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UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES

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the thesis. Project Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Name SURNAME
Department :ASE/ADE/AVE/?Programme :Whatever Engineering

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SUBMISSION MONTH AND YEAR
FOREWORD
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I would like to express my deep appreciation and thanks for my advisor. This work is
supported by.................................

February 2011 Thesis Author Name Surname


Whatever Engineer or Science

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................3
ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................................................................4
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................5
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................6
SUMMARY.................................................................................................................7
1.1Purpose of the Thesis...........................................................................................8
1.2Background..........................................................................................................8
1.3Hypothesis............................................................................................................9
2. INTEGRATED DATA.........................................................................................10
2.1Objectives..........................................................................................................10
2.2Internet Server-Client Technology....................................................................10
2.3Web based Project Development ......................................................................11
3. FLOW FORECASTING......................................................................................12
3.1Objectives..........................................................................................................12
3.2Methodology......................................................................................................12
3.2.1 Artificial neural networks..........................................................................12
3.2.2 Autoregressive-moving average models....................................................13
3.2.3 A process-based model: SWAT.................................................................14
3.2.4 Cluster analysis..........................................................................................15
3.3Description Of Study Area.................................................................................18
3.4Data....................................................................................................................18
3.5Data Pre-processing...........................................................................................21
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................23
4.1Application of The Work...................................................................................23
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................25
CURRICULUM VITAE..........................................................................................32

3
ABBREVIATIONS
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ABBREVIATIONS

AIC : Akaike Information Criteria


ANN : Artificial Neural Network
App : Appendix
BP : Backpropagation
CGI : Common Gateway Interface
ESS : Error sum-of-squares
GARCH : Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity
GIS : Geographic Information Systems
HCA : Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
Mbps : Megabits per second
St : Station
SWAT : Soil and Water Assessment Tool
UMN : University of Minnesota

4
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 2.1:One-line table title with right sided columns........................................11


Table 3.1:Gauging stations used in this study and their locations; a sample for
two-line title, second line indented, column centred..............................................19
Table 3.2:One-line table title with right sided columns........................................19
Table 3.3:Full page table, centred columns............................................................20
Table 3.4:One-line table title with centred columns..............................................22
Table 3.5:One-line table title with sublevel columns, centred..............................22

Table A.1 :Sample table in appendix......................................................................30

LIST OF
TABLES
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LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 2.1 :The system types in modelling field.......................................................9


Figure 2.2 :Server-client architecture.....................................................................10
Figure 3.1 :Elements of a neuron cell, adapted from Cetin (2003)......................12
Figure 3.2 :Conceptual diagram of three-layer neural network model,
a sample for two line title.........................................................................................14
Figure 3.3 :Single linkage distance..........................................................................15
Figure 3.4 :Flow-chart for compiling......................................................................17
Figure 3.5 :Location map for the study area, adapted from Url-4......................18
Figure 3.6 :Experiment II: fluctuation in model performance (MSE). ..............21

Figure A.1 :Environmental characteristics of Algarve basin. .............................29

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ENGLISH THESIS TITLE GOES HERE

SUMMARY

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SUMMARY
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7
INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Purpose of the Thesis

The two main objectives of this study are … Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur
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1.2 Background

Following developments in computer network technology, people can manage and


disseminate vast quantities of data quickly. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur
sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna
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magna.

8
SAMPL
E
FIGURE
Figure 2.1 : The system types in modelling field.

1.3 Hypothesis

This study provided a unique opportunity to look at forecast issue with a wide range
of model types and new clustering approach for model evaluation.

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2. INTEGRATED DATA

2.1 Objectives

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2.2 Internet Server-Client Technology

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SAMPL
E
FIGURE
Figure 2.2 : Server-client architecture.

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2.3 Web based Project Development

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Table 2.1: One-line table title with right sided columns


Parameter Column 2 Column 3 Column 3 Column 4
Latitude (ºN) 37.1743 37.1619 0.0 0.0
Longitude (ºW) -7.6804 7.6988 0.0 0.0
Altitude (m) 140 - 0.0 0.0

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3. FLOW FORECASTING

3.1 Objectives

The main focus of this chapter is to develop an … Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
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dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo
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3.2 Methodology

The general definition of Neural Networks and … Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
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3.2.1 Artificial neural networks

The idea of NNs is based on biological neuron cells model of ….

