrreMCKHM MMMYJIHTeTOM OHH 6bIJIH 001l.ee orpamrqeHHhIMH. Ha nporasceHHH BceM HCTOPHH HM1Iepmr H oc06eHHO B XN - XV BB., KaK 06 3TOM rrOAP06HO roBOPHTClf BO BTOPOM rxaae, pacrrpocrpaasxaca npaxraxa B03Bpa.ro;eHHH xoaacrsrpcxax 3eMe.IIb B paar HaAOrO- 06J13aHHbIX H HX BpeMeHHaH KOH<pHCK~Hlf.

CyIT\HOCTh CaMOM rrpoaan TaKJKe 6:bIJ1.a rrpOTHBopetIHBOM.

He06xoAHMo pa3J1HllaTI" C OAHOM CTOPOHbI, T'f poxs, KOTOPaH OTIloAlfJl,aC:b eM rO(:YM.pcTBeHHoM BJl.aCT:blO, a C APyroM - ee peaJlbHOe <p~oHHpoBaHHe. B reopaa OHa, B.lfAHMO, paccaarPHBaAdC:b KaK OAHO H3 CpeACTB coxpaaenas H rrOMePJKaHHlf qeTKHX rpaa9:il: MeJKAY rOCYAapcTBeHHbIM yrrpasxenaex H qaCTHbIM rtarpoaarox, c6J1.HJKaeMbIM BH3aHTHHCKHM rrpaBOC03HaHHeM C qaCTHOR C06CTBeHHOCThlO, H 03HaqaAa UOJKaAOBaHHe JlHlITh rry6J1HqHO-UPaBOBbIX <PYHKlIHH, CBH3aHHbIX C B3HMaHHeM HaAOra. BUpOqeM, H3 sroro He C.il.eAyeT, qTO lOPHAHqeCKH rrpOHRR CBoAlfJl,aC:b TOllbKO K rrOJKaAOBaHHlO naxora, XOTH 3T0 HerrOCPeACTBeHHO 3aCBHAeTe.llbCTBOBaHO MHOrHMH HCTOqffHKaMH. B paccxarpaaaesroe UOHHTHe BK.iI.~BaACl'I em;e H HEOR CMbIC.iI.: Ae.i\.erHPOBaHHe HeKOTOpbIX npas rrorrexeaaa HJIH ynpaaxeaaa (HKOHOMRR) , 06':beM KOTOPbIX 3aBHCe.i\. OT CO~HaJlbHOrO craryca UOAyqaTeAH. MMeHHO TaK, KaK nexeropoe nonesenae B OTHOIrreHHH repparopaa, paCCMaTpHBaA nponaro M.51. C1031OMOB8. BsrpaJKeHHe 'tCt :n:POVOU:X(TtlXCt, rrO-BMAHMOMY, uoATBepJKAaeT 3TO rrpeACTaBJl.eHHe. B TO JKe BpeMH, AaHHOe BblpaJKeHHe B rpaxrare 06 06.i1.OJKeHHH HHKOHM 06pasOM He paCIIUl<PPOBbIBaeTCH. ITP0.il.HTb aexoropsra CBeT aa BbIpaJKeHHe -rCt 1tPOVOlUU'tLXCt IIOMoraIOT HCTOqaHKH 60Aee noaaaero BpeMeHH. 51 HMelO B BHAY UpaKTHKH XN B., COAepJKam;He rrepaopacxsr BJl.dAeHHR Aaspsr CB. ArpaaaCRR H MBHpcKoro MOHacTbIpH, rAe B nepexae BAdAeHHH, cocenHHX C MOHacTbIpcKHMH, yrrOMHHaIOTCH 'tCt 1tPOVOlUU'tLXo. Otxmu9.

8 CI03JOMOB M.fl. YKa3. CO'!. C. 60. Cp.: OcunoBa K.A. YKa3. CO'!. 4.1.

9 Actes de Lavra I Ed. A. Guillou, P. Lemerle, N. Svoronos, D. Papachryssantou. P., 1917. Vol. n. N72. P. 14.42; N 19. P. 48-49.13.15; N90. P.84. 139; P. 85.142, 144, 160; P. 81. 184, 196; P. 89, 229, 233, 245; P. 91.280, 283; N 108. P. 191. 213, zts, 219; P. 192.239; P. 193.251-258; P. 194.286. HapMY' C 3TIIM BCTpe'laIOTCSl BhlpaJKeHH>l: 'tu :rtpOVOl<XO'tIXW~ (Ibid. N 90. P. 19. 9; N 108. P. 191. 3£9); B(xmmv m:pa'ttrorou (N 108. P. 196. 349-350); 'tu :r(povotaO'tlXw~ Xa'tEj(0fl£va (N 108. P. 199.422); D61ger F. Sechs byzantiniSChe Prakttka des 14. Jahrhunderts fUr das Athoskloster Iberon II Abhandl. der Bayerischen Ak, d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. Neue Folge. Munchen, 1949. H. 28. A 422.

69

i1HoTAa B rrpezraxex YUOMHHaIOTCH H CaMH npoaaapsr, H 3TH AaHHhle AMIDHHH: pas CBHAeTeA:bCTByroT 0 TOM, 'ITO HMH MOrAM 6hlTb KaK ~a 3HaTHOrO rrpOHCXOJKAeHHH, TaK H npeACTaBHTeAM 60Aee HH3KOrO COn;HaAbHOrO cTaryca10•

O'IeBHAHO, nepeAalia KaKOMY-AM60 'lHHOBHHKy, BOeHa'IaAbHHKy HAM crperaory 3eMeA:b B Ka'IeCTBe 'ta. :n:povmuO'ttxa. lHxmu HBAHAaCb He TOAbKO nOlKaAOBaHHeM aaaora, HO H OT'l)'JKAeHHeM HeKOTOpbIX npHHClMelKaIlIHX rOCYAapCTBY npaa aa COOTBeTCTByrorn;yro TeppHTOpHIO. 113BeCTHo, 'ITO coraacao BH3a.HTHHCKOM O<PHD;HaAbHOM rrOM,fTHKO-npaBOBOM AOKTpHHe nOMaHHhle nxeTHAH rOCYAapCTBeHHhle aexora B CHAY rex npaa noneseaas, KOTophle npHHClMelKaAH HMIIepaTOpCKOM BAaCTH B OTHOIDeHHH TeppHTOpHH H 1K1mym;ero na HeM HaCeAeHHH, T.e. B CHAY HMllepaTopCKOM rrpOHHH, KOTOPaH BOCXOAHAa K 60IKeCTBeHHOMY rrpOBHAeHHIO. CAeAOBaTeA:bHO, nOlKaAOBaHHe npoaaapy aaaora 03Ha'IaAO OT'l)'JKAeHHe B ero nOAb3Y npaa nOne'IeHHH, xoropsre peaAH30BhlBaAHCb BO B3HMaHHH HaAOrOB C HaCeAeHHH COOTBeTCTByrom;eM TeppHTOpHH.

KaK OTMe'IaeT r. Xyarep, B Tperraa 3AAHHHCTH'leCKOrO nepHoAa rrOHHTHe rrpOHHH pecnpocrpaasxocs H aa 'lHHOBHHKa, OAHaKO B BH3aHTHHCK)'IO 3noxy OHa B 3TOM 3HaqeHHH He BCTPeliaeTCHII. 3TOT BhlBOA He npeACTaBAHeTCH a6COAlOTHO TOllHhlM. YnOMHHaHHH Til :n:pOVOLUatLXIl B rpexrere 06 o6AolKeHHH H Til :n:POVOL<W1'LXIl liixmu B npaxrasax, KaK BHAHO, CBHAeTeAbCTByroT 0 TOM, 'ITO COOTBeTCTByrom;He rrOHHTHH rrpennoxaraAH nOlKaAOBaHHe rrpas rroneseaas 'lHHOBHHKaM H cTPaTHOTaM, 6e3 xoroporo rrepeAa'Ia aaaora He HMeAa IOpHAH'leCKHX rapaHTHil:12•

B XPHCOBYAe MHxaHAa IX TIaAeOAOra OT 1310 r., dApecoBaRHOM I1BHPCKOMY MOHacThlpIO aa A<poHe, rOBOpHTCH 06 HMneparope KaK 0 rrOKpOBHTeAe nOMaHHbIX B arrrepecex 06m;eil: n0Ab3hlI3. BBeAeHHe npOHHH, B03MOIKHO, H rrpecxeaoaaxo n;eAb

10 00 3THX TPilAlITIIDIX no oracmeazro K OOAee paaaexy nepHOAY eM.:

Angold M. A Byzantine Government in Exile: Government and Society under the Laskaridsof Nicea (1204-1261).L., 1975.P 125, 126;AhrweilerH.L'hlstoire et la geographie de la Tegion de Smyme ... P. 157.

11 Hunger H. Prooimion. Elemente der byzantinischen Kaiseridee in den Arengen der Urkunden. Wien, 1964. S. 85 u. folg.

12 I1MeHHo IOpHAH'IeCKHe. peaasasre rapaHTIm onpeAeNlIIHCh KOHKpeTHOH CO~aAhHo-nOAlITH'l:ecKoH KOH'hlOmcrypoH H B3a!iMOOTHOllIeHID!MH c HMneperopox.

13 Actes d'Iviron / Ed. J. Lefort. N. Oikonomides, D. Papachryssanthou.

V. Kravari. P., 1994. Vol. rn. P. 184.6-1,13-14.

70

OOpa30BaHID! HHCTliITYTa, KOTOPhIH C03AaBaJI. OhI B CBeTe AeHCTsysomero npeaa HaAe:>KHhIe IOpHAH'leCKHe rapearaa MJf. pacIIpOCTPaHeHHOH B BH3aHTHH H HMeBmeH TP~HH <POPMhI OIIMThI CAYJKOhI tffiJiOBHHKOB H CTPaTliIOTOB, COCTmmmeH B OT'lHCAemrn HaJl.OrOB C OIIpeAeAeHHOH TeppHTOpHHI4. B03HHK, TaKHM oepeaox, cne:qH<pMeCKHH BRA IIOIIe'leHIDI, OCHOBaHHOro aa rocYAapCTBeHHOH HIIH:qliaTHBe H aocamero nyOAH'lHOrrpaBOBOH xapaxrep. ECTeCTBeHHO, 3TOT HHCTHTYT AOAJKeH OhI rrpOTliIBOCTORTh 'laCTHOMY IIOIIe'leHHIO H YCHAHBaTh CBOHCTBeHHYIO BH3aHTHHCKOMY IIOAHTHKO-rrpaBOBOMY C03HaHHIO TeHAeH:qHlO K 'leTKoMY paarpamrseamo <pymc:qHH rOCYAapCTseanoro rryOAH1lHO-IIpaBOBOrO yrrpasxeaaa H'laCTHorrpaBOBOH AeRTeALHOCTH H COOTBeTCTByroID;HX AQXOAOB. 0 TOM, 'lTO npoHID! C casroro Ha'laAa rrpesrroxaraaa IIOIIe'leHHe ee IIOAY'laTeAR HaA H3BeCTHOH repparopaea, CBRAeTeAI.CTByIOT, IIO-BHAHMOMY, He TOALKO 1:a :n:POVOLUO'TtXa TPaKTaTa 00 OOAOJKemrn H 1:a :n:POVOLUO'tLXa 6£XmUIIpaKTHKOB XIV B., T.e. CBeAeHIDI HCTO'lHHKOB, CPaBHHTeAI.HO HeAaBHO IIpHBAe'leHHhIX MJf. H3Y'leHIDI HHTepecyrom;ero Hac HHCTHT)'Ta, HO H AaBHO asaecraoe ynOMHHaRRe 0 npoaaa Y AHHhI KOMHHHhII5• B 3TOM <pparMeHTe rrpoHHR BCTPe'laeTCR ABaJKAhI H B pa3HhIX 3Ha'leHHRX. C OANOH CTOPOHhI, 3TO Ta IIPOHIDI, KOTOPyro HMIIepaTOp ocymecraaaer IIO OTHOmeHHlO K IIOMaHHhIM, a C APyrOH - Ta, KOTOPaR, TaK czasars, OT'lYJKAeHa, OTAeAeHa (acpop(f;ro) B IIOAL3Y OTAeAI.HhIX AH:q, IIOJKaJl.OBaHa HM.

Flpaaa IIOIIe'leHIDI, peaAH3YRCb B rroxyseaaa HaJl.OrOB C xpeCThlIH, rrpeapamaxacs B COBOKYITHOCTh IIpaB B OTHOmeHHH 3THX IIoCAeAHHX. B 3TOM CMhICAe xapazrepma IIpaKTliIKH 1321 r., coAepJKaIIJ;He OIIHCb BAaAeHHH B <peMe <1>eCCaJl.OHHKH, IIOJKaJl.OBaHHhIX B HKOHOMHIO 'lAeHaM <pecCaJl.OHHKHHCKOro aJI.AarHR (soeaaoro IIoAPa3AeAeHHR) MHXaHAY CaBaHT3H H HmwAaIO MapYAH. CpeAH HX BAaAeHHH rrpeoOAaAaIOT AepJKaHHR 3aBHCHMhIX kpeCTbRH-IIapHKoBI6.

14 CM., aarrpassep: Lemerle P. The Agrarian History of Byzantium.

P.233.

15 Annae Comnenae Porp/lyrogenitae Alexias. Lipsiae, 1984. II. P. 292. 22-25.

16 Actes de Xenophon I Ed. D. Papachryssanthou. P., 1986. N 15.

P. 139 -140; N 16. P. 143 -144. B 3TOM IW1He lliITepecHbI Ii APyrHe npaKTIIKH npoaaapos, CM.: Schreiner P. Zwei unedierte Praktika aus der zweiten Halfte dEl.s 14. Jahrhunderts II Jahrbuch der Osterreichische Byzantinistik. (AaAee:

JOB). 1970. Bd, 19. P. 33-49. 0 HHX CM.: Oikonoinides N. Notes sur un praktikon depronoiaire II Travaux et Memoires. P., 1973. Vol. 5. P. 335-346.

71

TIpaBO npOHRapOB na noxyseaae HaAOrOB C repparopaa II03BOJlliAO H. l1KOHOMHAHCY npOBeCTH Onp6,AMeHHhIe napaaAMH MeJKAY npoaaea H HaAOrOBhIM HMMYHHTeTOM. Ho TaKOe CXOACTBO 6hIAO 'IRCTO BHeIIIllllM. B ropHAR'leCKOM OTHOmeHHH IIpOHRH H HMMYHHTeT - IIOHHTHH AHaMeTpaAhHO npOTHBOrrOAOJKHhIeI7• TIpOHHH - 3TO IIep6,Aa'Ia <p~ rry6.iill'lHo-IIpaBOBOFO rrOIIe'IeHHH, a HaAOrOBhIM HMMYHHTeT - IIpHBHAeFIDl, rrpeAOCTaBAHeMaH C06CTBemmKaM 3eMJIM.

HTaK, rrp6,ACTaBAeHIDI 0 rrpOHHH, nO-BHAHMOMY, HeIIocpeACTBeHHO AeAYJ¥fPOBaAHCh BR3illiTH:ihJ;aMH H3 noeryxeroa O<PHIJ;HdAbHOR rrOJlliTIiKO-IIpaBOBOR TeopHH. B03MOJKHO, HMeHHO n03TOMY OHa He HaIlIAa 'IeTKOFO ropHAH'leCKoro O¢OpMll.eHIDl B BH3aHTHHCKHX rrpasonax AOKYMeHTax, HO paCCMaTpHBaAaCh KaK HHCTHTYT, BrrOAHe corMCyrorn;JilliC5! C cyrn;eCTByrorn;HM rrpanonopaaKOM. OAHaKO TO 06CTOHTMhCTBO, 'ITO OHa IIp6,ACTaB.IUIha C060R IIOrre'IeHHe, CBH3aHHOe C YIIPaBAeH'leCKHMH tPY1uaW.5!MH (HKOHOMH5!) IIO OTHOilleHIDO K HaceAeHHOR 3aBHCHMhIMH KpeCTh5!HaMH TeppmopHH, IIpHBMO aa IIpaKTHKe K TOMY, 'ITO IIPOHH5! 3BOJ\lOD;HOHHpOBaAa no IIYTH npespameaaa B Y<;AOBH)'lO 3eMMhH)'lO C06CTBeHHOCTb, II01IHMaeMyro KaK TaKOBaH B paxxax BYAhrapHOro, HO He KAaCCH'leCKOrO pasicxoro IIpaBa18• ITP6AIlOChlAKH 3TOR 3BOJ\lOD;HH COAepJKaAHCh y::ace B IIpOHHH IX - XII BB., orpascaailleR CIIeD;H<pH'lHOCTh BHSaIITHHCKOR COD;HdAbHO-nOiIHTH'IeCKOR CHCTeMhI H IIpOTHBOpe'lHBhIM xapescrep BHYTPeHHeR IIOiIHTHKH HMIIepaTopoB. Ho HliAH'lHe COOTBeTCTByrorn;HX TeHAeHD;HH B panHeR npomm CTaHOBHTC5! ocoeeaao SaMeTHhIM 6MrOAa.P5! perpoCIIeKTHBHoMY H3y'l:eHIDO AOKYMeHTOB 3IIOXH TIaAeOAOFOB, KOrN! IIpOH30IIIAll: O!'leHh BaJKHbIe H3MeHeHH5! B craryce np01IHapOB H IIpOHHH, KOTOPaH HepeAKO CTaHOBHTC5! HaCAeACTBeHHoR.

KpOMe TOFO, pecnpocrpaasrorcs CAy'l:aH CO'IeTaHH5! B PYKax AepJKaTeA5! nponaa (HAM BAdAeHHH, He Ha3BaHHOrO TaK, HO rro CBoeMY orarycy He OTAH'Iarorn;erOC5! OT Hee) IIY6AH'lHO-IIpaBOBhIX H 'IaCTHonpaBOBhIX tPYHKD;HR, T.e. IIpaB YIIPaBAeHHH, KOTOpsre COeAHH5!lOTC5! C pedAbHhIMH 3KOHOMH'leCKHMH IIpaBaMH. XOPOillO H3BeCTHhI OTHlOAh He eAHHH'lHhIe <paKThI IIOJKaAOBa-

1? Oikonomides N. The Properties of the Deblitzenoi in 14th and 15th centunes / / Charanis Studies. New Brunswick, 1980. P. 178.

18 Georgii Pachymeris de Michaele et Andronico Paleologis Libri tredecim / Ed. J. Bekker. Bonnae, 1855. Vol. 1. P. 97. 21; Ocmporopcsu T. Tlpoaaja ... C. 124-127; MaKCUMOBul) K. BH3aHTHjcKa nposaanajcxa yrrpaaa ... C. 99, npaMe'!. 171. HaCAeACTBeHHIJe npaaa B oraonreaaa TeppHTOpHH B npeaocoaaarum BH3aHTHfuJ;eB CIDI3blBi1AHCb c POAOBOR COt)CTBeHHOCTbIO. CM.: Nicepliori Gregori Byzantina Historia. Vol. 1. P. 233. 18.

