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MOCKBa J13J1,aTellbCTBO «<IJAHHTa» J13J1,aTeAbCTBO «HaYKa»

2000

Y.lJ.K 800/801 ssx 81

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CTapOC.II.aBHHCKHH R3bIK: Kypc .ll.eKYHH. - 2~e H3,11;., Hcnp.- M.:

Cl).II.HHTa: HaYKa, 2000. - 152 c.

ISBN 5-89349-109-2 (ClhHHTa) ISBN 5-02-011324-7 (HaYKa)

Y'Ie6HOe nocofiae no CTapOCAaBjlHCKOMY Jl3blKY COCTaBAeHO B COOTBeTCTBHH C nporpaMMOH JlMI CTYAelITOB $HAOAOlWleCKHX qiaKYAbTe'l'OB }'lIHBepcHreTOB H nfJ1.3I"Olli'leCKHX BY30B. B xypce AeKJ,!HH peaxaaosansr HAeH WTO-CAaBJlHCKOro eAHHCTBa Ii MYTayHOHHbIX H3MeHeHHH B H3blKe, OTAWlaIOl,YHe AaJiH)'lO pa60Ty OT MHOI"HX aHilAOrH'ffiblX noc06liH.

ISBN 5-89349~ 109-2 (ClhHlITa) ISBN 5-02-011324-7 (Haysa)

© Jlh,AaTeA.bCTBO ,,$AHHTd», 2000

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3

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PacnpOCTpaHHSCb no npaBOCAaBHOMY CAaBHHCKOMY MHPY, CTapOCJ\aBHHCKMH H3blK HcnbITbIBaA BAHHHMH mMBOH MeCTHOH pexa. FlocreneaHO y Ka2K.lI.orO CJ\.aBHHCKoro aapoaa CJ\.omHACH CBOH c06CTBeHHbIH U3B0,4 CTapOCJ\aMHCKoro H3bIKa - cep6CKMH, 60J\rapCKHH HAH PYCCKHH:; pycCKHH H3BO,ll, CTapOCJ\aBHHCKOro HBbIKa npHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb gepKoBHOCJ\aBHHCKHM fl3bIKOM, KOTOPbIH C XI no XVIII BeK npomex CBOH: nyre HCTOpH'leCKOrO Pa3SMTHH.

§ 2. CAaBHHe It CAaBJIHCKHe H3hIKH

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5

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H3bIKa B03Hl:iKAa cnasaxa e.llHHaH 6aATO-CAaBHHCKaH rpynna, H3 KOTOPOH 3HaqHTeAbHO nosase, B V aexe no P. X. BbI,lI,eAHACH npaCAaBHHCKMH H3bIK. MbI npH,ll,epmMBaeMCH BTOPOH TOqKH 3peHHH, CqHTaH ee 60Aee apryMeHTMpoBaHHoH KaK MCTOpMqeCKM, TaK M AHHrBMCTHqeCKH.

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z eM.: Bepniumeiin C.E. Osep« CpaBHHTeAbHOH rpaMMaTMKH CAaB}!HCKHX }!3blKOB. M.;1961. C. 31.

3 TaMlKe.

6

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r HnOTe3Y 6aATO-CAaBHHCKoro npaassnca B pasnoe BpeMH 3al!!Hl!!aAM TaKMe CAaBHCTbI, KaK 5plOKHep, Tlenepcea, BaHaH, r eopraes, CeMepeHbH, Aep-CnAaBHHCKHH, KYPMAOBH'-I, a TaKme. B MO,ll,Hq>H~MpOBaH HOM BH,lI,e, BH'-I. Bc. YiBaHoB H B.H.TonopoB, X.5HpH6aYM.

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5 fU,ilPOHUMbl - HaSBaHH}! BOlloeMOB.

7

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npH'IHHbI BbI,lJ,e.ll.eHHH C.II.aBHH H3 6a.11.TO-C.II.aBHHCKoro e,lJ,HHCTsa HeHCHbI. 06oco6.11.eHHe npOTOC.II.aBHHcKoro .,lI.Ha.ll.eKTa H npespatgenae ero B npaC.II.aBflHCKHH fl3bIK MO*HO 6bI.II.O 6bl 06'bflCHHTb eCTeCTBeHHblM 9BO.ll.IOlJ,HOHHbIM npOlJ,eCCOM, Op,HaKO HMO ysecre TO, 'ITO ooocooxenae C.II.aBHHCKoro fl3bIKa conpoaozsnaxoce C.II.aBflHCKHM ,lJ,eMOrpaq>H'IeCKHM

6 CM.: Beoniumeia«. CE. YKa3. CO'l. C. 35.

7 CM.: Tonopoe B.H. K peKOHCTpYKY,l-IH apeeaeiinrero COCTO~HIi}1 npacxaBHHCKoro / I Cxaaancsoe H3bIK03HaHHe. X MemJlYHapOJlHblH Cbe3Jl CAaBHCTOB COqlHH. cearaope 1988 r. ,llOKJl.a]lbl COBeTCKOH aexerauaa. M .• 1988. C. 276 [JempyxuH B.Jl. Ha'iMO 9THOKYAbTYPHOH MCTOPHlf PYCH IX-XI BeKOB. M. 1995. C. 13-14.

B3PbIBOM: aa 3-4 sexa C.II.aBflHe 3aHH.1\.H KO.ll.OCCaAbHyw TeppHTOpHlO - OT Sa.ll.THHCKOro MOpfl na cesepe .,lI.O Sa.ll.KaH na tore H OT Me}KJI,ype'lbfl BHC.II.bl H Oaepa na sanane ,lJ,0 Boxra Ha· BOCTOKe; 9Ta repparopas npeasnnaxa TeppHTopffJO, 3aHHMaeMYlO 6a.ll.TaMH. nO'lTH B 200 pa3. T aKM 6ypHM sxcnaacaa C.II.aBHHCTBa 3aCTaB.II.fleT npezmoxoacrre xaKOH-TO BHellHHH TOA'IOK, KOTOPblH Pt::3KO, CKa'lKOo6pa3Ho YCKOpH.II. ecTeCTBeHHble 3BOAIO!!HOHHbIe 9THH'leCKHH H fl3bIKOBOH npogeccsr. TaKHM TOA'IKOM Mor AO 6bITb 06'be,lJ,HHeHHe npOTOCAaSflH (TO ecre KaKOHTO '1aCTH 6a.11.TO-C.II.amm) c KaKHM-TO HHOPO.,ll.HbIM 9THOCOM, KOTOPbrH, paCTBOpHBllHCb B nporocxasaaax, npaaax 9TOMY «pacrsopy» HOSbIe 9THH'leCKHe H H3bIKOBbIe sa-recrsa, ;KOTopbIe H 06YC.II.OSHAH cnegH<J>HKY CAaBflHCTBa "" - ero 6YPHbIH .lI.eMOrpaq>H'IeCKHH POCT, ::meprH'lH)'IO reorpaq>H'IeCKYIO 3KcnaHCHIO, co6CTseHHO CAaSllHCKoe H3bI'IeCTBO, npacxaBflHCKHH fl3bIK. mo, KOHe'lHO, He 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO C.II.aSflHe nopaaxn ace CBH3H CO CBOHM HH.lI.OeBpOneHCKHM H 6a.11.TO-CAaSHHCKHM npOUI.II.bIM; 3TO 3Ha'1HT .ll.HlIIb TO, 'ITO HH.lI.OeSpOneHCKoe Ii 6aATO-C.II.aSflHCKoe npOlII.II.Oe nperepnexo CYI!!eCTBeHHYlO MeTaMop¢03Y, npaoopexo co6CTBeHHO cxanancxoe Ka'leCTBO; poaasmeeca CAaBflHCTBO npnztaxo pO.ll.HTeAbCKOMY HaC.II.eJJ,.H1O HOBbIH BHJI" paasas SMeCTe C TeM imoro He6bIBa.ll.bIX, oparaHa.ll.bHbIX xepr. Bce SMeCTe 3TO C03.l1.a.ll.O TY caoeoopaaayro nO'lBY, aa KOTOPYlO BnOCAe.ll.CTBHH AerAO xpHCTHaHCTBO H Ha KOTOPOH B3pOC.II.a caMo6bITHM npaSOC.II.aBHaH KY.II.bTYpa.

BpeMfl B03HHKHoseHIDl Tex fl3blKOBbIX HB.I\.eHHH, xoropere B COBOKynHocTH 6y.lI.YT xapaKTepH30BaTb npOTOC.II.aBflHCKHH ,lJ,Ha.ll.eKT, HaM S TO'lHOCTH He H3seCTHO. Ho B OTHOlleHHH npacxassncsoro 'fl3bIKa HaM xaaserca eCTeCTseHHbIM npeanoxoacrre, 'ITO OCHOSHble 3aKOHbI, 6.11.arop,apfl KOTOPbIM npOTOC.II.aBflHCKHH .lI.Ha.ll.eKT npeBpaTH.II.Cfl B npaC.II.aSflHCKHH fl3bIK (3aKOH BOCXO.ll.fll!!eH 3ByqHOCTH H 3aKOH BHYTPHC.II.oroBoro CHHrapMOHH3Ma), Ha'la.ll.H p,eHCTBOBaTb BMeCTe, C npO'lHMH sraosyxerypHblMIi npogeccaaa, TO ecrs C V-VI aexa no P. X. T aKOBa «HHmHflfl» XpOHOAOrH'IeCKM rpaanga npacxanaacxoro fl3blKa.

,l.lNI onpeaexenas «sepxneji» xpDHOAOrH'lecKOH rpaHH!J,b1 "ymHO npaHflTb so BHHMaHHe cxeziyiotgee 06cTOwre.ll.bCTBO: npaC.ll.aBflHCKHH fl3bIK He 6bI.II. MOHO.ll.lmtbIM, HepaCt{)I.eHeHHbIM na ,lJ,Ha.I\.eKTbI H3bIKOM. EzuruCTBO sroro asenca COCTOflAO S TOM, 'lTonpoy,eCCbl, npoHCXO.,lJ,HBIIIHe B aTOM H3blKe, 6bL\H 06I!!HMH .lI..II.fl scex C.II.aBHH., rorzia KaKpe3YAbmambl9THX npOlJ,eCCOB MOr.ll.H 6bITb H 6bIAH pa3HbIMH .,lJ,.I\.H pasaetx rpynn C.II.aBflH; aTO 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO npacAaBflHCKHH fl3bIK asnasaasno 6bl.ll. .lI.Ha.ll.eKTHO .lI.mf><pepeH!!HpOBaHHbIM.

Orcroaa cxezyer, -rro aa MOMelIT pacnaztenaa npacxasancxoro R3bIKa aa OT,lI,eAbHble c.J\aBjIHCKHe H3blKH «MOmHO npHHRTb MOM e H T no C J\ e ,lI,~ Her 0 H 3 M e H e H H 11, 0 6 1!! e rOB C e M ,lI, H a J\ e K TaM ,lI, a H~ H 0 r 0 11 3 bl K a. no OTHOllIeHHIO K npaCAaBlIHCKOMy R3bIKY TaKHM nocJ\e,ll,HHM HBMeHeHHeM, cBoik-rBeHHblM BceM ,lI,Ha.AeKTaM sroro 5.l3bIKa HBJ\H~ eTC1I TaK HaBbmaeMoe «naaeaae CAa6blX epos». < ... > Y IOmHbIX CAaB1IH C.Aa6ble'b H b HC'ieB.AH O'ieHb PaHO, BO BCHKOM CAyqae yme B XI B. (Mec~ TaMH, MOmeT 6brIb, .aame B X B.), a OT I02KHbIX C.AaaRH HC'ieBHOBeHHe C.Aa6bIX 'b H b nepenaxocs ,lI,pyrnM CAaBHHaM, n,PWieM HaH60J\ee OTlla.AeHHbIX sacTeH CAaBHHCKOH TeppHTOpHH (HanpHMep, PYCCKoro cesepa) aTO HB.I\eHHe ,lI,OCTHr J\O TO.AbKO K XIII BeR}'» 8, T aKJJM 06paBOM, npaCAaBlIHCKHH R3bIK npocYIYeCTBOBa.A OKOJ\O mecracor J\eT, C VI no XII BeK9,

PaccMoTpeHHblH: aBoJ\lOgHoHHblH npogecc MomHO npencraaara B BH,lI,e CAeJJ,YIOI,YeH cxeMbl:

.aO 3-2 TbIC. HH,lJ.OeBpOneiicKHH npaasenc
,lJ.oP.X. B COBOKynHOCTH CBOUX ,lJ.HaAeKTOB
2-e TbIC. npoTOCJl.aBlIHCKHH ,lJ.HaAeJ<T
-
,lJ.O P. x.- B COCTaBe 6aATO-CJl.aBRHcKoro
VI B. no P. X. npasasnea
VIB. - XII B. npaCJI.aBRHCKHH B3blK C TapOCAaBSiHCKHH
B COBOKynHOCTH MfTeparypHblH 1I3blK
noP.X. CBOHX ,ll;HaAeKTOB (c IX B.)
,
XII-XIVBB. BblJJ.eJl.eHHe BOCTO'lHO-, <l>opMHpoBaHHe
latlmO- H 3ana.n.nOCJ\aBRHCKHX HClWiOHaAbHblX .3BO,IJ.OB
R3blKOB CTapoCAaBRHCKoro asixa 8 Tpy6eUKoii H'C. HCTOPHR. KyJ\brypa. H3bIK. M., 1995. C. 164-165.

9 CTOPOHHHKH 6aATO-CJl.aBRHCK()I'0 CHM6H03a ,lJ.alOT HHYIO nepHO,IJ.H3aWlIO npacxassacxoro R.3bIKa. «HH2ImeH» rpaHHyeH CqHTaeTCH BpeMR paCnMeHHR HHJJ.oeBponeHcxoro npaaseixa, TO ecrs py6em III-II aexa zto P. X.; «aepxneii» me rpaHHMeH C'IH, TaeTCR BpeMB nORBJ\eHHR 3HaqHTeJ\bHblX ,ll;HaAeKTHbIX paaAH'lHH, TO ecrs BTOPaJI noxoDUHa I TbICR'leJ\eTHR no P. X., npH6AH3HTeJ\bHo VII BeK. TaKHM 06paaoM, BpeMR cyl!!eCTBOBaHHR npacxaasncxoro asenea - 60J\ee 2,5 TbICJI'l AeT. T aKOH orpoMHblH npoMemYTOK BpeMeHU BblH}'m,1J;aeT Bbl,ll;eNITb nepUOMl H no.n.nepMO,ll;bl B MCTOPHH npacxaBRHCKOro H3bIKa; TaK, C.B.BepHWTeHH DblJJ.eAReT nepHO,IJ. panaero npaCJI.aBRHCKOrO - ,11;0 nasaxa ,ll;eHCTBHR 3aKOHa OTI<pbITOrO cxoaa H nepaoa n03,11;Uero npaCJI.aBRHCJ<oro (CM.:

Bepnuimeiin e.E. YKaa. cos. C. 47-52). 8T0 60Aee UAU MeHee COOTBeTCTBYeT naweMY ,ll;eAeHUIO aa npoTOcAaBRHcKuH ,lJ.HaAeKT 6aATO-CAaBJlHCKOrO npaassnea U npaCAaBJlHCKHH R.3blK.

10

l1a 9'I'Oii cxeMbI BHllHO, srro ~CIUIH .H3bIK 6bIl\. C03,ll,aH B snoxy noaaaero npaCNlBHHCKoro e,zuruCIBa, H B muM BaK.J\JO'iaeTOl ero HCJ<J\1O'iKTeJ\bHaH geHHOC'Ib ,lI,AH CNlBHHCKoro HCI'OpH'ieCKOro H3bIK03HaHHH. C TafXJC.A'lBHHCIUIH 1I3bIK orpazsaer B ce6e npaCNlBHHCKHe npogeccer, 06ryHe ,lI,J\H ocex CNlBHH; onHaKO OH orpaasaer <JIll npogeccbI B TeX pe3yJ\b'l'CmlX, KOTOpble, ,lI,eHCTBHreJ\bHO, 6bII\H xapaKrepHbI ,lI,J\H 102KH~ rooopoo. OmOCHTeJ\bHaH TOm,lI,OCIBeH~ HOCTh ~CKOro npac.i'\tlBffiICOM)' ~ ero HCKJ\IO'iHl'eJ\bHO BamHbIM HCI'O'iHHKOM H ,lI,J\H H3}"ieHHH HCI'OpHH pycocoro H3bIKa.

CTapOC.AaBHHCKHH H3blK HMeeT He :roJ\bKO J\HHrBHCTH'leCK}'IO, HO H KYJ\bzyPHO~HCTOpH'ieCKYJO geHHOCTb. OY,lI,yqH 1I3bIKOM 6orOC.AymeHH5.I H JJ,YXOBHOH R}' J\bzyPbl scex CJ\aBlIH, OH OKaBa.A CH.AbHOe BJ\H5.IHHe aa $OPMHpOBaHHe PYCCKoro .AHTepazypHoro R3bIKa, HByqeHHeM KOTOPOro 3aHHMaeTClI ocooas nay-mas H yqe6HaH llHC!!HnAHHa - HCTOPH5.1 PYCCKOro .AHTepazypHoro 1I3bIKa.

§. 3. llPOHcxOJKAeHHe CTapOCAaBHHCKOH' DHCbMeHHOCTH

IlpoHcxo~eHHe CJ\aBlIHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH H CTapOCJ\aBHHcKoro 1I3bIKa CB1I3aHO C MHCCHOHepCKOH H npOCBeTHTe.AbCKQH ,lI,ellTeJ\bHOCTb}Q CBB. 6paTbeB KHpHJ\J\a H Me~o,ll,H5.I.

B KOHge 862 r. K BH3aHTHHCKOMy HMnepaToPyMHXaHAY npH6blJ\0 nOCOJ\bCTBO H3 MopaBHH OT KH1I311 PocTHcJ\aBa. IlocJ\bl nepeaaxa npocsoy npacxars B MopaBHIO MHCCHOHepOB, xoropsre MorJ\H 6bl seCTH 6oroCAy.meHHe aa PO,ll,HOM J],J\H MopaBOB CJ\aBlIHCKOM H3bIKe BMeCTO 'iy.mllOH J\aTbIHH - 1I3bIKa PHMCKO-KaTOJ\H'leCKOrO 6orocJ\y.meHHlI, ornpaaxsaurerocs HeMegKHM ,lI,YXOBeHCTBOM. B IX B. eI,Ye He npoH30Il1J\0 O~HgHa.AbHOro pasperaa Me~y BOCTO'iHO-npaBOCJ\aBHOH H pHMCKO~ KaTOJ\H'ieCKOH UepKBlIMH, O,ll,HaKO OTHOllIeHHlI Me~y HHMH 6blJ\H yzse HaTlIHyrbIMH. B HHTepeC}'IOI,YeM Hac aonpoce 0 MHCCHOHepCKOH JJ,eHTeAbHOCTH 3ana,ll,HaH H BOCTO'iHaH l!epKBH npHJJ,epmHBaAHCb qyTb AH He nporaaonoxoaorerx npHHgHnOB. PHMCKO~KaTOJ\H'ieCKaH UepKOBb, ormpaace na -HeMeYKHX ~eOJJ,a.AOB, pacnpocrpaasxa xpHCTHaHCTBO orHeM H Me'lOM. IlpH aTOM nonaaxsxoce pa3BHTHe HagHoHaJ\bHblX KYAb'ryp, xareparypasrx 1I3blKOB H nHCbMeHHOCTH. T OJ\bKO TpH H3bIKa - eBpeHCKHH, rpe'ieCKHH H J\aTHHCKHH - C'iHTa.AHCb H3blKaMH caxpaxeHbIMH, 1l0CTOHHbIMH Bblpa3HTb CB, nHCaHHe; B 060CHOBaHHe sroro YKa3bIBa.AOCb na TO, 'iTO naanace aa xpecre, aa KOTOPOM 6blJ\ pacnsr

11

I1HCYC XPHCTOC, 6bl.ll.a naxeprana na 9Tl-fX TpeX H3bIKax. BH3aHTIDi 2Ke CTpeMH.II.aCb He CTO.ll.bKO aaeoeeare H nOKOpHTb COCe,ltHHe HapO,ltbI, cxoxeKO BOB.II.e'lb HX B CBOH pe.ll.HrH03HbIH H KY.ll.bTYPHbIH MHP, cnexars HX nO.ll.IITH'IeCKHMH COI03HHKaMH. BH3aHTHHCKHe asmeparopsr He npernrrCTBOBa.il.H MHPHOMY paccexemno CMBRH na repparopxa HMnepHH, BK.I\IO'1a.i1.H C.II.aBHHCKHX BOHHOS B caoe BOMCKO, ,ltOnyCKa.il.H C.II.aBHHCKYIO 3HaTb K ynpaBAeHHIO rocyztapcrsoss. BH3aHTHHCKOe ,ltYXOBeHCTBO He B3HMa.ll.0 06R3aTeAbHOH ,lteCRTHHbI H CYIJ!eCTBOBaAO aa ,lt06POXOTHbIe n02Kef>TBOBaHIDi. BOCTO'lHO-npaBOC.II.aBHaJJ UepKOBb He TO.II.bKO He npenRTCTBOBa. xa, HO ,lta2Ke cnocoticrnonaxa C03,ltaHHIO y BHOBb 06pal!!eHHbIX B XPHCTHaHCTBO aapoaon CBoeH nHCbMeHHOCTH, rrepesozy na MeCTHbIe R3bIKH 60roc.II.Y2Ke6HbIX KHHr H OTnpaB.II.eHHIO c.II.Y2K6 aa PO,ltHbIX H3bIKax. BH,ltHMO, 9TO H nOC.II.Y2KH.II.O npH'II'IHOH nOCO.ll.bCTBa MopaBCKoro KHH3H HMeHHO B BH3aHTHIO.

I1MnepaTOp ~HXaH.II. H naTpHapx dbOTHH C pa,ltOCTb~ npHHHAH npocefiy POCTHC.II.aBa H HanpaBH.I\H B ~opaBHIO CBOHMH MHCCHOHepaMH yxenoro MaKe,ltOHHHHHa KOHCTaHTHHa dbHAOCOq>a H 6paTa ero Meq>O,ltIDi. BbI60p 9THX 6paTbeB 6bI.II. He cxyxaea: KOHCTaHTHH HMeA yme MHCCHOHepCKHH onsrr, 6bIA 6AeCTRl!!HM nOAeMHCTOM H ,ltHn.ll.OMaTOM; 06a 6paTa npOHCXO,ltHAH H3 r. COA}'HH (COBp. <PeCCa.ll.OHHKH), rae 6bIAO csreuraaaoe rpeKO-CAaBHHCKoe nacexenae, n09Tor.ty 0III1 xoponro BAa-

',lteAH 060HMH H3bIKaMH. KOHCTaHTHH PO,ltH.II.CH B 826 r., Med)o,ltHH - B 820 r.; HX oreg, BH,ltHMO, 6bIA 6oArapHH, a MaTb- rpeqclliKa. Yme C nercraa KOHcTaHTHH npeasnne ncero B03AI06H.1\ My,ltPOCTb) corxacno ,ero mlITHIO, el!!e Ma.ll.bl.JHKOM OH BH,lteA COH: «OTeg coopax pcex ztesynrex COAYHH H npHKa3a.11. H36paTb O,ltRY H3 HHX B meHbI. OCMOTpeB HX, H BbI6pa.ll. npexpacneiiuryio: ee 3BaAH COq>HH».

B 14 xer cnoc06HbIH ronoma 6bIA BbI3BaH B CTO.ll.H!JY KO ,ltBOPY MMoAeTHero HMnepaTopa ~HXaH.II.a. dbHAOCOq>HIO KOHCTaHTHHY npenoaasax 3HaMeHIITbIH <POTHH, BnOCAe,ltCTBHH narpnapx, no )'MY H 06- pa30BaHHOCTH npeBOCXO;ll.HBUJHH eztna AH He ncex COBpeMeHHHKOB. B KopOTKoeBpeMH KOHCTaHTHH H3yqH.II. rpaseaaraxy, ,ltHa.ll.eKTHKy, plITOPHKY, apHq>MeTHKY, reOMeTpHIO, aCTpOHOMHIO, MY3bIKy. CAaBY noxeMHCTa KOHCTaHTHHY npHHeC.II.a nooezia B cnopax C HKoH06opyaMH. C sroro BpeMeHH ~HxaHA H dbOTHH Ha'lHHaIOT nOCbI.II.aTb KOHCTaHTHHa C MHCCHOHepCKHMH yeAHMH. B 50-x roaax KOHCTaHTHH 6blA B bO.ll.rapHH na p. bpera.ll.bHHge, rae 06paTHA B xpHCTHaHCTBO MHOrHX 60Arap (B03MomHO, yase B 9TO BpeMH OH Ha'laA paoorare Ha,lt CAaBHHCKOH

12

a36YKOH). 3aTeM OH ezter B CHPHIO, rae oaepasasaer nooeay B 60::' roC.II.OBCKHX cnopax c capagHHCKHMH yqeHblMH. Tlocxe B03BpaI,YeHIDi OH npOBO,ltHT HeCKOAbKO AeT B yeJJ,HHeHHH B WOHaCTblpe aa rope Oxasm, rae MOHameCTBOBa.II. ero 6paT ~eq>O,ltHH.

Ha py6eme 60-x ronos KOHCTaHTHH npeanpaaawaer TpeTbe MHCCHOHepCKoe nYTemeCTBHe B HH30BbH BOArH, rzte eI,Ye B VII B. oopa- 30Ba.ll.OCb CHAbHoe Xa3apCKOe rocyaapcrso. B VIII B. xasapsr CMeHH.II.H H3bI'IeCTBO na HY,lteHCTBo. BH3aHTIDi qaCTO acnoxesonaxa xasap KaK co- 103HHKOB B BOHHax C apa6aMH, apMJJHaMH H C.II.aBHHaMH H nOTOMY xoTeAa no,lt'lHHHTb HX H PeAHrH03HOMY B.II.IDiHHIO. no nyrn K xasapasr KOHCTaHTHH OCTaHaBAHBaeTCH B r. Xepcoaece B KpbIMY, rae nonOAHHeT 3HaHIDi 'eBpeHCKoro R3bIKa; saece OH ooperaer MOl!!H CB. KAHMeHTa, erracxona PHMCKoro, COC.II.aHHOro csoaa HMnepaTopOM T PaRHOM na py- 6eme I-II BeKOB H yronxeanoro no ero npHKa3y B 4epHOM Mope. B Xepcoaece me KOHCTaHTHH, no CBH,lteTeAbCTBY «naHHOHCKOrO 2KHTIDI», 06HapymH.II. EBaHreAIDi H nCa.ll.TbIpb, aanacaansre «PYCbCKHMH naceMeHbl»; K COma.il.eHHIO, HaYKe HH'IerO He H3BeCTHO ,ltOCTOBepHoro 0 TOM, qeM 6bIAa B ,lteHCTBHTe.ll.bHOCTH 9Ta a36YKa. B CTaBKe xasapcxoro xarana KOHCTaHTHH oaepasax HOBYIO nooeny Hatt HY,lteHCKHMH H MYcY.II.bMaHCKHMH 60rOCAOBaMH H' BepHYACH B BH3aHTHIO. BCKope me ctozta npH6bIAH nOCAbI H3 MopaBHH.

o .a;eTcKHX H IOHorneCKHX roztax ~~q>o.a;HJJ HH'lero He H3BeCTHO. OH PaHO BCT}'IlHA B soemryso c.II.ym6y, OKOAO 10 AeT nposex B .a;O.l\mHOCTH yrrpamrrexs O.a;HOH cAaBRHo-60ArapcKoH 06AaCTH. 3aTeM OH y,lta.I\HACH B MOHaCTblpb, rzte BeA no.a;BHmHH'IeCKYIO mH3Hb, «ycepzmo npaxeasa K KHHraM».

nOC.II.e ,ltaHHoro eMY nopysenaa OTnpaBHTbCH B ~opaBHIO KOHcTaHTHH pa3pa60Ta.II. CAaBHHCKYIO a36YKY H nepeaex aa C.II.aBHHCKHH H3bIK OCHOBHbIe 60rocAyme6Hble KHHrH.

AeToM 863 r. KOHcTaHTHH H Meq>O,ltHH npH6blAH B CTOAHQ,Y ~opaBHH r. Bexerpan. KHH3b POCTHC.II.aB BCTpeTH.iI. HX C paaocrero H nO"leTOM. KOHcTaHTHH H ~e<po.a;HH na 60rocAymeHHHx "IHTa.ll.H EBaHrexae nO-CAaBHHCKH, H aapozt C pattOCTHbIM H3YMAeHHeM BHHMa.II. 60- mecTBeHHoH HCTHHe, 3ByqaBmeH na HX POAHOM H3bIKe. KOHCTaHTHH H ~eq>o.a;HH H36pa.ll.HH ycepano 06yqaAH yxeaaxoa cAaBHHcKoH a36YKe, 60rocAymeHHlO, nepesonaxa C rpexecxoro npaaeseuaere KHHrH.

Xpaxsr, rae 60rocAymeHHe BeAOCb Ha AaTHHcKoM H3bIKe, CTaAH nYCTeTb, HeMeQ,Ko~KaTOAH"IeCKOe ,ltyxoBeHcTBo TepHAo BAHHHHe H AO-

13

XOJJ,bl. B 864 r. J\1OtJ,OBHK HeMeW<HH B COlO3e C 60J\rapaMH OCatI,HJ\ BeJ\erpatl,. Kmi3b POCTHCJ\aB BblH)'mJJ,eH 6bIJ\ npaanars ce6}1 BaCCaJ\OM J\1OJJ,oBHKa. Eho YCHAHJ\O n03HgHH HeMeYKoro tJ,YXOBeHCTBa, OHO CTaJ\O qHHHTb npeU}lTCTBH}! JJ,eJITeJ\bHOCTH KOHCTaHTHHa H Meq>OJJ,H}!, B qacTHOCTH, OTKa3bIBa}! B PYKonOJ\omeHHH HX yqeHHKaM; CB}lI!!eHHHK KOHCTaHTHH H MOHax Me¢OP,HH CaMH cziexarn sroro, eCTeCTBeHHO, He MOl' J\H. flOCKOJ\bKY MOpaBH}! HaxOJJ,HAaCb B IOPHCp,HKYHH PHMCKOH Ka¢eJJ,Pbl, TO KOHCTaHTHH H Me¢OJJ,HH OTnpaBHJ\HCb HCKaTb 3aJ!!HTbl K CBoeMY Henocpep,CTBeHHOMY CB}lI!!eHHOHa1.JaJ\HIO.

B PHMe KOHCTaHTHH nepenax MOI!!H CB. KAHMeHTa nane AtJ,PHaHY II.

YeJ\OBeK CJ\a6b1H H HepeWHTeJ\bHbIH, nana Aapaaa paCCqHTbIBaJ\ YRpemrrs CBOH aBTOpHTeT npH06peTeHHeM MOI!!eH nepBOCB}lI!!eHHHKa PHMa, n03TOMY OH C 60J\bWHM n01.JeTOM BCTpeTHJ\ 6paTbeB, npHHHJ\ nozt CBOIO 3aI!!HTY 60roCJ\ymeHHe na CJ\aB}lHCKOM H3b1Ke, paCnOp}lJJ,HJ\CH noxoaorrs CJ\aBHHCKHe KHHrH B OJJ,HOM H3 PHMCKHX xpaaos H COBepWHTb Hap, HHMH tiorocxyaseaae. [Iana PYRonoJ\omHA Meq:,oJJ,H}! B CBHI!!eHHHKH, a ero yxennxoa - B rtpecaarepsr H JJ,HaKOHbl.OH COCTaBHA nOCJ\aHHe KHH- 3b}lM POCTHCJ\aBY H KoyeJ\Y, B KOTOPOM nHCaJ\: «ECJ\H me KTO H3 yqHTeJ\eH BaWHX JJ,ep3HOBeHHO na-mer C06J\a3HHTb nac, nopHyaH KHHrH na nssrxe samea, JJ,a 6YtJ,eT OTJ\yqeH, noxa He HCnpaBHTC}I. TaKHe J\IOJJ,H CYTb BOJ\KH, a He OBYbl •.• »,

B PHMe KOHCTaHTHH, He OTJ\H1.JaBWlfHC}I q:,H3HqeCKlfM 3JJ,opOBbeM, CKOH1.JaACH 14 q:,eBpaJ\H 869 r., npHHHB nepezt csreprtsto CXHMY C HMeHeM KHPHJ\J\. flo pacnopazsemno naner Aapaana KHPHJ\J\ 6blJ\ norpe- 6eH B PHMe, B xpasse CB. K.JI.HMeHTa.

flocJ\e CMepTH KHpHJ\J\a nana AApHaH PYKonOJ\omHJ\ Meq:,oP,H.H B can apxaertacxona MopaBHH H flaHHOHHH. BepHYBWHCb B MopaBHIO, Meq:,OP,HH pa3BepHYA xanysyio p,eHTeJ\bHoCTb no pacnpocrpaaeHHIO cxaaancxoro 6orOCJ\ymeHHH H nHCbMeHHOCTH. KHH3b POCTHCJ\aB, onpaBHBWHCb OT nopaaseaas, paaopsax corxameane C J\IQtJ,OBHKOM HeMeQKHM H B TOM me 869 r. aanec eMY xpynaoe nopazseaae. cho BbI3BaAO HpOCTb HeMegKHx ¢eoJJ,aAOB H HeMeYKoro ztyxoaeacrea . .I\roJJ,OBHK H HeMeYKHH apxaenacxon BCTYI1aIQT B TaHHbIH crosop c nxeM}lHHHKOM KH.H3.H PocTHcJ\aBa CB}lTOnoJ\KOM, KOTOPbIH BepOAOMHO saxnarsrsaer POCTHAaBa H BbIp,aeT ero HeMgaM. POCTHCJ\aBY BbIKaJ\bIBalOT rxasa H 3aKAIOqalOT B TeMHHYY B OJJ,HOM H3 6aBapCKHX MOHaCTblpeH, rae OH scxope YMHpaeT. Ho npenarexecrso HHqero He npHHeCJ\O H CBHTonOJ\KY: MOpaBH}! 6bIJ\a npncoeaaaeaa K BJ\atI,eHHHM J\1OP,OBHKa;

15

CB}lTOnOJ\KY tJ,OCTaAOCb MaAeHbKOe KH.H2KeCTBO, OtJ,HaKO H OHO scxope 6bIJ\0 Y Hero oT06paHO, a caM OH 3aK.1\1OqeH B TeMHHID'.

£locJ\e 3Toro Y Me¢OAHH He OCTaJ\OCb CHJ\bHOH nOJ\HTHqeCKOH noaztepzsxa, HeMeYKHe BJ\aCTH scxope apeCTOBaJ\H Meq:,olJ,H}! H YCTPOHAH Hall HHM CYJJ,. Ha cYJJ,e Meq>OJJ,HH AepmaAC}I C p,OCTOHHCTBOM, TBepJJ,O OTCTaHBa}! npasory caoero JJ,eJ\a. He HaHJJ.}I npeaxora tJ,J\}I ocyzstJ,eHH}!, BJ\aCTH TeM He MeHee 3aTOqalOT Meq>oJJ,H}I B MOHaCTblpb. CotJ,epmaAH ero TaM, KOHeqHO, He B CblPOH TeMHHge, KaK nauryr HeKOTOpete HCCJ\eP,OBaTeAH, a BnOJ\He npHCTOHHO, B COOTBeTCTBHH C ero BblCOKHM caHOM apxaenacxona. 40 CHX nop coxpaaaxacs MOHaCTbIpCKa}! nOMHHaAbHaH KHHra, B KOTOPOH HapHJJ,Y C HMeHaMH npOqeH 6paTHH ecrs H HMeHa KHpHJ\J\a H MeqJotJ,H}I. nO-BHAHMOMY, B MOHaCTbIpe Meq>otJ,HIO 6bIJ\H npetJ,OCTaBAeHbI B03MOlKHOCTH JJ.J\H npOP,OAlKeHH.SI yqeHoH paoorer: HHa'ie TPYJJ,HO 06b}lCHHTbTOT ¢aKT, 'ITO no sstxozte xepes naa c nOAOBHHOH rona as umaecxoro MOHaCTbIpH Meq>otJ,HH oaeus 6bICTPO nepeaoznrr no'ITH Bce,6H6J\eHcKHe KHHrH (KpoMe MaKKaBeHcKHx).