SAMPLE
FIGURE

Figure 3.1 : Elements of a neuron cell, adapted from Cetin (2003).

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3.2.2 Autoregressive-moving average models

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diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut lab ore sit et dolore magna.

yt =φ1 . yt −1 +εt (3.1)

εt is from a white-noise (stochastic process) which is random and normally

distributed, yt is data value in year t, yt −1 is the predictor series.

φ1 is the AR(1) coefficient. It is estimated by the following formula which includes

lag 1 and lag 2 autocorrelation coefficients of the residuals for AR model.

ρ1 − ρ1.ρ2
φ1 = (3.2)
1 − ρ12

This form is in the similar form of classical regression model in which yt is


estimated by previous values and εt is the regression residuals. Even the name
autoregressive expresses the regression on self. Higher order AR models contain
more lagged values inside the equation.

Equations are right aligned and bold. First chapter #, second eq. #
Helpful source:
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13 print the thesis.
3.2.3 A process-based model: SWAT

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Figures are left aligned


or centered.
Line spacing: 1

SAMPLE
Second line indented at
the same line with the
beginning of the figure

FIGURE
title (shown by red line)

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You print the thesis.

Figure 3.2 : Conceptual diagram of three-layer neural network model,


a sample for two line title.

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14
Fitting error is defined as,

N
Error = 1
2∑
( yi − d i ) 2 (3.3)
i =1

where, N= number of output nodes, y i =calculated output, and d i = desired data


value. Minimization is performed by calculating the gradient for each node at the
output layer

δ i = dσ i .( yi − d i ) (3.4)

dσi is the derivative of the sigmoid function applied at y i which is defined for

each

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3.2.4 Cluster analysis

Cluster analysis (CA) is widely used to organize the observed data into meaningful
structures and to find patterns. It has been widely used in atmospheric sciences.

SAMPLE
FIGURE

Figure 3.3 : Single linkage distance.

dis tan ce( C A , CB ) = min X A ∈ C A , X B ∈ CB d ( X A , X B ) .

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SAMPLE
FIGURE

Figure 3.4 : Flow-chart for compiling.

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3.3 Description Of Study Area

Alportel River, which is highlighted in … Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur
sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna
aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua.

SAMPLE
FIGURE

Figure 3.5 : Location map for the study area, adapted from Url-4.

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tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero
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3.4 Data

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18
Tables are
left aligned
or centered.
Line
spacing: 1

Second line Table 3.1: Gauging stations used in this study and their locations; a sample for two-
indented at line title, second line indented, column centred.
the same Table 3.1:
line with the
beginning of Parameter Column 2 Column 3 Column Column Column
the table 4 5 6
title (shown 37.1619269 0.0 0.0 0.0
Latitude (ºN) 37.174357
by red line) 7
Longitude (ºW) -7.680442 7.6986348 0.0 0.0 0.0
Delete this Altitude (m) 140 - 0.0 0.0 0.0
note before Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod
You print
the thesis. tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero
eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gub rgren, no sea
takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed
diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut lab ore sit et dolore magna (Nelson, 1988).

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Reference at tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero
the end of
sentence. eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et

Reference at dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo
the dolores et ea rebum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed
beginning of
sentence. diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed
diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum [1].

Nelson (1988) analized lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed
diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed
Numbered diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum.
reference.