72

HID! repparopaa B Ha<':.II:e,1I,CTBeHHOe (HIll aa CPOK JKH3HH) BAaAeHHe H ynpaB.II:eHHe OnpeAeAeHHOrO .ll:Ho;a19• XpHCOBYJl.bHbIH OpHCMOC Hoaaaa V Ilaaeoxcra, COrAaCHO KOTOPOMY, MaHYH.I\:Y Ceprorryxy - xpaHHTeJUO ne'laTH - AO KOHD;a JKH3HH noxysareM! na YC.II:OBHH HCnOAHeHlliI C.II: YJK6bI nOJKa.ll:OBaH OCTpOB MapMapa, mrrepecen B lIeCKOJl.bKHX OTHOmelIIDIX20• TIpe)KAe scero B HeM, XOTH (KaK ::lTO 'la<':TO 6bIBaeT B nOA06m:.rx: 1l0JKa.ll:OBaHHHX:) H He Ha3BlBaeTCH npOHHH, HO B OTAH'lHe OT APyrHX nOJKa.ll:OBaHHH C aHa.ll:OTIf'lllblM COAepJKaHHeM HCnOJl.b3yeTcH APyroe BBlPdJKeHHe B TOM JKe CMbIC.II:e: £3tL!l£A.oUJ.l£V0C;21, COAepJKaHHe KOToporo paCKpBIBaeT TeKCT. IfimOBHHK AOAJKeH 3a6oTHTbCH 06 060POH€ oCTp0Ba H nposax YC.II:OBHRX JKH3HH, H B 3THX D;eMIX TaR JKe, KaK H APyrHM llOAY'laTeMIM HaC.II:eACTBeHHOH llpOHmr-HKOHOMHH, AaeTCH npaso npOBOAHTb na llOJKa.ll:OBaHHOH TeppHTOpmr paaAH'IHBIe "Y.II:yqmeHH5I" AOCT}'llHBlMH eMY cnoco6aMH22. TIOAo6- nsre <j:>OPMY.ll:HPOBllli, KaK H3BeCTHO, xapaxrepnsr AMI nOJKa.ll:OBaHHH 3eM.II:H B C06CTBeHHOCTb.

]9 B 3TOM nsaae HeOAHOKpaTHO aareprrperapoaaaacs apmpOBYM>C MopeaCKOTO AecnoTa <1>eoAOpa, COrAaCHO KOTOPLIM Teoprmo Fexacry ITiIH<pOHY 6LIAK nOlKaAOBaHLI ropos, <1>1IHapHOH 11 cexo BpHCHC. CM.: Ocmporopcxu r. ITpoHlU! •.. C. 124-125; MaKcuMoBu!J K. BH3<lliTI<jcKa nposaanajcsa ynpasa ... C. 99. AHaJl.OI'lf'lHL1M 6LtJI.o nOJKal\.OBaHHe AecnoTa KOHCTaHTHffil Ilaaeoxora AHMHTpmO MaMoHY Tparope (TaM lKe). Xspaxrepen B 3TOM OTH0111eHHH AdP Teoprmo CcppaBA31l (TaM lKe. C. 100). B 3TOR CBH3H MOlKHO 6L1J1.o 6Ll OTMeTIITI, H CIl.eAYlOllI,FIe nOJKaAOBaHIlH. HOaHH VI K1IHTaKY3HH nepeAMll 1349 r. CBoeMY upll6J1.HlK1!HHOMY AilMHTpHlO AeBJlID1HHY II aaCJl.eACTBeHHylO IlKDHDMlliO nocorac B 100 nepnepes, COOTBeTCTByIOnzyIO BJl.aAeHHlIM B fepMHII.ee (Actes de DocheianDU I Ed. N. Otkonomidss. P., 1984. N 26. P. 185). C()rJl.aCHD XPHCDBYJl.Y AI!ApbHHKa N ITaJl.eoJl.Dra DT 1378 r., MaH)'IlAY Tapxaaaory nepesaerca aa CpOK JKH3- HH ()6IWffiaAopOToH B Kaaaxapaa aa CJl.YlKuy, C TeM 'lTD6bI OHa nocae ero cxepTH aa Tex JKe YCJl.DBIDIX nepemaa ero CLlHY H()1IHHY Tapxaaaory, IIpH'IeM paaee AOpOTDH UPHHdAJl.elKaAa Teopraro ~ Ii ero nDKoHHDMY I'iI>aTY. a qaCTL ooIlj1!HL1 6IilJ1ii IIOlKaADBaHa. upDCTarMDR MaH)'IlAY Payxro Kycryraaaacy, 'ADKYMeHT Har./l.lIAHD IlJI.JI.lOCTpHpYeT ABIDKeHHe 3eMeII.L. craryc KDTDpLIX He DTJI.IlqaeTCH DT craryca HaCJl.eACTBeHHDH npoaaa (XDTH ee D6D3HaqeHHe DTcyTCTByeT). CM.: Actes de Lavra. Vol. Ill, N 149. ITo. AilHHhIM XPIlCDBYJl.a HOaHHa V ITaAeDJl.Ora OT 1351 r., llKeIDo HMIIepaTOpa Feoprzro Kanape nepeAaeTcH B xasecrse naCJl.eACTBeHHoro BJl.aAeHHli 3eMII.H B 2400 MDAReB B KaAaMapHH. CDOTBeTCTByIO~aH ero HKDHDMHIl B 48 rreprrepos. HaCJI.eAffllKH HaCTDliIIIerD Bll.aAell.Ln;a ADJI.lKHLI 6yAYT"hlllO.llHllTh CODTBeTCTByIOnzyIO CJl.YlK6y (ACtes de Dochelartou. N27. P. 188).

20 Magdalino P. An unpublished Pronoia Grant of the Second Half of the Fourteenth Century 113PBfl. 1978. KH.. XVllI. P. 155-163.

21 Ibid. P. 151.9. Cp.: Aetes de Dionysiou I Ed. N. Oikonomides. P. 1968.

N 2. P. 45-46.

22 Magdalino P. Op. cit. P. 151.8. Cp.: Aetes de Dochelariou. N 27. P. 188. 18-19.

73

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23 Aetes de Lavra / Ed. A. Guilliou, P. Lemerle, N. Svoronos, D. Papaehryssantou. P., 1919. VoL III. (Aa;..ee: Aetes de Lavra. Vol. III.) N 155. P. 134.24,29-30; P. 133, npllMe'l. :113AaTeJ\eH; N 159. P. 141.32.

24 Mhl He 3HaeM, e06A1OAaJl-Cll illi B XIV B. nOPlIAoK, 3anpeIllalOII{HH napaKaM npoAaBaTh 3eMilli IWOHHapaM, cynrecraoaasmaa B HHKeHCKOil HMUepHH :II BOCXOA!llllHii no CBOllM np~ K 3KOHOMH'leCKOH noxaraxe HMUepaTOpOB X B. eM.: Miklosich F., MUller J. Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi sacra et profana. Vmdobonnae, 1890. Vol. IV. P.199. (Aa;..ee: MM.); Angold M. A Byzantine Government in Exile. P. 141.

25 Aetes de Lavra. Vol. III. N 159. P. 148.33-34.

74

maaaoro ny6.11WffiO- H 'l:aCTHOnpilllOBOrO xapaxrepa. AaAee, B AOK)'MeHTax XN - xv BB., KaK H B AOK)'MeHTax BYhLrapHOrO nepa- 0Ni B pa3BHTIlH pliMCKOrO npasa, OTCYTCTByeT TepMHHOJl.OrH'l:eCKM TO'l:HOCn.: noIUITIrn unOCOTHC" H uBJ\aAeHHe" KdK 6hI nOAMeH5IlOT APyr APyra. ECJI.H B axrax, conepzcanrax nOJKaAOBaHHe B npOHHIO, ronoparca 0 npase aa BAdAeHHe, TO B AOK)'MeHTax, o4JoPMAHIDIr(HX nOJKaAOBaHHe MOHacThIpHM 3eMe.IU> B C06CTBeHHOCn., yxassrsaercs aa nepeAa'l:Y nocoTHc26•

fIOA06HOMY rrepenaereamo npeAcTaBJI.emm 06 ynpaBJI.eHHH H BJl.dAeHHH cnoc06CTBOBiiAH B snoxy fIaAeOJl.OrOB pedhLHhle nponeccsr npHBaTH3an;HH 4Jy-HKIJ;llli ynpaBJI.eHHH, CBH3aHHhle C YCRAeHHeM npOTHBOpe'l:HBhIX TeHAeHn;HH B nOAHTHKe HMUepaTOpOB. AeHCTBHTe.IU>HO, liMeHHO B STOT rrepaoz, sa cser KPyrnnn: 3eMe.IU>HhIX nOJKaAOBaHHM co CTOPOHhI roCYAapCTBa oc06eHHO BbIpOCAO xpyrraoe, B 'l:aCTHOCTH MOHaCThIpCKOe 3eMJI.eBAaAeHHe, pecrrpocrpaaaxacs anaHa:JKH21, OTnaAH BCHKHe orpaaaseaas, 'l:HHHMhIe paaee C06CTBeHHHKaM B npasxeseaaa aa ax 3eMAH KpeCTbHH. KaK H paaee, COCyIn;eCTBOBaAH sassaaasre ABa rrporasopesanrae APyr APyry HanpaBAeHHH SKOHOMH'l:eCKOH nOAHTHKH rocyzapcraa. CooTBeTcTBeHHo H caxa BH3aHTHMCKM BJl.aCTb 6aAaHCHpOBaAa MeJKAY ABYMH nOJl.HTH'l:eCKHMH H 06In;eCTBeHHhIMH CRAdMH, COCTilllAHBIIIHMH ee COn;HdhLHYID 6a3y:

BhIcweH 6IDpOKpaTHeH H 3eMehLHoH apHCTOKpaTHeH. fIpeHMYIn;eCTBeHHOe pa3BHTIle Toro HAll aaoro aarrpanxeaaa B nOAHTHxe sasacexo OT MHOrHX 4JaKTOpoB: COOTHoweHHH CRA B cocrase npasamea SAmhI, pedhLHhIX B03MOJKHOCTeH Toro HAll aaoro HMUepaTopa, BHeWHeH 06CTaHOBKH.

B D;eAOM, KaK OTMe'l:aAOCb, B snoxy fIaAeOJl.OrOB B SKOHOMH'l:eCKOH nOAHTHKe B0306J1.dAaAa TeHAeHD;HH K nOoIn;peHHID pOCTa KpynHOH, oc06eHHO MOHaCThIpCKOH C06CTBeHHOCTH. B STOH CBH3H xapazrepasr MHOrO'l:HCAeHHhle CBHAeTeAhCTBa nOJKaAOBaHHH MOHaCThIpID 6hIBWliX npOHHH HAH 3aMeHhl MOHaCThIpCKliX 3eMehL aa npOHHapCKHe, TorAa KaK MOHaCThIpCKHe B03- BPdIn;aAHCb B xaaay: npa STOM 06MeH COBepWaACH, nO-BHA:HMOMY, C Y'l:eTOM HHTepeCOB MOHaCThIpH28.

26 Ibid. N 122. P. 11.6.

21 MCIKCUMOBu1) K. BH3aHTHjCKa upoaaanajcxa ynpasa. .. C. 12.

28 Aetes de Lavra. Vol. III. N 128. P. 31. 29; N 161. P. 156-151. 1-1. BAOK}'MeHTe, cqJa6pHKOBaHHOM, no MHeHHIO H3A11TeJl.eil:, aa OCHOBe HeCKOJIhKHX paaee H3AaHHE>IX npaK'imcos, TalOKe roSOPHTCl! 0 nOJKaAosamm MOHaCThlpIO 'IaCTH IIpOHHH (Ibid. App. XVIll. P. 219. 34-35). Ho H OT 60hee paaaero apeMeHH MhI HMeeM MHOJKeCTBO CSHA8TeJI1>CTB nOAo6HoH npaKTHKH. CM.: Ocmpol'OPCKU r. ITpoHHja ... C. 34. Cp.: Actes de Lavra. Vol. II. N 91. P. 131. 6.

75

o TOM, 'ITO IlOJKaAOBaHHhle B XN B. npoaaepy npasa none'leHIDl YJKe Ire TOAbKO peaAH30BaJlliCb B IloJl.yqerum: HaAOrOB, HO BKJIJO'laAH B03MOJKHOCTH C03,l1,aBaTb Hd coo-rneTCTByroIqeH TeppIITOpHli! YCJl.OBIDI M5! pa:moo6paaHOH 9KOHOMH'leCKOH ,lI,eRTeAbHOCTH, CBH,II,eTeAbCTBy:IOT yrrosraayrsre BbIIIIe npaKTHKH 1321 r., COAepJKa.JWie OID1!Cb BAaAemril: npOHMdPOB - 'lJI.eHOB rpeccaxoHHKHHCKoro aAJ\.arIffi. XOT5I 60AbIIIa5I 'laeTb HX HKOHOMHH COCTO- 5IJI.a H3 ,lI,epJKamril: napaxoa, HM npHHaMeJKaAH TaKJKe IlOKIDIyThle aeM.I\H H BlI.a,lI,eRIDI, xoropme nepe,ll,aBaAHCb BMeCTO m<::yMeROHa (lfaAOra)29. 3m TeppIITopHH, He HaxOA5IIqHeCH B AepJKarum: y KPeCTbHR, 9KCllJI.yaTHPOBil1I.HCb HJ\.H nyTeM CAa'lH B apeHAY, HJ\.H C IlOMOIqblO 6aJ)IqHHhl, 0 KOTOPOH B npasraxax HMelOTCR cnenaaAbHhle ynOMHHaIII'(j{30. M:bI BC'I'pe'laeMCH C MCIl0Jl.b30BaHMeM M5! HaJfMeHOBaHMlf npoaaa TepMHHa "AecIloTeHH"31.

B lIOAQ6HbIX CH~ lIOJK/;IJI.oBaHHe npeaaepaa rrpas nolIe'leHRlf HJ\.H yrrpa13J1.eHRlf COCT05IJI.O, no cymeerey, B lIepeAa'Le scex TaX npeporaras, KOTOPhlMM o6J1.!l-AaA co6cTBeHImK B PaMxax BYAbrapHOro pHMCKOrO rrpasa, HOBhlH B3rll.lfA aa norreseaae He IIOJl.yqRlI., OAHaKO, !l-AeKBarnoro lOpH,II,R'leCKOr0 BhlpaJKeHRlf B AO:s:yMeHTax, B KOTOPhlX, KaK YJKe rOBopHJI.OCb, npOAONKaARCb AeJl.aTbCR nOlIhlTKH K pesrpaaaxeaaso rocynapcrseaaoro ynpasAeHRlf H 'laCTHoro BJl.a,lI,eHMlf. Ilo9ToMY AaBROe lIOHHMaHHe nporum: CTaHOBHTC5I AOCTOHRHeM rrpasa npeJJ;eAE~HTOB, H,II,eM KOTOPOro CTallli COAepJKaHHeM npaBOBOH MeHTaAbHOcm: IfMIIIlliJJ;IITHO Heo<p.opMJl.eHRhlX, HO AOCTaTO'lHO pscrrpccrpaaemrsrx H arparoIqHX 3Ha'llITeAbH)'IO COJJ;HiiJU>HYlO pOAb <pOPM npaBOC03HaHIDI.

MarepMaAhl apXHBOB AoXMapCKoro M KceHo<pOHTCKoro MOHaCThlpeH lIO:Kd3hlBdlOT, 'lTc) B XN B. lIPOHRaP, no cymecrsy, paCIIOpSDKaACH aeMJI.eH, nepeA<lHHOH eMY B UpOHRlO. OIl nepeAaaT 3eMll.IO MOHaCThlplO, CAaeT B apeHAY, npoaaer, M B 3TOM cJl.yqae npase MOHaCTbIpH na nee lIpeAcTaBAlfIOT C060H csoeoripa3lII>1:H BH,II, Yc,I\,OBHOH co6CTBeBROCTH. B03mrKalOT CJl.yqaH COSAa,lI,eHIDI MOHaCTbIpeH H npOHMaponn. Do MHeHRlO H3,l1,aTeAlf

29 Actes de Xenophon, N 15. P. 140. 11,20,21; N 16. P. ltl. 21-24, 25;

P. 144.25, .

30 Ibid. N 15. P. 140.30-31; N 16. P. 144.29.

31 Actes de Kestamonitcu / Ed. N. Oikonomides. P., 1918. P. 28. 8.

32 B srox oracnreaaa XapaIlJ"!)pHhl CAMyI01I!1'Ie AOKYMeHThl: axr n!)PMalffi l!PQHaapOM AmrnapcKOMy- loIOHaCThIIUQ OT 1313 r. HeCKOAhKHX no:KFIH}'ThlX x;rpiJ.<pli(eB H BHHOI'p"AIDIKa M<lHaCTl>IPh AOJUKeR aAMeTh 3T:HM:H 3eMhHMH H :H3BJ1.eKaTb H3 II:HX .I\l'doO.H AOxOA AO Tex nop, noxa MP:HTeJlh nero AeTH HMero:r l!PQIDIIO. eM.: Actes de Docheiartou. N 13. P. 125.5 -1. Xapaxrepao B AaRHOM CA)"Iae no oraorrreamo KO BPeMeRRoMY aAaAeIDlIO HCITOAh30BamIe craHAil,pT-

76

AOXHapcIrnX axros H. I1KOllOMHAHCa, rrOA06Hhle rrepeAa'IH npoHcxoAMAR C D;MhIO 06ecrre'IeHIDI: co cropoasr MOHaCThlpeR yc.ll.OBHH /VI5l 3KOHOMll'IecKOR AeHTMhHOCTH HaCe.ll.eHHH, IIJI.aTm:u;ero HaJl.OrH, KOTOphle 6bI.II.H YCT]'II.II.eHhl co CTOPOHbI rOCYAapCTBa rrpoaaepex sa HX C.II.J1K6y33. 113 3TOrO C.II.eAyeT, 'ITO 06bI'IH0 npoaaapsr CaMH CQ3AaBaJI.H 3TH YC.II.OBHH, rrpOBOAH HKOHOMHIO, ynpasseaae H noneaeaae, ocymecraxaexce 01' ./\.HD;a rocynapcrsa, H rr0.ll.b3Y1£Cb rrOCOTHC, 0 'IeM CBHAeTMhCTByroT HX 3KOHOMH'IeCKHe KOHCP.II.HKTbI C MQHaCTbIpHMH34.

OObI'IHO nOJKaJl.OBaHHe 3eM.II.H B nponaro rrpaKTH'IeCKH B.II.eK.11.0 sa C060R YCH.II.eHHe 3KCIIJI.yaTa:qHH HaJl.OrOIIJI.aTMhID;HKOB. MMeHHO 3THM, BHARMO, 06'b5ICIDI.II.OCb TO HerOAQBaHHe, C KOTOpbIM OIIHCbIBaJ\. paCIIpOCTpaHeHHS 3TOrO aacraryra IIpH MaHJH.II.e KOMHHHe HHKHTa XOHHaT35. lOPHAH'IecKH B rrpOHHIO, pasHO KaK H B 6e$YC.II.OBHyIO 'IacTHyIO COOCTBeHHOCTb, MOr./\.H 6.bITb rrOJKa.ll.OBaHbI H.II.H rrpHHaA.ll.eJKam;He Ka3He AepJKaHHH napaxoa, H.II.H rrycryrorrtae 3eM.II.H. B rrepHQA Ilaxeoxoroa 'IaCTO nepeaasa./\.HCb HMeHHO IIOC.II.eAHHe, aa KOTOPbIX COOCTBeHHHK H.II.H npeaaap rro.ll.yqa.ll. npano Ce.II.HTb 3.11.eBTepOB. Ho Ha npaxraxe B Op6HTe IIpOHHapa OKfi3hlBaJl.HCb HHOTAa H MeUHe C06CTBeHHHKH36. MHhlMH CJl.OBaMH, noneaenae, ocymecraxaeeroe npoaaapox, 6bl.11.Q BeCbMa Om;yTHMbIM H HepeAKO Bhl3bIBa.ll.0 rrporeern.