B 870 r, B MopaBHH scnsrxayxo napoziaoe BOCCTaHHe, KOTOPblM PYKOBOtJ,HA CBHI!!eHHHK CJ\aBoMHp. OH nanec nopazsenae HeMyaM H 3aHHJ\ BeJ\erpatl,. HeMYbl BcnOMHHJ\H 0 CBJITOnOAKe H Ha3HaqHJ\H ero HaqaAbHHKOM BOHCK, tJ,eHCTBOBaBWHX npOTHB noacraages, op,HaKO TOT, Y3HaB, 'ITO rasoe HeMegKa}! «6J\arOtJ,apHOCTb», nepemex na CTOPOHY noacraages H 06paTHJ\ csoe opyzsae npOTHB HeMyeB. B COlO3ec xexaMH H cep6aMH OH HaHeC HeMYaM coxpynnrrexenoe nopaaseaae: B 874 r. HeMYbl npH3HaAH He3aBHCHMOCTb MopaBHH.

Moaacrerpcxoe 3aK.1\lOqeHHe MeqJoAH}! Tl!!aTeJ\bHO CKPblBaAOCb OT pHMCKoro nansr. )\HWb OT 6poJJ.}l'lero MOHaxa )\a3ap.H nana l10aHH VIII Y3HaA 06 apecre Meq>oP,HH. 110aHH VIII He COqysCTBOBaA CJ\aB.HHCKOMY 60roCJ\Y2KeHHIO, HO B cyp,e enHCKonOB nan nanCKHM apXHenHCKonOM OH YBHAeJ\ Bbl30B aBTOPHTeIY nancxoro npecroxa, Meq>otJ,HH 6b[J\ ocBo602Kp,eH nanCKHM J\eraTOM, HO CJ\aBHHCKoe 60rOCJ\Y2KeHHe 6bIAO aanpergeao. Op,HaKO Meq>oP,HH, sonpexa sanpery nama, nponoxasaer tJ,eAO CJ\aBHHcxoro npOCBeI!!eHHH. Torp,a CB.HTOnOAK, qeAOBeK HeYMHbIH H «pa6 lKeHCKHX yP,OBOJ\bCTBHH», nHWeT B PHM p,OHOC na Meq>otJ,H}l, 06BHHHH ero B epeca, aapyureaaa KaHOHOB, OCJ\ywaHHH nanCKOH BOJ\H. £lana 110aHH Bbl3blBaeT Meq.O,lJ,HH Hero rJ\aBHOrO npOTHBHHKa BHKHHra tJ,J\}I 06bHCHeHHH B PHM. Meq>O,lJ,HIQ Y,lJ,aeTCH CKJ\OHHTb nany na CBOIO CTOpOH)', VIoaHH paspenraer CJ\aBHHCKoe 60roCJ\ymeHHe H onpaansteaer castoro MeqJOP,HH, O,lJ,HaKO B TO me BpeM.H PYRonOAaI'aeT BHKHHra B enacxonsr.

AOBKHH HHTpHraH, BHKHHr COCTaBNIeT nO,lW\OmHOe nHCbMO OT nanst HOaHHa CBHTOnOAKY, B KOTOPOM CAaBHHCKOe 60rocAymeHHe sanpetgaeTCH, a OH, BHKHHr, Ha3HaqaeTCH rAaBOH MopaBCKOH enapxmr. CsrrronOAK npaaaaer 3TO nHCbMO nOMHHHbIM, a nO,lW\HHHoe nHCbMO, KOTOpoe npaaea Meq>o.n;HH. - nO,n;AomHbIM. 06BHHeHHOMY B noztxore MeCPO,lUIlO yrpoasaxo H3rHaHHe, n03TOMY OH cneUIHO nOCbIJI.aeT roHga B PHM. Ha HapOJ1,HOM c06paHHH apara Meooaas yase TopmeCTBOBaAH nooeny, a napozi neqaAHACH H cxopoex, AHIIIruICb TaKoro nacreipn H yqHTeAH, xorzta npHIIIAO onpasztarexeaoe nOCAaHHe nansr HoaHHa, COXpaHHBIIIeeCH zto aanrax J1,HeH.

YTOMAeHHbIH, nOJ1,OpBaBIIIHH 3J1,OPOBbe Mecpo,lUIH aa TpH roza yeszsaer B BH3aHTHlO. B 884 rozty OH B03BpaqJaeTCH B MOpaBHlO, 3aKaHlJHBaer nepesoa HeKOTOpblX 6H6AeHCKHX KHHr. B 885 r. Mecpo.n;HH CAeI' B nOCTeAb, Ha3HaqHB CBOMM npeeMHHKOM rOpa3.M. B Bep6Hoe socxpeceHbe MecpoJJ.Illi nonpocaa orHeCTH ero B XpaM, rJ1,e OH 06paTHAOI C nponoBeJ1,blO K MOpascKOMY aapony, npenynpeasaaa ero 0 CKOPbIX HCllbITaHHHX. B TOT me J1,eHb 19 anpexa 885 r. MecpoJJ.Mii CKOHlJaACH.

nOCAe CMeprn Meoonas Cssrorroxx, paBHo.n;YIIIHbIH K .n;eAaM seper H HagHOHaAbHOH KYAbTYpbI, OTJ1,aA BeJ1,eHHe J1,YXOBHbIX J1,eA BHKMHry. nOCAe.ll.CTBHH sroro 6bIAH ymacHbl: MHblX yseaaxoa Metpoziaa MyqHAH 6eCqeAOBeqHO, HHblX BAaqHAH no TepHOBHHKY, npeCBHTepOB H J1,HaKOHOB novoxoase npOJ1,aBaAM B pa6CTBO, paCXHqJaAH HMYqJeCTBO, mrAH CAaBHHCKHe KHMrH. DAHmaHIIIHX yxeaasoe Mecpo.n;HJI r OPa3.l1.a, tU.HMeHTa, HaYMa, AHreAAapH.9: H AaBpeHTH.9:, 3aTOqHBIIIH B meAe30, ztepxsaxa B TeMHMge, a 3aTeM H3rHaAH M3 CTpaHbI. B 905 r. HeMegKO-Ma.n;b.9:pCKHe BOMCKa 3aBOeBaAH MopaBHIO.

T poe H3 H3rHaHHbIX yseaaxoa Meq>O.ll.H.9: - tU.HMeHT, HaYM H AHreAAapHH - nOCeAHAHCb B oOArapHH. npaBOCAaBHbIM KlUI3b 00- pHc-MMXaHA OKa3aA acesrepayro nonztepasxy yqeHHKaM Meq>o.ll.H.a. npH gape CHMeoHe (893-927) Boxrapas J1,OCTHrAa HaH60AbIIIero nOAHTHlJeCKoro MOrYqJeCTsa H KYAbTYpHoro pacgsera. UeAaH nxenaa BbI.lI.aIOI!!HXC~ .lI.emeAeM xpHCTHaHCKoro npocsetgemta - HOaHH exsapx BOArapCKHH, sepaopasei; Xpa6p, KAHMeHT OXPHJ1,CKHH, HaYM OXPM.lI.CKHH, KOHCTaHTHH npeCAaBCKHH:, r pHropHH MHHX .- npoztoxzsaxa .lI,eAO KHpHAAa M Mecp0J1,HH: nepeaoztaxa, COCTaSAHAH C60PHMKH, nHCaAM casor, 06yqaAH.

UPH npeeseaaxe CHMeoHa neTpe (927-969) 9Ta J1,emeAbHOCTb saryxaer, C XI sexa geHTp CAaBHHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTM H KYAbTYpbl nepessetgaerca B KHeBCKyro PYCb.

16

§ 4. CAaBHHCKue aa6YKlt

C TapOCAaBHHCKHe naM}1THHKH llHCbMeHHOCTH nanacaaer O.n;HOH H3 ztsyx a36YK - KHpHAAHgeH HAH rAaroAHgeH. OJJ.HaKO ace 9TH naMHTHHKH OTHOCmCH K X-XI BeKaM. CaMble paaaae sanaca, 06HapymeHHble na Pa3BaAMHax XPaMa gapjl CHMeOHa, ,n;aTHPYfOTCH KOHgOM IX sexa; oztaa M3 9THX sanacefl caexana KHpHAAHgeH, .lI,pyraH - r AaroAHgeM. HM B O.ll.HOM M3 HCTOqHHKOB He CKa3aHO, xaxyro HMeHHO a36YKY H306- pex KHpHAA, HO HHr.n;e He CK~aHO H TOM, 'ITO OH M306peA .lI,Be a36YKH. MaAOqHCAeHHOCTb .lI,OCTOBepHbIX HCTOpHqeCKMX CBe.n;eHHH: nopo~aeT pH.lI, BonpOCOB:

1. CyqJeCTByeT AH CBH3b Mem.ll,y a36YKaMM?

2. KaKyro H3 a36YK C03.l1,aA KHpHAA?

3. KaK H xoraa nORBHAaCb BTOPaH a36YKa?

4. C yqJeCTBOBaAa AH nMCbMeHHOCTb y CAaBHH .lI.O KHpHAAa?

3a 60Aee qeM 200-AeTHHH: nepnoa pa3BHTHH CAaBMCTHKH B03HHKAO 4 KOHgengHM, OTBeqalOI!!HX aa 9TH nonpocsr,

1. 1. PR.lI. yseasrx c-nrraer, 'ITO y CAaB}1H 6bIAa nHCbMeHHOCTb .lI.O KHpHAAa; .lI,OKHPHAAOBCKHM nHCbMOM 6bIJI.a rAaroAHga, KMPHAA me C03J1,aA KlipliAAHID' (B.I1.fpHroPOBHlJ, n.fI.YepHbIX).

1. 2 . .llpyrne ysenete, aaooopor, CqHTalOT, 'ITO .n;OKHPHAAOBCKHM naceMOM 6blAO nHCbMO, C03JJ.aHHOe na OCHOBe rpexecxoro aAq>aBHTa M noxysnmmee snOCAeJ1,CTBHH aassanae KHpliAAHgbl; CaM me KMPliAA C03J1,aA rAarOAHQy (E.reoprneB, E.a.fpaHcTpeM).

2. 1. T perea yqeHbIe oTpHgalOT HaAHqlie nHCbMeHHOCTH y CAaBHH .lI,O KHpHAAa; KHPHAA C03.l1,aA r AarOAliID', a KHpHAAH!!y C03.l1.aA KTO-TO H3 yqeHHKOS Meq>oJJ.HH - KAHMeHT OXPH.lI,CKHH (H.B.flrHlJ, B.H.IJJenKHH, A.M.CeAHI!!eB) HAM KOHCTaHTHH DOArapcKHH (r.A.HAbHHCKHH:).

2. 2. Hsxoueg, xersepraa rpynna yqeHblx TalOKe orpagaer HaAHqHe nHCbMeHHOCTH .lI.O MpHAAa; KliPHAA C03.l1,aA KHpHAAHgy, a r AarOAHID' H306peAH nosaaee B xasecrse CAaBHHCKOH TaHHOnHCH, xoraa CAaBHHCKaH nHCbMeHHOCTb noanepraxacs roaemno co CTOPOHbl KaTOAHqeCKOrO ztyxoaenc'raa (H • .llo6pOBCKHH, H.H.CpegHeBCKHH:, A.H.Co6oAeBcKHM, E.<P.KapcKHH).

2-1033

KopHA. lUma

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KaKyro me a36YKY H306peA KHpH.l\.l\~ npe~e seero OTMeTHM .paKT, npH3HasaeMbIH BceMM yqeHblMH: KHpH.l\.l\H'leCKM a36)'Ka HBJUleTCJI ucmoput.teCKOU, C0311aHHOH na OCHOBe APyroro nacessa. T ax CO.3AaBaAHCb no'ITH see aA<J>aBHTbl: qmHHKHHcKHH - na OCHOBe llpeBHeemneTCKoro, ztpenaeeBpeHCKHH H rpe'leCKHH - Ha OCHOBe .pHHHKHHCKOro, .l\aTHHCKHH - aa OCHOBe rpesecxoro. H KHpli.l\.l\li!!a Bo3HHKAa HCTOpH'leCKH na OCHOBe rpexecsoro M$aBH'I'a. YTO me xacaerca r.l\aro.I\Hghl, TO He ·no,lJ.Ae2KHT COMHeHHIO ee HCKYCCTBeHHblH xapaxrep, T. K. aasepranaa 6YKB r.l\aroAHgbI He noxoztsr na H2BeCTHble aA.paBHTbI TOro BpeMeHH. 3TOT .pakr mJJUIeTCJI caMblM CH.l\bHbIM apf)'MeHTOM B noxssy npnoparera KHpH.I\.I\HghI. B CaMOM /l.eAe, KHpH.l\.l\ npespacao 3HM H .I\I06H.1\ rpesecxaii H3bIK, 6bI.l\ MHCCHOHepoM BOCTO'IHO-npaBOCAaBHOH UepKBH, B ero saztasy BXO.ZlH.l\O BOB.I\e'leHHe CAaBmi B op6my rpe-recxoii l!epKBH. 3a'leM me eMy 6bI.l\O C03AaBaTb nHCbMO, OT.Zla.I\HIOryee CAaBHH OT rpexos, aarpynnaroigee BOCnpIDITHe nHCaHHH TeMH, KTO 3HM rpe'leCKHH H3bIK~

Ha HCKYCCTBeHHOCTb r.l\arO.l\H!!bl YKa3bIBaeT, HanpHMep, TO, 'ITO nepaaa 6YKBa ae» HMeeT .pOPMY xpecra: +, 'ITO AOAmHO oaaasars KaK 6bI 6.1\arOC.I\OBeHHe aB6)'Ke H ee 3aI,t!my KpeCTHOIO CH.I\0I0. B)'KBbl, 03- Ha'ialOl!!He B r.l\aro.l\Hge. H C. OKa3a.l\HCb CHMMeTpH'IHbIMH no PHCYHKY; STO BbI3BaHO, BepOHTHO, TeM, 'ITO 9TH 6)'KBbl HCnO.l\b30BaAHCb .ZlJUI coKpaI,!!eHHOH 3anHCH CAOBa I uCyC'b: ., = lS R. T aKM CHMMeTpH'IHOCTb • H c He H3BeCTHa HH OllHOMY aJ\.paBmy.

B TO me BpeMH npOCAemHBaeTCH 3aBHCHMOCTb r.l\arO.l\HlJbI 0'1' KHpH.ll.AHgbI, a He Ha060pOT. (EC.I\H YTBep)KJI.aTb 06paTHoe B.I\HHHHe, TO CTaHOBHTCH HenOHHTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTb KHp.l'fJU\HlJbI OT rpexecxoro axrpa-

BHTa). HanpHMep:

Esp. lUUH KopBA. Ula fAar. uia
W W W CpeAH oxpyr .l\bIX H ner .l\e06pa3HbIX 6)'KB r .l\aro.l\Hgbl 6YKBa uia BbIAeJUleTcjJ CBoeH npHMoyrO.l\bHOCTbIO H nO.l\HOH 3aBHcHMOCTblO OT KH-

pH.II.AH'IeCKOH 6YKBbI.

ap=W+T

w

B KHpH.I\.I\Hge 6YKBa Illma jJBJUleTCjJ AHrarypoH, TO ecrs coeAHHeHHeM JU3yx 6YKB B 0/l.HY: ... = W + T. EcAH 6bl KHpH.l\.l\Hga CAe/l.OBa.J\a rAaro.l\H!!e, TO 6)'KBa Illma B KHpH.A.I\I1ye BbIr.I\MeAa 6bI TaK: tp + VIJ = W; OAHaKO B KHpH.J\MiI,,!e TaKOH 6YKBbI HeT, B r .l\aro.l\H!!e me ecrs 6)'KBa W, KOTOPyro MOmHO C 6o.l\bllIOH aepoHTHOCTbIO C'lHTaTb BHllOH3MeHeHHeM KHpH.l\AH'leC-

u

KOH lJI.

r xaro.orsecxas 6)'KBa 60YKbi He HMeeT naxero 06rgero C B bnu,

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'1aIOIgHe HOCOBble 3BYRH.

18

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.l\Hgbl, a HeKOTopbIe - OT .l\aTHHHgbI: .

rOAHgbI B MopaBHH XOPOlIIO 06'bRCHReT <flaKT ee coxpaneana H pacnpOCTpaHeHHR Y IOrO~3ana~HbIX CAaBRH, a TaK?Ke q>aKT Ha.l\Hl.JHH MopaBH3MOB B r.l\arOAl:I'IeCKHX TeKCTaX'°.

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p , b h b
T ·T W
e Q -e. § 5. naMJITHHKH CTapOCAaB.1IHCKOK nHChMeHHOCTH

KHpHAllHqeCKHe naMHTHHKH CTapOCAaBHHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH

06paTHoH: 3aBHCHMOCTH 6bITb He MOr.l\O, T. K. C.l\HlIIKOM acen HCToq~ HHK KHpHAJ\Hl.JeCKHX 6}'KB - rpexecsaii aAq>aBHT.

EC.I\H nOJJ.BeCTH HTOrH, TO OKa?KeTCH, "ITO H3 40 6}'KB rAaroAHgbI 25 MomHO 06'bHCHHTb nO~pa?KaHHeM COOTBeTCTBYIOI.JJHM 6YKBaM KHPHA~ .l\HgbI, 6 - cTHJ\.H3agHeH AaTHHCKHX 6}'KB, 3 - CHMBOJ\.H'1eCKHM noCTpoeHHeM (a3'b, usee, CJlOBO), 4 - RBJ\.HIOTCH caMOCTOHTe.l\bHbIMH q>OHeTHl.JeCKHMH .l\HraTYpaMH (lOCbl H epm } , 2 - caMOCTO.HTeAbHbIe rpaqnorecaae KOMno3HgHH (, - &, " - .p). TaKHM 06Pa30M, rxaroAHga - 9TO npO)J,yKT HCKYCCTseHHoro TBOpqeCTBa C HCnO.l\b30BaHH~ eM B Ka'1eCTBe OCHOBbl panee C03~aHHOH: KHpHAAHgbI.

ECAH ~O CB. KnpHAAa CAaBHHe ynoTpe6J\.HJ\.H rpexecaae 6YKBbI IiE~"It. oy'T~Om"Il\, TO KHpHAJ\ HMeHHO YCTPOHA CAaBHHCK)'IO a36YKY: OH CO~ xpanax ynorpetixenne rpesecxax 6YKB TaM, r ~e !:lTO n03BOJ\.HJ\.a q>OHe ... THKa CJ\.aB.HHCKOrO H3bIKa, H C03)J,aA HOBbIe 6YKBbI ~ 0603HaQeHH.H OC06blX 3BYKOB CAaB.HHCKOrO .H3bIKa.

BTOpa» me a36YKa 6bIAa C03,l1,aHa, nO~BH,lI,HMOMY, nocxe CMepTH Meq>O,ll,H.H (885 r.) ,lI,J\.H Toro, qT06bl nepenaca'rs CAaBHHCKHe 60~ rocxyzaeoaere KHHrH TaH:HOnHCbIO H TeM caMbIM cnacra HX OT yHHq~ TomeHHH. C03)J;aTeAeM ee Mor 6blTb r opaszr 0 KOTOPOM, KaK H 0 J\aBpeHTHH, HH'1erO nocxe HX H3rHaHH.H He H3BeCTHO. B03MomHO, "ITO OH TaHHO BepHyJ\.CH B MopaBHIO H TaH:HO rrpozioxzsax BeCTH 6orocAymeHH.H na CAaB.HHCKOM .H3bIKe, ,lI,AH xerc 3alIIHqJpOBaJ\. KHHrn, nHCbMO KOTOPblX 6bl.l\O H3BeCTHO .l\HlIIb nOCB.HI.JJeHHbIM. r opasa KaK 6J\.HmaHlIIHH: yxenax H rrpeenaax CB. MeqJO,ll,H.H o6J\.a,ll,aA neofiXO,ll,HMOH noaroroexofi ,lI,.J\H TaKOH pa60TbI. rHnOTe3a C03,l1,aHHH rxa-

,406PYIPlCdHCKa.H nasnucs, 943 r.; 06uap}?Keaa B 1950 r. B Pyw,IHHH. ny6.I\HKagIDI: Hamm L Staroslavenska gramatika. Zagreb, 1958. S. 9.

HllAnUCb Ltepzy6blJlR Mocmuwa, OK. 60~x rr. X B.; ooaapyzseaa B 1952 r. B OOArapHH. ny6AHKagHR: oepHlIITeHH C.o. Oxep« cpas ... HHTeJ\.bHoH rpaMMaTHKH C.I\aS.HHCKHX .H3bIKOB. M., 1961. C. 16.

HCL/1.nUCb gapR CaMYUJla, BbICeqeHHa.H B 993 r. na MOrH.I\bHOH nxare no paCnOp.HmeHHIO gap.H CaM}'HJ\a. ny6AHKagIDr: KaPCKHH E.en. CAaB.HHCKa.H KHPHAJ\OBCKa.H naxeorparpas. M., 1979. C. 107 .

CaaBuHa KHU'l.Q - C60PHHK eBaHreAbCKHX "ITeHHH, HMelOI.JJHH ABe npHnHCKH C ynoMHHaHHeM HMeHH nona CaBBbI; na-r, XI B. Yl3,l1,aHa B.H.UlenKHHbIM B KH.: naM.HTHHKH CTapOCAaB.HHCKOrO H3bIKa. T. 1, BbIn • .2., .Cn6., 1903.

CynpaCJlbCKaR pYKonUCb, coziepzsaigas MapTOBCKYIO MHHelO; XI B.

PYKonHcb HaH:,lI,eHa B . Cynpacxe OKOAO DeAOCTOKa. Yl3)J,aHa C.CeBe~ Pb.HHOBbIM B KH.: naM.HTHHKH CTap0C.l\aB.HHCKOrO H3bIKa. T. 2, BbIn. 1.

Cfle., 1904. .

EHUHCKUU AnocmoJl, XI B.; HaHJJ.eH npH pecraspauaa xpasra CB. napaCKeBbl B C. Emmo B DO.J\rapHH B 1960 r. Yl3,l1,aHHe: MHpl.JeB K., KO,ll,OB Xp, EHHHCKH anOCTOA. C rapoesxrapcsa naMeTHHK OT XI BeK. CCXPHH, 1966.

XUJlaH,4apCKUe JlUCmKU - OTPbIBOK H3 noyqeHHH CB. KHPHJ\.xa Yfepyca.J\HMcKoro, XI B.; HaH:,lI,eH B XHAaH,lI,apCKOM MOHaCTbIpe B. YI. fpHrOpOBHqeM. Yl3,l1,aHHe: naMHTHHKH crapocxaaancxoro aasrKa. T. 1, BbIn. 1. Cn6., 1900.

10 Tlonpooaee CM.: HcmpuH B. M. 1100 AeT CAaB}lHCKOH a36YKH. H3,1l. 2. M., 1988. C. 51-159. 1-'13 HOBeHmeH MITeparypbJ, pa.3BHBalOl£eH mnOTe3Y npaoparera rAaroAHgbl, CM.: Mupouoea T.A. np06AeMbJ SBOAlOWiH rpaCfJHKo-op<porpaqm'lecKHx CHCTeM ,IlpeBHeCAaBSlHcKOro KHH:m.HOrO uacxenax. M., 1999.

20

AucmKU YH,40AbCKOl.O - OTPbIBOK c.II.yme6HorO EBaHre.ll.IDI XI B. H.3~aHbl E.cP.KapcKHM: naMRTHHKH CTap0C.II.aBjJHCKoro H.3bIKa.T. 1, sem. 3. Cn6., 1904.

M aKe,40HcKuU nucmox - OTPblBOK H3 npoasaeaenas 3K.3apXa HoaHHa (?), XI B. H.3~aHHe: naMHTHHKH CTapOC.II.aBHHCKoro H.3bIKa.

T. 1, BbIn. 5. ens, 1906.

Boipaaxxue nuanxu - OTpblBOK H.3 «npaBHA» cs, BacH.i\IDI 8e.AHKoro, XI B. H.3~aHbl n.A.AaspoBbIM B «Revue des etudes slaves», 6.

22

M aKe,l{OHCKUU 1.AalOAUI.fCCKUU AucmOK C OTPblBKOM H.3 C.~OBa
Eq>peMa CHpHHa, HaH~eHHbIH B.H.r PHropoBH'IeM. H.3~aHHe: naMHT-
HHKH CTapOCAaSjJHCKoro H.3bIKa. T. t, BliIIn. 6. Cn6., 1909.
§ 6. KHpJf.AAHQeCKaH a36yKa
B OCHOBe KHpHMHgbI AemHT rpexecxoe YHgHa.ll.bHoe (.AHTYprH1.fec:-
xoe) nHCbMO.
--
Ha3saHHe 6yxu byKBbl KHpHJ\.AH!'p>1 r pe'leCKHH aAq>aBHT bYXUbl r AaI'OJ\H!'p>!
A~'ll A A ...
IiOYKbI Ii <~ ~
K1iAH K <~ ~
rAArOAH r r '10
A.OIi~O A A ~
(CTh e E 3
ai.HK1iTe ai. x eX,
S1iAO S ~ i
,
_,-_ ,_ ~
~tUAIi\ ~ ~
"ili.eH H H 8
-. If
HiIi.~ I I
r~pKh M
KAKO K K ta
AJOAH~ A A £
UhltAHTE U M ~
"Aruh " N o:P
OH'll 0 0 ~
nOKO" n n fV
~hLJH 1 P b
23 r AarOAHqeCKHe naMJlTHHKH CAaOHHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH

KueBCKue nucmxu, H.II.H Kue6cKuu MUCCaA - OTPblBOK KaTO.AHqeCKOH o6e~HH (MeCCbl), X BeK. H.3AaH H.B..HmqeM: V. jagic. Glagolitica. Wien, t 900.

_g()7nnmC:1«1P. 4f'.mRPn()PRnU1I'lIlJP X_Xl R J-I~i:i1fPJ.u\ l'I ?\n,...n~m_

• ~ • - •• • J.' ..... -

CKOM MOHacTbIpe Ha Arpone. H3~aHo H.RHrH"<leM: V.jagic. Quattuor

evangeliorum codex glagoliticus olim ' Zographensis. Berlin, 1879.

M apUUHCKoe wemeepoeeanienue, X-XI B., Ha~eHO B MapHHHCKOM MOHaCTbIpe na Aq>OHe B 1845 r. B.H.r PHropOBH"<IeM. H.3~aHO H.B . .HmqeM: V.Jagie. Quattuor evangeliorum versionis paleoslovenicae codex Marianus. Berlin - Cn6., 1883.

AcccMaHuc6o, UAU Batnuxancxoe eBaH1.CAUe, XI B. Ha3BaHO no HMeHH H. Accessaaa, KOTOPbIH BbIBe3 pYKonHCb H3 Hepycaxasra B

.."

HTa.ll.HIO B 1736 r. H.3~aHO H.BaHcoM H H.KypgeM: Codex Vatica-

nus 3. Slavicus glagoliticus, T. 1-2. Pragae, 1929.

C60PHUK !0LOy,a - C60PHHK nOytieHHH H noxsaxeaerx C.II.OB, XI B.

HaBBaH no HMeHH BJ\Me.Abga. H3~aHHe: W.Vondrak. Glagolita Clozu. Praha, 1893.

CUHaucKaH ncanmmpo, XI B. HaXO~HTCH B MOHaCTblpe CB. EKaTepHHbl na CHHae. 113AaHHe: Ceaepesmos C. CHHaHcKM nCaATblpb/ / H3~. OT~eAeHHH PYCCK. H.3. Ii C.II.OB. Poc. AKM. Ha}'K. nr., 1922.

CUHaucKuu mpetinu«, XI B. HaH~eH B MOHaCTblpe CB. EKaTepHHbI na CHHae. H3~aHHe: R. Nachtigal. Euchologium Sinaiticum 1-2. Ljubliana, 1941-1942.

OXpU,4CKUe nucmxu, HaH~eHbt B.H.rpHropoBHqeM B Oxpaae.

H3AaHHe: naMHTHHKH CTapOCAaBHHcKoro H3bIKa. T. 3, BbIn. 2. Il-.,

1915.

HaaBaJlHe 6YKB DYKBbl KHplf.!IAHW>l r pe'lecKHH aJI<paBHT DYKBbl rAaroAHgbl
'''ORO C 1: R
TRpbAO T T 1711
°YK'h °Y OU :Do
,PbTb , ell CD
~P'h l\ X b
OT'A (3 OJ C}
qH q < eBp.:S: J!,6J{f 'V
YpbKb Y < KHPHJI.· Y tl
WA W < eap, IV WUH W
IfIA ap < KHPHJI.. W + T W
ep'h 'll < KHPHJI.. Ii -8
ephl hi < KHPHJI.. 'h + I -88
epb b < KHPHJI.. Ii -8
Ltrb 11 < KHPHJI.. s IA
10 10 < 1+ ° lP
IA IA < I + A
It It < 1+ e
. c(
IOC'll UA"blH A < rpes. A
!ALl I+A X
IOC'll IiMbWblH 11\ < rpes. I. 3(
M\ 1+ M\ 'K
KCH a ~
nCH 'V 'f'
~HTA ~ e -e-
HaiH~ll v U (}. qHCAoBoe aaasenae 6YXB KHPHAAH\!bl

~I ,lleomat .. Cornu TbJ:ll'M
1 II 1 ~ l'
2 i K C fi
3 f A f l
4 J. d t J.
5 l H ~ "t
.'
6 S a X s
+
7 ; 0 \f '"
8 H it G) ."
9 A yo q } 24

rIotttot Oepe.!UDiH PM HenepeJUiHH PM
13ep,aiHH <H> <bI >, <s >
CpeJUiHH HOCOBble <ct> <4>
CPeJUiHH poroaere <e >;«.»> < 0 >, < D >
~ <a> <a>
27 ~ ~ IE! ~ ifJr IPJ JE £.

es: AEKIJM5I 2 '&5 <POHeTHI<a CTapOCAaBHHCI<oro H3bIKa

Iit\A-ro - .3BOHKHH CMbI"IHbIH + COHOPHblH + rAaCHbrn = 3 + 5 + 6; CTKO-PH -I'AYXOH ·<!>pHKaTHBHbIH + [AYXOH CMbI'lHbIH + [ B] + rAaCHbIH = 1 + 2 + 5 + 6;

H-CKOY-CH -rAyxoH <!>PHKaTHBHbIH + rAyxoH CMbl'lHbIH + rAaCHbIH = 1 + 2 +6.

1 2 3 4 5 6
rAYXHe rAYXHe 3BOHKHe HOCOBble nxasmae rxacasre
q>pHKaTHB- CMbl"lHble corxacusie COHOpHbJe corxacnsre 3B}'KH
Hble ,rnr_A.::tIrUhl1" r .... r~:fIrnhlp: H [ B ]
corwacaere 3aKOHY BO.3paCTalOI,YeH .3B)"lHOCTH nO.ll'lHIDIAHCb He TOAbKO CAaBHHCKHe CAOBa, HO H 3aHMCTBOBaHHble H3 rpexecsoro H3bIKa. Flonas B CTapOCAaBHHCKHH H.3bIK, OHH npH06peTaAH TaKOH tpOHeTH'leCKHH 06AHK, KOTOPbIH Tpe60BaJ\CH .3aKOHOM OTKPbITOro cxora. T ax, B rpesecxoss CAOBe AtY'l>1t'tOC; ecru CO'leTaHHe - 1t't-, COCTOHI,Yee H.3 3BYKOB O.llHHaKOBoH .3B)"lHOCTH; B CTapOCAaBHHCKOM H.3bIKe Mem.llY aTHMH .3BYKaMH Pa3BHACH rAaCHbIH .3BYK [ b] - TOAbKO pazar TOro, 'lT06bI coxpanaxocs BO.3- pacranae .3B)"lHOCTH: e-rv-ns-r's, B rpex, 'IIClAJl.OC; B CO'leTaHHH -1t0"- 60Aee .3B)"lHbIH B3PbIBHOH npeanrecrsyer MeHee .3BY'lHOMY <PPHKaTHBHOMY, a B CO'leTaHHH - A.Jl.- 06a 3BYKa O.llHHaKOBoH .3B)"lHOCTH; CAaBHHCKaH rponerasecxaa 06pa6oTKa aroro CAOBa .3aKAIO'laAaCb B TOM, 'lT0 Mem.n.y aTHMH .3BYKaMH Pa3BHACH rAaCHbIH [ 'b ]: n"h-CA-t\"h-U"h. Cp. TaKme rpex. nClUAOC; H CT-CA. nAKbt\"h .

B HeKOTopbIX CAaBHHCKHX CAOBax BO H.36emaHHe pe.3KOrO cxasxa OT MaAO.3BY'!Horo 3BYKa K aecesra 3BY'lHOMY nOHBAHACH cor AaCHbIH me 3BYR npOMemyro'lHOH .3ByqHOCTH: [ .3p ] > [ 3.llP ] - K"hWACT"h; [cp] > [ CTP ] - ~AU"h.

naMHTHHKH CTapOCAaBHHCKoro H3bIKa OTpIDKalOT ¢OHeTHKY MaKe.llOHCKOro p,HaAeKTa npacxaaaacxoro H3bIKa.

§ 1. CTPOeHlte caora

BamHeHIIIeH oc06eHHOCTblO npacxasaacxoro H3bIKa 6bIAO TO, 'ITO .3BYKH B CAore pacnOAaraAHCb no npHHgHn y B 0.3 p a c T a 10 r,y e H .3 By'! HOC T H. Ec.I\H .3B)"lHOCTb rxyXHX cppHKaTHBHbIX corwacnsix npHHHTb sa 1, TO paaxaxae no CTeneHH .3BY'lHOCTH Memp,y .3BYKaMH 6Y.lleT BblrAHp,eTb CAeP,YIOI,YHM 06Pa30M:

3aKOH BOCXOP.HI,YeH (B03paCTalOI,YeH) .3B)"lHOCTH, HHa'ie nasersaeMblH .3aKOHOM OTKpbITOrO cxora, O.3Ha'laA, 'ITO B npeaexax cxora MeHee .3B)"lHbIH 3ByK aceraa npep,IIIeCTBOBaA 60Aee .3B)"lHOMy, aanpaxep:

2-Hb - cxor H3 ozuroro r xacnoro .3BYRa;

Ba-t\1Z\ - nAaBHbIH + rAaCHblH = 5 + 6;

HA-IIIb - COHOPHblH + rAaCHblH = 4 + 6;

e-,M!-Hb - 3BOHKHH cor.Il.aCHblH + rAaCHblH = 3 + 6;

TA-KO -- rxyxoii CMbI'lHbIH corAaCHblH + I'AaCHbIH = 2 + 6; npH-p,e - rAyxoH CMbI"IHbIH + COHOPHbIH + rAaCHblH = 2 + 5 + 6;

26

§ 2. Cucresaa rAaCHbIX <pOHeM

cPOHeTH'leCKaH CHCTeMa CTapOCJ\aBHHCKoro H3bIKa (MaKe.llOHCKOro p,HaAeKTa npaC.AaBHHCKOro H.3bIKa) BK.I\IO'laAa B ce6H 11 r A a C H bl X cP 0 HeM, KOTOPbH~ B OTHOIIIeHHH pxaa, nozreessa H Ha.3aAbHOCTH pacnpenexaxacs CAe.nYlOr,yHM.06pa30M:

COOHeMbI <If>, < hI >, < Y >, < e >, < 0 >, < a > TO)KAeCTBeHHbl COOTBeTCTBYJOI!!HM !pOHeMaM COBpeMeHHOrO PYCCKOrO R3bIKa.

COOHeMa < ~ >, 0603Ha"laBUlruICH 6YKBOH IOC MaAbIH ( iA ), npOH3- HOCHAaCb B HOC, HanoA06He !pPaH!,!. [ e ] HAH nOAbCK. [ ~ ].