Delete this Table 3.2: One-line table title with right sided columns
note before Table 3.2:
You print Parameter Column 2 Column 3 Column 3 Column 4
the thesis.
37.1619269 0.0 0.0
Latitude (ºN) 37.174357
7
Longitude (ºW) -7.680442 7.6986348 0.0 0.0
Altitude (m) 140 - 0.0 0.0

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19
Table 3.3: Full page table, centred columns
Kolon 4 Kolon 5
Parametre Kolon 2 Kolon 3
Alt Alt Alt Alt Alt
kolon kolon kolon kolon kolon

Satır 1 -7.680442 7.6986348 0.0 0.0 0.0 12 12


0 0 0
Satır 2 140 - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 0
0 0 0
37.17435 37.1619269 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 24
Satır 3
7 7 0 0 0
Satır 4 140 - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 0
0 0 0
37.17435 37.1619269 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 24
Satır 5
7 7 0 0 0
Satır 6 140 - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 0
0 0 0
37.17435 37.1619269 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 24
Satır 7
7 7 0 0 0
Satır 8 140 - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 0
0 0 0
37.17435 37.1619269 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 24
Satır 9
7 7 0 0 0
Satır 10 140 - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 0
0 0 0
37.17435 37.1619269 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 24
Satır 11
7 7 0 0 0
Satır 12 140 - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 0
0 0 0
37.17435 37.1619269 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 24
Satır 13
7 7 0 0 0
Satır 14 140 - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 0
0 0 0
37.17435 37.1619269 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 24
Satır 15
7 7 0 0 0

20
3.5 Data Pre-processing

Data used in this study such as precipitation, humidity, temperature, streamflow, are

initially normalized to [0.1-0.9] interval. Z it scores are computed by the following


equation (Demirel, 2004)

_
S − Si
Z it = it (3.5)
σi
_

where Sit = input data for variable i at time t; Si = arithmetic average of Sit ; standard

deviation of Sit .

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod
tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero
eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gub rgren, no sea
takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed
diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut lab ore sit et dolore magna.

SAMPLE
FIGURE
Figure 3.6 : Experiment II: fluctuation in model performance (MSE).

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tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero
eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gub rgren, no sea
takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed
diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut lab ore sit et dolore magna.

21
Table 3.4: One-line table title with centred columns
Table 3.3:
Parameter Column 2 Column 3 Column
3
37.1619269 0.0
Latitude (ºN) 37.174357
7
Longitude (ºW) -7.680442 7.6986348 0.0
Altitude (m) 140 - 0.0
RIBEIRA RIBEIRA 0.0
River DE DE
ALPORTEL ALPORTEL
Cambissolos Cambissolos 0.0
Type of soil and and
Litossolos Litossolos

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tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero
eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gub rgren, no sea
takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed
diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut lab ore sit et dolore magna.

Table 3.5: One-line table title with sublevel columns, centred


Table 3.4:
Parameter Column 2 Column 3
Latitude (ºN) 37.174357 Sublevel 1 Sublevel 2
Longitude (ºW) -7.680442 0.0 0.0
Altitude (m) 140 0.0 0.0
RIBEIRA DE 0.0 0.0
River
ALPORTEL

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod
tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero
eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gub rgren, no sea
takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed
diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut lab ore sit et dolore magna.

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tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero
eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gub rgren, no sea
takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed
diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut lab ore sit et dolore magna.

22
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The major purpose of this research was to achieve the two hypotheses mentioned in
the first section. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam
nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam
voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gub
rgren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing
elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut lab ore sit et dolore magna.

4.1 Application of The Work

In this thesis, the necessary steps for constructing an end-to-end streamflow


forecasting system were discussed. These steps include the use Lorem ipsum dolor
sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut
labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et
justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gub rgren, no sea takimata sanctus est

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tempor invidunt ut lab ore sit et dolore magna. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et
dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo
dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gub rgren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem
ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor
invidunt ut lab ore sit et dolore magna. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur
sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna
aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea
rebum. Stet clita kasd gub rgren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit
amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut lab
ore sit et dolore magna. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed
diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed
diam voluptua.