AOXHapCKHH H KCeHO<pOHTCKHH MOHaCTbIpII, B pacnopaseeHHe KOTOPbIX B XIV B. npoaaepu rrepeAaBaJI.H CBOII IIpOHHH, <paKTH'IeCKH cOCpeAOTO'IHBaJI. B CBOHX PJKax re rryO.ll.H'IHQ npa-

HOH q,OPMYJIH: "(me. 'tou viiv xat e~ 'to e~fi~". Aaaaorasaoro COAep)KaHID! R aKT 1314 r. nepe,ll,d'lli npOHRapCKRX aeMeAb MOHaCThlpro, oc~e.CTBMieMOH MYM5i npoaaapaxa (CM.: Ibid. N 14. P. 127.6; N 22. P. 164.6). AHaJlOI"R'flThIH Cll.yqair JaCBRAeTeJlhCTBOBaH B axre 1364 r, nepeAa'lli AO'WPhlO yxepmero nponaapa HaCII.e,ll,.CTBemmH npoaaa xoaacrsapro Keeaorpoara (Actes de Xenophon. N 30. P. 213. 24-25).0 IIO)KaJlOBaHHH IIpo.HRapaMH MOHaCThipro CBORX npQlIHiI CBH,lI,.eTeiII>CTByeT H npaKTHK, COCTaBAeHHhlH anorparpescose KOHCTaHTHHOM MaKpeHOM OT 1338 r. H COAep)K~ OIIHCb BAaAelIHiI Keeneq,(JHTCKOrO MOHaCThlp5i (Ibid. N 25. P. 195. 110-111). VhBeCTHhl <jJaKThl C,Il,d'lli rrpoaaepaaa ax npomm B apeHAY MOHaCThlpro (Ibid. N 6, P. 91. 9, 15J H Cll.yqaH npo,ll,d)KH liMB CBO:!IX IIpOHHH, a TaIOKe IIOCII.eAYIO~eH HX KOHq,RCKan;HH AHAPOHRKOM III (Ibid. N 23. P. 111.8-9).

33 Actes de Docheiariou. P. 126.

34 DcmpOroPCKU T. ITpOHHja. .. C. 23 H Cll.eA.; Actes de Docheiariou. N 31, 35. 35 Nicetae Ctioniatae Historia / Ed. J.A. Van Dieten. Berolini, 1915. P. 208. 36 Aum@pUHT.T. BH3aJITHi,{cKoe o6~ecTBo H rOCYAapCTBO B X - Xl BB. M .•

1911. C. 108; Lemeile P .. Agrarian History of Byzantium. P. 238.

37 0 6opb6.e MOHaCThlP5i AeMBHOTHCChl H npOHHaJ1!OB sa napHKOB CM.: OcmporopcKII T. ITpOHRJiil ... C. 43 R Cll.e,lI,..

77

soasre rrpeporaraasr, KOTOphle lOpHAH'leCKI1I 6hIJ\.H IIOJKaAOBaHhI IIpOHHapaM KaK BpeMeHHOe OT'!j1JKAeHHe B EX IIOJ\h3Y onpeneAelIHhIX rOCYAaPCTBelIHhIX <l>yma:(l'ill.

H3BeCTHhI H APyrne rrpaxepsr, KOrAa <l>~ norreseaaa HilA TeppHTOpHeH roCYAapCTBOM, npH'leM aenOCPeACTBeHHO, a He B peayxsrare nepeAa'lH npOHHaPaMH, B03JI.araAHC:b aa MOHaCThIpH, 'ITO, eCTeCTBeHHO, TaKJKe cnoco6CTBOBaAO B03HHKHOBeHHlO CMemaHHhIX 'laCTHonpaBOB:bIX H ny6.11.H'lHO-npaBOBhlX OTHomeHBil: aa COOTBeTCTByIOfilI'IX 3eMMIX, COeAHHeHHlO BJl.ilAeJlli'leCKHX H ynpdBJI.eH'leCKHX <l>yma:(l'ill. H sro BJl.e1Ul.o sa C060H IIOHBJI.eHHe OITpeAeJl.eHHhlX BHAOB AOXOAOB CMemammro zapaaTepa. B AOIIOJI.HeHHe K CBeAeHHHM nOAo6Horo pOAa, paccxorpeHHhIM BO BTOPOH rsane, Ao6aBHM, 'ITO COrAaCHO XpHCOBYAY I10dHHa V ITaJl.eOAOra OT 1345 r., AaBpa CB. Aq:laHaCHH IIoAyqaeT CTapYIO xpenocrs KOHTHH 11 rrpaxeraronryro K HeM 3eMJl.lO aa OCrpose AeMHoc38. Paaee 3TH reppHTopHH HBAHJI.1ICb HMllepaTOpCKHM 3eBrHAaTHe~. 3To 6hIJ1.CBOeo6pa3IIEIH BHA YCJl.OBHhIXIIOJKaJl.OBaHlIH, o~eCTBJI.lleMhIX B IIOJl.:b3Y He npoaaape, a MOHaCTbIpH. Kpenocrs H 3eMJl.ll IIepeAaIOTCH eMY npa YCJl.OBHH BOCCTaHOBJI.eHHH xpenocra H nOCeAeHHH aa COOTBeTCTByIOm;eH reppaTOpHH JI.lOAeH (av6pro:n01Jt;;), 06H3aHHh1X HeCTH CJl.YJK6y no oxpaHe OCTpOBa40• B XN B. B YCJl.OBHHX 'lpe3BhI'laHHOrO 060CTpeHHH BHeIIIHe:il: 06CTaHOBKI1I KPynHbIH MOHaCThIp:b, PaCnOAaraBmHH MHorO'lHCJl.eHHhIMH MeTOXaMH H npO'lHMH BJl.ilAeHHHMH B Pa3- Hh1X Pa:HOHax HMllepHH, B TOM 'IRCJl.e 11 YKpeIIJI.eHHhIMH COOPYJKeHHHMH, HMeJl.BO:(lMOJKHOCT:b 3a:IIlHTHT:b HaCeAeHHe OT aanaaeHHH aparos H TeM CaMhIM C03AaT:b YCJl.OBHH AJI5i HX 3KOHOMH'lecKOM Ae5ITeJlliHOCTH H ynAaThI aaaoroa, BAilAeJllin;hl MeAKHX H cpeAHHX npOHHH, BKJI.lO'laBIIIHX 3eMJI.H CeJlliCKOH OKPyrH, HepeAKO 6hIJ\.H JI.HIIleHhI TaKHX B03MOJKHOCTeH H BmryJKAeHhI 6hlJI.H nepeAaBaTh 3eMJI.H MQHaCThIplO. IToAo6HhIe <l>aKThI cocpezoTO'leHHH B PYKax MOHaCThIpH =racraorrpenoasrx H ny6J1.H'lHonpaBOBhlX <l>yma:(l'ill uoneseaaa - HpKHH npasrep BH3aHTHHCKOrO rryra pa3BHTHH <l>eOAaJl.:bHhlX oraomeaaa,

Flpoaaapsr, nepeAaBaBIIIHe CBOlO rrpoaaro AOXHapCKOMY MOHaCThIplO, OI'paHH'lHBaAHC:b nOAyqeHHeM nOCOTHc. Hx aecno-

38 Actes de Lavra. Vol. ill. N 126. P. 31. 3-4; N 121. P. 34. 5-6. 39 Ibid. P. 34. 6.

40 Ibid. P. 34. 1- 8, 18. H3BeCTHO aHaAOI'H'IHoe nOlKaAOBaHHe 3eMAH MOHaCThIpIO AHOHHCIDI, KOTOPDMY TaKlKe BMeIDIAOCh B 06H3aHHOCTh nocrpoars napr H OPraHH30BaTh oxpaay TeppHTopHH. eM.: Actes de Dionysiou. N 13. P. 91. 4-5; N 11. P. 106.4-5.

78

C06HOCTE. B H3BeCTHbIX CJI.)"IaHX Q6ecne'lHTb nOCTJIIAeHHe HaAOrOB - oIIpElA,eJl.eHHI.IH CHMIITOM KpH3Hca AdHHoro HHCTIITyTa.

3IIoxa Ilaxaoxoroa 06hl'IHO paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK nepaoz, AaJIIiliemuero rrporpeccapyromero pa3BHTHH IIpOHHH. Ho BO BpeMH BH}'TPeHHHX IIOTpHCeHHH H 060CTpeHHH BHeIIIHeH OIIacHOCTH OHa BpeMeHaMH OKa3hIBaAaCh HeJKH3HeCIIOco6HOH, 0 qeM CBHAeTe.ll.hCTByeT 11 OrpOMHdH Mo6H.11.hHOCTb IIpaB aa 3eMJlIO, HX nepexemeaae H3 PYK IIpOHHapOB rOCYAapCTBY H MOHaCThIpHM. XOTH no oraomeaaso K TOMY JKe IIepHOAY H3BeCTHhl MHOrO'lHC.ll.eHHhle IIpOTHBOIIO.ll.OJKHhle ~ a HMeHHO spexeamre orpdHH'leHHH H .II.HKBHA~ IIOAdTHhIX IIpHBH.II.ernH MOHaCThlpeH, nOA'lHHeHHe HX 3eMeAh qmcKY H IIOJKaAOBdHHe HaAOrOB C COOTBeTCTByro~HX TeppHTOpm IIpOHHapaM41, a TaKJKe, KaK YJKe

41 no xpHCOByAy 110aBHa vn Ilaaeoxora OT 1404 r., nOATBepJKAa1OTCH npaBa .l\aBpLI Ha Aepemno Ai>HMOCHpTa. pacnoAOJKeHH}'IO B K1WIMapIm. OAHaKO rroxoaaae BAaAeHIDI B reseaae onpeaeaeaaoro BpeMemr OblJ\a nOABMCTHOH q:mcKY BCA~CTBHe He6MrorrpIDITHbIX OOCTORTe./I1.CTB. CM.: Actes de lavra. Vol. III. N 155. P. 134. 18. Pe'lb HAeT 0 Mepax MaayHAB. II, CB1I3aHHhlX, no MHeHmO H. 3BopoHoca, C nOJKMOBaImeM npOHHaPaM HaAOroB C MOHaCTbIpCKHX 3eMe./I1., TorAa KaK COOCTBeHIm'leCKHe npaaa aa HHX coxpaasxacs sa MOHacTbIpllMH. CM.: Svoronos N. Le domaine de lavra ... P. 52-53. r. OCTPOroPCKHi:J, OAHaKO, noxaraz, 'ITO H3'hl1THro rrOMeJKaAH CaMH seMAR, nep~aBaeMhle so BAaAemre rrpoaaapex, CM.: Ocmporopcxii r. Tlpoaaja ... C. 109-110. Cp.: MoUlUH B. AKTH Ha cseroropcxax apxaaa / / CrroMeHHK. Cpncxa Axaaestja Ha)IKa. Beorpaz, 1939. N 91. C. 165-161. AHMOI'H'lHOrO MHeHIDI npHAepJKHBaIDTClI H APyme Y'IeHhle. CM.: Barker J. w: Manuel II Palaeologus (1391 - 1425): A Study in late Byzantine Statesmanship. New Brunswick, 1969. P. 11. Not. 41; 73ypu!) H. CYMPaK Baaaaraje, Beorpas, 1982. C.189, npaxes. 33.

He HCKAH)'leHO, 'ITO XOTlIIOPHAH'lecKH npoaaapesr nepeAdBaAHCb TOil1>KO HMOrR C MoaaCTbIpCKHX BJl.ilAeHHH, HO rra rrpaxraxe 3TO npiffiOAHAO K norepe MoaaCTbIpeM peazsaoro KOHTpOAll HdA 3eMAeH KaK TaKOBOH, 'leMY crrOCOOCTBOBaAH KaK peaJU.HbIe nponeccsr rrpasaraaanaa yIIpaBAeHIDI, TaK H cssemeBRe rrp~CTaBAeHHH 0 rryOAH'lHOM H 'laCTHOM ero xapaxrepe. TeHAeHl!;Hl! K pacrrpocrpaaeamo 3THX ¢OPM npaBOBOH MeHTaAbHOCTH XOTlI H YKPenHAaCb B snoxy nMeOAorOB, HO H3BecTHa H no HCTO'lHHKaM XI B. B 3TOM oraomeaaa HHTepeCeH AOKYMeHT 1<3 epxaaa AOXHapCKoro MOHaCTbIpll, CBHAeTeJU.CTByroIIJ;Hii, 'ITO npaao COOCTBeHHOCTH aa 3eMA1O B C03HaHHH BH3a:HTHiill;eB aCCOD;HnpOBaAOCb C ynAaTOH C 3TOH 3eMAR naaora, Heynxara aaaora BOCnpHHRMaMCb KaK OTCYTCTBHe COOCTBeHIm'lecKHX rrpas (Actes de Docheiariou. N 2).

o CAOJKHbIX B3aHMOOTROmeImllX MOHaCTbIpll H ¢HCKa B aa'laAe XV B.

CBHAeTe./II.CTByroT aKTbI anorparpeacoa, cOBepma1OID;HX ol'iMeH 3eMeJU. .l\aBpLI aa 3eMAR Ka3HbI (Actes de Lavra. Vol. III. N 161; N 165). Ilpa 3TOM yxaasrseerClI, 'ITO AaBPHOTbI AOAJKHbI ObITb CBbOoAHbI OT nOAaTeH B rroxssy rrpoaaapoa. <l>aKTbI spexeaaoro nepeeoxa 3eMeJU. MOHaCTbIpeH B paar Ka3eHHbIX, 03Ha'Iaronrae oTMeny lIoAaTHbIX npiffiHAerHH, a B03MOJKHO, H H3'hl1THe CaMRX 3eMe./I1. HMeAH MeCTO He TOAbKO npa Maayaae II Flaxeoxore, HO H B OOAee paaaae, PaBHO KaK H l'ioAee n03,1\HHe lIepHOAbi BH3aHTHHCKOH HCTOpHH. 11 TaK JKe, KaK

79

OTMe'IaAOCb, BpeMeHHaJI KOHq,HCK~5I MOHaCThIpCKHX 3eMeAb.

I1HorAa 3eMMI rrpoAOJUKaAa 'lHCJlHTbC5I KaK HaxOASJIIJ;aJIC5I B HeIIOCpeACTBeHHOM BeAeHHH MOHdCThlp5I, OAHaKO 9TOT IIOCAeAHHH AOJUKeH 6hI1\ IIJ\aTIlTh CTpaTHOTaM H rrpOHHapaM42.

qpeSBbI'laHHaJI IIOABlUKHOCTb 3eMeAhHOrO q,OHAa B XIV - XV BB. cIIOC06cTBOBaAa TOMY, 'ITO MeJKAY pa3.1\H'lHhIMH BHAaMH SeMeAbHblX BAaAeHHH HC'Ie3aIOT cymecrnearaae paaaa'lH5I, rrpOHCXOAHT KaK 6bI peJ.ViAHB oraorneaaa, perAaMeHTHpYeMbIX BYAhrapHhIM PMMCKHM rrpenox, Bce q,OPMhI lOpHAH'leCKOro ornonrerraa K 3eMAe, B TOM 'IHCAe H MOHaCTbIpCKaJI C06CTBeHHOCTh, MOryT OhlTh IIO cymecrsy npeapanremr B BHAh! YCAOBHOH C06CTBeHHOCTH. TaKaJI CHTY~5I OTpaJKaAa 060CTpHBm:yIOCSI 60Pb6y aa 3eMAlO KaK HCTO'lHHK AOXOAOB - rrpeJKAe scero aaAOroB - MeJKAY rOCYAapCTBOM, npoaaapaxa H MOHaCTbIpSIMH. 3Ta 60Pb6a 060CTpMaCb HeXBaTKOH rrapHKOB-HaAOrOIIJI.aTeAbID;HKOB43, a TaIOKe reMH CAO)KHOCTSIMH, xoropsie HCIIbIThmaAO

H npa MiuIyHAe, Ta.I<:He aKqHH qaCTO 6b1A1i CB5I3aHh1 C noJKaAOBaHIDIMH HaAOron (<:l6bl'lH0 spexenao) npoaaapax HJIH CTpaTHOTaM (Actes de Lavra. VoL IIl. N 129. P. 41. 6-7; N 130. P. 42. 2; N 172. P. 195.4). IToAOBHHa BA1IAeHIlli AOXHepcxoro MOHacThIp.ll B Tepsraxae 6hIAa npespemeaa B Ka3eHHbIe npa !iiOilHHe VI KaHTaKY3HHe 10 BO,3Bpam;eHCi MOHaCThlplO W>,H!iiOaHHe V ITaAeOAOre (Actes de Docheiariou. N 33. P. 203; cp.: N 18. P. 142. 12; N 21. P. 161). liiHorA1l W>HBHAernpOBaHHhlii craryc MOHaCThIpCKIiX 3eMeAl>, rrOJKaAOBaHHblX IIPOHHqpy, BOCCTaHaBJ\HBaeTC5I rrocxe cMepTH nocxeaaero (Ibid. N 29. P. 192; N 3).

TIOJI.HTHKa BMemaTeAhCTBa <pHcKa B pecnepsoseaae MOHacThlpcKOH co6- CTBeHHOCThIQ HMeiI.a CBOH Tp1lAHqHH. TIoA'lHHeHHe MOHaCThlpCKHX 3eMeAb BeAOMCTBY lID yrrpilIlJl.eHmO HMlIepaTOpCKHMH BlIilAeliIDIMH W>0HCXOAHJ\.O B IX B. IIpH Hmrn<pope 1. CM.: Ocmporopcsu. r. MCTOPH5I BH3aHTHje. Beorpaa, 1959. C. 194; OHJKe. Ilpoaaja ... C. 24-25.

42 Actes de Levra, VoL m. N 131. COrAaCHO aKry 0 nep9A1l'le BA1IAemm, coCTaBJI.eHHOMY anorpct<peBCaMH B nOAl>3Y AOXHapcKOro MOHaCThIp.ll, nOCJI.eAHeMY rrepesserca PAA BllAAeHIlli B KaAaMapmr, cnenaezsae !pHKCHp}'lOTC5I HaAOro, .soropsre MOHaCThlpb AOJI.JKeH llJI.aTHTb npORRapaM (Actes de Docheiariou. N 53. P. 277. 20). liiOaHH V oCB060JKAileT MOHaCTh1pb .l\.aBPhl no npocsee ero rnyMeBa OT ynxersr AeQITHHhl CTpaTHOTaM B paaoae q)KCCaAOHHKH (Actes de Lavra. Vol. ill. N 131. P. 47).