(f)oHeMa < C\. >, 0603Ha"laBWruICH 6YKBOH IOC 60AbUlOH (~), npoH3HOCHAaCb TaKme B HOC, HanOAo6He !ppaHg. [ 6 ] HAH nOAbCK. [ C\. ].

(f)oHeTH"IeCKYJO npHpOAY 1{)COB anepsere nOHHA A.X. BOCTOKOB. K BblBOAY 0 Ha3aAbHOM xapaxrepe 3BYKOB, 0603Ha"laBUlHXCH 1{)CaMU, OH npamex nYTeM conOCTaBAeHHH CAOB CTapOCAaBHHcKoro H COBpeMeHHOro noxecxoro H3bIKOB; 9TO COnOCTaBAeHHe BbIHBHAO peryxapnoe COOTBeTCTBHe 1{)COB HOCOBbIM 3BYKaM noxscxoro sasnca: ~~Ii'b - zqb , fOi\N.6h - golqb, CRiAThlH - swiety,

(f)oHeMbI < 'b > H < b > OTAH"IaAHCb OT OCTaAbHbIX rAaCHbIX q,OHeM TeM, "ITO OHH npOH3HOCHAHCb KpaTKO; 9Ta HX KOAH"IeCTBeHHruI COKpar,geHHOCTb, HAH peAYKgHH, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nOAO)KeHHHB CAOBe Mor. xa YCHAl-maTbCH HAH, Ha06opOT, ccxaoeaare: n03HgHH YCHAeHHH peAYK!JHH 6blAH cAa6b1MH, n03H!,!HH oCAa6AeHHH peAYKgHH 6blAH CHAbHbIMH. B cAa60H n03HgHH peAYKgHH AoxoAHAa AO nO"ITH noxnoro HCqe3HOBeHHH 3BYKa, B CHAbHOH n03HYHH, HanpOTHB, peAYKgHH oCAa6AHAaCb H rpoaeMbI < 'b > H < b > nO"lTH AOCTHTaAH KOAH"IeCTBeHHoro ypOBHH r xacHbIX noxaoro 06pa:aOBaHWl, a HMeHHO: q,OHeMa < 'b > npH6J\IDKaAaCb K !poHeMe < 0 >, a qX)HeMa < b > - K q>DHeMe < e >. CAa6blMU n03UY,URMU 6bIAH n03HgHH: 1) B a6COAIOTHOM KOHge HeOAHOCAO)KHbIX CAOB - ~AIi:!, ChlH:!, KOCT~. HO T'b+ Ch+; 2) B cxore nepezt CAorOM C rAaCHbIM noxnoro 06pa30BaHHH - A:!RA, OR~~A, U:!HOfO, ~RATH; 3) B nOAO)KeHHH nepezi CAorOM C CH.i\bHbIM pe.n.yyHpOBaHHbIM - RA~'b+~, Y~Th+~~, A~Hh+C~. CUAbHblMU n03uy,URMU 6bIAH n03HYHH: 1) nOA YAapeHHeM: Wh+n'b+ TA, Ao+IJ1H, Th+Uh+HA. Ah+fo+Ko: 2) He3aBHCHMO OT YAapeHHH B nOAO)KeHHH nepezt CAorOM C peAygHpoBaHHbIM B cAa60H n03HYHH: n1iCo+K.A. OTh+~~. Ah+H~, K'b+ M.AH1i.

(f)oHeMa < a > (s), KaK BHAHO H3 Ta6AHYbI, q,OHeMa < a > 6blAa q>oHeMoH nepezmero psna H HH)KHerO nozreeua: 9TO 3HaqHT, "ITO 9Ta q,OHeMa npOH3HOCHAaCb KaK WHpOKoe OTKpbITOe [ 9 ], TO ecrs no apTHKYNlgHH 6AH3Ka npOH3HOUleHHIO 3ByKa [a ] B PYCCKOM CAOBeMR4 - [ M'a"l' ]. 0 TOM, "ITO 9TO AeHCTBHTeAbHO 6blA0 TaK, CBHAeTeAbCTBYlOT r AarOAH"IeCKHe naMHTHHKH, B KOTOPbIX OAHOH 6YKBOH 0603HaqaACH H 3ByK [ a ], H 3BYK [ 'a 1 nOCAe MHrKHX corxacnsrx: aarrpassep, KH-

28

29

pHAAH"IeCKHM HanHcaHHHM KOt\IZ\ H }\I\'lili'b COOTBeTCTBYKIT rAarOAH'IeCKHe HanHcaHHH ~~&A H b&A~.g. 3TOT !paKT rOBopHT 0 TOM, 'ITO llAH COCTaBHTeAH rAarOAI-lgbI 9TH 3BYKH 6bIAH HaCTOAbKO 6;\H3-

•

KH, "ITO OH He nanrex HY)KHbIM C03AaBaTb AAH HHX paaasre 6yKBbl.

.llpyrHM !paKTOM, nOp,TBep)KAalOI!!HM YKaBaHHoe npoaaaonrenae 'Ii, 6blAO TO, 'ITO B nexoroperx KHpHAAH"IeCKHX naMHTHHKax (AHCTKH Y HAOAbCKOro) 6YKBOH 'Ii 0603Ha"laAOCb CO'leTaHHe 3BYKOB [ ja ]: liRH,' AHliRM'b, liKO, TROli. B npyrax KHpHAAH'IeCKHX naMHTHHKax. nanpaMep, B CaBBHHOH KHHre, Ha6AlOllaeTCH CMeUleHHe 6YKB li H 14: RM'Ii TROIA.

§ 3. n03J1IJltOHHLle BapJ1aHTLI rAaCHLlX cpOHeM

B HeKOTopbIX n03HgHHX q,OHeMbI 3aMeHHAHCb n03HgHOHHblMH aapHaHTaMH. 8TO npeasne scero xacaercs q,OHeM < 'b > H < b >.

PeAygHpoBaHHble !poHeMbI cpesneto nO.ll.'beMa < 'b > H < b > HaXOJI)lCb nepen cor AaCHbIM naaamanoumsc 3BYKOM [ j ] HAH r AaCHbIM BepXHe1.0 nO.ll.'beMa [ H ], ynOllot5Jl.MHCb HM 0 Mecry 06pa30BaHIDI, TO ecTb CTaHOBHAHCb r AaCHbIMH eepxnezo noznessa [ hI ] H [ Ii ]. Ha nHCbMe TaKHe r AaCHbIe 0603Ha"laAHCb 6YKBaMH hi H H. TO ecre TaK )Ke, KaK H 06bNHbIe q>oHeMbI < bI > H < H >. HanpHMep: AtoAHK [ A"1OA'H,ia ], IiHKTh [6'Hj9Tb ], "ORblH [ HOBWjb ], CHHHH [ C·HH"Hjb ].

Oaaaxo, H3MeHHB CBOH nOll'beM, 9TH q,OHeMbl He CTaAH 3BYKaMH rroxnoro 06pa30BaHHH, OHH TaK H OCTaAHCb pe.ll.YgHpOBaHHbIMH, na "ITO YKa3bIBaeT HX llaAbHeHlllruI cy llb6a B pa3HbIX CAaBHHCKHX H3blKax (CM. J\eKgHlO 8). T aKHM 06Pa30M, peztygapoaanaere 3BYKH [ hI ] H [ Ii ] RBNlIOTCH n03HgHoHHbIMH BapHaHTaMH !pOHeM < 'b > H < b >.

8TH nosagaoaasre napaarrrer nOflBAHAHCb He TOAbKO BH}'TPH CAOBa Ha CTbIKe Mopq,eM, HO H na CTbIKe CAOB, nanpasrep: nanacaaae Map. ea. RllAACThI H BMecTo R'bAACTo H 06'bHCHReTCH n03HgHoHHOH MeHOH 1l / hi; ara )Ke MeHa Ha6AlOllaeTCH B HanHcaHHHX OCTARHThI H, RHA'lit\bI H. "P1iAAIlI H (BMeCTO np1iAAUh H).

npH npaKTH'IeCKOM q,OHeTH'IeCKOM aHaAH3e cTapocAaBHHcKHX CAOS HalI,O ofipargar» oco6oe BHHMaHHe aa TO, KaKHe 3BYKH o603HaQalOTCH na nHCbMe 6YKBaMH hi H H: [ bI, H ] HAH pellygHpoBaHHble [hr, H ]

§ 4. r AaCHbIe <poHeMLI B naxase CAOBa

B CTapOCAaBHHCKOM H3blKe He ace r xacnsre Mor AH HaxOJJ,HTbCH B HaqaAe CAOBa, TO ecre 06pa3oBbIBaTb OTKPblTblH HenpHKpblTblH cxor. nepeJJ, MHorHMH H3 HHX 6blAa BCTaBKa, TaR Ha3blBaeMbIH npomemuttecKuu [ j ], KOTOPblH npespargax HenpHKpblTblH cxor B npHKpblTbIH.

(f)oHeMbl < 0 > H < <\. > Mor AH 06Pa30BbIBaTb HenpHKpblTbIH cxor:

OTbljb. OKO. OH'h. iKrl\b. iK~"AK'h.

naMHTHHKH CT-CA. nHCbMeHHOCTH HMelOT JJ,BOHKoe aanacaaae CAOB C HaqaAbHbIM a: C npOTeTH1.JeCKHM [ j ] H 6e3 Hero: ArHb~b. ARHTH. AroA4 H Ii\rHb~b. IAKHTH. IAfOA"; 01.JeBHJJ,HO, TaROe JJ,BoHKoe aanacaHHe OTpCUf\aeT CaMblH npogecc pa3BHTHH nporeraxecxoro [ j ] rtepezt q>OHeMOH < a >.

B CT-CA. H.3bIKe npaKTH1.JeCKH He 6blAO C.II.OB C Ha1.JaAbHbIMH < e >, < ~ > H < it >; nepea HHMH 6blA npOTeTHqeCKHH [ j ]: nepea a. llA~bIK1t.. ItATH (cp. K'h~-.ttTH); nepezt < e >: KCUb, KAHH"A, KC~Hb; nOCAe j < it > H3MeHH.I\OCb B < 'a >: IllCTH (cp. JJ,p-pyc. bcmu, pyc. e,4a ), 1llA?" 'rpYJJ.b' (cp. K'hH-1iA?HTH. pyc. nenpa}, m~"TH (cp. K1t.-1iX"TH, pyc. examb);

A6coAJOTHO HeBO.3MO~bIMH B nasaae CAOsa 6bIAH r AaCHble < 'b », <bl >, < b >. Flepea < b > 6blll. nporerasecxeii j, npn aTOM COqeTaHHe I je ] 0603Ha1.JaAocb 6YKBOH H: HHATH [ jbMaTH ], (cp. K1t.,-bUiK).

nepe.zy; rAaCHbIMH < bI > H <1> > 6blll. He [ j ], a npOTeTH1.JeCKHH [. B ] <*u: K1t.nt\b (cp. K1t.~-1t.n-H-TH), KblA?" (cp. AHT. udra 'BbI.zy;pa', rpex. iSopo: 'runpa, BOJJ,HHaH.3MeH')

.l(.AH Toro QT06bl npaKTWieCKH onpeaextrn, B KamJJ,OM OTJI,eAbHOM CAOBe, KaKHMH 6bIAH 3B}'KH [ j ] H [ B ] - E)THMOA.OrHqeCKHMH HAH npoTeTH1.JeCKHMH, Heo6xoJJ,HMO cpaanenae eroro CTapoCAaBHHcKOro CAOBa C aHMOrH1.JHbIMH CAOBaMH CJ\aBHHCKHX H HeCAaBHHCKHX po.zy;CTBeHHbIX H.3bIKOB; MHoro y,eHHoro B 3TOM OTHOllieHHH COAepm.HTCH B 3THMOAorH- 1.JeCKHX CJ\OBapHX.

§ 5. CJ1.CTeMa coraacnsrx <pOHeM CTapOCAaBHHCKoro H3bIKa

(f)oHeTHqeCKaH CHCTeMa CTapOCAaBHHCKoro H3bIKa COCTOHA.a H.3 26 cor A. a C H bI X q> 0 HeM, xoropere no Mecry H cnocooy 06pa30Ba,HHH KAaCCHq>HgHPYIOTCH CAeAYIOl!!HM 06Pa30M:

30

Cnoco6 MeCTO 06pa30BaHWI
,06Pa30BaHWI fy6Hb,e I1epeAHeJl3bL'IHble Cpe,AHe- 3aAHe-
, - nbl'llfblf! Jl3bl'lHbl(j
C B.3pblBHble 6 A r
, n T K
M AqxppHKaTbl , , . ,
A .3 g '{
hI CAomHble , , W'T ,
~A
Y ,
Hocossie M H H
H
BOI(OBble ,
A A
,bl
.llpomal!!He •
E P p
(fJPHKA TI1BHbIE 3 m
B , • J x
C C W no crenena .3BYQHOCTH COrAaCHbIe q)()HeMbI.zy;e.MlTCH na wyMHbIe, KOTOpbIe Mor lI.H 6bITb KaK 3BOHKHMH, TaR H rAyxHMH, H conopasie < M >, < M' >, < H », < H' >, < A >, < A' >, < p >, < p' >, cpezta KOTOpbIX BbI.D;eMIeTCH rpynna oc060 3ByqHbIX q>OHeM, TaR Ha3bIBaeMbIX nA.aSHbIX - < " >, < A' >, <p>. <p' >.

HCKOHH B npaCAaBHHCKOM H.3bIKe He 6blAO q>OHeM < q> >, < K' > H < r' >; OHH nOHBHAHCb J\Hllib B CAOBax, .3aHMCTBOBaHHbIX H3 rpexecxoro H3b1Ka: ,"?AOH"A. KtA?1t.. HfEUOH'h.

Aq>q>pHKaTa < A'3' >, 060.3HaqaBlliaHCH 6}'KBOHS, ym.e B nHCbMeHHblH rtepaozt COBnMa C q>oHeMOH < .3' >; 6YKBbl S H ~, caaxaxa ynorpe6l1.HAHCb no CBoeMY Ha.3HaqeHHIO, a 3aTeM CTaAH CMelliHBaTbCH.

§ 6. n03J1.IJl1.0HHble l1.3MeHeHJ1.H coraacnsrx <pOHeM

B crapOCAaBHHCKOM H.3bIKe cor AaCHble <t>OHeMbI 6bIAH HA.H TOAbKO HCKOHHO TBepJJ.bIMH, HAH TOJ\bKO HCKOHHO MHrKHMH; J\Hllib HeCKOAbKO q>oHeM 6bIAH KaK TBepAbIMH, TaK H MHrKHMH: < H - H' >, < A - A' >,

, , · T

< P - p >, < C - C >, < .3 -.3 >. sepJI,OC'Ib H MHrKOC'Ib aTHX

q>oHeM 6bIAa HX nocmosnumuu npWmaKQMU. He .3aBHCHl!JHMH or rpoaeTH1.JecKHX YCAOBHH, B KOTOpbIX MorAa OKa3aTbC.sJ JJ,aHHaH qX)HeMa. Cpaa-

31

HHM: B PYCCKOM H3bIKe J ,lJ;OM - B ,lJ;OM'b] MRIKOCTb 3B)'Ka [ M'] 06ycAOMeHa n03HgHeM nepezt r AaCHbIM nepeztaero PJI,lJ;a, noaTOMY B ,lJ;aHHOM CAyqae [ M' ] jIBJ\jIe'l'OI n03HgHoHHOH sapHaWfeH !poHeMbI < M >, a 3B)'KH [ M - M' ] HBAmOTCJI COOTHOCHTeAbHbIMH no TBepJJ,OCTH-MJlrKOCTH. B CTapOCAaBJlHCKOM Jl3bIKe TaKOH COOTHOCHTeAbHOCTH He 6bIAO: TBep,lJ;ble qX)HeMbI He CTaHOBHAHCb MJlrKHMH B n03HWlli nepezt r AaCHbIMH nepenaero PH,lJ;a, TO ecrs He npaooperaxa JJ,onOARHTeAbHoHj-OH af>THKYAHWfH; TeM He MeHee HeKOTOpoe npacnocooxeaae TBePJtbIX COrAaCHbIX K r.MCHbIM nepe,lJ;Hero pazta BCe me, BH,lJ;HMO, npoHCXOJJ,HAO, a HMeHHO: B aTHX !poHemqeCKHX YCAOBWIX TBepJJ.bIe corxacnste noxysaxa n03HgHOHH)'IO nOAYMJl'lxocm» -- [A· aC1!]. [n·bH"!!]. Orxyzia HaM H3BeCTHO, 'ITO B aTHX YeAOBHJIX B03HHKaAO KaKoe-TO n03HgHOHHoe H3MeHeHHe TBeP.AbIX COrAijCHbIX H no~eMY aTO 6bIAa HMeHHO nOAYMHfKOCTb. a He nOARaH MRrKOCTb? Ha TO. 'ITO aTO 6blJ\O CMHl'leHHe. )'Ka3bIBaeT HX ,lJ;aJ\bHeHIIIaH cY,lJ;b6a: BO scex CAaBJlHCKHX H3bIKax nOAYMHrKHe nOCTeneHHO CTaAH BTOp~HO CMHI"':IeHHbIMH. Ho 'ITO 3aCTaBAHeT Hac npezmoxarare H~e aexoroporo npoaezsyroxsoro COCTOHHHH nOAYMHrKOCTH? nO~eMY TBepJUjIe cor AaCHbIe He Mor AM cpasy CTaTb MHrKHMH B nOAomeHHH rrepezi r AaCHbIMH nepeziaero PMa? Ha aTOT sonpoc MbI OTBeTHM nosase, xorzta H3~M HeKOTOpbIe JJ,pyrne q)()H~ecKHe npogeccsr B npaCAaBHHCKOM H3bIKe (CM. AeKWfIO 5).

Er;ge OJJ,HHM n03HgHoHHbIM H3MeHeHHeM COfAaCHbIX 6bIAO orxyureHHe $OHeMbI < 3 > nepezt rAYXHMH corAaCHbIMH: HCnl\ ... HHTH, HcnOK- 1iAAHHK. IiHK~"'KbHblH, li£CnHlfIHK, pAcn~THK, pACTOYEHHK. Ta 2Ke <l>OHeMa < 3 > B n03HgHH nepezt CBHCTJlIgHMH HAH lIIHnHIgHMH nOAHOCTblO aCCHMHAHpOBaAaCb HMH. TO ecrs KaK 6bI «nponazraxa», ~OBbIpazsaxoce na nHCbMe CAeJJ,YIOIgHM 06Pa30M: IiE~"'KOHHK. HC"'X_HOYTH, HWbA"', H~1iI\HTH, IiECT~AX.A (BMeCTO omHJJ,aeMOfO *1iE.~~"'KOHHK, *HCC"'X_HOYTH, *HCWbA .... *HC~1iI\HTH, *1iE.~ CTP"'X."')' 8T0 ynpoigeaae rpyrmer cor AaCHblX OJJ,HOM: H TOH *e CTeneHH 3B~HOC;rH, HeCOMHeHHO, CBJl3aHO C 3aKOHOM BOCXOJJ.Hl!!eH 3B~HOCTH.

B npaCAaBHHCKOM H3blKe CAor006pa3YIOIgRM aAeMeHTOM Mor AM 6bITb He TOAbKO r AaCHbIe 3B)'KH, HO H, B CHAY CBoeM: BbICOKOH 3ByqHOCTH, COaopasre nxasaere [ pO] H [ A 0 ]. Ha nacesre CAorOBOCTb nxaaasrx 060- saaxaxace nocranosxoii 6YKB ... H b nOCAe 6)'KB CAorOBblX nxaanetx:

AI\ ... r .... Al\br ... [ ,lJ;Ao -r-s ], KI\ ... HA, Kl\bH'" [ BAo -Ha ], TKp'hA .... TKpbA'" [TBp ° -ti» ], r~"'A"" rpbA'" [ rp ° ~JJ,'b ]. l1MeHHo TO, ~TO nHcgaM 6bIAO Bee paBHO. KaKYIO 6YKBY aamscare - ... HAH b. - YKa3bIBaeT na TO, ~TO aTH 6)'KBbI B JJ,aHHOM cxysae He HMeAH 3B)'KOBoro 3Ha~eHHH, 060- 3Ha'IaH AHWb cxorosoii xapaxrep npe,llbI,lJ;yIgefO nxasaoro.

AEI(IJJ15I 3 HCTOPUH CTapOCAa.BHHCI{O-U <pOHeTU'IeCI{OH CUCTeMhI

B npe,lJ;bl,lJ;:iI,yHX AeKgHHX MbI paCCMOTpeAH <l>oHeTH~eCKYIO CHCTeMY npaCAaBJlHCKOrO H3blKa B ero IO*HO-CAaBSIHCKOH Pa3HOBH,lJ;HOCTH (sacBHJJ,eTeAbCTBOBaHHYIO B naMJlTHHKaX CTapOCAaBJlHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH) CTaTH'IeCKH. T enepe HaM HymHo OTBeTHTb aa aonpoc 0 TOM, KaK ara CHCTeMa B03HHKAa, a JJ.NI sroro HaM HY2KHO snare, -rro npe,lJ;CTaBAHAa C060H: <l>OHeTH'IeCKaH CHCTeMa npOTOCAaa.SlHCKOrO JJ,HaAeKTa ,ll0 CAaBHHCKOfO aTHOH3bIKOBoro «B3pbIBa»; HHbIMH CAOBaMH, HaM HYmHO Y3HaTb, KaKYIO CHCTeMY <l>oHeM YHaCAe,llOBaA npOTOCAaBHHCKHH ,lJ;HaAeKT H3 HH,lJ;OeBpOneHCKoro npanasrxa. CpaBHHTeAbHoe H3~eHHe q>oHeTHKH CTapOCAaSHHCKoro H3blKa C 6aATHHCKHMH, H3 KOTOPblX AHTOBCKHH H.3blK coxpanax JJ,O ceroaasuraero ,llH.SI apxaa-meiiume xeprer npaaaztoesponeiicxoro, a TaK*e JJ,pyrHMH HH)toeBponeHCKHMH .SI3bIKaMH n03BOAHAO ,peKOHCTPYHpoBaTb <l>oHe~eCKyro CHCTeMY npOTOCAaB.SIHCKOrO ,lJ,HaAeKTa.

§ 1. CTPYKTYpa caora

p, npe2'KJle scero HymHo 3aMeTHTb,. -rro CTpYKTYpa cxora B npOTOCAaBHHCKOM ,lJ;HaAeKTe 6bIAa HHOH, HemeAH a npaCAaSHHCKOM: cxor TaM Mor 6blTb KaK OTKpbI1bIM. TaK H 3aKpbITbIM.

§ 2. Oc06eHHOCTH npOTOCAan.HHCKOU q>oHeTJi'leCKoJi CJiCTeMbI, yaacaeaosannoa H3 KHAoenponeiicKoii

BOKaAH3M

npOTOCAaB.SIHCKHH ,lJ;HaAeKT YHaCAe,lJ;OBaA H3 HH,lJ;OeSpOneHCKoro npa· H3bIKa CHCTeMY H3 10 rAaCHbIX q>oHeM, xoropere Pa3AJIlIaAHCb.40A'lO·

3-1033

33

moii U «pamxocmmo, npWleM p,OAfOTa H KpaTKOCTb 6bIJ\H CMblCAOpa3AH'JHTeAbHbIMH, qx>HOAbrn'JeCKHMH npH3HaKaMH:

< *i - *i >, < *e - *e >, < *ii - *a >, < *0 - *0 >, < *il - *u: >.

~. npOTOCAaBHHCKHH .zr.HaAeKT YHaCAep,OBaA TaKme HHP,oeBponeHCKYW CHCTeMY H3 12,4uc.pmoHwB; HanOMHHM, 'ITO p,Hq>TOHrOM Ha3bIBaeTOI CO'JeTaHHe P,BYX r AaCHbIX 3BYKOB B npeaexax onaoro cxora:

< *ei - *ei > < *oi - *Oi > < *iii -*ai >

I ' ~ ,

< *eu - *eu >, <*ou - *Ou >, < *au - *au >. nepBbIH 3BYK B p,Hq>TOHre .aBAHeTCH CJ\OroSbIM, BTOPOH - necxoroBbIM, 'ITO nOBAH.JIAO na HX p,aAbHeHWYW cYP,b6y.

~. npOTOCAaBHHCKHH p,HaAeKT YHaCAep,OBaA H3 HHP,oesponeHCKoro npaH3bIKa TaK Ha3blSaeMble auipmoniunecxue couemanun r AaCHblX C COHOPHbIMH, xoropere B aaxperrsrx cxorax HMeAH P,Hq>TOHrH1.JeCKMH , xapaKTep:

< *er >, < *or >, < *ar >, < *en >, < *on >, < *an >,

< *el >, < *01 >, < *al >, < *em >,< *om >,< *am >;

rAaCHbIH .3BYK a aTHX CO'leTamIHX Mor 6bITb KaK KpaTKHM, TaR M P,OArnM.

t B npOTOCJ\aBHHCKOM p,HaAeKTe, KaK M a anaoeaponeilcxoa rtpassence, ynapeaae 6bIAO He CHAoablM, KaK B PYCCKOM H3bIKe, a TOHOBbIM, HAM M}'3bIKaAbHbIM; 9TO 3Ha'JHJ\O, 1.JTO y.zr. a p H bl H C A 0 r B bl P, e A H AC H H e C H A 0 if 3 B Y K a, a .ll a M m e H M e M T 0 H a. ECAM Y.llapHbIH cxor Bbl.lleAHACH nossnueaaea TOHa, TO raxoe y p,apeHHe npMH.JITO Ha3bIBaTb BOCXO,4HLUUM (MHa1.Je, BOCXO,4Hzy,eu unmonauueii, HAM axumou, aKymoBou uumonauueii - OT AaT. acutus 'OCTpbIH'); aocxozougee y ztapenae a cepeziaae CJ\OBa nanaxo aa cxor C .llOArHM rAaCHbIM HAH p,OArHM CJ\OroBbIM COHOpHbIM. ECJ\H yp,apHbIH cxor Bbl.lleAHACH nOHH.meHHeM TOHa, TO TaKoe yztapeaae npHH.aTO Ha3bIBaTb HUCX04Hzy,UM (HHa1.Je HUCXO,4Hzy,eu uumonauueii, HAM UUPKYMc.pACKCHOU - OT AaT. circumjlexus 'H3rH6, CBOP,'); nacxoamgee yaapeHMe B cepeztaae CAOBa naaaxo na cxor C KpaTKHM r AaCHbIM HAM xparKMM CAorOBbIM COHOpHbIM. 1-13 CJ\aBHHCKMX H3blKOB MHTOHaYMOHHoe y.zr.apeHMe COXpaHHAOCb, B 60Aee HAH MeHee npe06pa30BaHHOM BMp,e, B rosopax ceptioxopaarcaoro M CAOBeHCKoro H3bIKOB. B ztpyrax CJ\aBHHCKHX H3blKax OHO 3aMeHHAOCb CHAOBbIM, HAM ./lHHaMH'leCKHM;

34

9Ta 3aMeHaBbI.9BaAa B CBOIO oxepene pa3AH'JHbIe q,OHeTH1.JeCKHe H3MeHeHHH B .3BYKax, 0 1.JeM nOHp,eT pexe HHme.

5. npoToCJ\aBHHcKHH p,HaAeKT YHaCJ\eP,OBaJ\JiHp,OeBponeHcKYIO CHCTeMY "lepe,40BaHUH r .l\aCHbIX qJOHeM. Yepep,oBaHHeM Ha3blBaeTCH MeHa

,

r .l\aCHbIX q>OHeM B npeaexax KOpHH. Hexor p,a 9TO sepeaoeaune 6blAO

rpaMMaTH'leCKH 3Ha1.JHMbIM - CJ\y.mH.I\O llJ\H onpeaexenaa rpaMMaTWleCKOH xareropaa CAOBa, C.I\ep,bl xero coxpaaaxacs P,O CHX nop, HanpHMep, 0 - B xopne HMeH, e - B KopHe r AaroAOB: BOAH - BeAemb, TlAom- TVlecmu ( < *ple1Iei); cp. rpex, q>Opo<; 'no.llaTb'

, , ,

<pEpro aecy .

Yepep,oBaHHH Mor AH 6bITb Ka1.JeCTBeHHbIMH, xor zta xepeaoeaxace rxacuere Pa3HOH apTMKyAHyHM: e / ()' - bet- / bor- (1i(~N.. - ('hIiO~A); e / 0 - sed-/ sod- «(1iA1iTH - CAA'h); xepenoaaaaa MorAH 6bITb K 0- A H q e C T B e H H bI M H, xorza xepeaoeaxace rwacnsre O,ll;MHaKOBOH apTMKyAHyHH, HO pa3AHQaBllIlieCJI P,OArOTOH-KpaTKOCTblO: « / « - sed- / se-d- (CEAbi\O - (1iA1iTH); ()' / 0 '- gwh(}'r_ / ~ho-r_ (rO~1iTH I rA?b); HaROHe!!, 1.JepeP,OBaHH.JI MOrAH 6bITh CMeWaHHblMH - K a Q e C TBe H H 0 - K 0 A H Q e C T B e H H bI M H: e / a - "sed-lo / *scrd-ro.

KOHCOHaHTH3M

IlpoTocAaBH~cKHH p,HaAeKT YHaCAe.llOBaA H3 HH,lI;OeBponeHcKoro npaasenca CJ\ep,ylOryylO CHCTeMY cor AaCHblX qJOHeM.

1. ABe TaK Ha3bIBaeMble «nOAYZAaCHble» q>oHeMbl: 6HAa6HaAbHaJIli < *w > H < "i >. Mbl OTHOCHM HX K CHCTeMe KOHCOHaHTH3Ma BBH.lI,y HX nocAe.zr.}'fOryeH cyp,b6bI - npeapargesaa B noxnere cor xacnsre.

2. Boceae COHOPHblxq>OHeM: xererpe HeCAorOBblX H xersrpe cxoroserx: <*r >, < *1 >, < *m >, < *n >, < *r' >, < *1" >, < *m' >, < *n° >.

3. CeMHa.zr.yaTb CMbILfHbIX:

< *p >, < *ph > < *l >, < *lh > < *b >, < *bh > < *d >. < *dh >

'rvoa'

3*

35

< *g >, < *gh », < *gW >. < *gwh >, < *g' > < *k >, < *k h >, < *k'" >, < *k' >.

OHH BXOp,HAH B COOTHOCHTeAbHble PHp,bl HAH no npH.3HaKY npap,bIxaTeAbHOCTH:

< *b - *b h >

< *d - *d h >

< g _ *g h _ *g .... h >

HAH no npH.3HaKY Aa6HaAbHOCTH:

< *g - *g VI _ *g wh > < k _ *k W >

HAH no npH.3HaKY TBepp,OCTH-·-MHrKocrn:

< *g - *g' > < *k - *k' >

4. OP,Hyq>pHKaTHBHYlO q>oHeMY -cnupaHml2 < *s >.

Bcero npoTocAaBHHcKHH p,HaAeKT YHaCAep,OBaA H.3 HHP,oeBponeHcxoro npaaasixa 28 corxacnerx q>OHeM.

OpoTocAaBHHcKHH tJ,HaAeKT 6aATO-CAaBJlHCKOrO npaaasnca CYl!!eCTBOBaA B Te'-leHHe p,AHTeAbHOro BpeMeHH - npHMepHO 2,5 TbICH'-IH AeT; sa aTO BpeMH OH acrrsrrax PHP, H.3MeHeHHH, '-IaCTblO BMeCTe C 6aATHHCKHMH p,HaAeKTaMH, '-IaCTblO caoeoopasasrx. PaCCMOTpeHHe HX - ressa CAeAYlOl!!eH AeKy,HH.

112 CnHpaHT --: OT J\aT. spiro 't!.YTb'

~ AEI(IJl15I 4 ~ <POHeTHQeCI{He npOIJeCCbI

B npOTOCAaBHHCI{OM AHaAeKTe 6aATO-CAaBHHCI{OrO rrpaaasrxa

B aTOH AeKy,HHH Mbl paCCMOTpHM npogeccsr, npoIiCXOP.HBIIIHe p,o «CAaBHHCKOro B.3pbIBa», TO ecrs p,0 nasaxa p,eHCTBHH .3aKOHOB BOCXOP.HI!!eH 3BytIHOCTH Ii sayxoeorc CHHrapMOHH3Ma; 3m rpynna npogeccoa 6bIAa CooHcrseaaa He TOAbKO n.f>OTOCAilBIDICKOMY P.HaAeK1Y H OOATO-CAaBHHCKOMY H3blKY B y,eAOM, HO Ii HeKOTOpblM p,pyrHM HH.,ZJ,oeBponeHCKHM H.3bIKaM.

§ 1. Aeq,OHOAOrJi3aqJUI KOAJiQeCTBeHHoro rrpnsaaxa rAaCHbIX

B HHP,oeBponeHcKoM npaaserae KOAWIeCTBeHHblH npasnax r AaCHblX 6bIA CMbICAOpa3AH'IHTeAbHbIM, q>OHOAOrH'-IeCKHM. B npOTOCAaBHHCKOM P.HaAeKTe npH.3HaK AOArOTbI-KpaTKOCrn nepecraer 6blTb q>OHOAOrH'IeCKH 3Ha'-lHMbIM. DpH aTOM q>OHeMbI, pa3AH'-IaBIIIHeCH KOAH'-IeCTBeHHO, nal.J.HHalOT pa3A1i'-laTbCH Ka'-leCTBeHHO, a aexoropsre <l>oHeMbl, pa3AH'-IaBIIIHeCH Ka'-leCTBeHHO, HanpOTHB, cosnanaror.

AOAme * a H *0- coanazraior B q>OHeMe < a >. Cpasaeaae C HH,lI.OeBpOneHCKHMH H.3bIKaMH, coxpanaamaaa p,oArory H KpaTKOCTb, noKa3bIBaeT, '-ITO B Op,HHX CA}"iaHX npOTOCAaB. < a> COOTBeTcTByeT /J,OAran r AaCHaH < a >, B p,pyrHX - ztoxras < 0>: HATH - rpex. ,n;OpH'-l. ~(iTrlP. AaT. macer; Ii?AT?"h - rpex. q>pa:trop. AaT. /racer, HO AA?"h - rpex. o&pov 'nap', AaT. do-no 'p,apw', ~HATH - rpex, 'Yt'Yvro(n~ro, AaT. cognosce

, ,

n03HalO •

B 6aATHHCKHX H.3bIKaX H3MeHeHHe 6bIAO HHbIM. 3BYK <0"> B AIiTOBCKOM H AaTblll1CKOM H.3MeHHACfI B p,HcfJTOHr <uo>: AliT. duoti, ATlll. duot 'p,aTb'; .3BYK <a> B AHTOBCKOM H.3MeHHACH B <0> - motina

37

'MaTb', brolis '6paT', Torlla KaK B AaTbIlliCKOM OH COXPaHHACH 6e.3 H3- MeHeHMH - ma-re, bra-lis.

KpaTKHe * a H * O~ coananaror B q>oHeMe < 0 >, a B 6aATHHCKHX B < a >. npOTOCAaBHHcKOM}' < 0 > B OlJ.HHX CAy<laHX cOOTBeTCTBYeT KpaTKaB q>oHeMa < a >, a B llpyrHX - KpaTKaH < 6 >: OCb - rpe"l. a~<ov, AaT. axis, AHT. asis; OTb~b - rpex. atta, AaT. atla; OtT?ll- rpex, aKPO~, AaT. acus; HO ACUll - rpes. sajloe;, AaT. domus, OKO - rpex, O(J<J£ (,lJ,B."I.), AaT. oculus, OKb~A - AaT. avis.

B *~ * ..-l ~ nOA02KeHHH nOCAe HCKOHHO MHrKHX KpaTKaH 0 > e: cp. Set-O-

m > CEM. a *poi-jo-m > "OAK. B KOHe"lHbIX saxpsrrerx cxorax xparxoe *0> *u> '0: "supnas > *supnus > CllHll (coaer. *pn napynra-

., * ) *d - - >

AO 3aKOH BOCXOJ,VIIUeH 3BY"IHOCTH H ynPOCTHAOCb: pn > n; oros

* darns > AA?ll.

