Multi-input distance relay

By: Nikhil Kushwaha

10M212
 Outline
Introduction
Principle
Conic section characterstics
Quadrilateral characterstics
Sweivelling characterstics
Conclusion
Refrences
 Introduction
When the inputs are raised to more than
two, then they are termed as multi-input
comparators and they could be either
amplitude or phase comparator or a
combination of two.
With multiple-inputs duality between the
comparators no longer exists.
They give non-classical characterstics.
 Principle
In recent years, greater attention has been paid
to distance relaying techniques of transmission
lines. The main target of these techniques is to
calculate the impedance the fundamental
frequency between the relay and fault point.
According to the calculated impedance, the fault
is identified as internal or external to the
protection zone. This impedance is calculated
from the measured voltage and current signals at
the relay location.
Conic section characterstics
Ellipse
Parabola
Hyperbola
Limacon
Elliptical Characterstics
Parabolic Hyperbolic Limacon
characterstics : characterstics : Characterstics :
Such a characterstic Can be realized using They are use as
can be used as multi-input blinders.
blinder, i.e. To limit comparator. For the ILZR [Kcos(ϕ-θ)-1]=
the area of another operation following VL
relay on R-X diagram condition should be
satisfied:
|Z-Zr|-|Z-KZr| < |
Zr+KZr|
 Multilateral or Quadrilateral
Theoritically the ideal characterstics for
distance relays would be a quadrilateral
characterstics coincident with fault area.
 Realisation of
Quadrilateral
Characterstics

Various characterstics resulting from the phase

comparison of inputs indicated in the previous
figure
θ
INTERPHASE SWITCHING
SWIVELLING
CHARACTERSTICS
 Reactance relay is suitable for short lines.
 MHO relay is for long Tx lines.
 It will be better if a relay changes its characteristics
when line impedance ZL changes.
 A circular relay characteristic is desirable for low ZS/ZL
& straight line characteristic for high ZS/ZL.
 To realize such characteristics, a fully cross-polarized
MHO relay is used.
 Such a relay operates reliably when a close-up fault
occurs.
 ZS/ZL = ∞

ZS/ZL = 0

ZS/ZL = 1

SWIVELLING CHARACTERSTICS
 CONCLUSION
Application of multiple input comparators till
now has been found in the field of distance
relays.
Relays control output circuits of a much higher
power.
Safety is increased
Protective relays are essential for keeping faults
in the system isolated and keep equipment from
being damaged.
 REFRENCES
1. Power System Protection Static Relays : T S MADHAVA RAO.
2. Power System Protection and Switchgear : BADRI RAM & D N VISHWAKARMA.
3. Shrivastava, Kiran and Vishwakarma, D. N.(2007) 'Microcontroller-Based
Numerical Quadrilateral Relay for the Transmission Line Protection', Electric
Power Components and Systems.