43 ITapmal, lOpRAH'lecKH .IlBiI.lIBIIIliec5I HaCJI.9AcTBeHHhlMH AepJKaTeJI.5IMH CBOHX 3eMeAh, B YCAOBHlIX HeCTa6HAhHOCTH 3KoHoMH'lecKoH JKH3RR HepeAKO 6pocaAH cBoH IlMeil. H nepecexasacs B APyrne MeCTa. TIPH 3TOM ORR HAH IIOIIpeJKHeMY'lHCAHAHCb HaAOrOIIJl.aTe;u,rqHKaMH IIO crapoxy MeCTOJKHTeAbCTBY, HJI.H rropsraaxa C T5IrJl.OM 10 3eMJI.eH H nonoaaaxa '!HCJl.O 6erJl.hlx napaxos H 3J1.eBTepoB. Bp5IA JI.H MOJKHO COrJl.aCHTbC5I C !ii. Kapa5IHHonyil.OCOM, KOTOPhlH IIOAaraeT, 'lT0 B 3TOT IIepHoA arpaxa C)'IIIeCTBeaH)lIO POAl> TeHAeHI\IDI K npeapemeaaro IIij,pHKOB B CB060AHhlX C06CTBeHHHKoB. 06 3TOM, no ero MHeHHlO, CBHAeTeAhCTB}'lOT xacrtae yrrOMHHaHH5I B IIpaKTHKax 06 HllOCTaTHKax, 5IBJI.5IBnraxca, KaK TF"AHllHOIlHO C'lHTaeT rpeqeCKHH yqeHhlH, oAHoBpeMeHIlO napa-

80

rOCYAapCTBO B OcyrqeCTBAeHHH OTAeAbHhlX ynpeaxeasecxax CPYHKqHM Hap. pa3A1PHThIMH TepPlITOpIDIMH B nepaoz, HapaCTaIO~eH BHelIIHeM OnaCHOCTl'!. nOAyqaTeMIM 3eMAll' JKaAOBaAOCb npaso SaCeJUITb repparopmo sxesrepaxa, OOeCne'lHTb ynxary HaAOroB. COOTBeTCTBeHHO B TOM oOPb6e npeaxymecrso 6:6U1.o Ha CTOpOHe rex, KTO Ayqme CnpaBMIACR C AaHHOM 3ap.a'leM. li1, BH,Il,HMO, HeCMOTpH na ace zrepmreraa H BpeMeHHhlli YPOH, TaKOBbIMH OKa3hlBaAl'ICb xoaacrsrpa, 06 3TOM «pacaopevaso rOBOpRT CPaKThl nepep.a'll'l npoaaa MOHacThlpRM CaMHMl'I npeaaapaMH. TaKOBhl lITOrH MlITeAbHOM 3BOAIOn;HH cpaKTH'leCKOrO H IOpHAH'lecKoro OTHOmeHH5I K 3eMAe B Bl'I3aHTHH.

CMhlCA BhlpaJKeHH5I "npOHH5I", cocrozmaa J3 nOJKaAOBaHIDi 'lHHOBHHKy HAH crparaory COBOKYITHOCTl'! IIpaB IIOIIe'leHH5I B OTHomeHHH repparopaa H IIOMaHHhlX, B03HHKlll'IM B pesyxsTaTe pacmapenaa .ceMaHTH'leCKoro AHauaaoHa IIOH5ITl'!5I npoHHH, 0603Ha'laIO~erO 60JKeCTBeHHOe npOBFlAeHHe, axneparopcxee IIOneJleHHe, He 5IBA5IeTC5I HeOJKF!AaHHhlM. li:IOaHH AaMacKHH, KaK OTMe'laAOCb, BCAeA sa ApHCTOTeAeM paCCMaTPHBaA lIOAHTIl'leCKoe ynpasxeaae KaK IIpaKTH'lecKYID CPHAOCOCPHI044. :::lTO IIOHHMaHHe IIOATBepJKAaerC5I BCeR Ae5ITeAbHOCTbIO BH3aHrnHn;eB B 06AaCTl'! npascraopsecraa, n03TOMY pscnrapeaae CMbICAa CPHAOcocpcKo-6oroCAoBcKoM H IIOAHrnKO-npaBoBoM xareropaa "IIpOm'f5I" H AMYQHPOBaHHe ero aa peaxsasre oraomeHH5I, II05IBAeHHe HOBOM Ha3hlBHOH CPYHKqHH HaHMeHOBaHHH "npOHH5I" H "HKOHOMH5I" - 3TO OAHH H3 rrpasoepos rryrea B03-

KaMH H CBOOOAHhlMH COOCTBeHHHKaMH. CM.: .. Karajannopol1los I. Ein Problem derspatbyzentintschen Agrargeschichte II JOB. 1981. Bd. 30. S. 235 - 236. OAHaKO, aa Ham B3rMIA, TepMHH "HIlOCTaTHK/' ObIA MHor03HaiflU:JM. OH HcnoJU,- 30BaACSI He TO.l\bKO NUL Toro, 'lTOObl 0003Ha= COOCTBeHHHKOB H COQTBeTCTBeHHO TaKHX napaaes, xoropsre OAHOBpeMeHHO ObIJ\H H COOCTBeHHHKaMH, HO H NUL ¢m<CaIllfH AepJKaTeAeH napascxoro HaAeAa (Aetes de Lavra. Vol. m. N 139. P. 80. 98; N 109. P. 273. 901; Aetes de Dochetartou. N 15. P. 130.5). HnoCTaTHKH - 3TO HHorAil rrapHKH, rroAyqHl!lIlHE B AepilKaHHe 'Ibl()-AMOO noxaayTjTIO eooCTBeHHOCTh-HIIOCTaCb (Actes de Lavra. Vol. ITL N 139. P. 81. 125-126; App. XVIIL P. 219. 34-35). rOBOpHTb JKe 0 3Ha'llITeAbHOM POM TeHAeHI1HH K rrpeapameaaro napaxa B c06CTBeHHHKa nyresr npHOOpeTeHHSI HM CBOOOAHOM OT n@H'lCKHX OOSI3aHHOCTeli: cOOCTBeHHOCTH, KOTOpaSI 3aTeM arpaer AOMHJrnPyKlIIzyIO poxs B em X03SIHCTBeHHOH AeSITeAbHOCT-H, BHARMO, aaTpYAHHTeAbHO no QTHOmeHHKl K snoxe C rrOCTOSIHHbIM rrepeMemeHHeM 3eMAH OT OAHoro BAaAeAbqaK APyrOMYB YCAOBHSIX ooocrpeaas aaenraea onaCHOCTH. B aTOT nepaOA npOHCXOAHT KOHI1eHTp1!:qHSl BAaAeIDlli B PYKax xpyrrasrx COOCTBeHHHKOB. MeAKHe COOCTBeHHHKH ace oOAbille H OOAblIIe pa30PSIAHCb, 06 aTOM CBHAeTeAbCTByeT orpexsoe '!HCAO CBeAemrn 0 noxarryrsrx MeAKHX anoeracsx, 0 npO/liaJKe 3eMAH MOHaCTblpSIM.

44 Ioannis Damascenis Capita Philosophica II PG. T. 94. Col. 532.

81

ImKHOBeHIDI TeXlIH'leCKHX noaaraa H 0603Ha'lemrn: B BH3aHTHH. B BH3aHTHHCKOH lOPHAH'lecKOH IIpaKTHKe MbI scrpesaeescx erne C OAHHM IIOA06HbIM, He MeHee SIPKHM npaxeposr noasxeHIDI TeXHH'leCKHX 0603Ha'leHIlli SIBAeHHH COIlHaAbHO-3KOHOMH'leCKOPO xepexrepa, A RMeHHO: HeMaJl.yro pOJlb B <popMHpOBaHHH PHAa IIpeACTaB,II.eHHH BH3aHTHiicKOI'O IIpaBoc03HaHHSI csrrpaaa TQKHe o6~e KdTerOpHH, KaK "arroerscs", "3HHIIOCTaThI", "aHHIIOCTa:rhl". 3TH IIOHSITHSI HapHAY co CBORM TeO.ll.OPH'leCKHM CMblCAOM SIBAHll.HCb IIpaBOBOH KaTerOpHeH, 03Ha'laSI HaJ\.H'lHe HMyIqeCTBa H.II.H ero OTCYTCTBHe. Oc06bl11i aarepec IIpH06peralOT yrrOMHHaHHSI He TO.ll.bKO 06 anocraca, no H 06 3HHIIoCTaTax H aaanocrarax no O'EHomeHI!HQ K 3iIDIilCHMliIM KpeCTbiIHaiM.

TIPH 3TOM B&q>aJKeHHe "ammOCTaTbl" 03Hd'meT HMyID;HX KpecTbSIH, a TepMHH "aHHIIQCTaTbl" - H~45.I1CII0.II.b30- BaHHe 3TJ4X noHSITHH, SIB.II.SI1OlIIHXCiI Y l10aHHa AaMaCKHHa 06- IqHMH 60rOC.II.OBCKHMH KaTeropHSIMH46, NOI xdpaKTepHCTHKH TaKHX OTRomeHH:il:, KaK ooecneseaaocrs 3aBIilCHMblX KpeCTbSIH 3eM.II.eH, napHAY C TeXHH'leCKHM CMbIC.II.OM BbIpaJKeHIDI npoIIHH - RiVUOCTpdIlHSI TOI'O, B KaKOil: Mepe 60r0C.II.OBCKIile npeaCTaB.ll.eHml SIBAHll.HCb HeO'l"beM.II.eMblM aTpIil6yroM He TO.II.bKO Teo.II.OrHH HCTOPHH, HO H IIpaBOC03HaHHiI.

TIpoHHSI, pep.II.aMeHTHPyeMaH IIPaBOM npeneaerrroa, npeaCTaBJUl.J\a C060H COBOKYJIHOCTb IIpaBOBblX H CO~aAbHO-3KOHOMH'IeCKHX Kil3YCOB, COCTaB.II.IDOrqyro COAepJKaHHe TeHAeHIlHH, xapaKTepH3yromeH OAIIYH3 OC06eHHOCTeH IlHBH.II.H3aQHH. TIpaBOBaH H COIlHaAbHO-3KOHOMH'lecKaH HH<!>0PMaQHSI nepepaoarsrBa.ll.HCb TaKHM 06pa30M, 'ITO npaaoasre rrOIDITHSI, 'IacTH'lHO BOCx0ASImHe K BYJlbPapHQMY PHMCKOMY IIPaBY, 6bI.1lli BK.II.lO'leHbl B CHCTeMY KpHCTHaHCKOrO IIpaBOC03HaHHSI.

llTaK, BH3aHTHHCKaSI IIpOHHSI - C.II.OJKHbIH HHC'I'H'I'}'T, asyseHHe KOTOPOro CBiI3aHO C KOMII.ll.eKCHblM IIOAXOAOM K SIB.ll.eHHlO, C paCCMOTpeHHeM BceH CHCTeMbI BH3aHTHHCKHX 06meCTBeHHblX OTHomeHHH, pa3.II.H'IHblX $OpM rrpaBOC03HaH1HI H HX apeMeHHOH 3BO.ll.lOIlHH.

45 Actes de Lavra. Vol. II. N 73. P. 20,67; N 74. P. 25. 49; N 77. P. 41. 16; N 99. P. 144.40; P. 151. 218-219.

46 3mmOCTaTH y Woamra A,aMaCKHHa BldpaJKiieT B3aJiIMOCBH3h npHpoA&!, C)I1IlHOCTH H HCllOCTaCH. CM.: Ioanuis Damasceuis Contra Jacobitas II PG. T. 94. Col. 1441 A; De duabus in Christo voluntatibus II PG. T. 95. Col. 120 C.

Tsnsa Iv' CAKPMbHb:rH XAPAKTEP BH3AHTHHCKOrOCOqMYMA

B ABHHoH rAaBe MbI OOpaTHMCSl K paecxerpeame OAHQI'O K3 aCIIeKTOB BH31iH1'.liHCKoH n;HBHAH3a.JzylH. CBR3aHHOro C OCOOeHHOCTSlMH BOCTO'lHOl'O BH3aH'I'HHCKOro 60I'OCAOBIDI K ero BABHHID! lta IIpaBOB)7!O, nOJ\IIT.HllecKyIO K COJ:J;i{aAbHQ-3KOFIOMWIecK)7!O JKH3m. OOm;eCTBa. 11. MeHeHAop(jJ OTMeqaA HeB03MOJKHOCTh H3y<IeHIDI BH3IiH1'.liHCKOI'O o61'qocTBa 6e3 nOlrnMaHHSI BH- 3aHnrlkKOI'O 60roCAOBIDII. PyCCKHM y<IeH:bIM~6o:rOCAOB B.H. J\OCCKHM, oD:peAeMISI cneI(H<pBKyBH3aHTHHCKOro AOrMaTH'IOCKOro 60rOCAOBIDI no CpaBHeIDlIID C 3aIIaAHhIM 60rOCAormeM, ITHCaA, 'l'ro aa 3andAe MHp03AaHHe MbICAIDl.OCb KaK llClA'IHHeHHOO HeKOeMY eAHHOMY Heo6xoAFfMOJofy aaKOHY, - IIpH'IHHe, KOTOPOH 'IE!)tOBeK AoAJKeH CAeAoBaTh B CBoeit: JKH3HH, H Be}! ero cBo6oAa BOAH 6hI.11.a HanpffilAeHa aa COOTBeTCTB)'IOm;ee CaMOBOCImTaHHe, m.rpa6oTlCY IIpHeMOB opaearartaa B MHpe H c0ItRYMe. B BU3aHTIm, :KaK yr.sepJKAaA B.H. AoccKHfr. ooJUilllee 3Ha'IeHHe npHAaBMOCb 60JKeCTBl1!HHOH BOAe, COIIpHJKeHHOH C 60JKeC'l'BeHHOit: 3Heprn:eH. TIPH3HaBaAOCb "pa.:lilli'lHe CTIOC060B, no KOTOPWM TBapHoCTh npH'Iam;aAaCb TBop'£eCKOH 60JKeCTBeHHoit: :meprHH"2. 3T0 IIpOKI!X:OAFfAO 6AarONIP}! cURepruu - oTBeTHoit:

BOCnpFfHM'mB0CTH ·t,IeAOBeKa no OTHornemuo K 60JKeCTBeIpioH 3HeprHH. TIpaK'I'H'IeCKB Bce oTJJ;hI nepxsa IIpH3HaBaJIH HaJI.H1Die 60J.KeCTBeIIIlbIX AorOCOB J1f.JIH 3HeprHH. 3TH HAeH HanIhH csoe OTpaJKeHHe H B aK'l'ax. KaK YJKe roBOPHAOCb, B xpHCOBYAe AHAp0HHKa II TIaAeOAOra MOHaCThlplO J\aBPbI ca. AcpaHaCIDI OT 1298 r. COAepJKHTCSI 06nmpHaSI IIpeaM6YAa, IIOCBSIID;eHHaSI B3aHMOOTHo11IeHHSIM MHpCKHX HHCTHTyTOB H 60JKeCTBeHHhlX CHA., rOBOpHTCSI 0 pOJI.H CHHepI'HH B IIpH06m;emm K 60JKOCTBeHHOH

I Meyen.dorffJ. St GregoirePalamasetlamystiqueortodoxe. P .• l956. P. 16. 2 AOCCKUtl RH. Oxepx MlfCTH'leaoro OOI'OCJ\.OBIDI BOCTO'lHOK I:lllPKBH.

AOJ.'MaTH'lecKOe ooroCII.OBHe. M.,l991 (penp.). C.72-13.

83

5AaroAaTH, H 0 POAH 50JKecTBeHHhIX CHA B 3eMHOM ynpaBAeHHH3. COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3eMROMY' ynpaaxeamo, Ocym;eCTBJlJIeMOMY' HMIIepaTOpCKOH BAaCThIO, B COOTBeTCTBHH C rrpHBeAeHHhIM BblIIIe BhICKa3hIBrurn:eM, IIpMAaBaAOCb OrpOMHOe 3HaTIeHHe. I1crrOAb30BaHHe rrOIDITHH aaepraa H canepraa B axrax oaaaxaer, 'ITO rrOAo5HhIe rrpeACTaBAeHmI lIaxoAlITCsr He TOAbKO B crpepe COTepHOAOrRTIeCKHX Ko~en~, HO H B 06AaCTH BH3aIITHHCKOH npdKTHTIeCKOH CPHAOCOCPHH.

3AeCb MhI TIOAP06HO OCTaHOBHMCH aa IIyTHX CIDITHH B BH- 3aHTHH, C OAHOH CTOPOHhI, H aa cpeAHeBeKOBOM 3aTIaAe - C ApyrOH, TIpOTHBOpe'lIDi: ABYX ypoBHeH o5~eCTBeHHOrO C03HaHHH: a HMeHHO asrcmero 50rocAoBcKO-MHpoBo33peH'leCKOrO ero YPOBHK H IIpdKTHTIeCKOrO, CBR3aHHOrO C TIOBCeAHeBHOH JKH3HhIO. Ha 3aTIaAe 3TO CIDITHe rrpOHCXOAHAO B 3HaTIHTeAbHOH Mepe C rrOMO~bIO IIpOTHBOTIOCTaBAeHHH MAeH ABYX Ha3BaHHbIX ypoaaeir, MeTOAOM Ipd350JKeHHK" (TepMHH yCAOBHbIH). B pe- 3YAbTaTe pa3BHTHH rroAo5HoH TeHAe~ TI03AHee B 3TIOXY I1pocBe~eHHH sa 3aTIaAe IIpOH30mAO OTAeAeHHe peAHrHH OT HaYKH H rrpdKTHKH. 3TO pd3AeAeHHe AByx MHpoB033peHTIeCKHX ypesaea ococeaao KpKO rrpOKBHAOCb B rroCA6AYIO~ 3IIOXY B 3aTIaAHOM n03HTHBH3Me H AorHqH3Me.

B BH3aHTHH 5AarOAdPK TOH POAH, KOTOPYIO HrpaJIH 50roCAOBCKHe rrOHKTHH saepraa H eaaepraa, CIDITHe Hd3BaHHOH aHTHHOMHH npOHcxoAHAO B cpopMe H3BecTHoH CdKpaAH3du;HH IIpeACTaBAeHHH, OTPaJKaIO~ pa3BHTHe cOU;H)'Ma, ero CTPYKTYP llOBCeAHeBHOCTH. l1HhIMH CAOBdMH, B OTAH'lHe OT 3aTIaAd rrpOHCXOAHAO He pd:;J'beAHHeHHe AByx ypOBHeH MHpOC03epU;aHIDf, XapaKTepH3YIO~ cpeAHOOeKOBYIO AHXOTOMHIO "MHp He- 5eCIIbIH" H "MHp 3eMHOH", a Hd050pOT, HX C5AHJKeHHe. Hd3BaHHhle D;HBHAH3au;HOHHhIe OC05eHHOCTH MelITdAHTeTd B BH3aHTHH OKd3dAH BAHHHHe rra CPOPMHpOBcume H pd3BHTHe CaMHX CTPYKTYP rrOBCeAIfeBHOCTH. 3TO CPOpMHpOBrurn:e rrpOKBJlJIAOCb, B TIdCTHOCTH, B TOM, TITO aexoropsre MHTeAbHhIe TeHAe~, COD;HaAbHO-3KOHOMlfHecKHe OTHOmeHHK:Ii npeueccsr, a TdKJKe COOTBeTCTBYIOID;He HM HHCTH'fYThI, He HaxOAHBIIIHe aAeKBdTHoro OTpaJKeHHK B AeHCTBYIO~eM rrpase (B II03AHeH BH3dHTHH aaaxaTeAbHYIO pOAb arpaxo rrpaao rrpeu;eAeHTOB), 0503Hd'ldAHCb c noMO~IO HaHMeHOBaHHH, pacIIpOCTPaHeHHbIX TdKJKe B crpepe 50rOCAOBHH HAM nOAHTHTIecroH OP'fOAOKCHH. B CHAY xero COOTBeTCTBYIO~ rrponeccasr H OTHomeHHKM IIpMAaBaACH CdKPaAb-

3 Actes de Lavra / Ed. A GuiIlou, P. Lemerle, N. Svoronos, D. Papaclnyssanthou. P., 1911. Vol. n. N 89. P. 73. 25-31.

84

Hm CMhlCJI.. Hasaaaasre ABa BH,ll,a CH5.lTIDi cpeAReBeKoBoJii: MHPOB033peH'leCKoJii: aHTHHOMHH OTpaJKaJIJ'! OARO H3 rrp05.lBAeHHJii:

BOCIIPOH3BOACTBa BO BpeMeHH BH3aHTHMCKOH H 3aIIaAHoJii: u;HBHJl.H3~HM.