.lloAraH q>oHeMa *eHMeAa pa3HYIO CYllb6y B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT n03HgHH. B n03HgHH nOCAe HCKOHHO MflrKHX corxacaerx =e > 'a: il\Ai\b - cp. AHT. geltz '60AbHO', gelonis 'rrsexaaoe 2KaAO'. B n03HgHH nOCAe raepasrx corxactrerx =e > ii (n): C"liU6I. - AaT. semen, AHT. semenys; 3K"Ii?b _ AHT. iveris, rp. est. 9ftp.BcAoBax C"liU6I., ~K1i?b 3ByKH [c • ] H [B' ] nOAy<laAH n03HgHOHHYIO nOAyMHrKOCTb; eCAH 6bl OHH 6bIAH HCKOHHO MHrKHMH, TO cpOHeMa *e- nepeuixa 6bI B < 'a >, a He B < a > (n) *CIl1U6I. [ c'aae ]; nOCKOAbKY 2Ke sroro He npOH30IllAO, TO 9TO /l.0- xasersaer HaAH"IHe n03HgHoHHOH nOAYMHrKOCTH, a He MHrKOCTH TBepllblX cor AaCHbIX B nOA02KeHHH nepea r AaCHblMH nepezraero pxaa,

KpaTKM q>oHeMa *e > e; eH cooraercrayer xparxas < ~ > B assrxax, coxpaaasnrax paaxaxae /l.OArHX H KpaTKHx r AaCHbIX: HEIiO - rpex. vEqlO~ 'T}"'Ia, ryMaH', AaT. nebula 'ryMaH'; IUAll - AHT. medus, rpex.

, " ,

jlEau onbRHflIOr,gHH HanHTOK •

.llOArafl qlOHeMa =r > i: cp. T?H - AaT. trlginta '30'.

KpaTKM qK>HeMa *r> b (b): cp. Ub~A - roTCK. mtzdo 'nxara',

, , ; , ,

DbHHH - AaT. mrnor MeHbUle, rpex. utvuor YMeHbUlaIO; AbHb - AaT.

, 6'

nundtnum npoMe2K}'TOK Me2KllY,lJ,B)'WI a3apHbIMH lJ.HflMH; SbACKA _.

CaHCKp. vrdhava, AaT. vrdua; Ubfi\A - rpex, =OjliXA.T\·

!.; , ,

.lloArafl $OHeMa *u > er: cp. AbiUll - AaT. titmus llblM, rpex.

9ujliajla '~a2K/l.eHHe'; CblHll _ AHT. sunus, CaHCKp. sunuh. nOCAe MRrKHX corxacnsrx =a > ,: cp, WHTH AHT. sluti, caacxp. suttah, B nO.l\02Kemm nepezt r.l\aCHbIM:tU> llHq>ToHr *uu, KOTOPblH BnOCAellCT!HH B npac.l\aBflHCKOM npeBpaTHACR B llK: cp. "hni-te: > K?blTH. HO krzr-r-s> *krrru-r-s > *kT'bv-i-s > K~llKb.

38

KpaTKafl cpoHeMa *z.( > '0 (x): cp. U1t.~ - AaT. rtlusclf's 'MOX'; A AKA _ rpex, rostep. QUro; CllHll _ rpex, unvo;. nOCAe HCKOHHO MHrKHX corxacnstx *11' > e: *slnjos' > *slnjz.(s ~ sine = CHHb.

B nexoroperx JJ,pyrHX HwioeBponeHCKHX H3blKax TaK2Ke npOHCxo,lJ.HAO npeoopasoeaaae KO.l\H"leCTBeHHblX Pa3AH'lHH r AaCHblX B Ka"leCTBeH· HbIe, OllHaKO peayxsrarer sroro npeoopasonaaaa 6bIAH cyigecraeaao OTAH"IHbl OT pe3YAbTaTOB B npOTOCAaBflHCKoM H3b1Ke. Hanpaesep, B o6rgerepMaHCKOM ,llOAI'He *a- H *0 COBnaAH B < 0 >, a KpaTKHe *a H *0 COBnaAH B < a >, TO ecrs npogecc 6bl.l\ npOTHBOnO.l\02KeH npacxaBflHCKOMY: a-e. * mater> npacxas. UATH. Ap.·aHrA. modor; H-e. *(ans> npacxas. "gens- > gqs- = rli\tb, IIp.-B.-H. gans- .

o BpeMeHH naxaxa lle$OHOAorH3agHH npasnaxa zioxrorer-c- xparKOCTH cpeaa yseaerx HeT eJJ,HHCTBa MHeHHH, HO ace 2Ke 60AbUlHHCTBO npasaaer, "ITO STOT npogecc Ha"laACH HAH erge aa aaaoeaponejlcxoil rio-me, HAH na caxerx paHHHX CTa.n.HHX npOTOCAaBRHCKoro.

§ 2. Tlepexoa *s > *ch

ct>OHeMa *s B nOA02KeHHH nOCAe q>OHeM *r, *u, *k, *i, a TaK2Ke nOCAe llH$TOHrOB *oi, *ai, *ou, *au H He nepes B3pblBHblMH corxacHhIMH nepetnxa B q>OHeMY *ch. 06 aTOM CBH/l.eTeAbCTBYeT cpasneaae CTapOCAaBHHCKHX CAOB CO CAOBaMH llpyrHx H-e. H3bIKOB: AaT. mirsczrs 'MOX' - npoTOCAaB. *muchus (CT.CA. Ull~ll); .l\HT. cusis - npOTOCAaB. *auchos (CT-C.I\. oy~o). KaK BHJJ,HM, B npoT06aATHHCKHX llHaAeKTax STOT npogecc HOCHA HHOH xapaxrep: 3/l.eCb *s > *8, a nOTOM BO MHorHX CAyqMX CHOBa BS: .l\HT. virsus 'aepx', ankstas 'Y3KHH', HO .l\TUl. virsu: Bnpo"leM, B npOT06aATHHCKOM 3Tt':>T rtpogecc 6bl.l\ BeCbMa nenocAe,ll,OBaTeAbHbIM: cp. AHT. garsas '3BYK', XOTH aexoropsre HCCAeJJ,OBaTeAH C"IHTaKIT, "ITO [ S ] B TaKOro pOJJ,a CAOBax BTOpH"IHOrO npOHCX02K-

lI.eHHH H3 r S]. ..

§ 3. 5IBAeHKJI centum - satem

YiH/l.OeBpOneHCKHH npM3blK xapaKTepH30BaACH HaAH"IHeM MHrKHX 3aJJ,HeH3bI"IHbIX corxacnerx $OHeM *k', *g', g'h. B 6oAblliOH rpynne H-e . J'l3bIKOB 9TH <floHeMbI COXpaHH.I\HCb B CBoeM aasecrse: TaKOBbI npoTOHH,llHHCKIDI, HTaAHHCKIDI, xexercxaa, repssancsaa rpyrmsr, a TaIOKe rpexec-

39

KHM H3bIK. B ztpyrax rpynnax H.~e. H3bIKOB npOH30lIIAa 3aMeHa 3a,l1,HeH~ 3bf'IHb1X nOCpe,ll,CTBOM UIHnHrgHX, CBHCTHrgHX HAH <ppHKaTHBHoro th: 'raKOBbl HpaHCKaH, HH,lI,HHCKaH, 6aATO~CJl.aBHHCKaH rpyrmer, a TaIOKe a.A6aH~ CKHH H3bIK.

CENTIJM SATEM
H-C. rpes, .J\aT. rOT. cana<p. J!P.~up. npamcA.
*k' lC C h ¥, s s
*' y g k
g J z Z
*g'h X h g h z z npHBe,ll,eM npHMepbl.

AaT. cenium 'CTO'

rpex. £lCCttOV rOT. hund

[~

_j

g'h

rpes. OElCCt tor.Laihun

AaT. picture 'pncoaaaae'

npOTOC.I\. *sutom (CT-CA. cs re)
p'p.-Hp. salem
caacxp, catam
nporocx. *desimios (cT-c.J\.AfC~Tb)
p'p.-Hp. dasa
cancxp. daca
npOTOCA. *pisatei (CT-CA. nbeATH.
nHCATH) AaT. cognosco 'noanaaars' rpex. YVYVroOKW

AaT. granum

npOTOCA. *znaiei (CT-CA. ~"AT") caacxp. janati

npOTOCA. *zirnom (CT-CA. ~PbHO)

npoTOCA. *vozilci (cr-cx, KO~HTH) cancxp. vahali 'eaer'

npOTOCA. *zeimna (CT-CJ\. ~HUA) cancxp, himah

rOT. gawia a 'J'! P.BHralO'

hiems 'nenacree'

cPOHeMa *s < *k' He 3HaAa nepexozta B *ch (*pisatei < *peik' -): 9TO MomHO HCTOAKOBaTb TaK, l.{TO nepexoa * S > * ch npOHCXO,ll,HA paasUIe, t:{eM HBAeHHH satem, HAH TaK, t:{TO *s < *k' 6bIA naAaTaAH30BaHHbIM. BTOPaH arrrepnperagaa KruKeTCH 60Aee BepoHTHoH, nOCKOAbKY

40

nepaoa BpeMeHH, B Tet:{eHHe xoroporo ,lI,eHCTBOBaA nepexozt * S > * ch, 6bIA ,lI,OCTaTOt:{HO ,lI,AHTeAbHbIM: OH 3aTpOHYA n03HgHH *s nOCAe *ir, *ur, npOHCXO,ll,HBlIIHX H3 CAorOBblX nxasnerx (CM!" HHme § 4).

T aKHM 06Pa30M, npOTOCAaBHHCKaH <ppHKaTHBHaH <pOHeMa < c > BOCXO,ll,HT KaKK H-e. cnapasrry *s, TaK H K 3a,l1,HeH3blt:{HOMY *k'; "IT06bl Y3HaTb, xaxoro npOHCXOm,ll,eHHH <pOHeMa < C >, HYmHO cpaaaaaars CAaBHHCKHe CJl.OBa, C O,ll,HOH CTOPOHbl, co CJl.OBaMH .ztpyrHX H3bIKOB rpyrmer satem, ac .lI.pyrOH, - co CAOBaMH H3bIKOB rpyrmsr centum.

§ 4. BOKaAJ13aqWl CAorOBhlX COHOPHhIX

B HH,lI,OeBpOneHCKOM npaaasnce coaopaste 3BYKH B CHAY CBOeH BbICOKOt{ 3BY"IHOCTH sercrynaxa B xaxecrse cAoro06pa3YIOIgHX. B 6oAbUIHHCTBe aaaoeaponeiicxax H3bIKOB coaopasre YTpaTHAH CBOIO CJl.oroBOCTb, O,ll,HaKO pesyxerarer 3TOM YTpaTbI 6blAH pa3HbIMH B pasaerx H3b1Kax.

HoC. rpes. AaT. o.-repM. npoTOCJ\aB.
nO (X en un In
mO (X em um im
rO p« (XP or, ur ur ir / ur
r A(x (XI.. 01, ul ul il / ul Pa.3AHt:{HH B perpxexcax rO H 10 - ir / ur H il / ul DO,ll,Y3H ,lI,e KYPTeH3 H ne,ll,epceH H BCAe,ll, sa HHMH DepHUITeHH 06'bHCHHIOT TeM, t:{TO rO H 1° MorAH 6bITb KaK saaaero (ro 1 H 1°1), TaK H nepeaaero (ro 2 If 1°2) paaa: rOl > ut, t-, >ul, r02 > ir, /°2 > UB. r.A.MAbHHCKHH pasAHt:{He B perpxexcax 06'bHCHHeT naAaTaAH3agHeH H Aa6HaAH3agHeH r" H 1°: l]aAaTaAH30BaHHble r" H (0 nepemxa B ir / il, a Aa6HaAH30BaHHble rO H 1° nepemxa B ur / ul, 06I,YenpHHHTOH TOt:{KH 3peHHH na 3TOT nonpoc B HaYKe MeT.

T enepu paCCMOTpHM npasreper,

JA * 0" ,

r i-e. mn ti-s MbIUIAeHHe > AaT. mens YM. MbIlIIAeHHe , rOT.

gamunds 'naxsre', AliT. mintis 'MbICAb', npOTOCAaB. *po-min-a-tei.

M-e. *kr° d- 'cepnge' > rpex. KUPot(X, AaT. con-cordia 'corxacae', npOTOCAaB. *sird-.

H-e. *w( kwos 'BOAK' > rOT. wu/fs, npOTOCAas. *vilkos.

13 CM.: EepHLumeuH C.E. YKa3. CO'!. C. 155-158.

41

§ 5. Flepexos, *m > *0

B npOTOCAaBHHCKOM H3bI!(e 3B)'K *m B KOHge cxora nepenrex B *n; 9TOT nepexozt H3BeCTeH H 6aATHHCKHM H3bIKaM, H HeKOTopbIM HH.,lI,OeBponeHCKHM. T ax, B <l>opMe 1 A. ea. 'I. aOpHCTa H-e. * grebsom > npoTOCA. "grdbson, TO .me B <l>opMe BHH. n. en: 'I. H-e. *re7?am > npOTOCA~ "rdkan.

§ 6. Flpeofipaaoaanae YAapeHIDI

n pOTOCAaBHHCKoe TOHOBoe (My3bIKaAbHoe) Y ~apeHHe 3aMeHHeTCH CH.I\OBblM (KpoMe HeKOTopbIX rOBopOB npacxassacxoro - 6y~yrgHX cep60xopBaTCKHX H CAOBeHCKHX rOBopOB). MHOrO'lHCAeHHbIe CAe~bI CTapOH CHCTeMbI y~apeHHH coxpaaaxacs B TOM HAH HHOM BH~e B CO. BpeMeHHbIX CAaBHHCKHX H3b1Kax, HO MbI OrpaHH'IHMCH OJl.HHM npmrePOM H3 pyccxoro H3bIKa. B npOTOCAaBHHCKHX ~H<I>TOHrH'leCKHX coseraHHHX C ~OJ\rHMH rAaCHbIMH * o-r, * oi. "er, *el yztapeaae 6bIAO BOCXO. tvIrgHM; aTOM)' BOCXOtvlrgeMy yaapeamo B PYCCKOM H3bIKe COOTBeTCTBYeT yaapeaae na BTOP'OM rAaCHOM B TaK aaasmaevsrx nOAHorAaCHbIX coxeTaHHHX: -opo-, -OAO-, -epe-, ·eAe-, nanpaaep, eopona, 6oJ1omo, UlellO"'. B Tex .me CO'leTaHHHX C KpaTKHMH rAaCHblMH yztapenae 6bIAO HHCXOtvll!!HM; eMy renepe B PYCCKOM H3blKe COOTBeTCTBYJOT nOAHorAaCHbIe CO'1eTaHHH C y~apeHHeM na nepsoa rAaCHOM: eopon, iopos ; 30J10mo, MOJ10,ll, 6epel.

§ 7. YnpOIIJeHJie

B CHCTeMe CMbrqHbIX coraacnsrx

B HH~oeBponeHCKOM rrpaaasnce nexcropsre CMbl'lHble corwacnsre HMeAH .,lI,onOAHHTeAbHYIO apTHKyJ\HgHlO B BH~e ory6AeHHoCTH (Aa6Ha. AH3agHH), npH~bIxaHHH HAH Toro H ztpyroro O.ltHOBpeMeHHo: *bh, *tf'. *ph, *th, "s". *k"', *g"', *gWh. nO'ITH BO scex HH~oeBponeHCKHX H3bIKaX np0H30WAO H3MeHeHHe aTHX cor AaCHblX <l>OHeM: HAH YCTpaHeHHe ~onOAHHTeAbHOH apTHKyJ\HgHH, anorna conposoasnasureecs H3MeHeHHeM xaxecrna q>OHeMbI, H.l\H npespargeaae ~OnOAHHTeAbHOH apTHKyAHgHH B CaMOCTOHTeAbHYJO <l>oHeMy:

42

I1-e. CaH. fpe'l. AaT. • fOT. npOTOCJ\aB •
*bh bh ~ 1M b *b
*ph ph <p f f *p
*d' dh o f(d) d *d
-r th e t t t *t
*Jt h X f,h g *g
*k" kh X c h *ch
*kw k, C , 1ttx qu, c hw *k
*gW g,j ~'Yo gu, v,g kw *g
*gwh gh,g <peX f, b, v, qu c, g, w, gw *g
PaccMoTpHM npassepsr.
*th: nporocxas. *beram > CT-CA. Ii€PIK -caHcKp. bharami - rpex.
<pepro - AaT. fero;
"d'': npOTOCAaB. "ruddti > p1lA1iTH -caHCKp. rudhirah -- rpex,
epu9p6c;;
"p": npOTOCAaB. *piina > CT-CA. n'li"l\ -caHCKp. phenah; npOTOCAaB,
"polika > CT.CA. not\Hql\ - cancxp, phalakam ~.ztocKa· - rpex.
<HpE/..CXC; 'cKaMeHKa';
"t": nporocxas. "kostis > CT·CA. KOCTb - caacxp, asthi 'KOCTh , - rpe'l.
OOtEOV;
*g": npOTOCAaB. *migla > cT.·cA. Ubrt\l\ - cancxp. meghah 'TYMaH ,
-
rpes. 6~iX/..11 '06AaKo'; •
"k": npOTOCAaB. *socha > pyc. coxa, coxamblU- cancxp, sakha 'BeTKa
- rOT. hoha , ,
""yr;
" .It:.
*k": npOTOCAaB. *kbtO > CT· CA. Kll TO - caacxp. kas KTO - rpex. tl .
- AaT. quis - rOT. hwa;
*gw: nporocxaa, *genas > CT·CA. ai€Hl\ - CaHcKp.jani 'cynpyra' - rpex,
yuvTj - rOT. qino;
, g' - caHCKp.
*gwh: npOTOCAas. *geravus > CT-CA. iIi.€pl\Kn paCKaAeHHbIH
" e' fi
gharma .mapa - rpe'l. £p~~ - AaT. ormus.
T aKHM 06pa30M,npOTOCAas. *k < H. -e. *k, *k'. a npOTOCAa8. *g <
H. -e, *g, *gh, *g''', *g w h. TOAbKO npa nOMOI!!H CpaSHHTeAhHOro HCCAe,ltO·
BaHHH pasnerx HH~oeBponeHCKHX· H3bIKOB y ~aeTCH BblHCHHTh TO'lHOe
npoacxozsneaae npOTOCAas. *k H *g.
41 § 8. YrrpOIIJeHIDI B rpyrrrrax coraacrrsrx 6AK3KOH 30HhI ofipasoaanua

B npo.To.CAaBHHCKo.M ,lJ,HaJ\eKTe rpynnsr H3 cor AaCHblX 6AH3Ko.H som» 06pa.30BaHHH noztsepraxace ynpotgemno.

COqeTaHHH *pn, *bn (ry6Ho.~ry6Ho.H + 3y6Ho.ii) > *n: +usepnontei > CT-CA. 0YCllHiKTH. cp, cnnATH.

Co.'IeTaHHH *tn, *dn (3y6Ho.H + 3y6Ho.H) > *n: "uvendnonti > OyK~HIf\TH (cp, pyc. YBRHymb), cp, OyK~AATH.

Co.qeTaHHH *tm, *dm (3y6Ho.H + ry6Ho.-ry6Ho.H) > *m: *pledmen > nAUIA, cp. nMAll:

Coxeraaae "bv (ry6.~ry6Ho.H + ry6.~3y6Ho.H) > "b: "obvolkom > *obolkom > OIiAAKO, cp, PYC. BOAOKY, 060AOttKa.

Co."IeTaHHe *skn ynpocrnxoce, no.~BH,lJ,HMo.My, BCAe,lJ,CTBHe caoeii TpYAHonpo.H3Ho.CHMo.CTH B *sn: *toiskno > T1iCHO, cp. THCKATH.

Bce 9TH Co.qeTaHHH He napymaxa saxona Bo.CXo.Mr,geii 3BY"IHo.CTH, nosroxry Mo.2KHo. npenrroxozorre, 'ITO. HX ynporgeaae npoasourxo ,lJ,o. nasaxa ero ,lJ,eHCTBHH; B npo.THBHo.M cxyxae o.HH 6blAH 6bl coxpanensr CHAo.lO sroro saxoaa, Ko.TGpblH anorzta ,lJ,aLKe BbIHY2K,lJ,M pa.3BHTHe ae- 9THMo.Ao.rH'leCKHX Co.rAaCHbIX, KaK, nanpasrep, B C.II.o.Be CT~AUll, TOAbKo. )lMI 'roro, '!To.6bl 3ByqHo.CTb nxasno aospacraxa.

VhaK, Mbl paCCMo.TpeAH Te rponeraxecxne H3MeHeHHH, xoroptse

nnOH:.IOnrAH R nooTOC' A;:!RSlUC'KOM lit{;:} APK'I'P n!> ~Tn_r ~!>t:lQur"'nrn Tln<"J<:n .... ..,."

--r~------ - -.["""" ........ -._-" ..... - .. , ............ f--J.a .. ..- .. _., ...... _""""'" .. ....,--.,.."""",.., .... ,,"" ... '"...,&..., .. &~~Llanu

B TeqeHHe npH6AH3HTeAbHo. ,lJ,ByX C nGAo.BHHo.H TblCHq AeT - co. speMeHH pacna,lJ,a HH,lJ,GeBPo.nenCKo.ro. npaR3blKa ,lJ,G B03HHKHo.BeHHH CG6- CTBeHHo. CAaBHHCKo.rG (npacxaasacxoro) asenca B V-VI nexax no. P. X. ECAH nG,lJ,BeCTH npo.Me2KYTo.tJHbIHHTo.r, TO. q,o.HemqeCKYIO CHCTeMY npo.To.C.II.aBHHCKo.ro. ,lJ,HaAeKTa HaKaHYHe C.II.aBHHCKOro. «aspsrsa» MG2KHo. npeztcraatrre B CAe,lJ,YIOIYeM BH,lJ,e.

r xacnete <l>oHeMbl

<*i >, <*b >, <*e >, <rs». <*a >, <*0 >, <*'b> <*v>

< "ai >, < *0; >, < *ei >, < *au >, < *ou >, < *eu>

<*er>, <*or>, <*ar>, <*el>, <*01>, <*al>, <*en >, <*on >, <*an >, <*em >, <*om >, <*am >, <*in >, <rim >, <*ir >; <*il >, <*ur >, < *711 >

Corxacasre <t>oHeMbl

<*p >, <*t >, <*b >, <*d>, <*g >, <*k >, <*ch >, <*s >, <*z >, <*v >, <*j >

44

OCHOBHbIe o.TAH'lHH no.3,lJ,HeH npo.To.CAaBHHCKo.H <Jlo.HeTHtJeCKOH CHcT~Mbl (K Mo.MeHT)' npeoopasoaaaaa B npaC.II.aBHHCKHH H3bIK) or HH,lJ,o.eBponeHCKOH COCT<»IAH B HC'Ie3Ho.BeHHH .lI.o...tro.Tbl H KpaTKo.CTH r AaCHbIX Kilk <JlGHGAo.rHqeCKo.ro npasaarca, no.no..II.HeHHH COCTaBa ,lJ,Hq>To.HrH'IeCKHX Co.'qeTaHHH aa cxer HCqe3Ho.BeHHH cxoronerx Co.Ho.PHbIX, YMeHbll1eHHe KOJ\H'{eCTBa CMbNHbIX corwacasrx aa cxer HCqe~mo.BeHHH aCnHpHpGBaHHblX H Aa6HOBeA1IpHbIX, a TaK2Ke no.HBAeHHe ,lJ,BYX HGBbIX q>o.HeM - "<'*ch > H <*Z >.

fAaBHo.H npHtJHHo.H npeG6pa3o.BaHHH npo.To.C.II.aBHHCKo.ro. ,lJ,HaAeKTa 6ai\To.~CAaB1IHCKo.ro. npaaaenca B o.Co.6bIH npaCAaBHHCKHH 1I3bIK, Mbl noAClfaeM, 6bIAo. JleHCTBHe ABYX q>o.HeTHqeCKHX 3aKo.Ho.B. BCno.MHHM eIYe paa xpoaoxoraio H3bIKo.Bo.H 9Bo.AIOJ;JHH. no.CAe pacnaaa aaaoeaponeiiCKbro. rrpaassnca aa py6e2Ke 3-2 TblCHtJe.ll.eTHH Bo.3HHKAo. 6aATO-C.II.aB}lHCKo.e e,lJ,HHCTBo. - H3bIKo.Bo.e e,lJ,HHCTBo., B npeaexax xoroporo cyl!!~CTBOBaJ\ HAH nocrenenao Bo.3HHK npoTo.CAaBHHcKHH ,lJ,HaJ\eKT. KaK MbI no.,i\araeM, B V-VI sexax no. P. X. 9To.T ,lJ,HaAeKT pesxo npeofipasoBClJI.CH B CaMo.CTo.HTeAbHbIH H3bIK, Ha3BaHHbIH HaMH npaCAaBHHCKHM 1I3bIKo.M; no.3,lJ,H~ c(>a3a CYIYeCTBo.BaHHH npacxassacxoro H3bIKa 3aCBH,lJ,e~ Te.l\bCTBo.BaHa HCTo.PHqeCKH - B naMHTHHKax cTapocAaBHHCKo.H nacsMelrnOCTH. npHtIHHo.H BbI,lJ,eAeHHH npOTo.CAaBHHCKo.ro AHaJ\eKTa H3 6aJ\To.CAi:J.BHHCKo.ro. e.ll.HHCTBa 6bIAo., BepGHTHo., CTo..II.KHo.BeHHe npo.To.C.II.aBHH C K~OH-To. HHo.H 9THHqeCKo.H o.6IYHOCTblO, B pesyxerare xoroporo HaqaA ,lJ,eticTBo.BaTb 3aKo.H orxpsrroro cxora, npHBe,lJ,lI1HH K CYI!!eCTBeHHeHilleH nepeCTPo.HKe Bcen q>o.HeTHqeCKo.H CHCTeMbl nporocxaasacxoro ,lJ,HaJ\eK~ Ta. HMeHHo. HMHqHe aroro aaxoaa y CAaBHH H o.TCyTCTBHe ero y 6aA~ To.l3 KAa,lJ,eT pesxyio rpaas Me2K,lJ,y HX H3bIKaMH. Hasaxo ,lJ,eHCTBHH 9To.~ ro saxona MbI o.THo.CHM K V-VI BeKaM no. P. X., norosry tITo.HMeHHo. B ~To. BpeM1I HaqHHaeTCHCAaBHHCKHH ,lJ,eMo.rpaq>H'leCKHn 83pb1B, 9KC~ n(lflCHH CAaB1IHCTBa no. EBPo.neHCKo.H paBHHHe, H3BeCTHo.CTb CAaBRH KaK o.C()6o.ro napozta ApyrHM Hapo.,lJ,aM EBPo.nbI li fuHH.

~ AEI(IJH5I 5 ~

n paCAaBHHCI<:J1e <pOHCTJ1'1CCI<:J1C npoueccsr, CBH3aHHbIe C AenCTnJ1CM 3aI<:OHOB BHYTPJ1CAOrOBoro CJ1HrapMOHJ13Ma J1

'"

BOCXOAHlIjCU 3BY'lHOCTJ1

AaBmICKHii }J3bIK, - 3 a K 0 H B H Y T P H c x o rOB 0 roc H H r a pl'4 0 H H 3 M a. 8-rorr 3aKOH Tpe60Ball., 'IT06b( B npeztexax cxora coseraxace 3BYKH 6!1.H.3KOH 30HbI 06pa.30BaHIDI. BCheAC!BHe aroro HapymalOIllHMH J.l,aHHbtH .3aKOH OKa.3a!I.HCb COqeTaHIDI .3aJUIefl3bNHbIX corxacasrx C rxacaetlV(H nepezmero paaa, a raxase COqeTaHIDI cor MCHbIX C cor !l.aCHbIM [ j ] H ~eChoroBbIM r!l.aCHbIM [ i ] > ( j ]. B pe3YII.bTaTe J\eHCTBHfl .3aKOHa BHyTPHChOroBOro CHHrapMOHH.3Ma 3TH cor MCHble noasepr !l.HCb CMflr'leHHlO, H!I.H QaAaTaJUf.3aWfH • .3a.zme1I.3bNHble cor lI.aCHb(e HCnbITa!I.H TpH CMm"leHHfl B CO~eTaHIDIX C rJ\aCHblMH nepezmero pazia, a TaIOKe, HaPMY C J\pyrnMH COI':lI.aCHb(MH, - TaK Ha3bIBaeM)'lO HOTOByro naAaTa!I.H.3agmo: nepayio H jQByro - .ao nasaxa J\eHCTBHfl .3aKOHa BOCXOJVlI!!eH 3ByqHOCTH, BTOPyro H 'f'pe1'b1O - noote HaqaAa ero AeHCTBHfl.

BTOPb(M BaKOHOM, npeBpaTHBUIHM np<YI'OCAaBmICRHH ,ll,HalI.eRT B npac.A.aBflHcRHH H3blK, 6bLi\. BaROH BHyTpHChorOBOH BOCXOJ\Hl!JeH BByqHOCTH. 'r 0, 'ITO 9TOT BaKOH aaxax J\eHCTBOBaTb nOCII.e nasaxa J\eHCTBHfl BaROHa qHyTPHChOroBOro CHHI'apMOHH.3Ma, J\ORa3bIBaeTCH OqeHb npocro. Tlporocx ~vonja > von'a, *zemja > zeml'a (CT-CII.. KOHm. ~n.ll\m); eCII.H 6b( xpo- 1-101I.0I'WIeCKH nepBbIM Haqall. AeHCTBOBaTb 3aKOH BOCXOAHIlleH 3ByqHOCTH, 1'0 *vonja·nepeIllJl.o 6bI B *vqja (*Kii\m), a *zemja nepeutxo 6bI B "zeja (*~m). HanoMHHM, 'ITO B HH.'\oeBponeHCKOM npasssnce cxora MOr!I.H 6bITb !taK OTKPbITb(MH, TaK H 3aKpblTblMH. 3aKOH BOCXOAHl!JeH 3ByqHOCTH no- 1'pe60saA, 'lT06bI see cxora CTalI.H OTKpbITbIMH. Orxperrsre CJ\orH npOTO(:lI.aBHHCKOro AHalI.eKTa TaK H OCTalI.HCb OTKpblTbIMH H HHKaKHX H3MeHe'-lUH He nperepnexa; saxperrete me cxora CTa!I.H paCRpbIBaTbCH, npuqeM B ~aBHCHMOCTH OT noxoacenas cxora B ChOBe H OT 06pa.3yroI!JHX cxor 3By- 1<OB 3TO pacxpsrrae npOHCXO)\H!l.O no-pa3HOMY.

40 CHX nop 6bLi\.H paCCMOTpeHbI 're q)()HeI'H'leCKHe npogeccsr, KOTOpbIe npo'l'Of' A::IRSlHr~uif .n.U::lll"'~"l" nepe=I.fg:;!l_'_ g COCT~e 6al1.TO-C!l.aBmICKOro npaH3bIKa, npH'leM BMeCTe co MHornMH ApyrnMH HH)\oeBponeHCKHMH H3bIRaMH. B Tel.JeHHe ttByX C nOIl.OBHHoA- TblCHq AeT, TO ecre zto V-VI BeKOS no P. X. B V-VI sexe, KaK MbI yase roBOPHJ\H, np0H30lIIeA «CJ\aBHHCI<HH R~!1hm)L H~hTI(OBbIM BbIpameHHeM aTOOO «B3PbIBa)) 6bLi\.0 TO, 'ITO nal.Ja!I.H ,lI,eHCTBOBaTb BaROHbI BHYTpHCJ\oroBOro CHHrapMOHH3Ma H BOCXOMl!JeH 3B~OCTH. npHpoJ\a 3THX 3aROHOB TaKOBa, 'ITO OHH HJ\H AeHC'rByIOT, liJ\H He .zteHCTB)'I<IT, HO OHH He MOryr B03HHKaTb nOCTeneHHo14• BBHAY 3T0- ro MbI H npe.a.nOAaraeM HahH'lHe B HCTOP!-!!-{ «C!l.aBHHCKOro B3PbIBa», ROTOpoe nO,ll,TBepm,lI,aeTCH H 3THOKY!l.b'I)'PHbIMH MHHbIMH (CM. AeKgHlO 1).

3aKOHbI Bocx0Mll!!eH 3ByqHOCTH H BHyTpHCJ\orOBoro CHHrapMOHH3Ma BbI.l{ell.H!l.H npoTocAaBHHcKHH ziaaxercr H3 ,lI,pyrHX ,lI,HalI.eKTOB 6aJ\TO-CJ\aBHHCKoro npasaerxa H npeBpaTHII.H ero B OC06bIH npaCJ\aBHHCKHH H3bIK. 8TH 3aKQHbI cOBepIIIHJ\H HaCTOII.bKO c)'I!!ecTBeHH)'IO nepeCTpOHKY rpoHeTH'leCKOH cHcTeMbI, 'ITO HeB03MomHO vase rosooars 0 B03HHKIIIeM H3blKe KaK AHalI.eKTe 6aJ\To-CII.aBHHcRoro. HaM Tenepb Ha,lI,J\emHT pacCMOTPeTb, RaKOBbI me 6bIJ\H nOCAe,l(CTBHH AeHCTBHH 3THX 3aROHOB.

nepBblH .3aKOH, KOTOPbtH Haqall. Aei:fCTBOBaTb B V-VI BeKaX H npeBpaTH./\ nparOC!l.aBHHCRHH ,ll,Ha!I.eRT 6al1.TO-C!l.aBmICKOro nfXUl.3blKa B npac-

§ 1. Flepsaa naaaraanaarjua 33AHeH3bI'IHbIX coraacnsrx

ECAH saauesaersasre cor xacante ORa.3bIBa!l.HCb aenocpencrseaHO nepezt rAaCHblMH nepeanero paaa, TO MeCTO HX 06pa.30BaHHH cMeIlla- 1I.0Cb anepezt B nepeaaeaeoayio (naxaraxenyro] 30RY; npa aTOM OHM H3MeHH!I.H He TOII.bRO MeCTO 06pa30SaHHfl, HO H cnocoti;

* k > 1.(', T. e. B3PblBHOH CTalI. MflrKOH acpq>pHKaTOH;

* g > d' z' > JIC', T. e. B3PbIBHOH CTalI. caaxaxa aq>q>pHKaTOH, a 3aTeM MHrKOH illHnHl!JeH q>pHRaTHBHOH q>OHeMOH;

14 X u

OTH B HayqHoH AHTeparype ecrs H HHiUI TO'lKa 3peHHH: MHome cnegaaxacrsr

npeJlIlO'lHTaIOT roBOPHTb He 0 3aKOHaX, a 0 TeHAeHWffix K BHYTPHCAorOBOM)' CHHrapMOHH3M)' H BOCXOJl,lIIyeH 3ByqHOCTH, KOTOpbJe ,lI,eHCTBOBai\H B resenae oseas ,lI,J\HTeJ\bHOrO BpeMeHH H AHUlb nOCTeneHHO npHBeAH K nepecrpojixe 3B)'KOBOH CHCTeMbl npaCAaBHHCKOro assnca (CM.: EepliUlnfeL/H C.E. YKa3. CO'!. C. 167). 0 <J!HAOCO!PCKHX npeanoCblAKaX 9TOH TO'lKH spetma rOBopHAOCb B npeAHCAOBHH.

46

47

CAe~CTBHeM nepsoii H j-OBOH mlAaTaAH3aYUH HBHAHCb C06CTBeHHO CAaBHHCKHe "Iepe~OBaHHH COrAaCHbIX: k Ie, g I- i, ch / S, t / s ':', d / i 'd ', s / s ', z / i ', sk / s 't ', st / s 't ', zg / i'd', zd / i'd'. HanpHMep: KpHK"KpHYATH. ser .. - EiOll\e. AOY'f... .. - AOywe. SP"TA - SP"lJIATH. KOAHTHKOll\Ab. HOCHTH - HOW A, KO~A - KOII\A, EiAbCK .. - EiAblJln'll, UbeTb _._ OTllUblJlATH. uo~r .. - UOII\AAH'll. rKO~b - npHrSOIl\MH'll H ~p.