23
24
REFERENCES
Line spacing: 1
Author Surname, hint: sorted A to Z.
Delete this note before You print the
thesis.
REFERENCES

Abrahart, R. J., and See, L., 1998: Neural Network vs. ARMA Modelling:
Constructing Benchmark Case Studies of River Flow Prediction. In
GeoComputation ’98. Proceedings of the Third International
Conference on GeoComputation, University of Bristol, United
Kingdom, 17–19 September (CD-ROM).
Abrahart, R. J., and See, L., 2000: Comparing neural network and autoregressive
moving average techniques for the provision of continuous river flow
forecasts in two contrasting catchments, Hydrolog. Process., 14,
2157–2172.
Acar, M. H. and Yılmaz, P., 1997. Effect of tetramethylthiuramdisulfide on the
cationic poymerization of cylohexeneoxide, The 2nd International
Conferences on Advanced Polymers via Macromolecular
Engineering, Orlando, Florida, USA, April 19-23.
Box, G. E. P., and Jenkins, J. M., 1976: Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and
Control. Holden-Day, San Francisco, CA.
Burke, W.F. and Uğurtaş, G., 1974. Seismic interpretation of Thrace basin, TPAO
internal report, Ankara, Turkey.
Burlando, P., Rosso, R., Cadavid, L. G., and Salas, J. D., 1993: Forecasting of
Short-term Rainfall Using ARMA Models. Journal of Hydrology.
Vol. 144, no. 1-4, pp. 193-211.
IOC-UNESCO, 1981. International bathymetric chart of the Mediterranean, Scale
1:1,000,000, 10 sheets, Ministry of Defence, Leningrad.
LePichon, X., 1997. Personal Interview.
McCaffrey, R. and Abers, G., 1988. SYN3: A program for inversion of teleseismic
body wave forms on microcomputers, Air Force Geophysics
Laboratory Technical Report, AFGL-TR-88-0099, Hanscomb Air
Force Base, MA.
Nelson, M.R., 1988. Constraints on the seismic velocity structure of the crust and
upper mantle beneath the eastern Tien Shan, Central Asia, PhD
Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
Roberts. S. and Jackson, J.A., 1991. Active normal faulting in central Greece: An
overview, in The Geometry of Normal Faults, Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc.
Lond., 56, p. 125-142, Eds. Roberts, A.M., Yielding, G. and Freeman,
B., Blackwell Scientific Publications,Oxford.
Sisaky, A., Golab, F. and Myer, B., 1989. Rust resistant potatoes, United Kingdom
Patent, No: 2394783 dated 23.1.1989.

25
Url-1 <http://www.mohid.com>, accessed at 29.06.2006.
Url-2 <http://www.elet.polimi.it/ >, accessed at 10.01.2007.
Vanden, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the
selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of
Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001,
from http://jbr.org/articles.html

In case, the internet document


reference has very limited information
(i.e., anonymous text), please indicate
the full link and the date you retrieved
the source.
Delete this note before You print the
thesis.

26
[1] Abrahart, R. J., and See, L., 1998: Neural Network vs. ARMA Modelling:
Constructing Benchmark Case Studies of River Flow Prediction. In
GeoComputation ’98. Proceedings of the Third International
Conference on GeoComputation, University of Bristol, United
Kingdom, 17–19 September (CD-ROM).
[2] IOC-UNESCO, 1981. International bathymetric chart of the Mediterranean,
Scale 1:1,000,000, 10 sheets, Ministry of Defence, Leningrad.

REFERENCES
Line spacing: 1

Numbered
reference style,
hint: numbered
as the sequence
of source
usage.

Delete this
note before
You print the
thesis.

27
APPENDICES

APPENDIX A.1 : Regional Thematic Maps of Algarve, Adapted from Url-4

28
APPENDIX A.1

Figure A.1 : Environmental characteristics of Algarve basin.

Multiple figures are numbered by small letters (a, b etc.) if each figure will be referenced
otherwise a group name will be enough as used here. Pls check the Turkish template for an
example in appendix part.
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29
Table A.1 : Sample table in appendix.
Parameter Column 2 Column 3
Latitude (ºN) 37.174357 Sublevel 1 Sublevel 2
Longitude (ºW) -7.680442 0.0 0.0
Altitude (m) 140 0.0 0.0
RIBEIRA DE 0.0 0.0
River
ALPORTEL

30
31
CURRICULUM VITAE

Candidate’s full name:

Place and date of birth:

Permanent Address:

Universities and
Colleges attended:

Publications:

32

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