B rrpeAbIAy:IIleH rzaae rOBOpH.II.OCh 0 PO.II.H rrpOHHH H 0 ee rraHMeHOBaHHH, cosnaaaromess C HaHMeHOBaHHeM OARoro H3 BeAy:IIlHX IIOHaTBM B 60roC.II.OBHH, a HMeHHO - 60JKeCTBeHHOro IIpOBH,ll,eHH5.l. COBpeMeHHa5.l <pH.II.OCoq,H5.l HCTOPHH, CB}l3aHHa5.l C IIOCTMOAepHH3MOM, rrpaaaasr, KaK H3BeCTHO, orposcryio POAh 5.l3BIKOBhIX CTpy:KTyP B <POPM;HPOBaHHH H pa3BHTHH cOD;HyMa. Ha3BaHHe rrpOHHH, a TaKJKe P~ APyrnx COI(liaAhHhIX HHCTHTYTOB, 0 KOTOPhIX pe'lh III.II.a B IIpeAhlAy:IIleJii: rxase (3HHIIOCTaTH, aHHIIOCTaTH), a 0 HeKOTOphIX H3 HHX MhI CKaJKeM 3Aecb, l'UVUOCrpapyer 3TOT q,H.II.OCOq,CKHM Te3HC.

B STOR CBH3H xapaxrepao, 'ITO COD;HaAhHO-3KOHOMH'IeCKaH IIO.II.HTHKa HMIIepaTopa 0603Ha'laAaCh BOCXOAHIIJ;HM K aHTH'IHOCTH H HMelOrn;eM B paaaax BH3aHTHMCKOJii: OPTOAOKCHH CaKPaAhHhIR CMhICl\. BbIpaJKeHHeM "HKOHOMH5.l". TepMHH "HKOHOMIDi" 'laCTO HCIIo.ll.h3yeTC5.l fVI5I 0603Ha'leHIDl MOHaCThIpCKOrO yrrpeaxenaa. OAHaKo., IIOCKOAhKY rOCYAapCTBeHHhIe 3aKOHbI H 06hI'IaH erne co BpeMeH IOCTHHHaHa rrpHpaBHHBaJIJ'!Ch K KaHOHaM4, repMHH "HKOHOMIDi" HCIIOAh30Ba.ll.C}l, KaK OTMe'laAOCb, HfVl5IxapaKTepHCTHKH rOCYAapCTBeHHoJii: BHYTpeHHeJii: IIO.II.HTHKH, rocyAapCTBeHHOrO ynpasxerraa, xoropoe HOaHH AaMaCKHH HaShIBaA rrpaKTH'IeCKoJii: q,H.II.Ocoq,HeJii:,s. Ilpa 3TOM COXPaHHl\.OCh CaKpaAhHOe SHa"IeHHe AaHHOrO HaHMeHOBaHHH. BhIpaJKeHHe COOTBeTCTByrorn;HX OTHomeHHJii: C IIOMOrn;hlO 06osHa'leHHJii:, HMeBmRX B CBoeM COAE~PJKaTeAhHOMAHaIIaSOHe CaKPaAhHhIJii: CMhICJI., rrpaAaBaAO 3THM OTHOmeHH5.lM MOpaAhHhIe raparrraa. 3TO CBHAeTeAhCTByeT 0 BOspaCTaHHH COu;HaAhHOH PO.II.H 60rOCJI.OBRH, TaK KaK HAeR, CB5.lSaHHhIe C COu;HaAhHO<lKOHOMH'leCKHMR OTHOIIIeHH5.lMH nOBceAReBHOCTR R 0pHeHT~IDi 'leJ\.OBeKa B CTPYKTYPax nOBceAReBHocrn KaK 6hI IIOIIaAaJIJ'! B cq,epy peJlHI'HOSHOrO omr-

4 c.r. 1. 3. 44. 1; 1. 2.12.1; D. 1. 3. 26; Bas. II. 1. 36; Actes d'lviron / Ed.

J. Lefort. N. Ofkonomides, D. Papachryssanthou. V. Kravari. P .• 1994. Vol. III. N 166. P. 129.3; Aetes de Xen6phon tEd. D. Papacryssanthou. P .•.. 1986. N 6. P. 97.11; Beck H.-G. Nomos. Kanon und Staatsraison In Byzanz II Osterreichische Ak. d. Wiss. Philos.-hist. Kl. Sitzunqsberichte, Wien, 1981. Ed. 384.

5 Joannis Damascenis Capita philosophica. Dialectica / / PG. T. 94.

Col. 533. BIIIe npa IOcTHHRaHe. KaK rOBOpHAOCh BhlIIIe. KaHOHhI Ohlllli rrpapaaHeHhI K 3aKQHaM. C. l. 1. 3.44. 1; 1. 2. 12.1.

6 XBocmOBa K.B. BM3C!Il'J.'1llit;KaJI ljID3IDIH3~ / / BOnpOChI acropaa, 1995.

NQ 9. C. 41.

85

Tati• Bsnne rOBOpHll.OC:O 00 HMIlIIHn;:lITHO cymecraosaamea BH- 3a.IITHHCKOM n01l.HT3KOHOMH'IeCKOH HAee, CBH3aHHoH C HAeSIMH saepraa H CHHeprHH, a TaIOKe rrpeACTaBJI.eHHHMH 0 "MeTeKCHC" - rrpOHHKHOBeHHH OOJKeCTBeHHOH 6.1I.arOAaTH B MHp, 0 COrrpHKOCHOBeHHH OOJKeCTBeHHOCTH C TBapHhlM MHPOM, COlJ;HyMOM, 'IeJl.OBeKOM7.

CHHTe3, eAHHCTBO rrpeACTaBAeHHM 0 "xape HeoeCHOM" H "3eMHOM", n;eAOCTHaSI KaPTHHa BH3aHTHMCKOrO MHpOC03epn;a.H1UI n;eMeHTHpOBaAac:o OTpHD;aHHeM AaTHHCKOro rrpHHD;HIIa Filioque. TeopeTH'IeCKHe rrpasnana ero OTpHD;a.H1UI, 3HaMelfYIOIIPIe noHHMaHHe 60JKeCTBeHHOro eAHHOHa'Ia1I.HH B MHpe, OTCTaHBa1I.HC:O B nepnyro oqepeAb I1oaHHoM 3AaTOYCTOM, <I>OTFleM, MapKOM 3q,ecCKHM H APYrHMH, OOBHHSIBmHMH AaTHHHH H me rpesecxnx nOCAeAOBaTeAeH B naHTeH3Me. OTpHD;aHHe Filioque no cymecray OhlAO TeOpeTH1JeCKOH H TeOJl.OrHlfeCKoM rrpew:rOChlAKaMH He TOJI.bKO BH3aHTHMCKOM KOCMorOHHH, HO H nOJI.HTOJl.OrHH, COD;HOJl.OrHH H 3KOHOMWIecKHX rrpeACTaBJl.eHHM, scero KOMIIJI.eKCa HAeH, H3BeCTHhlX IIOA Ha3BaHHeM nOJI.HTHlfeCKOH 0PTOAOKCHH.

MOJKHO npaaecra H APyrHe npaxepsr caxpexsaoro CMhlCAa, BKJl.aA:DIBaeMOl'O B 0603HaqeHHe PHAa COD;HaJl.bHQ-sKoHoMWIecKHX HHCTIIT)1TOB B BH3aHTHH, peryxapyesrsrx npaBOM rrpen;eAeHTOB. tvu£ 0003HaqeHHSI KpeCThIDICKOH 3eMeJl.bHoM COOCTBeHHOCTH HCIIOJl.b30BaACSI APyrOH, TaKJKe BOCXO~ K aHTH'IHOCTH, HO BocTpeO()BaHHbIM B OOroCJI.OBHH, BaJKHeHmHM TepMHH TpHHHTapHoro OOrOCJI.OBHH - "HIIOCTac:o"8. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, KpecThSIHe - BAaAeJI.b.D;hI HIIOCTaCH Ha3hlBa1I.HC:O HIIoCTaTHKaMH9, B 60rOCJI.OBHH IIO MaKcHMy I1cnOBeAHHKY H MOaHHY AaMaCKHHY "anocracs" (u:n:6<rr~ - 3TO HHAHBHAYYM, OTAHlfaIOIIPIikll OT APyrHX; nOHHTHe BOCXOAHT K HAee nepsoH Cy6CTaHD;HH ApH·CTOTeJI.lI10• TaKHM oopa30M, 0003HaQeHHe "anocracs", HCnOJl.b- 3yeMoe B oOrOCJl.OBHH H COD;HaJl.bHO-3KOHOMH'IeCKOH rrpaxraxe,

7 Chvostova K.V. La civilization byzantine comparee a ['Occident du Moyen Age. XIX International Conqres of Byzantine Studies. Copenhagen. 1996. P. 41.

8 C'lHTaeTCH, 'ITO "HIIOCTaCL" - 3TO nposaoe xpecrsaacaoe BJIl!AE!HHe, cocroamee, B03MOJKHO, H3 COOCTBeHHOCTH 1!1 napaxcaoro AepJKaHml. OAHaKO, YJKe H. MKOHOMHAec OTMeTHA nOAHCeMaHTH3M TepMHHa. CM.: Actes de Dionysiou / Ed. N. Ofkonomides, P., 1968. N 25. Not. P. 147.

9 Xsocmosa K.B. COJ:lHMhlfQ-3KOHOMB'leCKHe rrponeccsr B n03,11,HeH BH- 3il1ITHH1!I ax nOHHMaHHe BH3~-COBpeMeHHHKaMH. M., 1992. C. 84. 10 Ioannis Damascenis capita philosopbica Col. 612. 13; Dorrie H.

Hypostasis. Wort und Bedeutungsgescbichte / / Nachrichten d. Ak. d. Wiss. in Gottingen aus demJahre 1955. Philog.-bist. Kl. GOttingen, 1955. S. 36.

86

XOTH H HMeeT ClHTH'UIbIe H 3J\AHHHCTHlleCKHe KOPHH, B YCAOBHSIX BH3aHTHH lIOA'l:epKHBaAO CaMOCTOHTeAbHOCTh, cynraocrasra xapezrep, <PYHAaMeHTaAbHOCTh H He3aBHCHMOCTh AeHOTaTa, 6e3- OTHOCHTeAbHO K TOMY, HaxOAHTCH./lli OH B crpepe 60JKeCTBeHHOrO KOCMOCa H.Illi cOU;HyMa, HCIIbIThIBaIDm;erO 60JKeCTBeHHOe B03AeHCTBHe 6AarOAAPH 3HeprHHM H BOClIPHHM'l:HBOCTH K HHM 'l:eJl.OBeKa, o6AaAaIDm;ero CHHeprneH. npHpaBHHBaHHe nepxonHbIX KaHOHOB K 3aKOHaM COAepJKaAo B CKpbIToH <pOpMe IIpeAIIOCbIJ\Ky KOHKpeTHhlX paCCYJKAeHHH, aa KOTOPbIX 6a3HpOBaAHCb xarearasre IIpHHD;HIIbI CaKPa.ll.bHOii: BH3aHTHHCKOH nO./I.HT3KOHOMHH. B 3TOH CBH3H xapexrepao, 'iTO OTHOmeHHH 3eMeJU:.HOH C06CTBeHHOCTH, 0603Ha'l:aeMbIe 06bI'iHO B HMIIepaTOpCKHX lIOCTaHOB.II.eHHHX HaHMeHOBaHHHMH "AeclIoTeii:H" H "KIOPHOTHC", TaKJKe IIpH06peTaAH CaKPa.ll.bHbIH CMbIC./I.. TepMHH lieo:rt6Tr]r; B 3KK.11.eCHO.ll.OrHH 6bI./1. HeOAHOKpaTHO CBH3aH C ynoMHHaHHeM XpHCTa II. "llTO JKe KaCaeTCH BhlpaJKeHHH XUPL6Tr]!;, TO MOaHH AaMaCKHH IIpHMeHHeT 3TOT TepMHH A.II.H 0603Ha'l:eHHH 60JKeCTBeHHOH BO./lli12• rpHropH:i!: naAaMa IIHIDeT, 'iTO Eor 6.11.arOAapH aameH CIIoco6HOCTH·ynPaB./I.HTh, lIepeAaA HaM B.II.aCTh - xupL6- 'tT)'tUI3• B COOTBeTCTBHH C TpilAHIlHeii: MaKcHMa MClIOBeAHHKa BhlpaJKeHHe t~ouo{a, 03Ha'l:aIDII(ee B CBoeM lIepBH'l:HOM saaxeHHH AaHHylO Borox B.II.aCTh, cBo6oAy14, TaKJKe, XOTH H 3Ha'iHTeAbHO pezce, 'l:eM rrepnsre ABa BbIpaJKeHHH, HClIO.ll.b3yeTcH B axTax A.II.H HaHMeHOBaHHH co6CTBeHHOCTHI5, COXpaHHH caspaasHbIii: CMbIC.II., IIpHCym;HH CAOBY B 60rOCAOBHH.

BcrroMHHM, 'iTO aa 3anBAe <DOMa AKBHHCKHH paCCMaTpHBaA C06CTBeHHOCTh KaK lIOpOJKAeHHe npeaa HapOAOBI6, TorAa KaK BH3aHTHHD;bI TpaKTOBaAH ee KaK pesyxsrar AeHCTBHH "60JKeCTBeHHbIX H CBHTbIX 3aKOHOB"17, lIOAPa3YMeBaH noz, 3THM ssrpaJKeHHeM CaKPaAbHbIH xapaxrep B.II.aCTH.

11 Aetes de Lavra. Vol.n. N 103. P. 160. 14-15; P. 161. 44. 12 Ioannis Damascenis Capita philosophiea. Col. 616 C.

13 Gregorii Palamae Physica, Theologia, Moralia et Praetica. Capita CL. (A;iAee: Greg. Palam.J II PG. T. 150. Col. 1165.

14 Aetes de Dionysiou. N 1. P.41. 28; N 19: P. 113.21.24-25. XapaxrepHO TCUOKe acrpesaromeeca B aKTaX BLlpaJKeHHe elval IItomYtlv xup(av. CM.:

Ibid. N 9. P. 19. 24.

15 Ibid. N 1. P. 41. 28.

16 Thomas d'Aquin. Sec. Sec. quest. 51. Art. 2; KygpRBv,eB a.cp. CXOi\.aCTbI o ccecrseaaocra B Cpesaae sexa II CB. M .• 1990. C. 59.

11 Aetes de Xenophon. N 9. P. 109.32; N 10. P. 114-115.24- 26; Aetes de Chilandar. Pt 1: Aetes grees I Publ. par L. Petit II BB. CIIG .• 1911. T. 11. IIPHAOJK. 1. N2 12. P. 30. 31. 32.

87

/Vill nOHHMaHIDI caxpaaasenaa B o6m;ecTBe GO~MbHO·3KO· HOMH'leClrnX lIBAeImH xapaxrepea OTMe'l:eHlIbrn BbIIIIe <j:JaKT npHC)'TCTBIDI B HMlIepaTOpCKIiX JKMOBaHHblX rpaxorax caxpaJlH30BaHHhIX BblpaJKeIlliH "AecnoTIDl" H "KIOPHOTHC", a TaK)Ke OTC)'TCTBHe IiX B OllHOIX (npaxraxax). MMnepaTopCKHe JKaAOBaHHbIe rpaaorsr COAepJKaT HH<j:JOPMa:qHIO 06 HMllepaTOpcKoM pemesnra, a TaK)Ke nOJIHTH'l:eCKYID H COIlHMbHyIO HAeoJl.OI'HIO, OAHHM H3 Ba)KHeHmHx rroCTYJl.aTOB KOTOPOH HBNI1I.OCb OOJKeCTBeRRO€! npOHcxo~eHHe HMnepa"ropCKOH BJl.aCTH, npapasaaaeHHe KaHOHOB K 3aKOHaM. B rrpaxraxax JKe, B KOTOPhJX COAepJKHTCR HH<j:JOPMCUJ;IDI 06 OTBeAE~HHH rOCYAapGTBeHHbIMH 'lHHOBHHKaMH-arrorpa<j:JeBCaMH cooTBeTcrnyroIIJ,HX 3eMeJI.b TOMY ropaAH'leCKoMY lIHIlY, KOTOPOMY OHH 6bU\H rrOJKaAOBaHbI, HJI.H 0 rrOATBep~eHHH rpaaan paaee oTBeAeHHhJX 3eMeJI.b, T.e. B JUOOOM CJI. yq:ae rrpHc)'TCTByroT CBeAeHIDI 0 PeMbHOM xOAe C06bITHH, aa- 3BaHHbIe CaKpaJI.H30BaHHbIe BbIpaJKeHIDI, KaK npaaaao, OTC)'TCTByroT H rOBOpHTQI TOllliKO 0 rrepeAa'le 3eMJI.H B peilAhHQe <j:JaKTH'leCKOe BJl.MeIme.

ECJIH BbIpaJKeHHe "HKOHOMIDl", osaexaromee KaK nepxoaHoe, TaK H rocYAapcrneHHoe ynpaBJI.eHHel8, KaK OTMe'laAOCb, HMeJl.O CaKpMbHbIH CMbICJI., TO ceKYJl.RpH30BaHHOe HaHMeHOBaHHe "rrOJI.HTeHRN I BOCXOARID;ee K aHTH'l:HOCTH, BCTpe'laeTCR ropaaao peJKel9. CeKYJl.RPH30BaHHbIH CMbICJI. BbIpaJKeHHR :n:oA.L'l"elJOO AM 0603Ha'l:eImR rOCYAapCTBeHHOro ynpaaaeaaa HBCTBeHHO 06HaPYJKHBaeTCR B OAHOM H3 aKTOB; rAe OHO ynoTPe6J1.HeTCR B 3Ha'leHHH xypca anepnepa B TeKYJIlliH MOMeHT Bpel\1eHH40.

OAHaKO HHorAa H TepMHH "rrOJlHTeHa" npHo6peTaeT CaKpMbHbrn xapaxrep. B xpacosyxe AHApoHHKa II I1aAeOAOra OT 1314 r., B KOTOPOM aeposroaaxy Kaxoqiery nepexaerca MOHaeTbIpb Xpacra CrracHTeJI.R B Beppoe, rOBopHTCR, 'iTO JUOAHM B HX npaaaeaaa na 3eMAe (rroJI.HTeIie) A03BOJl.eHO rroAPaJKaTb He- 6ecaM41. I10AOOHbIH CaKpMbHbIH CMbICJI. Ha3BaHHOrO rrOHRTHR

18 Actes de Lavra/Ed. A Guillen, P. Lemerle, N. Svoronos, D. Papachryssanthou. P., 1919. Vol. lll. N 132. P. 50. 2. Y HOaHHa Acn-racKHHa nOIDlTBe nOAl'ttuOJ yno-rpOOJUIeTCH fVI5I Bb1piUKeHIDI HAeH BAaCTH AYXOBHbIX CHA HilA TehOM, JIHJIleHHhllI!: KaKOH-AH60 CdKPaJl.bHOCTH. CM.: Ioannis DamasceniS De duab. voluntat. 16// PG. T. 95. P. 144D-145A. 3TO Bb1p1lJKeHHe osens YlIOTPe- 6HMO B IOCTHHHdHOBOM 3dKOHOAdTe;u.CTBe :Ii B Bacaxaxax, CM. D. 1. 1, 6; Bas. II. 1. 6; Vol. t. P. 16.

19 Actes de Lavra, Vol. lll. N 118. 6-12; Nov. Just. 11.1 (121. 33).

20 Actes de Dionysiou. N 9. P. 79. 14. CexYMlpH30Ba:HHbIH xepaxrep CAOBa O'IeBHAeHB PaHHeBH3aHTilliCKOH AHTepaTYPe: Tlpoxonuii U3 Kecapnu. BORHa c rOTdMH: Dep. C.D. KOHAPdTbeBa. M., 1949. C. 258.