~Hq:rroHraMH npOHCXOp,HAO ~B}'MH nyrSlMH - B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT n03HYUH P.H!pTOHra.

B nOAomeHHH rrepea r AaCHblMH HeCA~rOBOH 3BYK npeBpaI!!aACSI B

corAaCHblH (*i > * j, *u > *v) H OTXOp,HA K CAeP,YIOIyeMY CAOry: *kai-a-tei 'MCTHTb' > ka-ja-ii = KAIt\TH; *kou-a-tei > ko-va-ti = KO-

KATH,

B nOAomeHHH nepez cor AaCHblMH H B a6cOAIOTIIOM KOHge CAOBa P.Hq,-

TOHrHMoHocpmoHlU3UPOBaAUCb, TO ecre npeBpaJ!!aAHCb B 06bl'lHble rxacHble cpOHeMbl: *0;, *ai > a (a) npn BOCXO~I!!eH HHTOHagHH ~T. e. eCAH H-e. =a H *0 6blAH ~OAI'HMH) H *oi, *ai > i npa HHCXO~l!!eH HHTOHaTTHH' *ou *au > u· *eu > 'u. PaCCMOTpHM npHMepbI: npOTOCAaB. :.:.,., , *k . >

*koi-na > *kiina > If1iHA, cp, ~. kaina 'B03Me3~~ ge.Ha ; ou-!.-am_

kujq, = KOY;K; *poi-e-t'b > pO-Je-t'b = nOKT'll, HO p~l-,sn~ > ~a-snb - n'liCHb; *na stoloi > na stoia = HA CTM.1i; cp, rpex. sm AlOOl ~a KaM,He'. *stoloi (HM. n. MH. "I.) > sioli = CTOi\H, cp. rpex. aVOpO)1tOl J\IOJJ.R;

, '" * 1 t' >

*vei-dos > *veidus > *veid'b > vid'b = SHA'll, cp. rpex, u&x;; s ou- er

slun = CMynt '6blTb H3BeCTHblr.l, HO *slou-o-s > slovo = CMSO. *zeima >

zima, cpo rpes XEtI!CX.

BCAe~cTBHe paspyureaas ~Hq,ToHroB B03HHKAH HOBbIe, C06CTBeHHO

CAaBHHCKHe "IepeP,OBaHlUI B KOPHHX: oj / a: nolO - n'liTH; a j / a: KALlTH - ~1iHA; OB / y: nMKblJb - nMyTH H p,p.

§ 3. YTPaTa KOHeqHLIX coraacrrsrx

O,nHHM H3 npOSlBAeHHH 3aKOHa OTKpblTOrO cxora 6blll.a yrpara KOHe"lHbIX COrAaCHblX. ECAH 3aKpbITbIH cxor 6blA nOCAe,nHHM B CAOBe, TO ero pacxpsrrae 3aKAIO"IaAOCb B TOM, "ITO nOCAe~HHH cor AaCHblH ornap,aA, YTpa"lHBaACH. Hanpaaep: npOTOCAaB, * gosti-s > r-OCTb; Cpo AaT. hostis; nporocxas. * plodo-s > *plodu-s > nt\OA'll; npOTOCAaB. * pade-t > nAAe (3 A. ea. t{. aopacra): npOTOCAaB. *pado-n > *padun > n"A'll (1 A. en, "I. aopacra), cp. rpex. <jltpov, cancxp. bharam. nOCKOAbKY KOHe"lHbIH corxacaeni 6bIA HAH OKOH1.{aHHeM HAH "IaCTblO OKOH"laHHH, TO 60Aee no~p06HO Mbl 6y ~eM rOBOpHTb 06 aTOM B pasaexe MOpq,OAOrHH.

§ 4. B03HHKHoneHHe nporeru-recxax * j H * V

Mbl yase rOBopHAH 0 TOM, "ITO B Ha"laAe CAOBa MorAa ynorpefixareCH naxexo He BCHKaH r AaCHaH q,oHeMa, "ITO nepezi 60AbWHHCTBOM H3 HHX Pa3BHBaACH npOTeTHt{eCKHH 3BYK [ *j ] HAH [ *B ]. npHt{HHOH nOHBAeHHH 8THX npOTe3 6blA 3aKOH BOCXO~I!!eH 3ByqHOCTH, TO ecre CTpeMAeHHe K TOMY, "IT06bI 60Aee 3ByqHOH q,oHeMe npezmecrsoeaxa MeHee 3BYQHaH; TaKHMH MeHee 3By<lHbIMH no OTHOWeHHIO K rAaCHbIM q,oHeMaM 6blAH q,oHeMbI < j > H < V >. npHMepbI CM. B AeKgHH 2.

§ 6. BTOPaH naAaTaAli3aqlfJl 3aAHeH3blqHbIX corAaCHbIX

nOCAe npe06pa30BaHHH ,nHq,TOHrOB H B03HHKHOBeHHfl HOBbIX r xacHblX nepennero psaa a H i ('li. H) 3MHeH3bNHble eorxacaete nonaeprAHCb BTOpaH naAaTaAH3agHH. B nOAomeHHH nepen 8THMH r AaCHblMH *k > c: npOTOCAaB. *piokoi > *ploki > pl'bci = nA"hlJH (HM. n.

MH. x.): npaTOCA. *koina > *kiina > lJ'liHA;

*g > dz (S): npOTOCAaB. *mogoite > mogiite > modzdte= uOS'lin

(2 A. MH. t{. nOBeAHT. HaKA.); npOTOCA. *nogoi > *noga>nodza= HOS1i.

(p,aT.-MecT. n. ea. 't. m. p.};

*ch > s: npoTOCAaB. *douchoi > *duchi > dusi = AOYCH (MH. t{. M. p.)

B IOmHO- H BOCTOt{HOCAaBHHCKOM ~aJ\eKTax npaCAaBflHcKoro H3bIKa BTOpaH naAaTaAH3agHH nO~BeprAHCb TaKme COt{eTaHHH *kv, *gv > UB, *SB: npOTOCAaB. *kvoitos > *kvatu > cvdt» = lJK'liT'll; npOTOCAaB. *gvoizda > *gviizda > dzvdzda ~ SK1i~: cp. nOAbCK. kwiat, gwiazda,

§ 5. Paapyurerrne AHtPToHroB

KaK H3BeCTHO, npoTOCAaBHHCKHH ~HaJ\eKT 6aATO-CAaBHHCKoro npas- 3bIKa ynacxeztosax H3 anztoeeponeiicxoro pH~ .nuq,TOHrOB. Bo BCHKOM ,nHq>ToHre nepBbIH 9AeMeHT .HBAHeTCH CAOroBbIM, a BTOpaH - necxoroBblM, npa aTOM CAOroBOij aAeMeHT HBAHeTCH 60Aee 3sy'1Hb1M, t{eM HeCAOroBOH. B CHAY sroro ,nHq,TOHfH rrporasopesaxa npHHgHrry BOCXO~I!!eH 3By<lHOCTH H nOTOMY noaseprwace paapymemno. PaCKpbITHe CAorOB C

50

4*

51

§ 7. Csaar-renue rpynn coraacrrsrx nepeA rAaCHhIMJi rrepeanero pJlAa

naAaTaAK3<q!HH noztsepraxace He TOAbKO OTtleAbHble aaztaessersnere, HO nexoropste CO"tJeTaHHfI corwacnerx, B xoropsre BX0tlHAH .3atlHefl3bI'IHbIe, npH"tJeM 3TO CM}lf'IeHHe Ha6AIOtlaAOCb KaK nepea HCKOHHbIM i, YHaC.!\etlOBaHHbIM H.3 npOTOCAaBflHCKoro, TaK H nepezt i tlH<pTOHrH"tJecxoro npOHCXOmtleHHfI; HCHO, "'ITO 3TH ztaa rana CM}lf'IeHHH npOHCXOtlHAH B pasnoe BpeM}l.

1) *sk > tu'm': npOTOCAaB. *voskitei > npacxaa. *vost'iti (CT-CA. KO'PHTH), cp, KO(K'll,PYC. BOCK, eouium»;

* zg > }/(';/: npOTOCAas. *m'bzgitei > npacxas. "mwid'iti (CT-CA.

U'lliM,HTH 'C.!\a6eTb'), Cpo pyc. npoMo3VLblU;

2) *kt > usm': npOTOCAaB. *pektei > npacxaa. *pekti > *peH'i (CTCA. n~'PH), cp. n~KIK; B SOCTO"tJHOCAaBHHCKOM tlHaAeKTe npaCAaBHHCxoro H3bIKa pesyxsrar 3TOH naAaTaAH3aYHH 6bl.!\ MHbIM: * kt > '1': *pekti > ne'1u,pyc.ne~b;

*gt> ium': npOTOC.I\aB. *mogtei > npacxas. *mogti > IIOqIH, cp, UOflK; B BOCTO'IHOC.I\aBHHCKOM tlMaAeKTe *gt > '1': *mogti > MO'1U, pyc. MO~b; B 3anatlHOC.I\aBHHCKOM tlHaAeKTe *kt, *gt > c: nOAbCK. piec, moe.

4 ~

§ 8. Paapyureune AJi<pToHmqeCKJiX COqerraHJiJi

C HOCOBhIMJi COH9pHhIMJt

EC.i\H tll-{qrroHfM'IeCKHe CO'IeTaHHH C HOCOBblMM COHOPHblMH 06pa3oBblBaAl{ 3aKPblTbrH cxor, TO OH nozt B03lJ.eHCTfmeM .3aKOHa OTKpbITOI'O cxora pacxpersaxcs nyresr npeBpaI!!eHHH 9TOro CO'IeTaHHH B OJJ.HY Ha3a.1\bHYlO * * *. q>oHeM)', a MMeHHO: CO'IeTaHHH C r.l\aCHblMH nepenaero pHJJ.a en, em, m,

* * *im > r; (11); CO'IeTaHHH me C r.l\aCHblMH nenepennero PHJJ.a on, om,

*un, *um. *an, *am > q (IK) (rAaCHbIe B CO'IeTaHHHX MOrAH 6blTh KaK lJ.O.!\fHMH, TaK H KpaTKliMH). Hanpassep: nporocxas. *sven-tos > sv~to = t~Th, cp. .!\HT. sveruas; npD'I'OCMB. *men-tei > mea = U~TH; *mon-ka >

a *. . >

moka = UIKKA; H-e. *pa-m ntis > npDTOC.l\aB. pa-mui-ii-s pamets =

nAU~Tb, cp. xar. mens 'yM, Mbllll.!\eHHe'; np<>1'OCAaB. *zom-bo-s > Zqb'b =

~Ii'll, cp. rpes. 'Y6~qxx;, .I\HT. iambas. a 0

CO'IeTaHHH *in, *im < H-e. C.I\OroBbIX COHOpHbIX *n • *m B 3aK-

PblTOM CAOfe rrpeoopaaonetsaxace B HOCOBYJO <POHeM)' <~>, nanpaaep: npOTOC.I\aB. *kmOstos > *kim-sto-s > *Cimstos > cest« = CT-CA. Y~CTll, cp. .!\HT. kimstas 'Ha6HT'; M-e. *dek'mOtis > nf>0T0CM8. *de-sim-ti-s >

CT-C.!\. A~t~Tb, cp. AMT. desimt:

B03HHKHoseHHe HOCOBbIX r AacHbIX npOMCXOlJ.H.II:O yme nocxe yrparsr

KOHeqHbIX COf.l\aCHbIX, n03TOM)' HOCOBbIX HeT B TaKHX, aanpassep, <PoPMax, KaK BMH. n. ea. 'I. rnna *plodon > *plodun > plod'b (a He *plodq).

BC.I\elJ.CTBHe npe06pasoBaHHH lJ.HqrroHm'IeCKHX COqeTaHHM B HOCOBble <l>OHeMbl B03HHK.I\M HOBbie THnbl c06CTBeHHO C.I\aBHHCKHX sepeaoBaHHH: on, om / a; in, im / e: e / tL· sm. sn / e H ,ZI,p. Hanpaxep: ~KO"'ll / ~KIKK'll < npoToCAaB. *zvon-o-s / *zvon-k-o-s; nOUHHATH / nAU~Th; C'llifiHUATH / ifi~TH; U~TH / UIKKA.

xem, koet, huezda. COqeTaHMe *chv > sv: npoTOC.II:aB. *v/ochvoi > * v/ochvi > v/osvi = M'llCRH (HM. n. MH. x.}.

CnopHblM B HaYKe HB.l\HeTCH sonpoc 0 Ka'IeCTBe B03HHKIIlHX COf xacHblX J C ]. [ dz ], [ s ]: O,lJ,HH noxaraior, "'ITO 3TH corxacasre 6bl.!\H MHfKHMH, O,lJ,HaKO ecrs secxne OCHOBaHHH CqMTaTb HX TseP,lJ,bIMM, nOAY'JHBlllHMH n03MllHoHHYJO nO.l\~fKOCTb nepezi r AaCHbIMH nepezmero paaa 15. BC.II:e,lJ,CTBHe 9TOro TepMHH emopast nanamanusauun He OTpa2KaeT ,lJ,eiiCTBHTe.ll:bHOfO npogecca, n09TOM}', COxpaHIDJ ero B CHAY HCTOpH'IeCKOM npHBblqHOCTH, HymHo npasnare YCAOBHblM 0603HaqeHHeM n03HYHOHHOfO BapbHf>OBaHHH <PoHeM < k >, < g >, < ch > nepea HOBbIMH fMC,HbIMH [ 11 ] M [ i ].

§ 9. Tpersa naAaTaAJi3aIJJtJI 33AHeJl3hlqHhIX corAaCHhlX

3a,ZJ,HeH3blqHble corxacaere B n03MyHH noc.ie nexoroperx rxacneix nepenaero paaa H CAOfOBoro nxasnoro ] r? ], npOHClIIe,lJ,lIIHX K3 *t> i (H), *r> b (h), *in > e (A), *ir > p'll, nOJlBepfa.i\HCb nepexoziy B MHfKHe CBHcTHIgHe: *k > c', *g > d' z", *ch > s'. O,lJ,HaKO aroro nepexoaa He 6b1.!\0, eC.!\H 3aJJ.HeH3bI"tJHbIH: HaxOtlM.!\CH nepea r AaCHbIMH 'b < * II, bl < * If H.I\H COf .l\aCHbIM. Y CAOBHH aTOM na.i\aTaAH3aYHH 6bIAH anepsere

15 eM.: EepH.UJmeuH C.E. YKa3. CO'!. C. 201-202

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55

OTMe'leHbl M.A. 60llY9HOM lle KypTeH3, n03TOMY ee etge nassraaior 60AY3HOBCKOU. jloKa3aTeAbCTBoM Toro, 'ITO pe3YAbTaTOM npe06pa30- BaHIDI 6blAH HMeHHO MHrKHe corxacnere (a He nOAYMHrKHe, KaK nOCAe BTOPOH «naAaTaAH3aYHH»), HBAHeTCH TO, 'ITO nOCAe HHX He MorAO 6bITb 3BYKa [a] ("Ii); TaK, B MeCT. n. ell. 'I. HMeeM nOCAe BTOPOH «naxaraxa- 3aYHH» RA"hq"li, a nOCAe TpeTbeH naAaTaAH3atJ;HH OTbqH; nOCAe BTOPOH «naxaraxasagaa» CAOBO RA"hK"h OCTaAOCb B TBepllOM aapaanre CKAOHeHHB aa *0-, Torlla KaK nOCAe TpeTbeH naAaTaAH3atJ;HH CAOBO OTbqb nepelIIAO B MjlrKHH BapHaHT Toro me CKAOHeHIDI.

PaCCMOTpHM npasreper:

npOTDCAaB. *ovbka > npacxan. *OVbca (CT-CA. OShqA); npOTOCAaB. *polbga > npacxan. "poluza (CT-CA. nOl\b~A.cp. Abr"hK"h,

rzte g nepea 'b);

npOTOCAaB. *mirkatei > npacxas. *mT'bcati (CT-CA. M?h4ATH. cp, lIpbKH~TH. rae k nepea n).

B CTapOCAaBjlHCKOM H3blKe HMeeTCH, oznraxo, pH.n CAOB, rzte npoH301IIAa TpeTbH naAaTaAH3atJ;MH, XOTH YCAOBHH llAH aroro He 6bIAO, H, Hao60pOT, He npOH301IIAO naAaTaAH3atJ;HH, XOTH ace YCAOBMH .nAB nee 6blAH HaAHYO; TaKHe HCKAIO'IeHIDI 06bl'lHO 06'bHCHHIOT lleHCTBHeM rpaaMaTH'leCKOH aHaAOrHH, xoropoe HHor.na 6bIBaeT CHAbHee.neHCTBIDI qJOHeTH'IeCKOrO 3aKOHa. Hanpasrep: npOTOCA. * k'bningos > npacxas. * k'bn~g'b > K"hHh\Sh, XOTH sroro nepexona 6blTb He llOA1'KHO, nOCKOAbKY g HaxOllHACH nepezt 'b (OKOH'laHHe b nOHBHAOCb nOCAe nepexona * g > d'z' (s» eCAH 6bl 3TO OKOH'IaHHe 6blAO HCKOHHbIM, TO *g noztseprwoce 6bl i-if naAaTaAH3atJ;MH; cp, K"hHh\rblHH, r.ne g nepellk); 3TOT nepexoa B qJOpMe HM. n. ezt, 'I. COCTOHACH nozt aHaAoru'leCKHM B03.neHCTBMeM CPOpM KOCBeHHblX naaeasefi, B KOTOPblX 6blAH see He06xo.nHMble YCAOBWI llAH 3-eH naAaTaAH3atJ;HH: *k'bninga. *k'bningu, *k'bningomb > K"hHh\Sm, K"hHh\S"', K"hHh\Sfllh.

AHaAOI'H'lecKoe 803lleHCl1me 06pa-moro CBOHcma Mbl BH.lI.HM, HanpHMep, B <PoPMe nporocx. *oukenika > npacxas, "ucenika, r.ne *k nOCA.e *i nepea *a H llOA2filiO 6blA0 nepeirra B c, 0.nHaK0 He nepemxo noa BMUlHHeM q>opMbI HM. n. 0fi~HHK"h, r.ne k nepea 'b; TO me B <PoPMax ztar, M TB. nMemeH.

lrpeTbH naAaTaAH3aYHR HaH60Aee nOCAe.nOBaTeAbHO npoH30111Aa B IOmHOCAaBHHCKOM znraxexre npacxaasmcxoro H3bIKa H BeCbMa HenOCAe.nOBaTeAbHO B BOCTO'lHOC.MBHHCKOM ,lJ,HaAeKTe. nOCAe npoHHKHoBeHIDI CTapOCAaBHHCKHX CAOB B PYCCKHH AHTepazypHblH H3blK B HeM nOHBHACb

CTHAHCTH'leCKHe napbl AeBuya - AeBbKa, aepbyaAo - 3epbKaAo, BocKAuyamu - KAuKamu, nOABuaamUCJl -. - ABUlamUCJl, 6pJlyamu -- 6pJlKamU, npoHuyamu - np0t!UKamu, cocmx.surnucx -

msnamucn M T. n.

§ 10. Paspynrerrne AJtqrroHrK'IeCKKX

co-rerarraii c nAaBHhIMJt .

B cepeAKHe K Ha'laAe CAOBa

,llHqrroHrH'IeCKHe CO'leTaHIDI *or, *ol, *er, *el B nOAomeHHH nepea corxacaensa 06Pa30BblBaAH 3aKpblTblH cxor, aanpauep: *golva, *borda, *bergos. no.n .neHCTBHeM 3aKOHa OTKPblTOro cxora pacxperrne 9THX CAorOB B npaCAaBHHCKOM H3bIKe npoacxoaaxo rryress MeTaTe3bI (nepecraaoaxn) rAaCHOH M corAaCHOH <l>oHeM; npa 3TOM npOMCXOllHAO YMHHeHHe rAaCHOH: *golva > glava = rAASA (cp. AHT. galva, AaT. calva 'xepen"); *borda > brada = 6pAAA(CP. AliT. barzda); *tergos> crago = 6flir"h (cp. repsr. berg 'ropa'): *berza > braza ~ Iip"li~A (cp. AHT. berias }; *melkos > mliiko = UA"liKO (cp. anrx, mzlk).

COqeTaHIDI-pA-. ,M,. -plio. -A"Ii- B cepeznme cxosa B CT-CA. H3bIKe npnnsro Ha3bIBaTb HenOAHOlAaCHbIMU. B Bocro'lHOCAamIHCKOM ztaaxexre npacxassncxoro H3bIKa HM COOTBeTCTByIOT nOAHOlAaCHble CO'leTaHIDI -opo. -01\0,. -(P~-, -~M- (-eM-). B BOCTO'lHOCAaBHHCKOM .nHaAeKTe pacxpsrrae 3aKpbITbIX CAOroB C .llHqrroHI'H'IeCKHMH CO'leTaHIDIMH C rnaBHbIMH npOHCXO.llHAO rryress pa3BHTHH rwacnoro npH3BYKa nOCAe nxasaoro, KCYfOPbIif saTeM npesparaxca B rAaCHbIH noxnoro 06pa3oBaHIDI: *golva > golOva > golova = lOAOBa; *bergos > berg» > bereg» = 6epe1.'b H T. n.

lr aKHM o6pa3oM, Cl'apoc.MBHHCKHM HenOMIOr AaCHbIM CO'Ie'I'affiIHM C{)()1'8eTCTB}'K1I' BOC'I'O'IHOCJ\aBHHCKHe nOAHOrAaCHble, noawMY B CJ\oaaxn~ASbAA. CMIi"h. IipATh HenO.I\HOrAaCHbIX CO'leTaHHH HeT, TaR KaK H B BOCTOt{HOCJ\aBHHCKOM .nuaAeKTe MbI HaxO,lJ,HM Te me CJ\OM npaBb/fa, CAa60, 6pam'b.

B nOAbCKOM jl3bIKe TaKme npOH~OlIIAa MeTaTe3a, oznraxo 6e3 y.a;AHHeHIDI rAaCHOH: broda, brioza, glowa, mleko.

Pa3PYllleHHe .llH<J>TOHrH'leCKHX CO'leTaHHH C IlAaBHbIMH B aaxaxe CJ\Oea. CO'leTaHHH *or, *0/, B Ha'JaAe CAOi3a nepezt corAaCHblMH qJOHeMaMH 06Pa30BblBaAH 3aKPbITblH cxor H noasepraxace npe06pa30BaHHIO. B npacAaBHHCKOM H3blKe npoacxoztaxa MeTaTe3a qJOHeM C Y MHHeHHeM r AaCHOH: *or> ra, *ol > la, npJ:It{eM He3aBHCHMO OT mrrDHal!J:IH. Hanpaaep: *orlajb >

ratajb=pATAH 'naxaps', *ordlos > ralo=sss», Hoorati=opATH 'naxan,', rl1.e coseranae *or B n03MWlH nepea rAaCHOH He noasepraxocs H3MeHenmo: cp, rpex, apoco 'namy', apOTr]<; 'naxapn', EI!!e npMMep: *~rmos > ram~ = pAUO 'nxeso', cp, AaT. armus 'AOnaTKa'; *olkatei > lahati = AAKA. TH 0'ID'l£aTb roxoz;', cp. AHT. alkti; *olkom'b > lahotm, = AAKOU'A. B HeKOTOpblX I02KHOCJ\.a.B.sIHCKMX rosopax 6blJ\. M I1.pyroH cnoc06 pacxpsrras saxperroro cxora, a MMeHHO - pa3BlITMe pel1.ygMpoBaHHoro nOCAe masnoro: *olkati > al'bkaii = M'AKATH. M'AYb6A. BnpoqeM, nexoropete mlblKOBe/1,b1 BM/1,HT B CAOBaX TMna alkali COXpaHeHMe HCKOHHOro saxperroro CAOra aa ospaanax CAaB.sIHCKOro MHpa16•

B ztpyrax I1.HaAeKTax npaCAaB.sIHCKOrO .sI3blKa pesy AbTaT rrpeoopaaoBaHH.H HaqaAbHblX *or, *01 3aBHceA OT HHTOHawm: rrozt BocxOMI!!eji HHTOHagHeH Y BOCTOqHbIX H 3ana/1,HbIX CAaB.sIH pesyxerar 6blA TOT 2K~, sro H Y I02KHbIX (T. e. B CT-CA • .sI3bIKe), a noa HHCXO/1,HI,geH HHTOHawreH Y BOCTOqHbIX H 3ana/1,HbIX CAaBHH MeTaTe3a ¢OHeM He conpoeoaciaxace Y/1,AMHeHHeM rAaCHOH, TO ecre *or > ro-, a *01> 10-: *orobnos > rovbno, CT-CA. PAKbHO, ap. -PYC.pOBbHO, nOAbCK. rowny; *orstos > rostus > rosn«; CT-CA. PACT'A, ,llp.-Pyc. poem», nOAbCK. rosly; *oldiji > lod-, CT-CA. AAAHH, ,llp·-PYC.1l0.4'bKa, nOAbcK.lodziowy 'J\O,llOqHbIH'; *olkutis> loost», CT-CJl.. AAK'ATb; I1.p.-Pyc. notcom», nOAbCK. lokiec.

BeTCTB)'IOT CAOBa C COqeTaHMHMM -po-; -AO-, -pe-, -Ae-: 6p'AKh - 6pOBb/ KphtT"h - xpectn, 1iA'h~A - 6Aoxa. 3THMM COOTBeTCTBMHMH Hy2KHO nOAb30BaTbCH, qTo6bl onpenexnrs, KaKoH. 3ByK 6bIA CAorOBbIM B CTapOCAaB.sIHCKOM CAOBe - nAaBHbIH HAH pel1.ygMpoBaHHbIH.

DPOMCXOJ'Kl1.eHHe cTapOCAaB.sIHCKMX CAorOBbIX nAaBHbIX 6bIAO CAe.n;YIQI,gMM. KaK Mbl nOMHMM, HHI1.0eBpOneHcKMe cxoroseie nxaaasre B npOTOCAaBHHCKOM I1.HaAeKTe 6aATO-CAaBRHCKoro npasasnca M3MeHHAHCb TaK: *ro > *ir / *ur, *t > *il / *ul, npHqeM rxacasre 6blAM KpaTKMMM: H-e. *krod- > npOTOCAaB. *sird-. KaK BH,llHM, 60Aee 3BYQHbIH rxacHbIM *i npel1.IlIeCTBOBaA MeHee 3ByqHOMY nAaBHOMY *r. DocAe TOro KaK HaqaA ,lleMCTBoBaTb 3aKOH BOCXO/1,HI!!eM 3BYQHOCTH, '3TH ,llH¢TOHrWlecKHe COqeTaHMH nOI1.BeprJ\HCb npe06pa30BaHMIO, a "MeHHO rxacmze 3BYKM *i H *u YTpaTHAH'cb, a POAb cxorooopasyiorgero axesrerrra B3RA aa cefia nAaBHbIM: npOTOCAaB. *sird- > npacxas. sr=d- = CpbAb~~ HAH Cp'AAb~e. MbI nOMHHM: HMeHHO 6e3pa3AIfqHe B HanHcaHHH C "h MAH b 11.0Ka3bIBaAO TO, 'ITO aTH 6yKBbI He HMeAIi 3BYKOBoro 3HaqeHH.H, a rnrCaAHCb AMIlIb /1,AH 0603HaqeHH.H CAorOBOCTH nxaanoro. B 6aATHHCKHX 2Ke H3bIKax, rne He 6bIJ\O 3aKOHa BOCXO/1,HI!JeH 3ByqHOCTM, am IJ.H¢TOHrH'IeCKHe CO'leTaHMHCOXpaHHAHCb: AHT. sirdis, ATIll. sirds. am COOTBeTCTBMH nOKa3bIBaIOT, 'ITO CAorOBbIe nxaaneie B CTapOCAaBRHCKOM .sI3bIKe He 6bIAH YHaCAe.n;OBaHbl npHMO M3 HH11.0eBpOneHCKoro, 'ITO HM npezuneCTBOBaAa crynens I1.Hqm>Hrn'leCKoro CoqeTaHMH. DpHBel1.eM eige HeCKOAbKO npHMepOB CTapOCAaBHHCKHX CAOB C pel1.ygHpoBaHHblMH nAaBHbIMH H MX COOTBeTCTBH.H B HH.lI.oeBponeMCKHX .sI3bIKax:

§ 11. J13MeHeHIDI CO'leTaHHH peAYIJHpOBaHHLIX C llAaBHbIMH Me:>KAY corAaCHbIMH

B CTapOCAaBHHCKOM H3bIKe ecrs COqeTaHH.H peayuapoaaaaerx 'h H b C nAaBHbIMM A H p, xoropere aa nHCbMe He Pa3AH'IaAHCb, XOT.sI npOH3- HOCHAHCb no-pa3HOMY. Pa3HOe npOH3HOIlleHHe orpazsaer HX pasaoe npOHCX02K,lleHHe. T ax, aarrpasrep, CAOSO npbcn npOH3HOCHAOCb co CJ\.orOBbIM nAaBHbIM: [npo -CT'b ], a CAOBO KpbCT'A npOH3HOCMAOCb co CAorOBbIM pel1.ygnpoBaHHbIM: [xpe-crs]: B 060HX CAyqaRX, KaK BH,llHM, CAorH nOI1.'1HH.sIAHCb 3aKOHY B03paCTalOI!JeH 3ByttHOCTH. 3aMeTHM, 'ITO B PYCCKOM H3bIKe CAOBaM COCAorOBbIM nAaBHbIM COOTseTCTSYIOT CAOBa C CO'leTaHHeM -OA-, -op-, -ep-, -e.;z-: "PbCT'h- nepcm. KA'AHA - BOAxe, rpu'h - 1.0Pd; cxoaasr 2Ke CO CAOroBbIM pe.ll.YgHpO&aHHbIM COOT-

rpAA'h rpMO KPb~n "phtT'h KA'hHA

[~pO/fbl [ZpOAO] [BpoX'O] [npocm'O] [BAOHa]

xar. gurdus 'rAynbIH' AaT. gurgulio 'roPAO'

AliT. virsus 'sepx'

AliT. pirstas 'rIMe!!'

AliT. vilna 'mepcT"HOH BOAOC'

16 eM.: EepHwmeuH C.E. ¥Ka3. CO'!. C. 225.

B BOCTO'IHOCAaBHHCKOM ,lI,HaAeKTe npacxasaacaoro .sI3bIKa pacxpsrrae cxora IlIAO HHbIM rryresc nporocxas. *turgos > .lI.p.-PYC. m'bp'b1.'b; cp, CT.-CA. Tp'hrA [mp°1.'b] AHT: turgus 'PbIHOK'.

HY2KHO, npaszta, 3aMeTHTb, 'ITO TaKOe BOCTOqHOCAaB.sIHCKOe npoH3HOIlleHHe He HaIllAO nocxenonarexeaoro OTpa2KeHMH na nHCbMe: B ,llpeBHeMIIIHX I1.peBHepYCCKMX naMHTHHKax nHCbMeHHOCTH (OCTpoMHPOBOM EBaHreAHH 1056 r., Hoaroponcxoii MHHee 1095 r.) BCTpe'laIOT-

56

57

CR ~BO"KHe HanHCaHHR -' m'bp'bZ'b H nropi», CK'bp6b H CK'bp'b6b, MbpmB'b H MbpbmB'b, nnpcrm. H nupicm», Cm'bAn'b H Cm'bA'bn'b . .llsOH~ CTBeHHOCTb HanHCaHHR CBR3aHa C TeM, 'ITO B XI B. B PYCCKOM R3bIKe Ha'IaAOCb naaeaae pe~YWipOBaHHbIX, BCAe~CTBHe xoroporo OAHH H3 epoe B KOCBeHHbIX naaeasax YTpa'IHBaACR: Cm'b+A'bOO > cmonba, X'b+A~Ma > XOAMa. no aHaAOrHH C KOCBeHHbIMH n~e2KaMH ept» YTpaTHAHCb H B HMeHHTeAbHOM naneace, XOTH HaXO,ltHAHCb B CHAbHOH nOBHgHH: cm'b+A'b+6'b > cmoA6 (no Tp~HgHH, oaaaxo, B xopae nHCaAH 6YKBY '0, a He 0). O,ltHaKO B aexoropstx ~HaAeKTaX pyccxoro R3bIKa 8Ta anaAOrHR He HMeAa CHAbl, H nOTOM)' TaM COXpaHHAOCb TaKoe npOH3HOIlIe~ HHe: MOAOHbH, XOAOM, cmoAo6 (OTCIO,lta ocmoxon ). uepee ''IepBb', »cepen», KOPOM, no.aocme, BepeBKa17.

YTO KaCaeTC.H CAOB THna nt\"hTb. li~bKbHO. TO B HHX see cxoru 6bIAH HBHa'IaAbHO OTKPblTbIMH, a pe,ltygHpoBaHHbIe"h H b npOHBOIliAU HB HH~ ,ltOeBpOneHCKHX KpaTKHX *zrH *f; cpaBHHM: nt\"hTIi - AHT. pluta 'TOA~ CTaR xozea, xopxa', li~bKbHO - aerx. bridge 'MOCT'.

CO'IeTaHHe *bs (3+1) > *s:*grebs'b > r?,sc"h. cp. nor~~IiATH. CO'IeTaHHe *ks (2+1) > *h: *reks'b > p'liX"h (aopHcT 1 A. ezt. 'I.), cp. pu\~.

CO'leTaHHe *ksi (2+1+2) > *sl: *;'eksle > ~'licn (aopacr 2 A.

MH. 'I.).

CO'leTaHHe *tt (2+2) > *sl: *plelti > nMCTH. CO'IeTaHHe *dl (3+2) > "st: *vedii > KECTH.

CO'leTaHHe *pt (2+2) H *bl (3+2) >*t:*dolbton > dolto > MATO (pyc. ,40Aomo), cp. .AJ\"hIiHTH.

Csoeoopasna cy,ltb6a CO'IeTaHHH *dl. */1 (3y6HOH + 3y6HOH), KO~ Topble coxpanaxacs B sanazurerx ,ltHaAeKTaX, B IOmHblX H BOCTO'lHbIX H3MeHHAHCb B */: *mydlon > mylar (Ubli\O), *pletla > piela; cp. nOAbCK. mydlo. CaMH no ce6e 8TH CO'IeTaHHR He HapYIlIaAH 3aKOHa BOCXOM~ l£eH BByqHOCTH, n08TOM)' pa3AH'IHe B HX cy,ltb6e, BepORTHO, CBRBaHO CO CAOrO,lteAeHHeM. B Ban~HbIX ztaaxetcrax CAOrOPaB~eA IlIeA Mem.zty r xacHbIM H B3pblBHbIM corwacaem: *my / dlon, n08TOMY B aTOM CAOBe 6blA yrpaxea AHIlIb KOHe'lHbIH corAaCHbIH. B IOmHblX H BOCTO'lHbIX ,ltHaAeK~ Tax cxoropaaaex IIIeA Mem,lty B3pbIBHblM H nAaBHbIM: *myd / Ion. 06a cxora 6bIAH BaKpbITbIMH H 06a pacxperxace rryresr yrparsr KOHe'IHbIX cor AaCHbIX.

KaK BH,ltHM, BaKOH orxperroro cxora npasex K CYl£eCTBeHHbIM H3~ MeHeHHRM B q>oHeMHoM CTpoeHHH CAOBa, K nmIBAeHHIO HOBblX r AaCHblX tpoHeM: HOCOBbIX ~. H q, rAacHoH i < *oi, *ai H ii <*oi, *ai, a TaK2Ke K nO.HBAeHHIO HOBblX BH,ltOB 'Iepe~OBaHHH.

T ax, 6AarO,ltapR .lteHCTBHIO 3aKOHOB aayrpacxorosoro CHHrapMOHH3Ma H OTKpblTOrO cxora npoTOCAaB.HHCKHH ,ltHaAeKT BbI,lteAHACH HB 6aATOC~ AaBRHCKOro eAHHCTBa H npeBpaTHACR B npaCAaB.HHCKHH H3bIK, q>OHeM~ HaJJ CHCTeMa xoroporo noxysaxa rAy60Ko csoeoopasaere 'IepTbI.

Ha aTOM Mbl BaKOH'IHM paCCMOTpeHHe AonHCbMeHHOH HCTOPHH cpoHeM npacxasaacxoro .H3bIKa H nepeHAeM K TeM tpOHeTH'IeCKHM npogeccasr, xoropere coaepuraxacs B nHCbMeHHblH nepaozt cYl£ecTBOBaHHR npacxaBRHCKoro R3bIKa H OTPa3HAHCb B naMHTHHKax CTapOCAaBRHCKOH rmceMeHHOCTH, TO ecrs npogeccax IX-XI BeKOB.

§ 12. VnpOllJeHHe rpynn coraacasrx

npOTOCAaB.HHCKHe CO'leTaHHR corxacaerx BBYKOB, xoropere nporaBOpe'lHAH 3aKOHY B03paCTaJOI£eH 3ByqHOCTH, noztaepraxacs HBMeHeHH~ .HM H ynporgenaaa.

CO'IeTaHHe *ss (3ByqHOCTb 1+1, T. e. He B03paCTaAa) > *s: *ness'b (CHrMaTH'IeCKHH aopHCT 3 A ea. 'I.) > H"liC"h (ynporgeaae rpynnsr CO~ r AaCHblX Bbl3BaAO Y,llAHHeHHe npenmecrsytotgero r xacaoro, cp. H~CTH).

CO'IeTaHHe *ts (3ByqHOCTb 2+1, T. e.' y6blBaAa) > *s: *Cits'b > '(HCll (cHrMaTH'IeCKHH aopacr 3 A ea. 'I. C y,llAHHeHHeM rxacnoro, cp. YbTHTH).

CO'leTaHHe *ds (3ByqHOCTb 3+1, T. e. y6blBaAa) > *s: *dadsi > AACH (aacr. Bp. 2 A en: 'I.; cp, AAAHU"h).

CO'IeTaHHe *ps (3ByqHOCTb 2+1, T. e. y6blBaAa) > *s: *opsa > OCA; cp. AHT. vapsa 'OBO;(

17 B

nayxe cY'!!eCTBYeT TO'IKa 3peHHR, 'fTO npoH3HOlIIeHHeMOAOHbJl, mopot, XOJlOM,

cmoAo6 H T. n, B03HHKAH He B npaCJIaBHHCKYW' snoxy B peayxsrare npeoopaaoaaaaa peA}'gHPOBaHHbIX C ILl\aBHbJMH MC2KAY cor AaCHbIMH, a }?Ke B apeasepyccxyro 9f10XY nocxe na)l,eHHH pe,ll.}'Wipo8aHHbIX 8 xaxecrse B03Met,YeHHH yrpaseanoro xoaexnoro 'b HAH b. eM., nanpasrep: ,llpe8HepYCCKrul rpaMMaTIlKa XII-XIII 88. M., 1995. C. 147-152.

58

60

61

~ AEKIJJ15I 6 ~ Hpacnansmcxne <poHeTH-qecKne IIpOIJeCChI nCTopn-qecI<oH arroxn

'h > 0. b > (; aTO Tome MomHO Ha3BaTb «naztenaesr», HO He B q>oHe~ TH'IeCKOM, a B cpoHoAOrH'IeCKOM CMbICAe CAOBa.

n03HgHoHHbIe BapHagHH $oHeM 1l H b - pezrygapoeaaaere hi H H B cAa6blx n03HgIDIx TaK2Ke yrparaxace, a B CHAbHbIX COBnaAH C rxacHbIMH nOAH oro 06pa30BaHWI: hi > hi. 11 > H.

B naMHTHHKax nHCbMeHHoCTH naaenae peAygHpoBaHHblX OTpCUKa~ AOCb TpmIKHM 06Pa30M.

Bo;,.nepBblX, nHcghl non BAIDIHHeM coocraeaaoro ,JfmBOrO npoasaomenaa nporufcsunu 6)'KBbl II H b TaM, rae COOTBeTCTBywryHe cpoHeMbI 6blJ\H B CJ\a60H n03HWiH. npHMepbI H3 3orpa<flCKoro EBaHreMrn: UHoro BMeCTO U~Horo, Rt(rAA BM. R~t(rAA. RUn BM. KMrA. AHMb BM. A~Hbtb; npHMepbl H.3 MapHHHCKoro EBaHreAIDI: nTHqb BM. n~TH4b. KHHiI\HHKll BM. K~HHifi~HHKll: npHMepbl H.3 ACCeMaHHeBa EBaHreAH5I: R1iP0B.AX BM. B.1ipORA~; nl\Ayn BM. ni\Ayn~.

BO-BTOPbIX, OHH CMCWUBCUlU 6)'KBbl II H b. nOCKOJ\bKY 're Y2Ke He oooaaaxaxa HHKaKHX 2KHBbIX <floHeM. npHMepbI H3 3orpa<flCKoro EBaHrexas: t'hM BM. t~M, AllHMb BM. A~HMb. nOAOIi'hHO BM. nOAOIi~HO; npaMepbl H.3 MapHHHcKoro EsaHreAHH: Ull~A BM. U~~A. B.1ipllHbI BM. B.1ip~HbI: npHMepbI H3 EHHHcKoro AnocToAa:AllHll BM. AbH!!. ,"i\llHll BM. ,"i\~Hll. TllUHA1i BM. TbU!!HA1i.

B-TpeTbHx, nHcgbI nHCaAH 6YKBbIO H ( BMeCTO 6YKB 11 H b TaM, rae 3TH <floHeMbI 6bIJ\H B CHAbHOH: nO.3HWiH. npHMepbI H.3 30rpa<flCKoro EBaHreAIDI: npHW€All SM. npHWbAll. IiHt€Pll BM. IiHtbpll: npHMepbI H.3 MapHHHCKoro EBaHreAIDI: R1ip€Hll BM. R1ipbHll. Kp1i.nOKll BM. Kp1inllKll: npmrepsr H3 EHHHCKoro AnOCTOAa: AHB.€Hll BM. AHRbHll. AllH€tll BM. AbHMb. T axae narnrcaana TaK2Ke OTpCUKalOT 2KHBOe npoasaoureaae.

HanHcaHHH THna HM1iHbt€ BM. HU1iHHt€ orpazsator OJl,HOBpeMeHHO yrpary peaygapoaaaaoro H (HAH bl) H npeapargenae 6YKB 11 H b B pa3.n;eAHTeAbHble .3HaKH.

Haao .3aMeTHTb, 'ITO cxysaea CMerneHHH, nponYCKOB H 3aMeH B TeKcTax CTapOCAaBHHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH CpaBHHTeAbHO nessnoro, noCKOAbKY nHcgbI npomxa XOpOrnyID asrysxy H nHCaJ\H TPa,ltHgHOHHO, a He B COOTBeTCTBHH C npoasnoureaaea. OJl,HaKO aeooxemoe KOAH'leCTSO OUIH6oK OTHOCHTeAbHO Tpa,ltHgHoHHoro HanHcaHIDI CBHJI,eTeAbCTByeTo TOM, '{TO B mHSOM rosope nHcgoB peJl,}'gHpOBaHHbIX cpoHeM B XI aexe yme He 6bIAO. YYTh rtoaase, B XI-XII sexax, naaeaae peztygapoaanHblX np0H30ll1.i\O H B BOCTO'lHOCJ\amIHCKOM Jl,HaAeKTe (rosaee CKa.3aTb yme B Jl,peBHepYCCKOM H3bIKe).

§ 1. n3.AeHJie peAYIJMpOBaHHbIX'nOCAeAHMH npaCAaBJIHCKJiH cpOHeTJi'leCKJiH nponecc

nOCAeJl,HHM npaCJ\aBHHCKHM npogeccou 6bIA npogecc na,lteHIDI peJl,ygHpoBaHHblX <flOHeM < 'b '> H < b >.

Flepeosa-raxsno 11 H b 6blAH CaMOCTOHTeAbHblMH <flOHeMaMH, TO ecre HX CBepXKpaTKOCTb 6blAa CMbICAOpa3AH'IHTeAbHbIM npH3HaKOM: aanpaMep, tb. Tll - MeCTOH;MeHIDI MymcKoro pozia, a ce. TO - MeCTOHMeHIDI cpeznrero pozta. OJl,HaKO <flOHOAOrH'IHOCTb sroro npasaaxa 6bIAa peAHKTOBOH, nOCKOAbKY OH KaK TaKOBOH 6blA yrpasea erye B npOTOCJ\aB.HHCKYW snoxy, nOCTeneHHO H CBepXKpaTKHe 11. b 'raxase nozmaxa noa STOT 06ryHH npogecc". YTpary CBepXKpaTKHX 11 H b npHH.HTO aa- 3bIBaTb HX na,lteHHeM,XOTH 3TO H He COBceM TO'lHO.

Pe.z(ygHpoBaHHble «naxn», TO ecrs nOAHOCTbIO yTpaTHAHCb TOAbKO B cAa6bIX n03HgIDIx; B CHAbHbIX me nO.3HgIDIx OHH KOAH'IeCTBeHHO yseAWlHARCb, a no Ka'leCTBY COBnaJ\H C rAaCHblMH noxnoro 06pa30BaHIDI:

18 HHa'ie o6'bJIcIDIeT naaemre pe,rJ;YI!HpOBaHHbIX C.o.oepHUlTeHH. OH noxaraer,

, 'ITO csepxxparxae coxpaaaxnce AO Tex nop, noxa ,rJ;eHCTBOBua TeHJleHwrn K OTKpbITOern cxora: xorza ~e OHa npecraxa ,rJ;eHCTBOaaTb, npmf30lU.II.O naaemre CBepKpaTKHX; TaKHM 06Pa30M. He yrpara peA)'WipoBaHHbiX seissaxa nOJlB.II.eHHe saspsrrsrx cxoros, a naooopor, npexpargeaae ,rJ;eHCTBIfJI3aKOHa OTKPblTOro cxora 06YCAOBHAO naaeaae epos (CM.: EepHUlmeuH C.E. YKa3. CO,!. C. 248-249). Oanaxo sepea HeCKO.ll.bKO crpaHHI! OH naurer 0 TOM, 'ITO «saxperrere CAorH nOHBH.II.HCb npezsae scero B caru," c yrpaTOH KOHe'lHbIX CBepXKpaTKHx» (TaM ~e. C. 258).

§ 2. IO:>KJlocAaBHHcKlte <poHeTlt'IeCKlte npo:qeCCbl, o'rpasnanmeca B na.MJITHltKa.x crapocxanaacxoji nltCbMeHHOCTlt, KaK CBHAeTeAbCTBO rraxaaa pacnaaa npacaaaancxoro H3hIKa

naMRTHHKH CTapow\aB.RHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH X-XI· BeKOB orpa)KalOT !pOHeTH'1:eCKHe npogeccet, npoacmeznmre B rosopax IO)KHOCAaB.RH~ cxoro Jl,HaAeKTa npaCAaB.RHCKOrO .R.3bIKa. aTH npogeccer HOC.RT qaCTHOJl,HaAeKTHbIH xapaxrep H CBHJI,eTeAbCTBYIOT 0 aaxaxe pacnaaa npacxaB.HHCKOrO S3blKa na OTJI,eAbHble }l3bIKH. MbIOCTaHOBHMC.H scero na OJI,HOM npogecce - YTpaTe l-epentheticurn.

He B HaqaAe cxoaa l-epentheticum IO)KHOCJ\aB5IHCKHMH (60.l\I'a'pcKJ1MH) I'OoopaMH yrpasea; 3TO npoH30lIIJ\O B X-XI sexax, nOCKO.l\bKY 3TO CYfpa3HAOCb Ha I1HCbMe. npl1Mepbl H.3 ACCeMaHHeaa ~: KO?AIib. n~1ii\OUb, n~H(Til\nbWt KOj\\IiH, Ko~IOIiE.Ho, Ui\oK1iAWE.. i\101i1iAlUf, ~mA KO~101i1K; npHMeper H.3 CaBBHHOH KHHrn: KOpAlih, KO?AIi'h. OCTAKhlUA. n~HCTlKnb. OCi\AlimA. IAKfHHE., KhHE.M1iTE, ~mhlA; npHMepbI H.3 CynpaCJ\bCKOH PYK0nHCH: AHKhm~1K, ACIiHH, 0Y"PAKbKHo, KoCKPllll.lbKHo, ApE.KbK, KAnbIA H ztp,

3TOT npogecc He 6blA npaCAaB.HHCKHM, OH 3aTpOHYA TOAbKO IQ)K~ HoW\aB.RHCKHH Jl,HaAeKT. Yrpara I -epentheticum noxaasrsaer, 'ITO B XI sexe HaqaAHCb xacrasre S3bIKOBbie npogeccsr, TO ecre npogeccsr, CBOHCTBeHHble J\HllIb 'laCTH W\aBHHCKHX Jl,HaAeKTOB. aTO 6blJ\O Ha'laAOM pacnaJJ,eHHH npacxasaacxoro }l3blKa na OTJI,eJ\bHble H3blKH, a He na Jl,HaAeKTbl, na xoropere OH pacnaaaxcs H3HaqaAbHO. C sroro MOMeHTa na'lHHaeT CBOIO mH3Hb Jl,peBHepYCCKHH .R3bIK, HCTOPHH xoroporo H3Aara~· eTCH B xypce HCTOpH'1:eCKOH rpaMMaTHKH PYCCKoro H3bIKa.

~ ~ iF c@> ~ & ~ IrlEIarI ~ AEKIJJ15I ':f ~

§ 1. qacTH pe-ra B CTapOCAaBHHCKOM H3hIKe t1acTH pe'lH B CTapOCAaBSHCKOM .R3blKe Jl,e)\}lTCH Ha3HaMeHareAbnere H cAyme6Hble •. K 3HaMeHaTeAbHbIM 'laCTSM pesa OTHOC.RTC.R:

UMeHa - cYI!!eCTBHTeAbHble, npaxarareaensre, cserasre cxoaa; OHH 06'beP.HHeHbl 06rgHOCTbIO rpaMMaTHqeCKHX KaTeropHH H CAOBOH3Me· HeHHH (CKJ\OHeHHH);

MeCmOU..lteHWl - OHH 6AH3KH HMeHaM no CBOHM rpaMMaTH'leCKHM xareropaass, HO HMelOT oco6eHHOCTH CAOBOH3MeHeHHH;

uzaW/l - npOTHBOnOCTaBAeH HMeHaM H MeCTOHMeHHHM KaK CHCTeMOIQ rpaMMaTHqeCKHX xareropaa, TaK H xapaxreposr CAOBOH3MeHeHHH (cnpsmeHHH);

• Hape'1.W{ - HeMHOrOqHCAeHHbIH B CTapOCAaBSHCKOM .R3blKe xxacc

•

•

•

HeH3MeHSeMbIX CAOB.

K cAyme6HbIM 'laCTSM pexa OTHOC.HTCS: npeanotu, C0103bl H xccmuum, a TaKme BbInOAHHlQqJHe !PYHKQ,HH cAY2Ke6HbIX CAOB MeCTOHMe· HHH H aapesaa,

§ 2. J1MH CYIIJeCTBJ1TeALHOe H ero rpaMMaTHqeCKHe KaTerOpHJ1

1. r paMMaTH'leCKHMH xareropaaaa HMeHH cyigecrsarexeaoro SB.I\}lIOTCS xareropaa poaa, 'lHCAa H naaeasa.

2. KaTeropHH pona SB.I\}leTC.R KBaAH!pHQ,HPYIOrgeH; 9TO 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO HMeHa cYI!!eCTBHTeAbHble He H3MeHHlOTCH, a pacnpeztexmorca no pOJl,aM.

K MYmCKOMY pony OTHOCHTC.R HMeHa CYI!!eCTBHTeJ\bHble C OKOH'la~ HMMH -0 HJ\H -h (nMAO, Kpo~o, KOHb. rOCTb. AbHb),a TaKme aexoropsre cyrgecTBHTeAbHbre C OKOH'laHH~MH -A HJ\H -H (KOE.KOAA. Cil\AHH).

63

K meHCKOM)' P0.ll.Y OTHOCJITCH HMeHa cYI!!eCTBHTeJ\bHbIe C OKOHqaHHHMH -A. -b: ROAA. KOITb,a TaKme CAOBa THna IIMH. hIOIiW.

K cpenaesry P0.ll.Y OTHOCHTCH HMeHa C)'I!!eCTBHTeAbHbIe C OKOW:laHHHMH -0. -f. a TaKme -A: (MO. nOM. HilA.

3. KaTeropHH qHCAa HBAHeTCH, CAOBOH.3MeHHTeAbHOH; aTO .3HaqHT, 'ITO see CYI!!eCTBHTeAbHbIe, aa He60AbllIHM HCIU.IOQeHHeM, H.3MeHHIOTCH no QHCAaM. B CTapOCAaBHHCKOM H.3bIKe 6bIAO TpH QHCAa - e.ll.HHCTBeHHoe, .lI.BOHCTBeHHOe H MHomeCTBeHHoe.

C Yl!!eCTBHTeAbHoe B qx>pMe ezuracrseaaoro 'lHCAa 03HaqaAO, -rro peTh H.lI,eT 06 O,ltHOM npensrere: KOHb, HorA, rOITh. Q,ltHaKO cYIl!eCTBHTeAbHble c06HpaTeAbHbre, BeI,geCTBeHHbIe H OTBAeqeHHble 9TOro .3HaqeHHH He HMeAH: hH(TRHt ROAA. AOlipo. B caxy sroro TaKHe cYI!!ecTBHTeAbHbIe no qHCAaM He H.3MeHHAHCb, TO ecrs He HMeAH ¢OpM ,ltBOHCTBeHHOrO Ii MHomeCTBeHaoro qHCeA. Bnposesr, nnorzta cooaparexsrrere CYIl!eCTBHTeAbHble MorAH ynoTpe6AHTbCH ,ltAH 0603HaqeHHH MHom. qHCAa: KAIUHH~. Tpo(THE, hHCTRH€, P0itiAHE, R1iTRHE, IipMpHIA. HanpHMep:~IIAW~ iti~ A1ihAnM pAlihl ere < ... > 08.0ro iti~ OyliHWA 08.0ro itiE KAumH~Ub nOIiHWA (Map ee ).

CYI!!eCTBHTeAbHoe B qx>pMe .lI.BOHCTBeHHOrO qHCAa O.3HaqaAO, 'iTO peqb H.lI.eT 0 ztsyx npezeaerax HAM napHOM npezurere: SpATpA = ',lI.Ba fipara' ,sp~rA, 8.pATA H ,ltp.

C)'I!!eCTBHTeAbHoe B ¢opMe MHOmeCTBeHHOrO qHCAa O.3HaqaAO, -rro peqb H.lI,eT 0 MHOmeCTBe npezereros: KOHH, HOfW, fO(TH.

4. KaTeropHH naaeasa YKa.3bIBaeT aa CBH.3b ,ltaHHOrO CAOBa C ,lLPYrHMH CAOBaMH B npeaxoacenaa. B CTapOCAaBHHCKOM H3bIKe 6bIAO 6 na,lLemeH: HMeHHTeAbHbrn, PO.ll.HTeJ\bHbIH, ,lLaTeAbHbrn, BHHHTeAbHbm, TBOpHTeAbHblH H MecTHbIH; KpOMe Toro, 6bIAa etge O,lLHa qx>pMa - .3BaTeJ\bHaH,KOTOPaH ynorpetixaxace TOAbKO B e,ltHHCTB. tIHCAe: 8.ht\AWKO, (Tt\Pb... ~. ~AplO, A1iRHqe. (WHOY rocnoAH. Bo MHomeCTBeHHOM tIHCAe BMeCTO .3BaTeAbHoH cpOpMbI ynoTpe6AHACH HMeHHTeAbHbIH na.z:tem.

AaBHHCKOM H.3bIKe 6blAO IIIeCTb THnOB CKAOHeHHH. 4T06bI nOIDITb, 'ITO aTO 6bIAH aa CKAOHeHHH H KaK OHH B03HHKAH, Ha.lI,O 06paTHTbCH K HCTOpHH.

B HH.lI.OeBpOneHcKoM npasaence ace cYI,!!eCTBHTeAbHbIe HMeAH O,lLHH H Te me naneaorsre OKOHtIaHHH. 3TH nanezorere OKO~tIaHHH npHCOe,ll,HHHAHCb K OCHOBe CAOBa nOCpe.ll.CTBOM meMamU4eCKUX .3BYKOB - rAaCHbIX *a-, *0, *r. *11. *z.(H corwacnsrx "n, *r, "s, *1. TaKHM 06Pa.30M, cytgeCTBHTeAbHble 06'be,lLHHJi!\HCb B rpynner He na rpaMMaTHtIeCKOM (no 06- I,gHOCTH OKOlNaHHH), a na TeMaTHtIeCKOM OCHm~aHHH .. CeHQaC HaM yace ,TPY.lLHO, a TO H HeB03MomHO nOIDITb, KaKOB 6bIA TeMaTHtIeCKHH npH3HaK, nOAomeHHbIH B OCHOBY 06'be,lLHHeHHH CAOB; AHlllb B rpynne C OCHOBOH

na *r MomHO 3aMeTHTb, srro CJ\OBa C aTHM TeMaTHtIeCKHM corxacasn« 'it HBAHlOTCH TepMHHaMH poztcraa: *bhra1er-. "tnater-, *svesor-; (cp. AaT. k_ pater, mater, [taler, aarx. sister); rpyrma me C TeMaTH'leCKHM corwacnera

*t 06'be,lLHHHeT CAOBa, 0603HatIaBllIHe ,lLeTeHbIllleii: AHTAT-. nMT-, itiP'liSAT-. ,a-e.Jt KaKoH TeMaTHtIeCKHH npH.3HaK 060.3HaqaAH 3BYKH * a, * 0, * r, * U- , * z.( ,

*s H ztp., - CeHQaC CKa.3aTb yme HeB03MomHO. BCAe.ll.CTBHe TOro 'ITO TeMaTHQeCKHe 3BYKH OCHOBbl YTpaTHAM caoe .3HaQeHHe, a TaKme BCAe,lLCTBHe,¢oHeTHt{eCKHX npogeccoB npaCAaBHHCKOH anOXH npoH.3olllAo nepepaaxoaseaae .ltpeBHHX OCHOB: TeMaTHtIeCKHe rxacnsre OTOll1A~\K OKOHqaHHHM, a OKOHQaHHH nperepnexa pH,lL cpOHeTHqeCKHX H.3MeHeHHH.PacCMOTPHM am npogeccsr 60Aee nO.ltP06HO aa npHMepe OCHOI:tC'·''re.¥amqeCKHM rAaCHbIM *a-, *ja-H *0. *jo.

*vodlf-m > ROA-~; *vodlf-i > 8.0A-1i;

*vo1jif-i > *vol' -ai > 8.OI\'-H

* p!odo-s > nMA-A; * p[odo-n > nMA-'h; *plodo..i > nMA-'li;

*konjo..i > "kon' -ei > KOH'-H

1,.13 aTHX conocraaxeanii BH.lJ,HO, lITO B npaCAaBHHCKOM H3bIKe eI,ge

cpo rpe'I. )..0Y<\1

B. n, ea. If.

4. n, ea. q.

11. n. en; If

B. n. en, q .

4. n. ezt. 'l.

§ 3. CKAOHeHJie J1.M.eH CYlIJeCTBJiTeAhHbIX

CKAOHeHHeM cytgeCTBHTeAbHbIX nasemaerca HX H.3MeHeHHe no naztemaM H 'lHCAaM; Kf>OMe TOro, CKAOHeHHeM Ha.3blBaeTCH rpynna cyigecrsaTeAbHbIX, 06be,ll,HHeHHbIX 06IgHOCTblO naneaorsrx OKOH'iaHHH. B crapoc-

cp. rpex. xwpo:v

cp, rpes. xwpm

cp. rpes. A.6y~

cp, rpe-r. Myov

B .lI.OnHCbMeHHYlO snoxy npOlf30UIAO n e pep a 3 A 0 m e H H e 0 cHOB HMeH C)'I!!eCTBHTeJ\bHbIX, BCAe,lLC'mHe xoroporo r AaCHbIe OCHOBbI npesparaxace B OKOHQaHH}1, a HCKOHHble npOTOCAaBHHCKHe OKOHQaHHH, YHaCAe,lLOBaHHbIe H.3 HH,lLOeBpOneHCKoro npasasnca, AH60 HCqe.3AH (KaK OKOHqaHHH *-s. *-n B HMeHHT. H BHHHT. naaezsax CKAOHeHHH na *0-),

64

5-1033

65

66

5*

67

*0: *pli5do- > plod. *a: *vi5da- > vod-

*1: *gi5sti- > gost·*ii: *svekrU- > svekr,

*u: *siinu-> syn*8: *nebos- > neb -,

SOAA. p.4KKA. ROI\m. cMyrA. I¢HOWA H T. 11. K HeM}' me OTHOCKAHCb cYIMeCTBHTeAbHble meHCKoro pozta aa -bIH(H). 060.3HaqaBIIIHM H.hH OTBAeqeHHoe KaqeCTBO - IiAArOtTbIHH. rpUblHH. MHt\OtTb~HH. tSA TbIHH. KAH .hH zseacxoro 110Aa - 1i0rb1HH. rocnoAblHH. ?AlibIHH. KllH.arbIHH. K 9TOM me CK.hOHeHHIO OTHOCHTCH H HeMHOmqHC.heHHbIe CYIMeCTBHTe.hbHble meH. H Mym. poaa aa -H(H): AAAH". ttKAHH. IiAAHH. R1iTHH H cytgecraarexsHble Mym. pozta C CYCPCPHKCOM -YHH: KO?AlibYHH. KllHHrllYH". KPllMYHH.

B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT xaxecrna KOHe~IHOfO COf.haCHOrO OCHOBbI pasAHqaAHCb rnepaaa H MHrKaJI paaHOBH,IJ,HOCTH sroro CKAOHeHHH: rnepaas pa.3HOBH,lI,HOCTb - pblliA. SOAA. SO~ROAA. M5IfKaH pa3HOBH,lI,HOCTb - ,nIAm. ROAm. IOHOWA. a TaKme ace cyrgecrsarexenere C cyCf>cpHKcaMH - blH (H). ·H (H). . YH H .

06paa!!bI CK.hOHeHHH CMOTPH B Cl1paBOqHbIX MaTepHaAax.

Uepe,ll. OKOHqaHHeM -1i < * ai 3a,1J,HeH3bIqHbIe COl" xacmse noasepraxacs BTOPOH l1aAaTaAH3a!!HH: 4. H M. 11. en. "I., 11., 8., 3B. ,lI.B. q. HOS1i. pNlQ1i. IiAllt1i I1pH 11. 11. uera, p.4KKA. IiAllXA.

2. CK.hOHeHHe CYIMeCTBHTe.hbHbIX C ,Il;peBHeH 0 C HOB 0 H H a

*0. K 9TOM}' CK.hOHeHHIO, HMeBIIIeMY ,lI.Be paaHOBH,lI.HOCTH - TBep,ll.YIO H M5IrKYIO, OTHOCKAHCb cyigecraarexeasre M}'mCKoro H cpeaaero poaa C OKOHqaHH5IMH B vI. 11. ea. "I.:

-'h - cyry. Mym. poaa TBepll.OH paaHOBHll.HOCTH: pAlill

-b. -H = *jb - cyry. M}'m. pozta MJirKOH Pa3HOBH,lI.Hocm: KOHh. SO~b.

KpAH. IiOH

-0 - cytg. cpezta, pona TBep,ll.OH Pa.3HOBH,lI.HOCTH: SHHO. t~t\O

-I( - cyig. cpezia. pona MHrKOH Pa.3HOBH,llHOCTH: nOAK. ~HAMm"l(.

MO~K.

r [Tapanarvy CK.hOHeHH5I CMOTPH B Cl1paBOqHbIX MaTepHaAax.

B 3BaTeAbHOH <popMe KOHeqHbIe 3a,1J,He5I3bIqHbIe cor xacnsre OCHOBbl noaaepraxacs l1epBOH l1aAaTa.hH3a!!HH: 1i0iliE. OTbY~, AOYWE. K'hHA\~~. nepe,ll. OKOHqaHH5IMH ."Ii. ·H < * Or xoaexaere saaneaaersaere cor xacHbIe OCHOBbI nonsepraxacs BTOPOH l1aAaTaAH3a!!HH: M. 11. ezt, q. Iip1i~1i. 1-'1'.11. MH. -r. Iip1i,H. M. 11. MH. q. Iip1i~1iXll.

3. CK.hOHeHHe CYI,YeCTBHTe.hbHbIX C Il.peBHeH 0 C HOB OH H a *1. K 3TOMY CK.hOHeHHIO OTHOCH.hHCb CYI,YeCTBHTeAbHbIe meH. pozta C OKOH"laHl1eM -b: AAHb, KA,Hb. rp'hAO(Tb. HOlJlb. KOCTb. nElJIb. a TaKme HeMHorHe cyrgecrsarexeasre Mym. pozta C TeM me OKOHqaHHeM -b: ".4K Th. TATb. ThCTh. rNltb. rSO¥b. r?llTAHb. YPllSb. mYATb. K 3TOMY me ·CK.hOHeHl1lO OTHOCH.hHCb HeMHome C.hOBa pluralia tantum: AI¢AHK. meAH. r.4K(AH.

AI160 nozmeprwace TpaHccpopMa!!HH nozt ,Il;eHCTBl1eM rpoaeraxecsnx 3aKOHOB npacxaaancxoro 5I.3bIKa (KaK OKOHqaHHH BHHI1TeAbHOro H ,Il;aTeJl.baoro l1a,ll;emeH CK.hOHeHHH na * a: * -am> -q rs«, * -ai > e 11i/. CJl.eACTBHeM aroro 6bIJl.0 TO, "ITO Y acex cyigecrmrrexenetx BO.3HHK.hH HOBbIe O,ll;HHaKOBbIe OCHOBbI aa cor .AaCHbIH 3BYK:

8TO C.Ae,ll,CTBHe CTaAO B CBOIO o-repeas I1PHqHHOH Toro, "ITO HMeI-Ja cyrgecTBHTe.AbHble yase He MOr.AH 06'be,ll,HH5ITbCa B rpyrmst, HAH THIlbl CK.hOHeHHa, 110 TeMaTHqeCKOM)' npH.3HaKY, 1103TOMY B OCHOBY HX HOBO- 1"0 06'be,ll;HHeHHH xer AH rpaseaara-recxae I1pH.3HaKH - pozi H 06IJ!HOCTb

• OKOH"laHHH. C.Ae,ll.CTBHeM aroro 6bIAO CMerneHHe ,lI.peBHHX THIlOB CK.hO-

HeHHH, nepexoa CYIMeCTBHTe.AbHbIX H3 O,lJ.HOro THna CK.hOHeHHH B APYrOH, B03HI1KHOBeHHe ,lJ.y6.AeTHbIX OKOHqaHHH.

T aKHM 06Pa30M, BblCTPaHBaeTca genO"lKa npHt.IHHHO-C.Ae,lJ.CTBeHHbIX

u

CB}'I.3eH:

1) C.Ae,lJ,CTBHeM ,lI,eHCTBIDI cpOHeTHqeCKHX 3aKOHOB 6bI.A0 rtepepasxoaseHHe OCHOB;

2) C.Ae,lJ,CTBHeM nepepa3AOmeHIDI OCHOB 6bI.A0 B03HHKHOBeHHe O,ll;HOTHnHblX OCHOB na COr.AaCHbIH;

3) C.Ae,lJ,CTBHeM B03HHKH0I3eHHa O,IJ,HOTHnHbIX OCHOB na cor .AaCHbIH 6bl.AO HOBoe 06'be,lJ,HHeHHe HMeH cyrgecraarexenerx B THnbI CK.hOHeHHH .ua OCHOBe rpaMMaTHqeCKOrO poaa H 06IJ!HOCTH OKOHqaHHH;

4) C.Ae,lJ,CTBHeM noaoro o6'be,ll.HHeHHH 6bIAO C M erne H H e ,IJ, P e B..l H H X T H nOB C K .A 0 H e H H a.

naM5ITHHKH CTapOC.AaBHHCKoH nHCbMeHHOCTH eIJ!e ,lJ,OCTaTOqHO qeTKO H HCHO pas.orsarcr meers TUnOB CK.hOHeHH5I. BMeCTe C TeM OHH orpaacator H csrenremre THnOB CK.hOHeHIDI, "ITO 6bl.hO Ha"laAOM <pOpMHpOBaHH},! HOBOH CHCTeMbI CK.AOHeHHH; rtocxe pacnaaenaa IlpaC.AaB5IHCKOrO H3bIKa 3T0 ct>OpMHpOBaHHe no-csoesry npo,ll.O.ALKH.AOCb B KaLK,llOM OT,IJ,eAbHOM C.AaB5IHCKOM 5I3bIKe.

CHaqa,Aa paCCMC>TpHM tuecrs THrIOB crapocxaaancxoro CK.II.OHemrn HMeH C)'I!!eCTBHTe.II.bHbIX, a 3aTeM -. '<flaKTb1 HX CMernemrn H C,IJ,e.haeM BblBO,lJ,bll

1. CK.AOHeHHe CYIJ!eCTBHTe.hbHbIX C ,lI,peBHeH 0 C HOB OM H a

* -a . K i3TOM}' CK.AOHeHHIO OTHOCH.hHCb see cYIJ!eCTBHTe.AbHbIe meH. H My2K. poaa C OKOH"laHHeM -A B HMeHHT. naztease eaaacra. "lHC.Aa: il\EHA.

KOHe'IHbIH cor.I\aCHbrn OCHOBbI nepezt *t> b noxysax IIO:ilHgHOHHYJO nO.l\y-Mm'KOCTh. EC.I\H 6bl 9TO 6bl.l\O He TaR, TO BO MHOrnx C.I\OBaX 6bl.l\H 6bI C.I\e,l(bI j-TOBoM IIaJ\aTaJ\H.3agHH: BM. rOCTh - *rOlJlh, rae IfI < *stj; BM. Vpl.Sb - *VPl.Sl\b, rAe M < *vj. nOCKO.l\bKY .me 3TOro He npoasomxo, nOCTO.l\bKY MO.mHO yraepasztars, 'ITO *t > b etye B IIpo1'OCJ\ilB1IHCKyIO snoxy, ,ll0 Ha'laAa ,lleHCTBWI 3aKOHa C.I\OfOBOfO CHHfapMOHH3Ma; nepea b corxacHble npH06peTaMI n03H!!HOHH}'Kl nO.l\}'MHrKOCTh.

napa,l(HrM)' CK.I\OHemUl CMOTPH B CnpaBO'lHbIX MaTepHa.I\ax.

4. CK.I\OHeHHe cyryeCTBHTe.I\bHbIX C ApeBHeH OCHOBOM na *u. K 9TOM}' CK.I\OHeHHIO OTHOCHTCH HeMHoro'IHC.I\eHHaH rpynna cytgecrnarexenstx M}'2K. pozia C OKOH'IaHHeM -a B HMeHHT. naztease e,llHHCTB. '1HC.I\a: ChlHl. [cp • .l\HT. sunus), SMa, Mila (cp . xar. damus}. Spb~l. (cp • .l\HT. virsus }, VHHl.. MeAl. (cp, caHCK. madhu), MAl. (cp • .l\TIII. ledus).

napa,l(HrMY CK.I\OHeHHH CMOTPH B CnpaBO'lHbIX MaTepHa.I\ax.