21 Actes de Lavra. Vol. II. N 103. P. 160.8-9.

88

MbI BCTpe'laeM PI B 60Aee paaaeer PICTO'lHPIKe - XPHCOBYAe AAeKceH I KOMHHHa OT 1088 r., iiApeCOBaHHOM MOHacThlplO Ha O-Be TIaTMoc22•

Ho 06hl'1Ho BhIpaJKeHHH, xapaxrepasyronnre rrpOHBJI.eHHH CHo60ALI BOJI.PI 'leJI.OBeKa (3a HCKJI.lO'leHHeM HMIIepaTopa), HMeJI.PI ceKYAHp:!1i>oBaIIHbIH CMbICJI.. 3Ta BOM! TpaKTOBaAaCh KaK cas- 3aHHaH C BhI60pOM 'leAOBeKa, ero JKeJl.aHHeM (:npompi(m<;, 1k>1JA.Ttl H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0603Ha'IaJl.aCh HaHMeHOBaHHHMH, JI.PIillelffihIMH HerroCPeACTBeHHOM caspaxsaocra. CeKYMIpH30BaH" mae xapaKTepHCTHKH HCrrOAb3yroTCH H !J./I5f. OlIPICaHIDl OpHeHTaIUlli 'leJI.OBeKa B Q6meCTBe. "Bpesor Tpe60BaJl.O OT <DeAopa AacKapHca necnennrocra B AeJl.ax, a OT MOaHHa Barana - oficroaTeJl.hHOCTH", - IIHCaJI. HHKH¢op fpHropa23• TIoA06HaH HAeH BhI- 60pa 'leJI.OB.eKOM .IIiunm rrOBeAeHHH 3ByqHT H B BH3aHTHHCKHX aKTax24. Brrpoaex, KaK OTMe'laJI.OCh, BH3aHTHihJ;hl COOTHOCHJI.PI CHOM 3APaBhIH CMbICJI. B rrOJI.PITHKe C BhICKa3hIBaHHHMH 3KKJ1.e3H" aera (aanpaxep, rx, 3. 1), T.e. IlOA'lHHHJI.PI ero BhICllIHM MHpOB03" speH"IeCKHM rrpeACTaBJI.eHHHM. 3T0 rroAHHMiiJI.O IIoA06HhIe BhICKa3hIBaHIDl AO ypOBH.ll' XPRCTHaHCKOM HAeoJl.OrRH H 60rOCJI.OBCKHX paccYJKAemrn:, IIPH3HaID~ cB060AY BOJI.PI 'leJI.OBeKa H ero OPHeHTaIlHIO B MHpe. HapMY C 3THM, IIoA06HhIe paccYJKA~ HH.ll' IIOKa3J>IBaIDT rrOHHMaHHe BH3aHTHHIJ;aMH ¢aKTa cymecrnoBaHIDl B 06:ru;ecTBe COn;HaJl.hHOrO BhIHYJKAeHHH. AHHa KOMHlffia, aarrpaaep, co06:ru;aeT, "ITO IIpHpOAa Be:ru;eH MorM IIoTPe60BaTh OT nee B PMe cxysaes HeBhII'OAHO OT03BaThCfl 06 Axexcee II KOMHHH~. He MeHee HpKO HAeH COn;HaJl.hHDrO BhIHYJKAeHHH ssyaar B axre rrpora <DeoAOCHl'! OT 1352 r. B HeM rOBOpHTCR, "ITO MYAPhIe JI.lOllJl1 PaCCMaTpHBaIOT IIOAXOAR:rD;HH BpeMeHHOM MOMeHT (KaHpOe) B Ka'leCTBe AymH Be:ru;eH26•

Bo scex rrpHBeAeHHhIX BhICKa3hIBaHHJ'!X pOAb COn;HaJl.hHOrO BhlH)1JKAeIlliH -rpaxryercz Ha yponne HenOCPMCTBeHHOrO BOCrrpRRTHR 'leJl.OBeKOM CRoeR IIOBCeAHeBHOM COlViaAhHOH opaeaTau;HH, Ha yposae 06hIAeHHOrO rrparMaTH'leCKoro C03HaHIDL TI03TOMY B 3TOM CJl.yqae, Q'IeBHAHO, o6hl'1HO H npztieraror K ceKYMIpH30BaHHhIM HaHMeH:QBaHHRM.

22 "Eyypcupa Il<l'qwu A. Aeitvat, 1980. ~. 59. 1. 4. CaKpaJ\liHhIH CMldCA Bb{paJKeHIDl OTMeqaer T.B. Ilonoaa B KH. "BH3aH'l'HHCKa5l HapoAHa5lJlH'repa-rypa". M., 1985. C. 53-54.

23 Nicephori Greg-orne Byzantinahistoria graece et latine I Ed. L. Schopeni.

Bonnae, 1829. Vol.l. P. 24.11.

24 Actes de Lavra. Vol. m. N 118.6-12.

2> Annae Comnenae Porphyrog-enitae Alexias. Lipstae, 1984. I. 1,2. 26 Actes de Lavra. Vol. m. N 132. P. 50. 1-2.

89

AaAee, soaapanraacs K paccxorpeaaio BbIpaJKeHHH C CaKpaAbHbIM CMbICJl.OM, OTMeTHM, 'ITO HaHMeHOBaHHe OCHOBHOrO KpeCTb5IHCKOrO IIAaTeJKa "TeJl.OC" HMeeT TaKHe rrepaoaavaxsasre 3Ha'IeHHSI, KaK qeJl.b, KOReq, qeAenOAaraHUe, T.e. B CBOeM ceMaHTH'IeCKOM AHana30He COAepJKHT H CaKPaAbHbIH CMbICJI.. B axrax BCTPe'IaeTCSi BbIpaJKeHHe 1:eJ..e(U /)ecm:cn:e(a21. B npoasaeAeHHH ryMaHHCTa Teopras reMHCTa llAHq>OHa, rrOCBSi~eHHOM q>Hll.OCOq>HH Flaaroaa H APHCTOTeJI.Si, rOBOpHTCSi, 'ITO Y APHCTOTeMI Bor KOHe'leH H COCTaBMIeT KOHe'lH)'IO npaxaay, OAHaKO He SiBMIeTCSi AeMHyprOM. 3AeCb TPSAIDJ;HOHHO nOA'IepKHBaeTCSi caKpaAbHbIH acnexr rrOHSiTHSi "TeAoc"28. Y MOaHHa AaMaCKHHa TeAOC rrOHHMaeTCSi KaK paayxnaa BOMI.

HAeH CHHTe3a KOHIJ;err:qHii: 60JKeCTBeHHOrO neaenoxareaas, xocscrsecxoro 60JKeCTBeHHOrO rropSiAKa C rrpeACTaBAeHHSiMH 0 TBapHOM MHpe, 'IeJl.OBeKe, cOIJ;HYMe H AeSiTeJl.bHOCTH B HeM'IeJl.Osexa, cnocoeaoro 6AarOAapSi MHCTH'leCKOH MOAHTBe n03HaTb Bora, HAen CHSiTHSi nporasopexaa MeJKAY CpeAHeBeKOBoH NifXOTOMHeH: "3eMHOH MHP", "He6ecHbIii: MHP" He rryrex pa3'beAHHeHHH paccYJKAeHHii: asrcmero TeOpeTH'leCKOrO YPOBHH, C OAHOH CTOPOHbI, H nparaarasecxoro, OTHOC~erOCH K Te~eH JKH3- HH - C APyrOH, a aaoeopor - HX COrAaCHH, 6bIJ1.H, KaK H3BeCTHO, 3aTeM xapaxrepmr MJI KOHIJ;enu;HH TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH HAeH BceeAHHCTBa, XapaKTepHOH MJI PYCCKOH PeAHrH03HOH q>Hll.OCOq>HH KOHIJ;a XIX - Ha'IaAa XX B.29

TIpeACTaBAeHHSI BH3aHTHii:u;eB 0 TOM, 'ITO He TOAbKO npanIJ;HII 6AarOTBOPHTeAbHOCTH o6YCJl.OBAHBaeT nOJKaAOBaHHSI MOHaCTbIpHM 3eMeAbHbIX BAaAeHHH, HO K 3TOMY n06YJKAaeT HMnepaTOPOB CTPeMAeHHe nOAPaJKaTb B 3eMHOH IIOAHTHKe Eory-AeMHYPry-co3AaTeAIO, KaK Be'!HOrO, TaK H 3eMHOrO, rrpexOAH~ero30, Aapyro~ero AIOAHM pa3AH'!Hhle 6Aara, B TOM 'IHCJl.e H 3eMHbIe, nOABepJKeHHbIe H3MeHeHHHM, COCTaBMIAH, KaK OTMe'IaAOCb BbIme, nOAHT3KOHOMH'lecKoe KpeAO BH3aHTHH. B XPHCOBYAe AAeKcea III KOMHHHa OT 1377 r. aq>oHCKOMY MOHaCTbIplO AHoHHCHH rrpHBOAHTCH CAOBa Xpacra ero Y'!eHHKaM: "rrpHHHBmHH Bac, rrpHHHAMeHH H AI06~HH Bac, AI06HT MeHH". B AaHHOM KOHTeKCTe HX IJ;eJl.eC006pa3Ho aarepnperapoaars KaK IIOAHOry B3aH-

21 Actes de Dionysiou. N '1. P. 72.

28 Georqi: Gemisti Plethonis de platonicae et aristotelicae philosophiae differentia / / PG. Vol. 150. Col. 892.

29 ./locexuil H.O. I1CTOPrur PYCCKOR q:.IDI.OCOq:.HH. M., 1991.

30 ActesdeLavra. Vol II. N 118. P. 4.1-38; Actes de Xenophon. N 1. P. 10. 1-3; Actes de Dionysiou. N 6. P. 61.16-18.

90

MOOTHOmeHHH MHpa H Bora, BK.IIlO'ldSI H MaTepHaJlhHbIe 611.ara31• TaKOBbI 6bIl1.H 60rOCll.OBCKHe npHHI\HIIbI HAeH CHHTeTH'leCKOrO eAHHOrO nOHHMa.IIIDI 60JKecTBeHHOrO neaenoxeraaaa H ecrecrBeHHOrO nOPHAKa TBapHOrO MHpa H cOD;HYMa B BH3aHTHH, HAeH 60JKeCTBeHHOrO nxaaa, 3HeprHit, caaepraa H noll.HTHKH asacTeH, nposaasromeaca, B 'laCTHOCTH, B Hcn0hb30BaHHH HaHMeHOBaHHH, HMeBIIIHX CaKpilJlhHbIH CMbIClI., MJf 0603Ha'ieHIDI HeKOTOPbIX BHAOB COD;HaJlhHO-3KOHOMH'leCKHX HHCTHTyTOB, He aamezmax OTpaJKeHIDI B TpClAHD;HOHHOM HOpMaTHBHOM npaae H perll.aMeHTHPyeMbIX rrpasox npeD;eAeHTOB.

MCnOll.h30BaHHe repMHHOB 60rOCll.OBHH MJI xapaKTepHCTHKH Pa3BHBaIOm;HXCH OTHomeHHH nOBceABeBHOCTH CBHAeTelI.hCTBYer KpOMe Toro 0 MeTaq,opH'lHOCTH 06m;eCTBeHHOrO C03HaHIDI BH3aHTHHu;eB, HM 6bIAO CBOHCTBeHHO npOH3BOAHTb pacnrapeaae 6a30BOrO CMbIClI.OBOrO AHana30Ha ClI.OB H nepeaocars BHOBb B03- HHKillHH CMbIClI., COxpaHHH npezcaee 3Ha'leHHe ClI.OBa, aa KaKOHlI.H6o npeAMeT HlI.H '<PYHKD;HOHaJlhHOe OTHOmeHHe. BH3aHTHHu;bI HCKYCHO HCnOll.h30BaAH 3TOT npaea MJf 06pa30Ba.IIIDI HOBbIX TepMHHOB. OHH npexpacao nOHHMaAH poxr, ClI.OBa B nepeaaxe MbIClI.H H B Bblpa60TKe HOB oro nOHHTHH. Harepnperarma HM He TOll.hKO CBOHCTBeHHa B q,HlI.Ocoq,cKo-6oroCll.OBCKOH cq,epe HlI.H B npasossrx OTHOmeHHHX, HO H npa OpHeHTau;HH B OTHOmeHHHX nOBCeABeBHOCTH, OABOH H3 <p<>PM KOTOPOH HBMIlI.OCb C03AaHHe HaHMeHOBaHHH HHCTHTyTOB H OTHomeHHH MeTOAOM pacmapeHIDI CMbIClI.a H3BecTHbIX ClI.OB H rrepeaecerras HOBOro CMbIClI.a aa COOTBeTCTByrom;He HHCTHTyTbI, T.e. C rroxomsso MeTaq,opbI. B !:)TOM OTHOmeHHH xapaxrepaa npeaM6yll.a XPHCOBYll.a MRxaaxa VIII Ilaxeonora OT 1263 r. MOHacTbIplO Aaapsr, rAe rOBOPHTCH: "MbI 3HaeM, 'ITO cymeersyer ABe no6YAHTelI.hHbIe CHlI.hI co6bITHH: ClI.OBO H AeHCTBHe. CAOBO JKe 6bIBaeT ABYX BHAOB. Taxoe, KOTOPoe BeAeT K AeHCTBHlO HlI.H TaKOe, KOTOpoe ClI.eAyeT aa HHM. OHO 06Hap)'JKHBaeT aKTHBHOCTb AyxaH BeAeT K 3q,q,eKTHBHOCTH OnHCaHHH"32. BacHlI.HH BelI.HKHH, paccyJKAdSI 0 MYAPOCTH npOPOKOB, yrsepJKAaeT, 'ITO MYAPOCTH CBOHCTBeHHO pacnrapsrs ClI.OB033. MeTOAEI, Hcnoll.h3yeMbIe BH3aHTHHD;aMH, OTpaJKalOT cnertaqrasecxae q,OPMbI nepepaoorxa HHq,opMaD;HH, orpascaamae MexaHH3MbI BOCnpOH3BOACTBa IJ;HBHlI.H3au;HH BO BpeMeHH.

31 Actes de Dionysiou. N 4. P. 59. 4- 9.

32 Actes de Lavra. Volll. N 12. P. 14. 1-4. Cpo D. l. 3, 18; L. 16,6; Bas. II. 1, 32; II. 2, 6. P. 18,22.

33 TBopeHIDl HlKe BO CBlIThIX orna aamero BacHAN Bexaxaro apXHieIDICxona KecapiH KanrrClAoKiHCKill:. M., 1993. tf. II. C. 6-7.

91

TeOpeTIf'IeCKHe rrpOOAeMhl MeTa<pOPWIHOCTM C03HaHIDI B OO~eCTBe, T.e. pacmapeaaz CMhlCAa IIeKOTOphlX HaMMeHOBa" HMH M rrepeneea acsore OTTeHKa CMhlCAa na APyrn:e OO'heKThl, B peayxsrere xero rrOHBMnOTCH HOBble rrOHHTHH, B nacrosmee BpeMH IIlMPOKO AeoaTMpyroTCH B <pMAOCO<pMH KYAbTYPbI34. <DaKT MaHMrrylllipoBaHIDI H3bIKOBbIMM CTpYKTYPaMM B BM3aHTMH MA" JIlOCTpHpyeT BllliHHHe Hd3BaHHhlX CTPYKTYP aa MeHTaAHTeT, rrpMHHTHe pemeHl1l_il: H pa3BMTMe co~a, na xepaxrepasre 'lepTbl BM3aHTHHCKOH IzyIBMJlli3~MH.

rAYOOKHe reoperaaeexae H oorOCAOBCKHe rrpeAIIOCbIAKH, OOYCAOBHBIIlMe HAeH KOCMOAOrH'leCKOrO CMHTe3a, rrpoaaasurerOCH B npMAaHMM HeKOTOpbIM COI\MaAbHO~3KOHOMH'leCKMM MR" CTH~ H OTHomeHMHM rrOBCeAHeBHOCTM CaKpaAbHOrO CMbIC" Aa CAeAyeT, aa Ham B3rMf,ll., KpOMe roro, MCKaTb B BbICKa3blBaHM" me BacMAHH Bexaxero, Tparopaa HMCCKoro H APyrHX rrpeacraBMTeAeH BOCTO'lHOH IIaTpMCTMKH 00 HMeHax M IIOHHTIDIX, CBOH" CTBeHHhlX eCTeCTBeHHbIM H3bIKaM. HMeHa IIpeAIIOAararoT HaAM" 'lne OOJKeCTBeHHorO rrpeAYMEIillAeHMH, BJlliHIO~erO na 00pa30" saaae HaHMeHOBaHMH peaxsasrx BerqeH H OTHOmeHMH35.

fToAooHbIe B033peHMH II03BOJIJIAH He TOAbKO co:ilAaTb rrpasoBbIe H MOpaAbHbIe rapenraa AJI5f. llBAeHMH, perAaMeHTMpyeMhlX npasox rrpeIJ;eAeHTOB, HO H BKA1O'lHTb OIJ;eHKy HX B cacrexy rex BbICillHX rrpMRIJ;HIIOB, C KOTOPbIMM 'leAOBeK nOAXOAHA K IIOHMMa" HHIO JKH3HM. Harepnperapyx 3TH MAeH, Mhl MOJKeM HaRTH seesMa OTAaAeHHOe npeABocXHrqeHHe COBpeMeHHOH AHHTBHCTIf'Iec" KOH KOHIJ;enu;MH 0 KpeaTHBHOH <PYHKIJ;HH H3bIKa, M HAeM IIOCT" MOAepHM3Ma 0 BllliHHMH H3bIKOBbIX CTPYKTYP aa MeHTaAHTeT H MeHTaAbHOCTb.

CyrqecTBOBaAH H OOAee OTAaAeHHbIe MeT<l<PH3H'leCKMe rrpeAIIOCbIAKH paCIIpOCTpaHeHHOH B BH3aHTMM rrpaKTHKH HaM" MeHOBaHIDI BHOBb ·B03HHKarorqRX COI\MaAbHO"3KOHOMH'leCKHX MRCTHTy-TOB M OTHOmeHMH C nossomsro GAOB, HMerorqHX B CBOSM CMhlCAOBOM AMarra30He CdKPaAbHbIH CMblCA. 3TH npeAIIocbIAKH OOHdPYJKHBdlOTCH B oorqeH IJ;eAOCTHOH KapTMRe MHpa, xapaxrepaoa AJI5f. BOCTO'lHOrO XPHCTHaHCTBa, CBH3aHHOH C HAeHMM saepraa H CMRePI'MH, onpeAeAHBmeH OCHOBHoe COAepJKaHMe BH3aHTHHCKOH IJ;HBMJlli3~MH, H ocorieaao HpKO rrpoHBMBmeHCH B BH3aHTHHCKOM HCHXa3Me.

Ha 3arr<1Ae, B 'ldCTHOCTM Y <DOMhl AKBHHCKoro, pa3YM xxacCH<PHI\MPOBaACH KaK BbICIlIaH AaHHaH Borosr crroCOOHOCTb K ca-

34 RiCl1!11I P. Hermeneutics-and Human Science. Heidelberg., 1914.

35 <PAOPOBCKUU r.B. BOCTO'IHhIe OTqbI N sexa (penp.) M, 1992. C. 140.