5. CK.I\OHeHHe cyryeCTBHTe.l\bHblX C ,llpeBHeH OCHOBOH aa "'U. K aTOM)' rnny CK.I\OHeHWI OTHOCHAaCb HeMHOfO'lHC.I\eHHaH rpynna cyigecraarexsHblX 2KeHCKOfO poaa: I\lOlibl. ~pbKhI, cKeKpbl, liOYKhI. ifipl.Hbl (JICepHoB), IipAAhI (rnonoo ), 41il\hl (ucgeJleHue), HEOMAbl (HerVIO,4HaJi), ~opill.rhl (XOPYZBb, SHaMJi), ~Tpbl (HeBecmKa). cPOPMbI HMeHMT. naztezsa e,lJ,HHCTB. '1HC.I\a *Kphl H *liphl B naMHTHHKax CTapOC.I\aBJlHCKOH naceMeHHOCTH He BaCBH,IJ,eTe.l\bCTBOBaHbI, TaK KaK etge B ,lJ,OnHCbMeHHYIO snoxy BaMeHH.I\HCb $opMaMH BHHHTe.l\bHOrO naaeasa Kpl.Kb H lipl.Kb. n032Ke 9Ta BaMeHa npoasomxa H B ztpyrax C.I\OBaX ,lJ,aHHOfO CK.I\OHeHHH; cp. COBpeMeHHoe PYCCKoe c8elCfto6b, u,eftlCo8b, "tl0006b, .xOft'lZ6b.

B HMeHHTe.l\bHOM naaezse rxacaaa OCHOBbI *11 HaxO,lJ,HAaCb nepen OKOH'IaHHeM * S, xoropoe no BaKOHy BOCXOMtyeH BB}"lHOCTH ornaxo, a * u > hi. B epopMax KOCBeHHbIX na,lle2KeH r xacnaa OCHOBbl naxoaaxacs nepea r.l\aCHbIMH 3BYKaMH, n09TOMY *u- > *r.ru > l.K: P. rr. ezi, 'I. * sv~krm!s > * soekruue > svekT'bve = CKeKpl.Se.

napa,l(MfM)' CK.I\OHeHHH CMOTPH B CnpaBO'lHbIX MaTepHaJ\ax.

6. CK.I\OHeHHe cytgecrmrrexeasrx C ApeBHeH OCHOBOH na corxacasre. K OCHOBaM aa cor xacasre OTHOCHTCJI CYIJJeCTBHTe.l\bHble scex Tpex

pO,lJ,OB.

A. TeMOH cyigecresrrexensrx M}'2K. poaa 6bl.l\ corxacasni n: AbH-b.

KopeH-b, peum-b, ereneu-s, ~MHcb. KAUEH-b, nI\AIUH-b. Bo MH02KeCTBeHHOM '1HC.I\e no 9TOMY CK.I\OHeHHIO CK.I\OHH.l\HCb cyigecraarexeasre C cyrp$MKCaM -TMb. -Apb. -HHl. (nOC.I\eAHMH Cyep$HKC BO MH02K. '1HC.I\e yrpa'1MBa.I\CJI): 11. n. MH. 'I. oYVHnM. UbITAp~. rt\l\HI\1i~H~. B CM.I\Y csoeii

68

PaBHOCK.l\OHHeMOCTH 9TH cynjecrsmexenere pano nOAnaJ\M noa B.I\WIHHe CK.I\OHemUI ua * [a, 0 '1eM CM. HH.me.

napa,l(HrM}' CK.I\OHeHHJI CM. B cnpaaosasrx MaTepMa.I\ax.

•

E. TeMOM cytjjecraarexenerx 2KeHCKOfO pozta 6bl.l\ COf.l\aCHbIH r:

MATH - UAnp-e, Al.lJIH - Al.lJlep-E (p. n, en, 'I.). napa,l(HrM)' CK.I\OHeHHH CM. B cnpaaoxastx MaTepHa.I\ax.

B. TeMOH cytgecratrrexenerx cpeaaero poaa 6bl.l\H corwacasre S, n, t < * nt. B HMeHHTe.l\bHOM naztease eAHHCTBeHHoro '1MC.I\a 9TH cor xacnsre nOA AeHcTBHeM 3aKOHa BOCXOMtyeH 3BYQHOCTH HAM YTpaTH.I\HCb, H.I\H, B COCTaBe· ,lJ,HepTOHrH'ieCKOrO CO'ieTaHIDI, npe06paBOBa.I\HCb B HOCOBOH r.l\aCHblH~ (~): *nc!bos > nebo = uese, *sem~n > sem~ = t1iu~. *o1rok~nt > *otrocen > *otroc~ = OTpOV~. B KOCBeHHblX naneasax 9TH TeMaTH"IeCKHe cor .l\aCHbIe COXpaHH.I\HCb: * nebese' > Heli~ce (c xepeAOBaHHeM e / 0: * nebos / nefjes-); *Tmene > HUEHe; *otroKente > otrocete = OTpOY~n.

§ 4. B3altMOAeHCTBHe THDOB CKAOHeHJ.UI HMeH CYIIJeCTBHTeAhHbIX

T OH CHCTeMbI CK.I\OHeHWI, KOTOpaH npeztcraaxena B cnpaso-nrerx Ma· TePHa.I\ax, Mbl He HaxO,IJ,HM B '1MCTOM BHAe B naMHTHHKaX CTapDC.I\3B~HCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH. 113-3a TOro 'ITO Y scex cyryeCTBHTe.l\bHbIX 06paBOBa.l\aCb O,ll.HOTHnHaJI OCHOBa aa cor .l\aCHbIH, nasaxac» HX neperpynllHpoBKa B HOBbIe THIIbl CK.I\OHeHWI na OCHOBe 06tyHOCTH rpaMMaTH'leCKoro poaa H $apMbI HMeHHTeAbHOro naaezsa. Hanpaaep, ecxa B npOTOC.l\aBHHCKYIO anoxy cYIUeCTBHTe.l\bHble *p/od-o-s H *sun-u~-s paB.I\H'IaMlCb TeMa1WleCKHMH r.l\aCHbIMH, TO B npaC.l\aBHHCKYIO snoxy CYIUeCTBHTe.l\bHble nMAl. H ChlHl. Y2Ke HH"IeM He paaxaxaxacs, OTHOCJlCb npa aTOM K O,ll.HOM}' rpaseaaTH'IeCKOMY pozty (MY2KCKOMY) M HMeH TO.m.n;eCTBeHHYIO epopM}' HMeHHTe.I\bnoro nazteaca. ECTeCTBeHHO, "ITO CYIUeCTBHTe.l\bHble C ApeBHHMH OCHOBaMH na *0 H *rr CTaAH C6.I\H2KaTbCH, 06pa3YH nOCTeneHHO O,IJ,HH mn CK.I\OHeHIDl. B naMHTHHKaX CTapoc.I\aBHHCKOH nHCbMeHHocm 9TOT npogecc 06paBOBaHWI HOBOro THna CK.I\OHeHIDI OTpaBHACH B BH,lJ;e CMeIIIeHHH OKOH'laHHH ,lJ,BYX ,lJ,peBHHX TMIIOB CK.I\OHeHIDI. KpoMe 9THX ABYX mnOB CK.I\OHeHWI, c6.I\H2Ka~ .l\HCb, B3aHMO,lJ,eHCTBOBaAH H CMeIIIMBa.l\HCb OKOH'laHWI C.I\e,lJ,YIOIJJHX ,lJ,pesHHX TImOB CK.I\OHeHWI:

- CK.I\OHeHHe na *jo H *1 MY2K. pOAa,TO ecrs C.I\OBa THna KOHb H recrs:

69

- CKJ\OHeHHe na *Z MY*. pozta H *n MY*. poaa, TO ecru CAOBa rana rOCTb H AbHb;

- CKJ\OHeHHe na *Z*eH. poaa.na *UH na *r, TO ecre CJ\OBa THna KOCTb.

Kp"hKb H UATH;

- CKJ\OHeHHJI na }t'o cpennero poza H aa *S, TO ecrs CJ\OB THna C~i\O H CMKO.

PaCCMOTpHM 9TH npogeccsr B.3aHMO,ll,eHCTBlffi OCHOB nonpoonee. A. CKJ\OHeHHJI na *0- H *u. KOJ\H'ieCTBeHHO cxoaa na *0- BO MHoro p33 npeBOCXO,ll,HAH CJ\OBa C OCHOBOH aa *U-, n09TOMY CKJ\OHeHHe aa *it norwoigaxocs CKJ\OHeHHeM na *0-, O,ll,HaKO aepezxo CAOBa CKJ\OHeHHJI na *0' ynorpeoxsxac» C OKOH1.faHlffiMH CKJ\OHeHlffi sa *u-. Eho snamrr, 1.fT0 B· C03HaHHH nHcgoB 9TH CKJ\OHeHlffi 06'he,ll,HHHJ\HCh H OHH yme He 3HaJ\H, xaxoe OKOHqaHHe - «npaeaxsaoe», H BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI .ll. n. ezt. 1.f. PAIiOY, AAAMOY, i\bKOY H T. n. flHCMH PAIiOKH, AAAMOKH, i\bROSH, KECAp~KH, AARHAOSH, nnpOSH, HPOAOSH, YMR1iKORH, ImpoRH, RpAYESH, ~1itAp£KH H T. n.; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOH1.faHHJI TB. n. ea. q. PAIiOUb, nMAOUb H T. n. nHCMH pAIi"hMb, nMA"hUb, OlipA~"hUb, rMC"hUb, t"hH"hUb, tMY?\"hUb, ri\M'hMb H T. n.; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI HM. n. MH. q. MyCH, nenu, CAAH rntcaxn ncnese, AOY?\OKe, CAAOK~ H T. n.; BMeCTO HCKOHHOro OKOH1.faHHJI P. n. MH. q. nMA'h nHCMH nMMK'h, Ii1iCOR"h, TPOYAOS"h, rpAMS"h, ~K1iTOK'h Ii T. n.

H, Hao60pOT, y cytgecraarexeasrx CKJ\OHeHHJI tra *u BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI P. n. ezi, q. CblHOY nHCMH ChIHA, KPb;\A, ueAA; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI .ll. n -. es; -r. CblHOKH nHCMH (blHOY,MUoy, MUOY, YHHOY; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOH1.faHHJI TB. n. ea. 1.f.CblH'hUb nHCMH CbIHOUb, AOUOUb, U~AOUb; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOH1.faHWl M. n. en, q.CblHOY nacaxa CblH1i, KP'hC1i, AOU1i; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOH- 1.faHHJI 3BaTeJ\hHoH q>OpMbI CblHOY nHCMH csme, YHHE; BMeCTO HCKOHnoro OKOH1.faHHJI H. n. MH. 1.f. tbIHOR~ nHCMH tblHH, AOIllH, KOI\H; BMeCTO HCKOHHOI'O OKOHqaHHJI P. n. MH. q. CbIHOK"h B O,ll,HOM cxyxae nannCMH CblH'h; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI .ll. n. MH. q. tblH'hM~ nacaJ\H CbIHOM'h, CAAOU"h; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI T. n. MH. q. CblH"hIJIH B O,ll,HOM cxysae HanHCMH tblHbl.

E. CKJ\OHeHHJI aa *jo- H *1 MymcKoro pozia.

BMecTo HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI P. n. ezt, q. ~K1ipH nHcghl ynorpeoJ\JIJ\H OKOH1.faHHe -It\: ~K1ipm.. rocnoAm.. rOCTm.: BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI .ll. n, en. q. eruu nHCMH erme. recneaie. rOtTIO; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro

OKOHqaHHJI T. n, CA. q. orHbMb nHCMH OrHU.lb. rocnoAEub. rMIKSUJb; BMeCTO HCKOHHOI'O OKOH'IaHHJI 3BaTeJ\hHoH q>OpMhl rccneaa nacaxa rocnOAoy: BMeCTO HCKOHHOI'O OKOHqaHHJI VI. n. en, 'I. r~CTHK nHCaJ\H rocTH. nxrn. ~K1ipH.

Ooparaoe BJ\HJlHHe CKa3MOCb B CAe,ll,YJOI,ijHx rpopsrax: BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI T. n, ea. q. HO.iliEUb nHCMH HO.ilibUb, ni\AYbUb; BMeCTO HCKOHHOro OKOHqaHHJI H. n. MH. q. tTpA.iliH nHCMH tTpA.iliHK. KO,iKAHK. KOYUHpHK: BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI P. n. MH. q. KpAYh nHCMH KpAVhH (KPAVEH); BMeCTO HCKOHHOro OKOHqaHHJI 4. n. MH. q. OTb~~U'h nHCMH OTb~bU'h; BMeCTO HCKOHHOI'O OKOHqaHHJI T. n. MH. q. CTpA.iliH nHCaAH CTPA.ilibUH. K"hni\bUH. ~MA1iHUH.

B. CKJ\OHeHHJI na *1 MY*. poaa H * n MY*. pozta, BJ\HJlHHe CKJ\OHeHHJI aa *1 CK33MOCb B CJ\e,ll,yrorgHx naaeasaerx rpopsrax: BMeCTO HCKOHnoro OKOH1.faHHJI P. n. ea. 1.f. AbHe nHCMH AbHH. KMHH. KAMEHH: BMeCTO HCKOHHOI'O OKOHqaHHJI M. n. ezt, 1.f. AbH~ nHCaJ\H AbHH. KAU~HH. KOPEHH. nl\AOmH (non B03,l1,eHCTBHeM srax CAOS cpeztaero pona nO,ll,06HOe OKOHqaHHe P. n. H M. n. nOJlBJ\JIJ\OCb H y CJ\OB MYmCKoro poaa TOro *e CKJ\OHeHHJI aa corJ\aCHbIH: HElieCH. CMKECH. OTpOY~TH. Kp1iIUHH, HUmH. Ap1iKECH • .ilip1iIi~TH. KOMCH H T, n.); BMeCTO HCKOHHOro OKOH1.faHHJI H. n. MH. 1.f. AbH~ nHCaJ\H MHbK; BMeCTO HCKOHHOro OKOH1.faHHJI P. n. MH. q. AbH'h nHCMH AbHHH.

* *~

Ooparnoro BJ\HJlHiliI CKJ\OHeHH}} na n aa CKJ\OHeHHe aa 1 nOqTH

He 6blJ\O; J\HllIb B CynpaCJ\bCKOH pYKonHCH flHCgOM 6hlJ\O HanHC~HO mYAT~ BMeCTO HCKOHHOH q>OPMhI H. n. mVATHK (HanoMHHM, 1.fTO 9TO

CAOBO Mym. poaa). .

f. CKJ\oHeHH}} na *1 asencxoro poaa, aa *r H na =a. BJ\HJlHHe CKJ\OHeHHJI na *1 CKa3MOCb S TOM, 'ITO BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOH1.faHH}} P. n, en. q. IlIAT~p~, K?"hK~ nHCMH UAHpH. Kp'hKH. A"hlfiEpH. i\lQli"hKH. ~?bK"hSH; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOH1.faHHJI M. n. ez; 'l. Kp"hS~ nHCMH K?'hKH.~PbK'hSH. CUOK"hSH: BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOH1.faHHJI P. n. MH. 1.f. MAnp" nHCMH MAn?HH. Kp"hKHH. A"httI~pm (rae E < H peAygHpoBaHHoro); BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI .ll. n. MH. 1.f. KP'hSAM"h nHCMH Kp"hKbM"h: BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOH1.faHHJI T. n. MH. 1.f. K?"hKAUH rracaxa KpnSbUH: BMeCTO HCKOIlHoro OKOH1.faHHJI M. n. MH. 'i. Kp'hKA;\'h nHCMH Kp'hKb;\'h:

A. CKJ\OHeHHJI na *0- cpezraero pozta Ii *s. BJ\HJIHHe CKJ\OHeHHJI aa *0 cpeanero poaa CK33MOCb B CJ\enYJOI,ijHX naneasasrx q>OpMax: BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOH1.faHHJI P. n. ea. 'I. tMKEte nHCaAH CMSA. Ap1iKA. T1ii\A:

BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHJI .ll. n. en. q, CMK~CH nHCMH (I\~KOy. HEIiOy.

70

7

YIOAOY. T1il\Oy, oYXoy: BMeCTO HCKOHHOro OKOWIamrn T. n. en. 'I. (AOR~CbUb nHCMU (AOROUb. OKOUb, T1iMUb. AfIiROUb, YIOAOUb; BMeCTO HCKOHHOrO OKOWIaHHH M. n, ezt, q. (I\OR~(E nHCaAH CMR1i. A?1iR1i. O~1i. T1it\1i; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHH l1-B. n. MH. q. (/\ORECA nHCaAH (/\ORA. Ap1iRA. KOt\A:

BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHH P. n. MH. q. (t\OREC'h nHCaAH CAOR'h, KOt\'h, T1it\'h; BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHH 4. n. MH. q. Ct\OR~bU'h nHCaAH cacKOU'h. T1i/\OU'h: BMeCTO HCKOHHoro OKOHqaHHH M. n. MH. q. (I\OKECbXlI nHCaAH (MR1i~'h,KOt\1i~'h, T1ii\1i~'h.

He CAe/1,yeT, KOHe'lHO, /1,YMaTb, 'ITO HCKOHHble na/1,emHbIe q>OPMbI Bo06Ige He ynoTpe6AHAHCb. Hanpcraa, OHH ynoTpe6AHAHCb ropaaao qaIge HOBbIX. T eM He MeHee q>aKTbI B3aHMO/1,eHCTBHH pa3HbIX THnOB /1,peBHHX OCHOB nOKa3bIBaIOT, 'ITO B npaCAaBHHCKOM H3bIKe nasaxca rrpogecc 06pa30BaHHH HOBOH CHCTeMbI CKAOHeHHH na OCHOBe 06be/1,HHeHHH CAOB no npHHgHny 06IgHOCTH rpaMMaTH'leCKOrO poaa H roasneCTBeHHOCTH,q>OPMbI HMeHHTeAbHoro naaezsa. Oc06aH 3Ha'lHMOCTb q>OpMbI HMeHHTeAbHoro naaeasa CBH3aHa C TeM, srro 8TOT naaeas BbIpamacrco60IO TOm/1,eCTBO npezerera C caMHM C06010, BCAe/1,CTBHe xoroporo npeztster TOAbKO H MomeT 6blTb HOCHTeAeM pa3H006pa3HbIX CBOHCTB H oraoureHHH, BblpamaeMblX, B '1aCTHOCTH, KOCBeHHbIMH na/1,e2KaMH19.<l>OPMHpOBaHHe HOBOH CHCTeMbI CKAOHeHMH 3aKOHqHAOCb yzee B OT /1,eAbHbIX cAaBHHCKHX H3bIKaro.

KareropHH O/1,yrneBAeHHOCTH CTMa cJ>OpMHpOBaTbCH el!!e B npacxaBHHCKOM H3b1Ke. B naMHTHHKaX CTapOCAaBHHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH BCTpe.qaIOTCH npezixoaeeaaa THna ARpAAU'h pMH H(AAK'h, l'/1,e HCAAK'h - rreo/1,yrneBAeHHoe CYI,JJeCTBHTeAbHoe, H npezixoaceaaa rnna ARpAAlI'h POAH H(AAKA, rzte H(AAK'h yzse onyuresxeaaoe CyIgeCTBHTeAbHoe. nOCKOAbKY B npeztxoasemrax nepaoro THna He HCHO, KTO' cy6beKT, a KTO 06beKT /1,eHCTBHH, TO xareropas O/1,YllleB.II.eHHOCTH H CTaAa q>OpMaAbHblM cnoC060M HX pa3AH'leHHH. 4aAbHeHlllee pa3BHTHe xareropas oztyureaxeaHOCTH nOA)"IHAa B OT/1,eJ\bl-JbIX CJ\aBHHCKHX H3b1Kax.

§ 5. B03HHKHOBeHu.e KaTerOpu.u. °AyrneBAeHHOCTH

KaTeropHH O/1,ymeBAeHHOCTH, KaKYIO Mbl HaXO/1,HM, nanpauep, B COBpeMeHHOM PYCCKOM H3b1Ke, osnaxaer, 'ITO y onyureaxeaasrx cytgeCTBHTeAbHbIX MY2KCKOrO H cpeaaero poaa e/1,HHCTBeHHoro qHCAa cJ>opMa BHHHTeAbHOrO nazteasa COBna/1,aeT C q>0PMOH pozorrexenoro nazteasa, a y neonymeaxeaaerx cyrgecraarexsaerx q>opMa BHHHTeJ\bHoro nazeasa cosnaaaer C q>0PMOH HMeHHTeJ\bHoro naztezsa:

B.n. 6pama P.n. 6pama

B. n. cmo» 11. n. cmOA

0/fYUleBAeHHble

neomnueenenume

19 eM.: AoceB A. ClJ . .R3bIKOBaH crpyxrypa. M., 1983. 20 DOAI'apCKHH Jl3blK Boo6rye YTpaTHA CKAOHCHHC.

188. ,191.

72

~. AEKIJH5I 8 ~

§ 3. CKAOHeHlfe KpaTKJ:l.X nplfAaraTeAbHbIX YlMeHa npaxararexsnsre B KpaTKOH <popMe CKA<lIDIllHCb, KaK cytgeCTBHTeAbHble: npaxararexsnsre MY2KCKOrO M cpezmero pozia CK.i\OHAAMCb no rany OCHOB aa *o~, a npnxararexeaere 2KeHCKOro pona CKAOHHlIHCb no TMny OCHOS aa =a: MHbIMM CAOSaMM, npnxararexeasre apozte IiAArll CK.i\OIDIAMCb KaK nMAll, IiI\ArOKaK C~t\O, IiI\AfA KaK CT~AHA.

§ 1. Pa3PHAbI npaxarareasurax

B CTapOCAaBHHCKOM H.3bIKe MMeHa npMAaraTe.l\bHbIe no aaaseHMfO pa.3)1,e.I\H.I\MCb na TpM paspaaa.

Kavecmeenuue: ~lli\lt., UAi\ll, H06lt., 1i1ii\'L, CI\1inlt. If .n;p. Ka'leCTBeHasre npaxararexsnsre 06Pa.30BbIBMHCb TaK2Ke npa nOMOIgH nexcropeix CY<P<PHKCOB: -It.K: rI\AAlt.Klt.; -OK: i1i~CTOKlt.; -~.K: AMEK'L: ~H: YPbK~Hll: -HK:

I\1iHHJr.h; -HK: K~I\HKlt.; -1\: Tml\'L.

OmNOCUmeAbNble, 06Pa.30BaHHble OT cyrgeCTBHTe.I\bHbIX npa nOMOIgH CY<PlflHKCOB: -bH: Ai\'Li1ibH'L, fP1iWbHll: -btK: nOfAHbtKll, YI\OK1iYbCKll; -1iH: fJ1iA1iHlt., KOitit\Hll (r)l,e ii (1i) > a nOCAe llIMnHIgero); -AT: nE~bHATlt.. [lpumsocamemmme, 06pa.30SaHHble npa nOMoIgM C.I\e,a;)'lOIgMx cY<P<pHKCOB: -OK: A1iAOKlt., n£TpOKlt.; -HH: C~CT~HHll, COTOHHHlt.; - Jb: AKpAAUl\b, KllHAi1ib; -HH: 1i0i1iHH. K~Ai1iHH; -bH: rocnoAbflb, OTbHb.

§ 4. CKAOHeHKe nOAHbIX rrpuaara'reararsrx nO.l\Hble npaxararexenere 06Pa.30BbIBMMCb B npaC.I\aBHHCKOM H.3bIxe nyreer npM6aBAeHHH K KpaTKOH <popMe YKa.3aTe.l\bHOrO MeCTOHMeHHH H. K. m: npaxararexeasre MY2KCKOrO pozia: "dobrw-je > dobryj» = AOIi~blH. *sini-j~ > sintj» = CHfI"H, rzte [ br, II ].nO.3HQHOHHble BapHaHTbI <poHeM < 'b, b >; npaxararexsaere cpeanero poaa: *dobro-je > AOlipOK. "sine-je >(~HH~K; npaxararexsnere 2KeHCKOro poaa: "dobra-ja > AOlipAm, "sin 'a-ja > CHHmm.

nepSOHa'ia.l\bHO yxasarexenere MeCTOHMeHHH HrpMH poxe onpeaexemroro apTHKMI H CKAOHH.I\HCb caMOCTOHTe.l\bHO B COCTaBe noxnoro npaxararexsnoro: 11. n. dobryjs, P. n. dobrajego, A. n. dobrujemu H T. ,a;. O,a;HaKo C TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH npOH.30III.I\O CAHHHHe q>OpM MeCTOHMeHHH C na,ll,e2KHbIMH OKOH'iaHHHMH npaxararexenerx, BCAe)l,CTSHe'lerO 06pa.30Sa.I\OCb HOBoe C.I\02KHoe OKOH':IaHMe. npe2K)l,e scero 6bI.I\ yrpasen [j] Me2K)l,Y rAacHbIMH, 'i'FO BbI.3Ba.I\O HX nocxeayroigyro aCCHMH.I\HQHIO H CTH2KeHHe: P. n. *novajego > novaego > novaago > HOKArO; A. n. "novujemu > novuemu > novuumu > HOKOYUOY; T. n. "novyjim» > novyims > HOKbIMb; M. n. "novajems > novaems > HOK1illlb; "sinijem» > siniems > siniims > CHH"!lIb (nonpooaee CM. B CnpaBO':lHbIX MaTepHaxax}. B naMHTHHKax CTapOCAaBHHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH orpassems eana .l\H He see <pa.3bl sroro npogecca: AOlipAKro. AOlipuro H AOlipAro; AOIiPOYK' Uoy. AOlipOyOpJloy H AOIiPOYUOY H T . n, KpoMe Toro, Y nOAHblX npaxarare.asnetx nOHB.I\HIOTCH OKOH'iaHHH THna AOliporo (P. n.), AOIi~Ouoy (A. n.). TaKHe OKOH'laHHH nOHBMlIOTCH SC.I\e,ll,CTBHe B.I\HHHHH MeCTOHMeHHoro CK.i\OHeHHH rana Toro, TOUOY; ooparnoe BAHHHHe CKAOHeHHH nO.l\HbIX npaxararexeaerx Ha MeCTOHMeHHoe CK.I\OHeHMe M02KHO YBH)I,eTb 8 TaKHX ¢opMax, KaK TblH (BM. TOH), KblH (8M. KOH), TblH~ll (SM. T1i~ll) ..

§ 2. KpaTKaH If 1l0AHruI <popMa nplfAaraTeAbHbIX

B CTapOC.I\aBHHCKOM H.3blKe npaxararexsnsre MMe.l\M xp a T K Y 10 M rr 0 .1\ H Y 10 <pOPMbI (B ,a;pyrOH TepMHHOAorHM: HMeHH)'lO, aexxeaHYIO, neonpeztexennyio H MeCTOHMeHHYIO, 'i!l.eHH)'lO, onpeaexemryro}. Ka'iecTBeHHbIe H OTHOCMTe.l\bHbIe npaxararexeasre MMe.l\M o6e <pOPMbI, npMTH2KaTe.l\bHbre - TOAhKO KpaTK)'lO.

06e <pOpMbl B CTapOC.I\aBHHCKOM H.3bIKe MOr.l\H BbInO.l\HHTb <PYHKQMIO onpeaexeaas: ~lli\O A~1iKO ni\OAbl ~I\bl TKO~HT (3orp): HAN- Tb en Ko UIKKA\ K1iYbfllKl7i\ (Map). npH 3TOM KpaTKaH <popMa MMe.l\a neonpeziexennoe anaxenae, YKa3bIBMa na npH.3HaK npeztsrera Boo6Ige, a noxaaa <popMa MMe.I\a onpeaexeanoe aaaxemre, yxaasmaxa na npH.3HaK nanaoro, KOHKpeTHoro npeasrera. B <PYHKQMH MMeHHOH 'laCTM COCTa8- noro aaenaoro cxasyeworo 06bl':lHO ssrcrynaxa KpaTKaH <PapMa: HA KC1iKll i1i~ AbHb K~i\HKlt. OlibiYAH 1i1i (Map EB.).

74

75

§ 5. CTeneHH cpannerraa npJ1AaraTeALHbIX Cpa B H H T e J\ b H a H C Ten e H b npaxararexsnsrx. cPopMa cpaBHHTeJ\bHOH CTeneHH copasoasraaxacs OT KatJeCTBeHHbIX H OTHOCHTeAbHbIX npaxara'rexsmsx npa nOMOIJJH CY<P<pHKCOB *jbS, "ajss, KOTOpete B KOCBeHHbIX naaeasax MymcKoro H cpeziaero (KpOMe I1-B. n, ea. s.) poaa H BO ncex nazteasax meHCKoro poaa pacnpocrpanaxacs 3ByKOM -j.

CY<P<PHKC *jbs (*jes).

11. n. ea. q. M. p.: *lich + jbs > "HWb; (rAe*chj > S' ); K "HWh npH6aBJUlJ\OCb OKOHtJaHHe -H, sepoarno, nozt BJ\HHHHeM q10pM THnaAOIi?1iH (CM. HHme): "HWb + H > "HWHH.

P. n. en. q. M. p.: *lich + jbS +t + a> "HWhwm (rAe*chj > s', *sj> s' ); <pOPMbI ApyrHX KOCBeHHbIX na.zlemeH 06Pa30BbIBaAHtb aHaAOrHtJHO, a OKOHqaHHH 6bIJ\H TaKHe me, KaK H y cyigecrarrrexeaerx.

11. n. ea. tJ. cpo p.: *lich + jes > "HWK (rAe *chj > s' ).

11. n. ezt. q. m. p.: *lich + jbS +ja > "HWhWH (rne *chj >s: *sj > s ', a OKOHqaHHe -H B03HHKJ\0 no aHaAOrHH c cyrgecTBHTeJ\bHbIMH *ja- ocHOB THna f?"hAhlHH. "AAHH).

C Y<P<pHKC *iijbS.

11. n.eA. tJ. M. p.: "nov + iijbS > HOH1iH (rae *jb = H, KOHeqHblH: s YTpaTHJ\CJI) •

P. n. ezi. -r. M. p. : *nov + ajbs +j + a > HOH1iHwm (rzte *sj > W); , q>OpMbI apyrax KOCBeHHblX na,1lemeH: 06Pa30BblBaAHCb aHaAOmqHO, a OKOHqaHHH 6blJ\H TaKHMH me, KaK y cytgecrairrexeasrx,

11. n. ea. l.J. cp, p.: *nov + ajes > HOK1iK.

11. n. ezt.. tJ. m. p.: *nov + ajbs + j + i > HOK1iHWH (r,1le "j» = * . > .,)

H, SJ S.

KaK yase 6bIJ\0 aasrexeno BblIIIe, KpaTKHe npaxararexenere B <popMe cpaBHHTeJ\bHOH: CTeneHH CKJ\OHHJ\HCb TaK me, KaK H npaxararexeHbIe B q,opMe nOJ\omHTeJ\bHOH CTeneHH, TO ecrs no HMeHHOMY CKJ\OHeHmo Mm1<OH Pa3HOBH,1lHOCTH; cxeztyer J\HIIIb OTMeTHTb <POPMY 11. n. MH. l.J. Mym. pozta, B KOTOPOH: 6bIJ\O OKOHqaHHe -e no rnny OCHOB aa corxacHbIH KADfHe H np.

OOAHble npaxararexeaere B <popMe CPaBHHTeAbHOH creneaa 06pa- 30BblBaAHCb ~M npHCOe,1lHHeHHH K KpaTKHM npHAaraTeAbHbIM B cpaaHHTeAbHOH CTeneHH YKa3aTeJ\bHbIX MeCTOHMeHHH *jb (H), *je (K), *ja (m).

,ll;ui. 9THX c:popM TaK2Ke 6blJ\H xapaxrepasr ynpOIJJeHHH, aCCHMHJUI!J,HH H cTHmeHHH, KaK H ,lJ,J\H nOJ\HbIX npnxararexetrerx B nOJ\omHTeJ\bHoH CTenena, nanpasrep: P. n. ea. q. M.p. HOK1iHWm + IfJ'O> HOH1iHwmAfO > HOK1iHwmfO H r.n.

~ netcoroperx rtpaxararexeaerx 6bV\. xaparerepen cynrtAeTHBH3M, TO ecTb 06pa30BaHHe <poPM nOJ\OLlillTeJ\bHOH H CpaeHHTeAbHOH creneneii or pasnerx OCHOB: MM"h - DhHHH, HMHK"h - IiMHH, HMHH - K~IfIHH, ~M'h - fOpHH

(noyqtHH), AOIi?"h - MftHH (OyHHH, COy,,1iH). .

Oc660H <poPMbl npeBOCXO,ll,HOH crenena B CTapOCAaeHHCKOM asence lie 6bIJ\O, a snaueuue npeBOCXO,ll,HOH crenena asrpaasaxocs pa3Hoo6pa3HbIMH cnocooasor <JlOpMaMH CPaBHHTeJ\bHOH crenena c npHCTaBKOH HAH-: HAHK~IfIE 'CaMoe 6oAbmoe'; <pOPMaMH CPaBHHTeAbHOH crenena C MeCTOHMeHHeMKbCb:

KhC1i~'h DbHHH 'caMblH MaAeHbKHH'; UhHHn "H 1iKO fMH"1iAHE cuu fp1iW"hH1iHWH "AYE HhC1i~ YI\K"h Ii1iWA (Map es).

76

~ AEI(IJVt5I 9 ~

2; CKAOHeHHe J\H'-IHbIX MeCTOHMeHHH. Xapaxrepaoii qepTOH CKAOHeHHH J\WIHbIX MeCTOHMeHHH 6bIJ\ CynUJ\eTHBH3M, TO ecrs oopasoaanae pasHblX na.,n.e}KHbIX 'l><>PM OT pa3HbIX OCHOB. napa.lq1rMY CKAOHemm CMOTpa il CnpaBOqHbIX MaTepHaJ\ax.

COOPMbI 4. n. UH, TH, CH (ezt, "I.) H Hbl, Kbl (MH. "I.) 6bIJ\H 3HKAUmUtfeCKUMU, TO ecrs He HMeBIllHMH caaocrosrexenoro yaapenaa H npaMblKaBIllHMH K npemuecrayioigesry CJ\OBY KaK 6bI B xasecrae ero rponeTWIeCKoro cxora: AA~Ab UH Kli. ,AHUli. T~H ~i\1iShl [OQ:JICObMUj.

COOPMbI B. n. IIU., Thi, Chi (en. "I.) H Hbl, Kbl (MH. '1.) 6bIJ\H apxanxHblMH q>opMaMH H ;:}HKJ\HTHKaMH He HBMlJ\HCb. Ynorpefixeaae q>OpM P. n: B Ka'1eCTBe B. n. (ItUHe. nse. esse, HAC'll. KAClI.) CBH3aHO C pa3BHTHeM xareropaa op,yrneBJ\eHHOCTH, nmJTOMY OHH "large ynoTpe6M1J\HCb B xa'1eCTBe npssroro p,onOAHeHHH 6e3 npeztxora, roraa KaK apxaaxasre rpopMbI '-large ynOTpe6M1J\HCb C npenxoraua. Tli. SO i\IOIiHTlI. KACa - AA~Ab

,

HUll. ,A Uhi ," Chi. -

B03BpaTHoe MeCTOHMeHHe B ¢opMe B. n. en. '1. - Chi - no OTHomeHHIO K rAarOAY pacnoxaraxoce CB060,lJ,HO: OyT~bHH SO AbHb COSOI7i\ n~Ynll. CA - pAKmll. Chi TKOphi IiOY.

3: C K J\ 0 He H H e He J\ H "I H bI X Me C T 0 H M e H H H. HeAH'1HbIe MeCTOHMeHWI HMeAH zma sapaaara CKAOHeHHH - TBep,lJ,bID H MHrKHD. napap,HrMY CKJ\OHeHHH CMOTPH B cnpaeoxnetx MaTepHaJ\ax.

a) COopMa B. n. ea. '1. Mym. p, Hb B03HHKAa H3 CO'1eTaHHH MecTOHMeHWI *jb C npeaxoroa von H nepepaaxoacenaa 3TOfO CO'1eTaHHH: *t1Jn-jb > *Von'b > vo-nb Floerosry ¢opMa B. n. H )'l1oTpe6AHAaCb B sa'1eCTBe rtpsxoro p,onOAHeHHH (6e3 npezixora}, a ¢opMa B. n. Hb - B - xasecrne KOCBeHHoro JJ.onOAHeHHH (c npenxorosr): cp.: HU'llWe 0YSHWhi !!: H H,K?'hrOWhi!! nHlI. H,lI. SHHorpAAA (CXBamUB, y6UAU ezo U BbZ6poCUAU gQ BOH U3 8UHOZPaJlHUKa) - "PHSUOWhi!! Kli. nHi\ATO¥' HAYhiWhi H+' Hb KAAHTH ([JpUBeAU ew K Ilunamu U cmaAU B0380,4Umb Ha Hezo 06BUHeHU51) .