92

MOII03HaHHlO H II03HaHHIO HHTeMHI'H6eAbHhIX, T.e. HeAocrynHhIX tIYBCTBY, HO AOcrynHhIX MbICJ\H 06"beKTOB, CBH3aHHhIX C <paKTOM cym;eCTBOBaHllil eaxoro IIO ce6e HeII03HaBdeMOrO 60- JKeCTBeHHoro Il/I_aHa. I10,1lp6HOe OTHomeHHe K pd3YMY ll: IIOhOJKHJI.O Ha'IaJl.O 3aJJaAHOMY Pau;HOHaJl.H3MY3fi• B BH3aHTHH, KaK OTMe'IaJl.OCI" B COOTBeTCTBHH C TPa.AHIJ;lffiMH BOCTO'IHOH IIdTPHCTHKH, MHCTH'leCKOrO 60rOCJI.OBHH, HCHXa3M<t, B Ka'IeCTBe qeHHOCTH, BeAym;eH 'IehOBeKa K CaMOII03HaHHlO, II03HaHHIO MHpa H Eora IIPH3HaBaJl.CH He Pa3YM CaM no ce6e B oTPbIBe OT 'IeAOBe'IeCKOH JKH3HH, HO aecs IIpaBe,II.IIbIH B JI106BH K Bery OIIbIT HHAHBHAYaJl.bHoro H KOMeKTHBHOrO cym;ecTBOBaHHH., BCH A06pOAeTe.ll.baas JKH3Hl>, cnOC06HalI K AOC"rHJKeHHIO B MHCTH'leCKOH MOJIHTBe peaxsaoro eAHHeHHH C Borox.

B CBOHX paccyJKA€lHIDIX BH~ CAeAOBaAH CJl.OBaM EBaHreAHH OT MOaHHa: .. 5I eCMb IJYTI, H HCTHH<t H JKH3Hl>: HHKTO He IIpHXOAHT K Orn;y, KaK TOJl.bKO 'Iepe3 MeIDl" (MOaHH: 14.6). Tpaaanax BH3aHTHHCKOro 60rOCJI.OBHH, C:SH3aHHalI C pacnraPHTeJU.HhlM TOAKOBaHHeM peJUITH03HOrO OIIbITa, B xoropsra BKJIIO'IaAHCI, H pe3Y.ll.bTaTbl pa3Hoo6pa3HOH AoopOAeTe.ll.bHOH BO HMH Q6m;ero 6Aara nOBCeAHeBHoH yIIpaBAeH'IeCKOH Ae5fTe.ll.bHOC"fH BAaCTeH, BxoAHAa, BH,lI,HMO, H B 60Aee mapoxae MHPOB033peH'IeCKHe PaMKH, xaparcrepasyronrae BH3aHTHHCKyro ~3aI{HIO. Ll~oC"rHoe IIOHHMaHHe peARrH03HOrO OIIbITa llOApa3YMelfaJI.O He TO.ll.bKO OTHomeHHH AIOAeH APyr K APyry, HO H HX CBRS}' C IIpHpOAoH. 3Ta CBHSI, cpu~ H WXVTJ OT'IeTAHBO 3Byq'RT Y Fparopaa I1aJ1.aMbI. B rxaaex ITO <pH3HKe H TeOAorHH 'IHTaeM: "MHp HMe.eT Ha'IaAO. I1pHpOAa yq'RT, HCTOPHH YTBep~aeT. M306peTeHHe HCKYCCTB H c03AaHHe 3aKOHOB, a TaKJKe rOCYAapC"rBeHHble HHCTHTYTbI HEHO 06HapYJKHBaIOT 9'1'0"31. O'IeBHAHO nepea HaMH He IIpOCTO <pOPMa <pH3HKO-TeJl.eOAOrH'IeCKOro 060CHOBaHHH TBOpeHHH, npezuroxarasomero BOCXOJKAeHHe MbICJ\H OT CJl.eAC"rBHH K IIpH'nrne, HO H HAeH r(!'pMOHH'Inero CO'IeTaHHH IIpHpOAbl H peSYJl.l>TaTOB AYXOBHOH H 06m;ecTBeHHOH AeHTe.ll.bHO\",TH AIOAeH, KaK 3AeMeHTOB nexocraoro tIYBCTBeHHOrO OIIbITa, D;e.ll.bHOH JKH3HH.

3Ta HAeH IIpHpOAbI, OpraHH'IeCKH CBH3aHHOH C AeHTeAbHOCThIO 'IeJl.OBeKa, 06J1.(iA(iIOm;ero CBo60AOH BOAR, 3:sy'IHT H aa sape BOCTO"'IHOro xpHC"fHaHCTBa Y EBceBHH (I1aM<pHJ\.a) Kecapaaesoroo OH, aanpaxep, YTBepJKAaeT, 'ITO B pesyxsrare rpexorraxe-

36 Xeugerrep M. OCKoBHhIe IIOHJITHJI MeTa(jll'!3B1ill /1 Borrpocsr (jl.l<I4ococpHH. 1989. NQ 9. C. 150.

31 Georg. Palam. Col. 1121. 1.

93

HID!: .IIIOAH He noMhIlIllUlllli 0 ropozex, 0 rOCYAapCTBeHHOM YCTpOHCTBe, 3aKOHax, HCKYCCTBe •.. "QHH KO'leBaJIH no nyCTLIIDIM KaK AHKHe 3BepH •.. Torna Bor, "HaA3HparorqHH sa scex, HaChlAaJ\. nOTOICH BOALI H OI'IDI, ClI.OBHO aa AHKHH Jl.ec, pasPOCIIIHHCH no scea 3eMJI.e"3B. 3Ta aHaJl.OrIDl He rrporaaopeaar TP~OHHOMY rrpOTHBOnOCTaJlJI.eHHID "<pIOCHC" H "rexae" B aHTIf'ilIhlX H BH3aHTHHCKllX TeKCTax, HO BMeCTe C TeM OHa KaK 6bI BOCXOAHT K TpaKTOBKe "<proCHC", KaK nepB03AaHHOrO nOHHTIDl rpe'lecKOH HaTYP<PHJl.OCO<pHH, 0 KOTOPOM TaK RpKO CKa3aJ1. M. Xe:il:Aerrep. <l>HJl.OCO<p nOA'lepKHYJI. TY POJl.b, KOTOPyro HrpaeT noaarae npaPOALI B ero IIlliPOKOM H nepBOHa'laJl.bHOM CMhlCll.e, KorAa OHO 03- HCl.'laJI.O cyrqee B n;eJl.OM, xoropoe "nOHHMaeTCH He KaK rrpHpoAa B n03AHeM aoaoeaponeacxoa CMhlCll.e, r.e. He KaK He'lTO, npoTHBOnOAOJKHOe HCTOpHH. VIMeeTCH B BHAY CMhlCll. 60Aee H3Ha'laJl.bllhIH, npeAIIIeCTByrorqHH lIM H 06"beMJl.K)~ npapozy H HCTOpHIO ••• H 60JKeCTBeHHOe c~e"39. 3TOT ApeBHHH Bce06~ CMhlCA B BH3aHTHHCKOM 60roCAOBHH TpaHc<pOPMHPOBaJl.CH H BhlPaJKaJl.CH B HAee "MeTeKCHC" (Y'lacmue), B HAee HeTBapHOH 60JKeCTBeHHOCm, 03Hd'laIDrqeH 60JKeCTBeHHoe AeHCTBHe H lIMeHYeMOH xorocaxa, 3HepmeH H caaeprnea. DJl.arOAapH lIMeHHO 3THM nOHHTHHM B PaMKax BH3aHTHHCKOH COn;HaJl.bHOH pe<pJl.eKeHH cymecrsoaaao nexocrnoe rrpeACTaBAeHHe 0 JKH3HH 'leJI.OBeKa He TOAbKO B ero eAHHeHHH C npHpOAOH, HO H B KOCMOAOrH'leCKOM CMhlCAe, T.e. B CMhlCAe peaxsaoro eAHHeHIDl C 60- JKeCTBeHHOH 6AarOAaThID 'lepe3 nOcPeACTBO 3HeprHH H B <PoPMe MHCTH'leCKOH MOAHTBhl. TI03TOMY rrpasoxepao axnenrapoBaTb nOHHMaHHe BH3aHTHHn;aMH COn;HaJl.bHO-3KOHOMH'leCKllX H IIOAHTH'leCKllX KBAeHHH KaK BKAlO'ldIDII\HX B caoe COAepJKaHHe CaKPaJl.bllhIH CMI>ICA. B 3TOM OTHOIIIeHHH 06HaPYJKHBaeTcH He TOAbKO OTAH'lHe AaHHOH, pacnpocrpaaeaaoa B BH3aHTHH MeHTaJl.bHOCm OT coorsercrsyromero THIIa MeHTaJl.bHOCm na 3arraAe, PaBHO KaK H OT MeHTaJl.bHOCTH BH3aHTHHCKOrO ryMaHH3Ma, OTAH'lHH, CB1l3aHHoro rAaBHhlM 06pasOM C npH3HaHHeM B BOCTO'lHOH naTpHCTHKe, a 3aTeM B HCl'IXd3Me xareropaa 3HeprHH H CHHeprHH, HO H CXOACTBO scex STill( BHAOB HHTeAAeKTYaJl.bHOH pe<pAeKCHH.

VI B Blf3aHTHH, H Ha 3arraAe 06pa3bI nOAH, caaa H BHHOrpaAHOH A03hl B Ayxe 06rqexpHCTHaHCKOH 6H6AeHCKOH CHMBOAHKH npacyma H xpHCmaHCKOH parepaze. Y Fparopsr B ero nepaoa "AHTI!:peTHKe", COAepJKarqeH nOAeMHKY C rpHrOplfeM TIaJl.aMOH,

3B EBceBUU IIaMcjJUll. ~epKoBHiUI BCTOpIDI. M., 1993. c. 16. 39 Xeugerrep M. YKa3. CO'!. C. 134.

94

"none" 'I'paKTYeTCf! Ka:K 06pa3 acero Toro, 'ITO coxpaaaer A06poAeTeJlh40. KOHCTaHTmIOnOJIhC:KHH narpaapx A$aHacml: I, HCII0J\h3Yf! cccraercrayronryro CHMBOAHKy H esaareascxae o6pa- 3bI, HMeHYeT Llepxoas BHHOrpCiAHHKOM Eora41 HAl{ AepeBoM :lKH3HH42. Fparopaa TIaAaMa TaIOKe BOCKAHIJ;aeT: " ... Csra EoJICHH OTBeTHA: f! ecrs BHHOrpaAHHK ... Bsr f!BAHeTecr. A03aMH, a OTe~ MOil' - BHROrpaAaPb"43.

Xapexrepno TaIOKe, 'ITO Hnxarpop XYMH B npOH3BeAeHHH 06 yq:eHHH I1iI.OTHHa 0 Ayme, IIoBecrnYf! 0 BbUIBAemn.rx: I1iI.OTHHOM pa3AH'lHbIX npOHBAeHHf!X Ayum H HX B3aHMOCBf!3f!X, oopamaercs npa 3TOM K aHMOI'HH, xapaxrepaayromea CB5I'3H, KOTOpsre cymecreyror MeYKAY POCTKOM, KOAOCOM H cOAoMoH44.

KaK BHAHO, XPHCTHaHCKaf! CHMBOAHKa, orpascasoruaa MAeH POAH H 3Ha'IHMOCTH CeAhCKOX03f!HcrneHHoro 'I'pYAa B 3eMHOR :lKH3HH lieAOBeKa, KaK H na 3arraAe, '!aCTO HCnOAb30BaAHCb M5! xapaKTepHCTHKH AYXOBHhlX npOHBAeHHH 06m;ecrneHHoH H HRAHBMAYaAbHOH :lKH3HH, 'ITO CBHAeTeJlhCrnyeT 0 ABOHcrnemwM 3HalieHHH coorsercrsyiomea XPHCTHaHCKOH 3HaKOBOH CHCTeMhl. CO~aAbHaf! POAb Ha3BaHHOH CHMBOAHKH OIIpeAeM!AaCb 06paTHbIM xapearepox AeJKcu::qHX B ee aCHOBe CO~aAbHhlX CEf[- 3eR. AeHcrnHTeAhHo, npapoaa H, B'lacrnoCTH, CeAbCKOX03HHCTseaaaa npaxraxa H ee pons B 06m;ecrne, He TOAbKO, KaK H3BeCTHO, Hhl3BaAa K :lKH3HH coeraerersyronryro CHCTeMY 06pa30B, HO 3Ta CHCTeMa B AaJU.HeHIIIeM, B CBOIO O'lepeAh, casra cpOPMHpOBaxa KaK aa 3arraAe, TaK H B BH3aHTHH45, rrpnanansr 3KOHOMH'leCKHX B033peHH:il:.

o POAH CHMBOAHKH, CBf!3aHHOH C 3eMAeAeAh'leCKOH Aef!TeJlhHOCTbIO KaK OAHoro :!f3 BaJKHeHrrrHX $aKTOPOB BH3aHTHH-

40 Nikephoros Gregoras. Antirrhetika I I Einleitung, Texausgahe, Ubers., Arunerkungen von H.-V. Beyer. Wien, 1916. S. 129.6. Cp.: Demetrius Cydonr:s. Correspondance I Pub1. Par R-J. Lcenertz, Gitta del Vaticano, 1960. VoL IT. N 229. 41 The Correspondence of Athanesms I Patriarch of Constantinople I Ed.

A.-M. MaffryTalbotl1 Dumbarton Oaks. Text Ill. Wash., 1975. N 14. P. 14.28. 42 Ibid. N 34. P. 70. 31. Comment. P. 434.

43 Gregorii Thessalonicensis metropolitae Ad revendissimam in sanctionIbus Xenam, de passiom'bns vtrtutfbus et mentalis quietudinis fructfbus II PG. T. 150. CoL 1053.

44 Nicephori Chumni Antirrheticus Adversus Plotinum de Anima II PG.

T. 140. CoL 1416-1417.3.

45 TIpeACTaBRTeJIh 3aIIaAHOH <pHAOCO<pCKOH MRCAH Bepaapz, KsepsocCKItii cpaaaasaa, KaK H3BeCTHO, nOM! c AymOH MHpCKHX hIOAeH. CM.: 3ilKeH r. I1CTOPID.! H CHCTeMa cpeaaesexoaoro MHpOC03ep~aHID.!. CTIG., 1907. C. 434-435; Hunger H. Prooimion: Elemente der byzantinischen Kaiseridee in den Arengen der Urkunden. Wien, 1964. N 7. S. 224.

95

CKO:PO 3KOHOMH"IeC~OrO C03HaHIDI, BbIproKalOm;erO BaJKHetiIDHe OCHOJJbI 6hITRlI, npacyrnero 'leJI.OBe'lecKoH npapone (aV9pOO:n;LVT] <jl'l)(JtI;;), CBHAeTeJlliCTBYeT OAMB H3 06pa3n;OB npOOfumeB HMITePaTOPCKHX XPHCOBYJl.OB. B HeM l'OBOPHTCJ[ 0 nOJl.HTHKe no OTHOIDeHHIO K 06pam;eHlI1,IM B XpHCTHaHCTBO H:3hI'l:HHKaM, KOTOPM ynoA06AAeTCJ[ n>M 3a60Te, 'lT0 1'pe6)'lOT K ce6e OT 3eMJI.eAeJl.hn;a nspecaaceaasre paCTeHRlI46.

BHHMaHHe B BH3a:H'I'HH K COOTBeTCTB)'lOm;eH XPHCTHaHCKOH CHMBOJI.HKe H:BHJl.OCh TaKJKe OAIlOH H3 UPeAITOChIJl.OK UPHAdHRlI orrpenexeanoro pOAd COu;HaAbHO-3KOHOMH"leCKHM HHCTIIT)'TaM CaKPaAbHOro CMhICJl.a. HecMOTpH aa (}T.hH'lHe BH3a:H'I'HH OT 3andAa, rAe OTCYTCTIlOBaJ\.O upell,CTaBJl.eHHe o upOHMKalOm;eH B MHp 60'KeCTBeHHOH :lHeprHH41, Ha 3andAe B nOHHMaHHH COn;HaAbHhIX oTHoIDeHHH TaKJKe cym;ecTBOBaJ\. 3.M~MeHT caxpeasaocTH, BeAl> H 'l>oMa AIamHcKHH BBOll,HT 60JKeCTBeHHy:IO noxo'KeCTh B BeIqH48. OAIlaKO mIOM xapaxrep 3aIIdAHoro COn;HaAbHOro H rOCYAapCTBeHHoro pa3BRTRlI, nOH:BJI.eHHe Ha npoTIDKeHHH 3noXH cpeAIleBeKOBhlI MHO'KeCTBa HOBhIX COn;HaAbHO-3KOHOMHqeCKHX HHCTHTYTOB: cncaraaaoe pa3BHTIIe cpeOAdJl.H3Md, noaaJl.eHRe COCJI.OSHH H COCJI.OBHhIX ITpeACTaBHTeAhCTB, BKJUO't[M napJI.aMeHThI, pa3BHTMe ropoaesoro caMoynpaBJI.eHRlI H T.A., - Bee 3TH <paKTDphI cOAe:ikTBoBdJI.H 60Jl.hIDeH ceKYJl.5IpH3a.u;HH upeACTaBJI.eHlrif 06 06m;ecTBe pa3BHBdsmeHC5I Ha npOTIDKeHHH BeKOB H nOAr01'OBHBIDeli: Pau;HOHaAHCTH"IeCKHe npeACTaBJI.emrn HOB oro BpeMeHH.

OTMe't[eHHhIe <paKThI CaKPdJI.H3au;HHBH3aHTIIHCKorO oomeCTBa, upOH:BAABIDReCH B KpedTHBHoH pOJI.H 60rOCJI.OBH5l B o6m;eCTBeHHoH JKH3HH KaK xepaxrepmae 'fePTu BR3aHTHHCKOH naBHJI.H3an;HR H MeXaHH3Ma ee socnpoaasoacraa, CB5I3aHHOrO C nepepa60TKOH 60rOCJI.OBCKO:M HHcpOPMdu;HH, n03BOJl.IDOT nO-HOBOMY' B3r.MllfYTh aa HeKoTopue H:BJI.eHRlI. B AHTepaTYPe HeoAHoKpaTHO KOHa'aTHpoBaAHCh OC06eHHOCTI1! pa3BHTI1IH H cpoPMHPOBaHH5I BH3aHTIIHCKOro 60I'OCJl.OBRlI, OTMe11IaJ\.och, B qaCTHOCTH, 'ITO TBOpqecKHH rryrs BOCTO'tfHOH naTpI{CTHKH 3aBepIDaeTC5I B VITI B., llOCJI.e 'laro nacrynaer 3ITOXa TPdAI1IIJ;HOHaJ\.I1!3Md, rrpoasJl.5IBIDerOCH KaK AOMHHHp)'lOm;M TeHAemZYIll B pa3BHTI{]:{ MHpO-

46 Hunger H. Op. cit. N 7. S. 224.

41 Bm;3aH'I'Kil:CKHR ryMaHHCT Hmcaq,op Fparopa, SIBJUlBflllIil:CSI B H3BeCTHOM CM!.1CAe 1IOC1I.~9Ba'I'E!heM 3arIaAa. KPliTIIK:OBaA acaxacre fPHrOPIDf TIaAaMY sa em yYeHHe 00 3HepI'IDIX, 06BHHIDl em B naHTeH3Me. CM.: Nikephoros Gregoras. Antirrhetika I. S. 34.

48 Perelman Ch., OJbredlta- Tyteoo L. The New Retonc. Notre Dame, 1971.

P.342.

96

B033peHHlI. K ::lTOMY n;eJl.eC006pa3HO A06aBHTb, 'ITO HMeHHO ::lTOT Tp~HOHaJl.H3M 06yCJl.OBHlI. B H3BeCTHOH Mepe HHTEmCHBHOCT:b CaKpaJI.bHIill!: IlpOn;eCCOB B BH3aHTHH, 'lTO CBHAeTeJl.bCTBYer 06 HHcTpYMeHTaJl.HCTCKOM xapaxrepe 60roc/\DBHH. TeM He MeHee sra CaKPCl.llJ.HOCT:b He nepepecaa B reoxparaso. 3ToMY rrpeII5!TCTBOBMO CHJI.bHOe aHTH'lHOe BJI.HlIHHe, a TalOKe AOMHHHpOBaHHe HMIIepaTOpCKOH BJl.aCTH B CHCTeMe COD;HaJlhHbIX OTHOmeHHii:, COI03 n;epKBH H rocyaapcraa.

CrreIIH<pH'leCKHe oco6eHHOCTH <pOPMHPOBaHHlI COD;HaJlhHO- 3KOHOMH'lOCKHX H npaaoasrx HHCTHTyTOB BH3aHTHH rr06YJKAaIOT XapaKTepH30BaT:b Ha3BaHHbIe HAeH CHHTe3a 60JKeCTBeHHOCTH H TBapHOCTH KaK cBOe06pa3HbIH "BH3aHTHHH3M", YCJl.OBHO Ha30BeM era "orrpiiBA.aHHe JKH3HH".

flOA "BH3aHTHHH3MaMH" H rrOAPaaYMeBaIO Te rrp05!BJI.eHHlI BH3aHTHHCKOH D;HBHlI.H3aD;HH, KOTophle OKa3aJI.H BJI.HlIHHe na KYJl.bTYPY APyrHX rrpaBOCJI.aBHbIX HapOAOB, BKJ\.IO'laH Pycs. KaK BHARO, BH3aHTHHH3Mhl B H3BecTHOM CMhlCJI.e OTHOCHTCH K flOCTBH3aHTHH. flpo6J1.eMhl BH3aHTHHH3MOB aa cerOAHHmHHH AeHb AOCTaTO'lHO aKTYaJIhllhl. AeJl.o B TOM, 'ITO BOCTO'lHO-xpHCTHaHCKaH rrp06J1.eMaTHKa CJl.a60 rrpeACTaBJl.eHa B paaxax CPaBHHTeJI.baero aaaaasa D;HBHlI.H3aD;Hii:. C~eCTBeHHbIii: HHTepec rrpeaCTaBJI.5!eT H APyraH CTopOHa rrp06J1.eMhl. Harepec K BH3aHTHHH3- MaM rrpHo6peJI. 06m;OCTBeHHOe 3BY'laHHe B CBH3H C 06CpKAeHHeM PYCCKOH HAeH, PYCCKOH peAHrH03HOH <pHlI.OC0<pHH. Flpn ::lTOM Ilp06J1.eMa BH3aHTHHH3MOB peuraerca saeecryro B COBpeMeHROH rry6J1.HD;H:CTH'leCKOH H <pHlI.OCO<pCKOH Jl.HTepaTYPe 6e3 ysera ypOBHlI H AOCTHJKeHH:ii: cospexeaaoro BH3aHTHHOBeAeHHH. B 3TOH CBll3R aHaJl.H3 COOTBeTCTBYIOm;eil' rrpo6J1.eMaTHKH HBJI.HeTCH aKTYaJlhHhlM HMeHHO B pasrxax BH3aHTH:HOBeAeHHH.

Floaarae BH3aHTHHH3M "onpaasaaae JKH3HH" HBJI.5!eTCH CYry60 YCJl.OBHhlM H: OTHOCHTCH B nanresr rrOHH:MaHHH OTHIOAb He TOJI.bKO K HBJI.eHHlIM 60rOCJI.OBHlI, raoceoaoraa, KOCMorOHHH. AaHHhIH BH:3aHTH:HH3M OTpaJKaeT xapaxrepasre 'lepThl BH3aHTHHCKOH n;HBHJl.H3aD;HH B n;eJl.OM. I1CTOKH arrrepecyiomero Hac HBJl.eHHH - B AYXOBHOH JKH3HH rrpaBOCJI.aBHlI, B 'laCTHOCTH acaxaasea,

flOA BH:3aHTHHH3MOM "onpaaaanae JKH3HH" Mhl rrOAPa3YMeBaeM BOCrrpHlITHe BH3aHTH:ii:n;aMH ncero JKH3HeHHOro KOJI.JI.eKTHBHOro H HHAHBHAYaJlhHoro OIIhlTa JI.IOAeH KaK eAHHOH HCTHHhl, OTpaJKaIOm;eH 60JKeCTBeHHbIH Aap. A HMeHHO, B OTJI.H'lHe OT rr03AHeH CXOJl.aCTHKH aa 3arrd,l\e, B 'laCTHOCTH OT <I>OMhl AKBHHcxoro, BH3aHTHHn;bI B COOTBeTCTBHH C rrpeACTaBlI.eHHlIMH MHCTH'leCKOrO 60rOCJI.OBHlI AOCTaTO'lHO OrpaHH'lHBaIOT B03MOJKHOC-

4. Xaocrosa KB.

97

TH pasyxa B IlpH6.II.HJKeHHH K IIOHHMaHHlO ssacnrax KOHe'lHhIX IlpH'mH 6hlTIDI.

qTO JKe KaCaeTCH BCeX BHAOB II03RaBaTe.llliROH AeHTeAhHocTH '1eAOBeKa - HHTeJlJl.eKT}'aJu.HO-paCCYAO'IHOH, 3MOI(HOHaJU.HO-IICHXOAOI'H'IeCKOH, - BCeX 'i>OPM OTHOmeHHH '1eAOBeKa K KOCMOCY, IlpHpoAe, 06m;eCTBy, AP}'I'HM JUOAHM, TO see ORH rpexTOBa.II.HC:b KaK HeKaH n;eAOCTHOCTb.

COOTBeTCTBeHHO, H casra JKH3Hb, HBAHBmaHCH 06'beKTOM BOCrrpHHTHH CO CTOPOHhl '1eAOBeKa - eAHHa. AeAO B TOM 'ITO, KaK IIliIIIIeT B.H. J\.OCCKHH, "60JKecTBeHHh1e CBOHC'l'Ba (a'I'pH6yTId) OTHOCHTCH K 06m;eH rrpapoae: Pa3)'M, BOAH, JU060B:b, MHp CBOHCTBeHHhl BeeM 'I'peM HIIOcrdCHM H He MOryr OIlp~e.II.H'l'b FIX pa3.ll.H'lHH"49. no MHemno I'paropas naAaMh1, JKH3Hb - 3TO aaennree 6Aaro, H OTcyTCTByeT pa3.II.H'IHe MeJKAY MyAPOCThIO H JKH3H:bI05O. BOJKeCTBeHHhle 3HepI'HH cOeAHHHIOT pa3.11.H'1Hhle YPOBRH 6hlTIDI H C03AdIOT FIX ~CTBo.

Macrae pyccxae 'i>HAOCO'i>hl [Fl.A, <1>AopeHcKHH,

B.<l>. 3pH), KaK H3BeCTHO, BOCIIPHHH.II.H BH3aHTHHCKYIO raoceoAOI'H'IecKYIO KOBIJ;eIII(HIO eAHHoro 3HdHHH, npaaaaromero PdBHOn;eHHoCTb paI(HOHaJU.HOCTH H 3MOn;HH, HIITYIfll;HH H aHaAH3a. B PdMKax PeAHl'H03HOH ¢HAOCO'i>HH TaKOe IIOHHMdHHe aaasrBaeTCH 'i>HAOco'i>HeH BCeeAHHCTBa. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, MHorn:e PYCCKHe'i>HAOcoq,hl, KaK H3BecTHo, O'I'pHn;aTeAbHO OTHOCH.II.HC:b K 3aIIC!AHOMy Pan;HOHaAH3My C ero pe3KHM IlpOTHBOnOCTaBAeHHeM HHTeAAeKTYaJU.HhlX H 3MOI(HOHaJU.Ho-nCFIXOAOI'H'IeCKHX KapTHH MHpa. 3aIICJAHbIH Pan;HOHaAH3M, 3aMeTHh1H yxe Y <1>0- MlJ AKBHHCKoro, II03AHee HBHACH OCHOBOH AAH pa3AH'1eHHH cq,ep peAHl'HH H HaYKH C ee AOr:I!m;H3MaMH, dBTOHOMHOH aaysHOH H npaKTH'leCKOH HCTHHOH, IIOMeJKam;eH BepH¢HKiiWlli. 3aIIC!AHaH HAeH51, HpKO BhlpaJKeHHaH B TBop'lecTBe P. AeKaPTa, M. KdHTa, B HOBeHmee BpeMH AOCTHl'Aa csoero HaHBRCmerO pa3BHTHH B .II.0rH'leCKOM II03HTHBH3Me. CKa3aHHOe, eCTeCTBeHHO, He osaasaer OTcyTCTBHH B 3aIIC!AHOH cpeAHeBeKOBOH q,HA0- cO¢CKo-6orOCAOBCKOH MlJC.II.H MHCTHI(H3Ma KaK AOMHHHPYIOm;eH YAeuS2• KaK H3BeCTHO, B BH3aHTHH B pasrxax r)'MdHH3Ma Pa3BHBaAaC:b AOCTaTO'IHO CHAbHaH Pan;HOHaAHCTH'IecKaH TeH-

49 AOCCKUU RH. Osepx MHCTWreCKOCO 6oroCAOIDIll ••• C. 215. 50 Greg. Palam. Col.1441. 34.

51 Tpoiic E. Iloacx pyccxoa H~OHaAbHOii 1fAeHTIf'lHOCTH / / Bonpocsr q,HAocoqnm. 1992. N9 1. C. 52.

52 Gilson E. La philosophie au Moyen Age des origines patristiques a la fin du XIV siecle. P .• 1941.

98

Ae~, COCTOmmIaH B rrpH3HaHHH B03MO)KHOCTeH paayera B rrpH6AIDKeHHH K a6COJ\IOTHOH HCTHHe. l1AeH 3TH BhIpaJKeHbI Y I10aHHa I1TaAa, MHXaHAa Ilcesaa, Bapaaassa, Haxarpopa Tparopsr, A,HM1ITp:IDI: KHAoHHca H AP.53 Ho B AaHHOH pafiore axneaTHpyroTCH re HAeH BH3aHTHH~eB, C yqeToM KOTOPbIX Tp~OHHO B 60roCA.oBHH H HCTOPHH q,HAOCOq,HH rrpOBOAHAaCb rpa~a MeYKAY 3aIIaAHbIM H BOCTO'lHbIM XPHCTHaHCTBOM. KaK OTMeqaJI. yxe B.H. AOCCKHH, a 3aTeM Xi-I', Bex, Ha3BaHHhIe paaxaq:IDI: HOCH./lli rrpeYKAe scero THIIO.ll.OrlfqecKHH, a He perHOHaJU,HhIH xapaKTep54. I1HbIMH C.II.OBaMH, 3TH Pa3}lliqHH COCTaB.II.lllOT COAep)l{aHHe HayqHOH HAeii.ll.H3~, MOAeJUf. rIo CpaBHeHHIO C 3TOH MOAeAblO, peaxsaas )l{H3Hb 06Hap~BaAa MHO)l{eCTBO oTK.II.oHeHliH H HB.II.HAa C060H paaaooopasae, OAHaKO HCIIO./l.b- 30BaHHe ACUIHOH MOAeJUf IlAOAOTBOPHO, TaK KaK II03BO.II.HeT ocyII\eCTBHTb KAaCCHq,HK~ C.II.O)KHe:ifirrHx MHPOB033pegqeCKHX nponeccos. B03BpdII\aeMCH K BbIBOAaM rpHrOp:IDI: rIaJl.aMbI, COrAaCHO KOTOPbIM "MHp HMeeT HaqaJI.O. Tlpapoaa )"lHT, HCTOp:IDI: YTBepYKAaeT. I1306peTeHHe HCKYCCTB H C03AdHHe 3aKOHOB, a TaK)l{e rOCYAapCTBeHHbIe HHCTHTYThI HBHO 06HapYJKHBCUOT 3TO"55. A/JAee C.II.eAYeT cCbI.ll.Ka na 6H6.11.eHCKHH TeKCT, a HMeHHO aa C.II.OBa MOHceH 0 HaqaJI.e MHpa. BeAYII\aH MHPOB033pegqecKaH HAeH XpHCTHaHCTBa 0 KOHeql{OCTH MHpa 060CHOBbIBaeTCH, KaK BHAHO, H CCbI.ll.KOH aa aBTOPHTeT OH6.II.HH, H MeTOAOM 3MIIHpgqeCKOH HHA~, T.e. rryrex IIepeqHC.II.eH:IDI: IIPHpOAHbIX H 06m;eCTBeHHhIX HB.II.emlli. B H3BeCTHOM CMhICAe rrpeACTaB.ll.HeT arrrepec COIIOCTaBAeHHe AdHHoro 060CHOBaH:IDI: C IIepBOH aHTHHOMHeH qHCTOrO pasyssa KaHTa, TaK)l{e BbIpaJKalOm;eH HAelO KOHeql{OCTH MHpa, HO paccxerpasaronrea ee AOI'H'leCKHe aHTHHOMHH~,aHeo6m;yrorapMOErnaO.CTpOrorOBOpH,AaHHOeCPaBHeHHe He HB.II.HeTCH B CH.II.Y pa3JlliqHH COIIOCTaB.II.HeMhIX 3IIOX IIpeAe.ll.bHO KOppeKTHbIM. 11 see )l{e, HMeHHO 11. Kaar C rrpeAe.ll.bHOH HCHOCTbIO BbIpa3H./1. HAelO 3aIIdAHoro parraoaaaaaxa, a Tparopaa TIaAaMa - HAelO BH3aHTHHH3Ma "OIIpaBAaHHe )l{H3- HH" KaK npeACTaBAeH:IDI: 0 COBOKYIJHOM )l{H3HeHHOM onsrre, IIOAqlfHeHHOM HAee MHCTfiqeCKOrO IIOCTH)l{eH:IDI: 6ora.

53 MegBegeB H.lI. BH3aIITHHCKHH ryMaHH3ld XN - XV BB. A., 1976.

54 AOCCJ(uil RH. TIaAaMHTCIGlli CHHTe3 / / Borocxoscxae TfJYN>I. 1972. T. 8.

C. 196. Beck H.-G, Humimismus und Palamismus / / XIIe Conqres International des etudes byzantines: Rapports. Beograd; Ochrtd, 1961. S. 67.

55 Greg. Palam. Col. 1121.

ss KlIHlI1 H. KpHTHKa 'lHCTOro pd3Yldd / TIep. H. MccKOro. CTIG., 1907.

C.266-270.

4'

99

Flpaxeaeaae 3MIIHpwrecKoM HHAyKD;HH ilaAaMdM CBHAeTeAbCnyeT 0 TOM, 'ITO OH HaxOMIT apryMeHThI B TOM crpepe MIilCAIITeJl.bHOM AE!HTeJl.bHOCTII 'leJI.OBeKa, KOTOPaJI rrpHRdMe}lQIT He CTOAbKO pii3YMY, crOMKO paccyAKY, T.e. CB5I3aHa C rrpeACTaBAeHHHMH 00 H3BecTHOM, TpdAlIT\HOHHOM, "rOTOBOM" 3HaHHH, KOMMYHHKaIzylJIX'leJI.dBeKa. PaCCYAO'llIaJI 'laCTh AyIIill, COOTBeTCTBYIOm;aJI pacCYAO'llIOMY 3HaHHIO (Wyoo1 yvrocrLG), ITO naAdMe, CBHaaaa, KaK OH IIHIIIeT, C MHoroo6pa3HhlM O=OM Ha)'K H HCKYCCTB, OIThITOM 06pa6oTKH 3eMAR H CTpOHTeJl.bCTBa AOMaf>1.

Bnposea, :ll'apaK":l'epHO H n;eAOCTHGe nOllliMaHHe MHPd Ha yposaa pasyxa, OAHaKO, KaK nanrer naAaMa: "Bee, 'ITO MhI 3HaeM 0 neoe, H 3aKOHhI npHpOAhI, H HCK)'ceTBO H BCHKoe 3HaBBe, COCTOHm;ee H3 OTAeJI.bHh[X 'IaeT"eH, KOTopoe MIil crponx C nOMOm;blO pa3YMd H3 om;ym;eHHH H UAarOAapH BOOOpaJKeHHlO, AlIIIIeHO CaMQ no cOOe AYXOBHOCTH"58. B 3THX CAOBaX 3aKAIO'laeTC51 He TOMKO HAE!JI Heo6xoAHMocTH CHHTe3a BephI (AYXOBHOCTH) H ps- 3YMa, HO H MeXaIm3M 3TOro CHHTeaa. BhICIIIillI HCTHHa AYXOBHa H nOCTHI'aeTCH B sepe, B axre xacrasecsero eAHHeHH5l C 60roM. CHHTe3 pasyssa H aephI TaJQKe O'leHb BaJKeH H AA5l <I>OMhI AxBHRCKoro. li1MeHHo Tax TpilKT)'IOT HAeM <I>OMhl rrpE!ACTaBHTeAH COBpeMeHHOPO KiITOAHD;H3Ma~~ H TOMH3Ma. Hap5iAY C :3THM <I>oMa rrpHAaBaA 60MIIIoe 3Ha'IeHHe paccyAKY. OAliaxo B ME!Taq,H3HKe <I>OMhI pa3YMY OTBOAHAdCb 3Ha'lllTeJl.bHaJI pOAb.l1MeHHo TaK HRrepnperapyer COOTBeTc"rnyrom;He HAeH <I>OMIil M. Xeil:Aerrep. <l>oMa'IIpOTHBOrrOCTaBA5leT <IYBCTBeHHoe paspoaaermee 3HaHHe H HRTeAAHI'HOeJl.bHGe, T.e. n03HaHHe, "KOTOpoe aenpanaeae aa TO, '1':1'0 CBOMCTBeHHO BceMY cyntesry, ymmePCaAbHO, 003 BCHKOPO HCKAlO'leHH5l"60. li1Hh1MH CAOBaMH, HMeeTCH B BHAY n03HdRHe, zcrcpoe nQ,3Mme B rHOC.eOAOrHH Ha)'KH HOAY'lHAO HaSBaHHe KareropBaAbHOro61•

ITPH B3YQeHHH BH3aHTHHH3Ma ~orrpaBAaHHe )KI'l3HH" HaM npeACTaBA5leTCSl D;eJ\.ecoo6pa3HhlM Bh16paTh acrreKT H MeTOAHKY, He MCnOAJ.3oBCUim.Ie B BB3dHTBHoBeAeHHH • .9l =aIOCb pac- CMOTpeTh rrpOH3BeAemm KaK TeKCThI, OOAdAaKlm;He oIIpeAeJ\.eHHOM q,OPMaAbHOM CTp)'K-rypOM. Mah1MH CAOBaMH, 51 l*AdlO ax-

$ Greg. Palam. Col. 1165.63. 58 Ibid. Col. 1133. 20.

59 )\,BI'IJKeHIfe K 3K}'MeBK'IeCKoMY cosaaaaro I HHTePBbIO KaTOJ\WleCKoro CBHlIIeaHIiKa o. POMaHO CKaAl¢H MJf. "BOUPOCOB <pIDI.ococj:lI'!I'I" II Bcrrpocsr q,1IAoco<pHI'!. 1989. N!! 9. C. 150.

60 Xeligerrep M. YKiI3. cos, C. UlO. 61 TaMJKe.

100