6) MecToHMeHHH KbCb H cHqb CKAO!lHAHCb TO no TBepp,OMYBapHaH.ry, TO no MHfKOMY: CHq1i~lI. - cHqero.

B) Bonpocarexeaere MeCTOHMeHHH Kli. TO H YbTO He Pa3AH'1aJ\HCb no pb,lJ,aM H He H3MeHHJ\HCb no qHCJ\aM; MeeT. KlI.TO CKAOHHAOCb no TBepJJ.OMYBapHaH1Y, YbTO - no MHrKOM}'. COopMa T B. n. q1iUb B03HHKAa 8CJ\ep,.,. crane 2 naJ\aTaJ\H33gHH K nepep,1i < *oi. COopMa P. n. veto HBAHeTCH

§ 1. MeCTOHMeHHe

1. B CTapOCAaBHHCKOM H3bIKe CYIl!eCTBOBaJ\H CJ\eP,YlOrgHe p a 3 p H JJ. bI M e C T 0 H M e H H D.

.Aw.iHble: ea. '1. A,lI.. Tbl, MH. '1. Ubi. Kbl. ,lJ,B. '1. K1i. KA. B Ka'1eCTBe MeCTOHMeHHH 3 AHya ynoTpe6J\HJ\oCb YKasaTeJ\bHOe MeCTOHMeHHe H. K. m. HO TOAbKO B KOCBeHHblX naaeasax: B HMeHHTeAbHOM naztezse ynOTpe6- J\HJ\OCb YKa3aTeAbHoe MeCTOHMeHHe OH'll. OHA. OHO: OTll.K1iIJlAWhi ~e KMOY HH. OH'll ~e peye Han ...

Bosepamuoe: «se, xoropoe, KaK H B PYCCKOM H3bIKe, He HMeJ\O ¢OpMbI HMeHHTeJ\bHoro naztezsa.

YKa3ameAbHbze: tb. ce, (H: OHlI., OHO. OHA; TlI.. TO. TA; OS'll. OKO. OKA. MeCTOHMeHHeCb YKa3bIBaJ\O na 6.I\H3KHH npezoaer, aOH'll - na .IlaAeKHH (cp. PYC.3mom - mom). MeCTOHMeHHe Tli. HMeAO aaaseaae npOCTOJ1: onpeJJ.eAeHHOCTH; MeCToHMeHHe on ynoTpe6M1AOCb npn npcrnaono, CTaMeHHH: OK'll - OS'h, OK'h - HH'h, OK'll - ApoyrblH: I OKH K'll (1iHb Kb'HPA~.l\. OKH ~e K'll Ci\'hHlI.qlO.

JIpum51JICameAbHble: MOH, Mom. MOK; TKOH. TKOIA. TROt(; CKOH. CKOIA. (ROK;

HAWb, HAWA, HAWe: SAWb. KAWA. KAwe.

OnpC,4eAUmeAbHble: RbCb. Sh(IAI\'ll. TAK'll. CHqb, IAK'll, CAM'll. BonpocumeAbHble: K'llTO, YbTO. KblH. YHH.

HeOnpe,4CAeHHble: HH'h. eH~'b. KOTOpblH. HliK'llTO. H1iYbTO. H1iKblH. H1iKOTOphlH.

OmpUuameAfJHble: HHl\lI.TO. HHYbTO.

OmHocumeAbHble: H~(. K~€.m~(. 06pa30BaHHbleH3CoeJJ.HHeHHH yxasaTeJ\bHbIX MeCTOHMeHHD H. K. L\ H '1aCTHYbI iI\£.

KOAU'1.eCmBeHHble: 1\000Hl\lI.. TMHKlI.. ((AHK'll. Ki\HI\'h.

78

79

80

6-1033

81

apXaHqHOH, H3BeCTHOH H ~pyn{M HH.l(OeBpOneHCKHM R3blKaM (npyc. szesse): HOBOe OKOHqaHHe -re nescnoro npoacxoasaenan.

r) BonpOCHTe.hbHOe MeCTOHMeHHe KblH CKAOHR.hOCb TO no MRrKOMY sapaarrry OT OCHOBbI KO~-: KO~rO. KOUUlO¥ TO KaK noxnoe npaxaraTe.hbHoe: KblHXll. KblHMll.

n) Heonpe~e.heHHOe MeCTOHMeHlfe KOTOPblH CK.hOHR.hOCb KaK noxaoe npaxararexeaoe.

e) Heonpe~e.heHHOe MecToHMeHHe ~np"h CK.hOHR.hOCb KaK xparxoe npaxararexeaoe.

B :9THX CAOBOCOqeTaHHRX CK.hOHR.haCb TO.hbKO nepsas xacre, npaqeM B 0603HaqeHHRX 11-14 3Ta -racre cO?AQcyemCJI C CyIgeCTBHTe.hbHblM, 0603Ha1.J:alOl!!HM npenerer C1.J:eTa: AllKOIO H£\Mt~n I\1iTOY (AllKOIO ... I\1iTOY - P. n. ~B. x.}; B 0603HaqeHHRX 15-19 nepaas 1.J:aCTb ynpaennertt pO~HTeAbHb[M nMemOM MHo*eCTBeHHoro qHC.ha CYl!!eCTBW Te.hbHOrO, 0603Ha1.J:alOl!!ero npeaver cxera: wetTb HA Mtt:\.T~ I\1iT"h (I\1iT"h - P. n. MH. s.).

f) Ha3BaHUH 1.J:HCeA OT 20 ~o 90 npe~CTaBAR.hH C060H C.hOBOCOqeTaHUH 113 Ha3BaHIDI 'lHCeA nepaoro ~eCRTKa H CyIgeCTBHTeAbHOro AECt:\.Tb, npuqeM B 0603Ha'leHIDlX '!UCeA OT 20 ~o 40 B atoM C.hOBOCO'leTaHHH 6blA0 COr.haCOBaHHe qaCTeH: A"hKA Mt~TH (Mt~T" - H. n. ~B. '1.), TpH. YE.Tblp~AE.t~n (AE.c~n - H. n. MH. x.): B 0603HaqeHHRX qHCeA OT 50 ~o 90 0603Ha'leHUH e~HHHQ ynpaaxaxa pO~HTe.l\bHbIM nMemOM CYl!!eCTBHTeAbHoro Mtt:\.Tb: n~Tb AE.C~Tll. WECTb MC~Tll H T. /1,. B C.hOBOCOqeTaHHRX 20-40 CK.I\OHR.l\HCb 06e qaCTH, a B C.hOBOCO'leTaHIDIX 50-90 CK.I\O-

§ 2. Cuerrrsre CAOBa

A) C.I\OBa, 0603HaqaBlIIHe qHC.ha OT 1 ~o 4, 6blAH B CTapoC.haBRHCKOM R3bIKe npH.I\araTe.l\bHbIMH, no aTOM)' OHH COr.l\aCOBbIBaAHCb C cYI!!eCTBHTe.l\bHbIMH B pozte, qHC.I\e H naaease: EAHHo 0YVEHHK"h, EAHHO CEM, EAHH~ pA6A: MHHoro OyvEHHKA; AllKA tl\'linb~A. AllR'li 3\EH1i; T?bIlH AbHbfufH:

YETbl?H AbHH H T. n. '

CAoBa EAHHll. AoRA. 06A CK.I\OHR.I\HCb KaK YKa3aTeAbHble MeCTOHMeHHR THna T"h, npH9TOM C.I\OBa A"hRA H 06A ynoTpe6.I\R.I\Hcb TO.l\bKO B £popMe I1.BOHCTBeHHoro qHC.I\a.

C.I\OBa TpHK (M. p.) TpH (cp. H m. p.) CK.I\OHR.i\HCb KaK CYI!!eCTBHTe.l\bHbIe C OCHOBOH na =r » b, npH'leM TO.l\bKO B (p0pMe MHomeCTBeH.aoro qUC.I\a.

. C.I\OBO YETblpE (M. p.) CK.I\OIDI.I\OCb KaK CYl!!eCTBHTe.l\bHbIe C OCHOBOH na COr.l\aCHbIH nmaKAIUIEHE: P. YETbIP"h. 4. YETblpbtlll H T. zt.; C.I\OBO YETbipH (m. p.) TaK*e CK.I\OHR.I\OCb KaK CYI!!eCTBHTe.l\bHbIe C OCHOBOH na cor .l\aCHbIH rnna UA npH.

E) Ha3BaHHJI sacex OT 5 11.0 10 6bI.I\H B CTapOC.I\aBJIHCKOM JI3bIKe CYI!!eCTBHTe.l\bHbIMH H nOTOM)' MOr.l\H HMeTb npa ce6e onpe~e.l\eHHe: Rbt'li CEAlVlb oyup'li. Ol'lp'liTOW~ CR~TAAro CAKH"A Cll HH1iMH WECTHtiF.. 6pATH~.

C.I\OBa nlATb - AEK~Tb CK.I\OHR.l\HCb KaK CYI!!eCTBHTe.l\bHbIe meHC-

u *s-

xoro poaa C OCHOBOH na I > b, a CAOBO AEC~Tb - KaK CYI!!eCTBH-

rexsnsre C OCHOBOH na cor xacasre.

B) Ha3BaHHJI qHCe.l\ OT 11 zto 19 npe~CTaB.I\R.I\H C060H C.l\OBOCOqeTaHIDI H3 Ha3BaHHJI e~HHHQ nepsoro ~eCRTKa H CYI!!eCTBHTe.l\bHOro AEC~Tb B <popMe MeCTHoro nazteasa C npeaxoros, H4.: EAHH"h HA AEc~n. A"hRA HA ,AEC~TE HAH 06A "A AECIATE, TpH H4. A~C~TE H T. s.

HR.I\aCb TO.l\bKO nepsaa xacre:
._-,_
H.-B. AllSA AEC~ TH 11H AEc~n WECTb AEC~ T"h
P. AllSOIO AEC~TOy TpHH AEC~ T'h UlECTH AECt:\. T'h
,ll. A"hR'liMA AEC~TbI\JlA Tpbl\Jl'h AEC~Tbl\l'h UlECTH AEC~T"h
T. AllR1iUt\ MC~TbIlJA TpbUH AEC~Tbl WECTHtiF.. AEt~T"h
M. A"hROIO AEt~TOy TpbX'h AEC~ TbX'h UlECTH AEC~T'h B HMeHHTeAbHOM HBHHHTe.l\bHOM nazteasax B C.I\OBOCO'leTaHHJIX 20-40 nepsaa sacrs ynpaaxser pO~HTe.l\bHbIM nMemOM CYl!!eCTBHrexeaoro, 0603HaqaBlIIerO npeznaer c-rera: TpH AEc~n C'hpElipbHHK"h: B OCTaAbHblX naaezsax COXpaIDI.hOCb COr.l\aCOBaHHe C CYl!!eCTBHTe.l\bHbIM:

TpE~ll MC~nA"h C"hpUi~bHH~1iX'h (M. n. MH. s.).

4) CqeTHOe CYl!!eCTBHTe.l\bHOe t'hTO C.K.I\OHeHHR na *0 cpezurero pona: OHO ynpaB.I\R.I\O pO~HTe.l\bHbIM na,l1,emOM MHomeCTBeHHoro 'lHC.I\a cyrgecraarexsaoro: C'hTO I\'liT"h. t'hTt\ I\'liT"h. C"hTOY I\'liT"h. CllTOUb I\'liTll. CllT1i I\1iT"h.

E) Ha3BaHHR qHCe.l\ OT 200 ~o 900 npe~CTaB.I\R.I\H C060H CAOBOCOqcraHHR 113 Ha3BaHHH e/1,HHHQ nepsoro ~eCJITKa C cyIgeCTBHTe.l\bHbIM C'h TO, npH'leM B Ha3BaHHRX 200-400 6bIAO cor .l\aCOBaHHe qaCTeH C.I\OBOCOxeramer, a B Ha3BaHHRX 500-900 nepsaa xacre ynpasxaxa CYl!!eCTBH-

TeJ\bHbIM t"It.TO: A"It.R1i t"It.T1i. TP" t"It.TA. YHhl?H t"It.TA: n,\\Th t"It.T"It., lUHTh C"It. T"It., t~AM b ("It. T"It..

npH CKJ\OHeHHH Ha3BaHHH 200-400 H3Memu\HCb o6e qaCTH, npa CKJ\OHeHHH Ha3BaHHH 500-900 H.3MeH.RAaCb TOJ\bKO nepaas xacre:

A) CJ\oBa, Ha3blBaBWHe MH02KeCTBO "tHceJ\ KaK e]J,HHCTBO (cooapa-

) 6bIJ\H cymecTBHTeJ\bHblMH cpennero pozia

TeJ\bHble '1HCJ\HTeJ\bHbIe,. -:-:> ..

e]J,HHCTBeHHoro '1HCJ\a H cyrgecTBHTeJ\bHbIMH scex p<l]J,OB B ]J,BOHCTBeH-

HOM H MH02KeCTBeHHOM '1HCJ\ax. OHH CKJ\OH.RJ\HCb, KaK HeJ\}{t{HbIe MecTOHMemUl: 11. T~OH. P. T~O"~"It.. 4. TPOHII'h. T. T~OHMH. M. T~O"~"It..

11.-R A'.hK1i ("It. T1i TP" C"It.TA lU~CTb ("It. T"It.
p, A"It.KOIO ("It. TOY T~H" C1t. T"It. lU€CT" C"It. T"It.
4. A'.hK1i IIA ("It. TOUA ,TpbIlJ"It. ("It. TOIUI'h lU€CTH C"It. T"It.
T A'.hK1iUA ("b TOMA TphfJlH ("b Tbl lU€CTH~ ("b T"b
M. A'.hKOIO ("b TOy Tpb~ ("It. T1i~"It. m€CTH C'll T"It. HaaSaHH.R '1HCeA 200-400 B HMeHHTeAbHOM H BHHHTeAbHOM na.lI.e2Kax YIIpaSJ\.RJ\H pO]J,HTeAbHbIM na,lte.2KOM MH02KeCTBeHHoro '1HCAa cyQJeCTBHTeAbHOro, ofioanaxaanrero npeztster C'IeTa: TpH C"It.TA ~I\ATH4'll:

B OCTaAbHblX nazteasax coxpanaxoce HX corwacosaaae: 0 Tp~~ C'llT'liX"b ~I\ATH4'1iXll.

Ha3BaHH.R '1HCeA 500-900 ynpaSJ\.RAH po,ZtHTeJ\bHbIM na]J,emOM CYI!!eCTBHTeAbHOrO MH02KeCTBeHHOro '1HCJ\a so acex rraaeasax: lU€CTb Cll T"It. A'liTll. WHT" C'hTlll\'liTll H T. n,

lK) CqeTHOe CYIJ!eCTBHTeAbHoe TblC,\\IJIlt\ (TblCil\lJItA) OTHOCHAOCb K CKAOHeHHIO na *ja. 06 06pa30saHHH H CKJl.OHeHHH 0603Ha'leHHH '1HCeJl. OT 2000]1,03000 MomHO CKa3aTb TO me, 'ITO H 06 0603Ha'leHHHX COTeH.

3) C'IeTHble CYIJ!eCTBHTeJl.bHbIe ThUA. H€C"bK'liAA H 3aHMCTBOBaHHoe H3 rpexecxoro Mr€OHll 0603HaqaAH 10000, a TaKme aeonpeztexenHO 60Jl.bllioe, HeCMeTHoe MHomeCTBO: TllMil\ HIVIAUll AOIi?bl~ll A'lil\'h; AA npOCT'h 1i~€mH TbU'Ii TMAHT'll; H€C'hR'liAAUH nOEUAh\ nA'liHHHKbl; A'hRA HA MC,\\TE Mr€OHA AHrEA1t.; YTO TH HIVIA ECTb. OHiIi€ P€Y€; Mr€OH'h.

H) CJl.OmHble QHCJl.a 0603HaQaAHCb CJl.OBOCOQeTaHHHMH C COlO30M H: AERh\Tb C'llT1t. H ynbl?€ A€C,\\T'h H C~Allb A'liT'll = 947.

K) CAOBa H CAOBOCOQeTaHHH, o6o.3HaQaalliHe nopaasonere QHCAa, 6bIJ\.H npHJI.araTeAbHbIMH; HX KpaTKHe <pOPMbl rnna np'llR"b. R'h TOP1t.. C~AII'h CKJ\.OHHJl.HCb no HMeHHOMY CKJ\.OHeHHIO c OCHOBaMH na *0: "a; noxnere q>opMbI (R'll TOphiH. TpHHAA~c'\\ TbHblH. C"b TbtlhlH. TblCh\lJIhHblH) CKJ\.OH.RJl.HCb no MeCTOHMeHHOMY CKJ\.OHeHHfO.

82

84

85

•

speMH

nacrosngee, .n;sa 6y.n;YIllHX H 4 npomeamax .- HM-

KOM Sl3blKe np0H301IlAO nepepa3Jl.o.meHHe OCHOS H TeMa'I'H'leCKHH 3AeMem nOAHOCTbIO H.JlH 'IaerWIHO npesparaxca S OKOH'laHHe HAH Cy<f$HKC.

1 xxacc 06Pa30BblBaJl.H rxaroxer C 'Iepe.n;osaB!lIHMHCH TeMaTH'leCKHMH rAaCHbIMH *e! *0: "nes-e-tu > nes-et» = H(C-tT'h / +nes-o-mw >

nes-om» = Hte-OU'h;

2 xxacc 06Pa30BblBaJl.H r xaroxer C 'Iepe.n;osaHHeMTeMaTH'IeCKHX 9AeMemOB *ne / *no: *sbch-ne-lb > suchn-et» = C'h}\H-~T'h I "sech-

no-nt» > suchn-qt» =C'h}\H-~T'h;

3 KAacc 06Pa30BbIBaJl.H rxaroxer C 'Iepe.llOSaHHeM TeMaTH'leCKHX 3~eMeHTOS *je / *jo: *zna-je-t'b > znaj-et» =,HAHT'h {*zna-10- ni'b > znaj-qt'b = ,HAhV,T'h: *pis-je-t'b > pis-et'b = nHw-tT'h / *pis-jo-nt'b > pis-qt'b = nHW-tKT'h.

4 xxacc 06Pa30SbISaJl.H r AarOAbI C TeMaTH'IeCKHM r AaCHblM *i: *vodi-t» > vod-itu == BOA-HT'h. +mol-i-tu > mol-ito ;;:: UOI\-HT'h;

5 xxacc COCTaSJUlAH rxaroxer apXaH'IeCKOrO cnpszseaaa 6e3 TeMaTH'IeCKOH fAacHoH; AH'lHble OKOH'IaHHH y aTHX rAarOAOB npHcoeAHHjJl\HCb HenOCpe.llCTSeHHO K KOPHW; TaKHX rAarOAOS 6bIAO scero

mITb:

~ AEKIJl15I 10 ~

§ 1. fpaMMaTJf'leCKHe xareropua raaroxa

Bce r xaroxsaere q>oPMbI . .lleAHTCH na cnparaesnce (H3MeHHeMbie no HaK.l\.OHeHHHM, speMeHaM, AH!JaM H 'IHCAaM) H necnpsraeaere - HeH3MeHHeMble (uHlpuHumuB H cynuH) HCK.I\.OHHeMbIe (npu1.£acmue). r paMMaTH'leCKHMH KaTeropHHMH crapocxaaaacsoro r xaroxa 6bIAH cxeztyxngne:

• H a K A 0 H e H H e - H3'bHSHTeAbHOe, cocxararexeaoe, nOSeAHTeAbHoe.

•

nepqexr, aopacr, neprperer H nAIOCKBaMnepcpeKT;

C n 0 C 0 6 .ll e H C T S H H - O.llHOKpaTHbIH H MHOrOl(paTHbIH;

• A H !J 0 - 1, 2, 3-e;

• 'I H C A 0 _ e.llHHCTBeHHoe, .llBoHCTBeHHoe H MHo.meCTBeHHoe.

KaK BH.llHM, CTapOCAaSHHCKHH rxarox OTAH'IaACH OT cospesrenaoro PYCCKoro r xaroxa npeaczie scero CHCTeMOW spessesr. YTO xacaercs cnoco6a .lleH:CTBHH, TO npOTHsonOCTaSAeHHe O.llHOKpaTHbIX H MHorOKpaTHbIX rwaroxos 6bIAO HaH60Aee .llpeSHHM (aanp. TI\'hKH~TH _ TI\'hKATH); na aTOM OCHOBe CTaAO q>OpMHpoBaTbcH HOBoe npoTHSOnOCTaBAeHHe _' coaepmenaoro H aecosepnrenaoro SH.lJ.a, 'ITO orpazseao B naMHTHHKax cTapocAasHHCKOH: nHCbMeHHOCTH.

IihlTH

1 A. HaCT. np. en, 'I. KtUb < *esmb < H-e. *esmi; cp, CTapOAHTOBCK.

esmi;

.ttKT'h < *sqlb <H-e. *sonti; cp. AaT. sunt;

AMH ,

1 A. HaCT. sp. e.ll. 'I. AAUb < * dam» < H-e, * domi; cp. rpe'l.8tOOlf-lt;

3 A. HaCT. sp. MH. 'I. AAAh.T'h; < *dad~lb < H-e. *dodenti;

B~AATH ~

1 A. HaCT. np. ezt, 'I. B~Ub < "vadm» < a-e. uoidmi; cp. rpex. otoo

§ 2. OCHOBLI raaroaa

. ,

H BHaIO ;

3 A. HaCT. sp. MH. 'I. B~Ah.T'h;

meT" 'd ' ,

1 A. aacr. sp. e.ll. 'I. mlLlb < "admt, < H-e.*edmi; cp. AaT e 0 esr ;

3 A. HaCT. sp. MH. 'I. U\Ah.T'h:

HU'1iTH

1 A. HaCT. ap, e.n;~ 'I. HUAUb = jbmamb < *bm-a-mb;

3 A. HaCT. sp. MH. 'I. HUtKT'h.

Bce r xaroxeaere cpOpMbl B CTapOCAaSHHCKOM H.3bIKe 06Pa30SbIBaAHCb OT O,ltHOH: H3 .n;Byx OCHOS: _ HHq>HHHTHBa BHA~-TH. HtC-TH HAH HaCTOHI,Yero speMeHH - BHAH-T'h. "~C(-T'h.

Bce rxaroxsr HacTOHI,Yero BpeMeHH S npOTOCAaBHHCKOM H3bIKe .n;eAHAHCb na 5 KAaCCOB; OCHOBaHHeM ,n;AH .n;eAeHHH 6blA TeMaTH'IeCKHH: 3AeMeHT. KOTOPbIH: OCPOPMAHA OCHOBY Ka.m.llorO xxacca: B npaCAaBHHC-

3. EYAYI!!ee etnopoe CAOJlCHOe BpeMH 06Pa:30BbIBaAOCb npa nOMor,gH BcnOMOfaTeJ\bHOrO fJl.arcJJ\a IihITH. cnpflfaBUIerOCfl B npOCTOM 6YAYI!!eM BpeMeHH, K KOTOPOMY npHCOe,AHH}lJI.OCb npnxacrae Hj-A- CMbICJ\OBOro rxarOAa,KOTOpOe H3MeH}lJl.OCb no pOAaM H qHCJ\aM: Ii~ ~HM'll. ~HAM .• ~HA- 1\0: 1i~~WH ~HM'll. ~HMA. ~HMO H T. A. Bropoe CJ\o~oe 6YA}'I!!ee BpeMfl oooauaxaxo AeHcTBHe, npe,lJ,IlleCTBYJOr,gee APyrOMY ,lJ,eHCTBHIO B 6Y.l1.YI!!eM, TO ecru 6bIJ\0 'OTHOCHTeAbHbIM: AA A"'~ HbI AtCHT'll A(Hh C'llU~'llTHhl K'll r~1iC1i~ TO KhCKlKllK CA H ~OAHAH IiN-MlII'll. TO eCTb eCAU Hac 3acmUlHem

nen» CMepmHblU 60 ipexax, mo !WLleM Mbl U P0,lCUMCR. .

§ 5. Crrpaacenne rxaroxa B HMnep<peKTe

HMnepcjJeKm 6bIJ\ O,lJ,HHM H3 4 npOPIeAWHX apesren. <t>OPMbl HMnep~ rpexra ynoTpe6J\}lAHCb rorna, xoraa Ha,lJ,O 6bIJ\0 060.3HaqHTb Jl,eHCTBHe B npoiuxon KaK Jl)\HTeJ\hHoe HJ\H nOBTopfllOr,geecfl: YAK'll ~AHH'll C'llX_0a\AAAW~ OTh H~UA Ko ~PHKlK (Map es): H InAOUJA HtA K'll APKH~p~oy KAI~1i (30lP); H ~~MAW~ HAChlTHTH CA OTh ~O~~4h IA~~ 1iA1iAK~ CKHHHIA. H HHK'llTO ~~ M1iAWt UIIoy (Ace es}; nosrowy OHH 06Pa:30BbIBMHCb OT OCHOB MHoro~

KpaTHbIX rxaroxon.

YlMnep<peKT 6bIA YHaCAeJl,OBaH H.3 npOTOCAaB~HCKoro assrxa; OH

06pa.30BbIBaACfl OT OCHOB HH<pHHHTHBa npa nOMor,gH Cy<p<pHKCOB * aach

*' h (' (-1iAK-) Hero sapaaara nOCJ\e HCKOHHO MflrKHX COrAaCHbIX. aac AAK-) ,

*ach (-AK-), H * j aaeh (-InAK-), K KOTOpbIM npHcoe,ll,H~Cb TeMaTH'-IeCKHe r xacaeie 0 (B <popMax 1 AH~a scex qHceJ\ H 3 .!\Hga MHomeCTBeHHoro qHCAa) H e (B OCTaAbHbIX <pOPMax) H Jl.H'lHble OKOHqaH~.

CY<P<PHKC -1iAK- (-AAI\> ynOTpe6J\}lAC}l npa 06pa:30BaHHH HMnep<peK- 'ra OT OCHOB HH<pHHHTHBa na cor xacasie:

§ 3. CnpJDKeHUe raaroaa B HaCTOHIlJeM BpeMeHJ1.

WOPMbI nacromgero BpeMeHH 06Pa:30BbIBaAHCb OT OCHOBbl HaCTruIr,gero BpeMeHH, K KOTOPOH npHCoeAHH}lJ\HCb AHqHbie OKOHqaHHfl. napa.n.HrMY cnpaacenas CMOTPH B CnpaBOqHbIX MaTepHaAax.

1. OKOHqaHHe 1 AHlJa eAHHCTBeHHoro qHCAa -~ BO.3HHKJ\O H.3 AH<pTOHi"H'leCKoro CO'leTaHH}l *om: * pasom > nAClK yrxaroxoa 1,11,111 xxacCOB. Y r AarOAOB IV xxacca 9TO OKOHqaHHe B03HHKJ\0 no aHaAOrHH a

,

TeMaTHqeCKM rJ\aCHM *i > j: "nosiq > "nosja > Hom~. rne s < *sj.

2. OKOHqaHHe 3 AHga MHOJKeCTBeHHoro qHCAa -~T'll, -AT'll BO.3HHK.11.0 H3 TeMaTHqeCKOH rJ\aCHOH H nporocxasancaoro OKOH'laHHH -nii: * paso-nti > "AC~T'll; *nos-i-nti > HOCATn.

3. Y HeTeMaTHqeCKHX r AarOAOB V xxacca B' 3 AHy,e eJl,HHCTBeHHoro H MHomeCTBeHHoro qHC.M H.3peAKa BCTpeqalOTCH <pOPMbI 6e3 OKOH'-IaHHH -Tn: Ii~A~. MO~~. K (BM. KCTo),HMlK. npH'lHHa sroro aescaa.

4. B 1 AHge MH02KeCTBeHHoro qHCJ\a HapMY C OKOHl.IaHHeM -Un ynorpe6AHAOCb OKOHqaHHe -Mhl. HBJ\}lBIlIeeCfl MeCTOHMeHHeM 1 AHy,a MH02KeCTBeHHoro l.IHCAa Uhl: K1iMhl. HIIJIAlVlhl. KUJhl.

§ 4. CnpH}KeHUe raaroxa B 6YAYIlJeM BpeMeHU 1. bYJI,yr,gee npocmoe BpeMH npeACTaBJ\}lAO C060H no <popMe HaCTO}lr,gee BpeMH rJ\arOAOB coaepmeanoro BHAa: UlKTHT'll - K'll~U~THT'h. H~C~ - "PHH€ClK, ?\O"'~WH - ~AKolJHWH.

2. BYAyr,gee nepeoe CAOJICHOe BpeMH 06Pa30BbIBaAOCb npa nOMOIJ!H acnovorarexeaoro rxaroxa HU1iTH B HaCTOHr,geM BpeMeHH, K I<OTOPOMY npHcoeAHHHACH CMblCAOBOH r .MrOA B <popMe HH<pHHHTHBa:

EA. 'f. ~. 'I. MH. 'I,
f-
1 A. HILIAMh HOCHTH HILIAK1i HOCHTH HMAlVln HOCHTH
2 A. HMAWH HOCHTH HIVIATA HOCHTH . HlVlttT€ HOCtlTH
3 A. HMAT'h HOCHTI1 HIlJIAn HOCHTH HILI~T'h HOCHTH YlHOr,lJ,a B xaxecrne BcnOMoraTeAbHoro ynorpetixaxacs rxaroxer ?\OT1iTH H HAYATH: YhTO i'I\€ ?\'hlJllK rAArMATH: CAUH C6\ ... HtHAKHA1iTH HAY'hHlKTn.

EARHcTBeHHoe '1RCJ\.O

MHomecTBeHHoe 'tReAO

4s0H:CTBeHHOe '1HCAO

1 A. *nes-aach-o-n > H~C1iAK'll 2 A. *nes-iiach-e-s > H€c1iAm~ 3 A. *nes-aach-e-t > H~t1iAm~

1 A. *nes-aach-o-m'b> HH1iAKOIVI'h 2 A. *nes-iiach-e-te > H~C1iAUJ€T~ 3 A. =nes-aach-o-nt > HEt1iAK~

1 A. *nes-aach-o-ve > H~C1iAKOK1i 2 A. *nes-iiach-e-ta > HKBAW€TA 3 A. +nes-iiach-e-te > H~C1iAm~T€

86

87

'laIge HCnOJ\b30BaAOI B Om-lCaHHH. B CHAY CBoe~ 3Ha'ieHIDl aOpHCT 'laIge 06pa30BbIBaAOI OT r AarOAOB O,1(HOKpaTHOrO ,1(eHCTBHH.

ct:>OPMbl aOpHCTa 06pasOBbIBaAHCb HAH HenOCpe,1(CTBeHHO OT OCHO-

• * . rnOpMa

Bbl HHq>HHHTHBa, HAH npa nOCpe,1(CTBe Cyq>q>HKCa -S, nepsaa 'f'

Ha3blBaeTCH npOCTblM aopHCTOM, a BTOPaH - CHrMaTH'leCKHM.

choT me Cyq>q>HKC npHMeHHAcH IIPH 06pa30BaHHH HMnepq>eKTa r xarOAOB II KAacca, Ho OT OCHOBbl aacromgero BpeMeHH: t1t.?\H-"" _ t1t.?\H1iA?\1t., a 'rarose npn 06pa30BaHHH HMlIepq>eKTa OT r AaroAOB, OCHOna HHq>HHHTHBa KOTOPbIX panna xopmo H OKaH'lHBaAaCb aa rxacnere u, y, bl, HO 06pa30BaHHe q>OPMbI npOHCXO,1(HAO TaKme OT OCHOBbl HaCTOHl!Jero BpeMeHH: pij-a - 1 A. e,ll,. 'I. nHlM?\",; cuj-q - yoymA?\1t.; kryj-q _ KpblIAA?\1t.;

3TOT me Cyq>q>HKC YnoTpe6J\HJ\CH H npa 06pa30BaHHH HMnepq>eKTa rAarOAOB IV KAacca OT OCHOBbI HHq>HHHTHBa: 2 A. ea. 'I. "vod-i-dache-s > *vodjiiaches > voi'd'liaches > *voi'd'aache = KOjfiAIAAW~.

ECAH OCHOBa rxaroxa OKaH'lHBaAaCb na 3a,l1,H~Jl3bl'lHble cor AaCHbIe, TO npOHCXO,ll,HAa HX 1 'naAaTaAH3aUHH, a d nOCAe IIIHnHI!Jero > . a: "mog-aachu > *moi'aacho > UOifiAA?\1t..

C y<Pq>HKC - IAA?\- (- j aach) ynoTpe6.J\j(AcH npa 06pa30BaHHH HMnep .. q>eKTa OT OCHOB C HeIIOJ\HOrAaCHeM B xopne: Ui\1i-TH -*mel-jaach'b > UMIAA?\1t.; IipATH C6\ - "bor-jaadrs > IiOPIAA?\1t.. .

Cyq>q>HKC -A?\- YIIOTpe6.J\j(Aca npn 06pa30BaHHH HMnepq>eKTa OT OCHOB HHq>HHHTHBa na rxacmae a H a: ~HA-TH - ~Hl\A?\1t.; KHA1i-TH _

KHA1iA?\'lIt.. .

I1MlIep<peKT r Aaroxa IihlTH 06pasOBbIBaACJI He OT OCHOBbI HH<PHHHTHBa, a OT OC060H OCHOBblli1i npa nOMorgH cy<p<pHKca -A?\-: Ii1iA?\'lIt., Ii1iAW~, Ii1iA~O.u1t. H T. n.

B nexoroperx nawrrHHKax CTapOCAaBHHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH (CaBBHHOH KHHre, CHHaHCKOH ncaxreipn) orpazsaerca crnmeHHe rAaCHbIX: aa > a, aa > a: HOWl\A?\'lIt. > HOWA?\1t., KHA 1iA?\n > KHA1i?\1t..

CAe,ll,yeT 3aMeTHTb, 'ITO 06pa30BaHHe <POPMbl HMnepq>eKTa He OT OCHOBbI HH<pHHHTHBa, a OT OCHOBbI HaCTOHI!JerO BpeMeHH 6bIAO mHBOH TeH,ll,eH!!HeH, OTpameHHOH naMJITHHKaMH CTapOCAaBHHCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH, oc06eHHO CynpacAbCKOH pYKonHCbIO: 3,l1,eCb BCTpe'laIOTCH ~OK1iAAW~. npHKUi\JaAW~, .1i~t1iAOyIAW~ H ztp,

npOCTOH aopHCT

npOCTOH aopacr 06pa30BbIBaACH OT OCHOB aa cor AaCHbIH nYTeM npHCOe,ll,HHeHIDl K HHM rex me TeMaTH'leCKHX rxacnsrx H AWlHbIX OKOH'laHHH, 'ITO H B HMnepq>eKTe:

1 A. *nes-o-n > HKh 2 J\. "nes-e-s > H~C~ 3 J\. "nes-e-t > HHt

1 A. "nes-o-m» > H~tOI\J1t. 2 J\. "nes-e-te > H~CEn

3 J\. "nes-o-ni > HEt""

Maoasecrseanoe 'lHCJ\O

1 A. "nes-o-ve > HEtOK1i 2 J\. *nes-e-ta > H~C~TA 3 J\. "nes-e-te > "H~H

npOCTOH aopacr .llMI CTapOCAaBHHCKoro H3bIKa 6~IA yace apxaaxHbIM 06pa30BaHHeM; B naMHTHHKax crapocxaaancxoa mfCbMeHHOCTH 6bIAH B ynorpeoxenaa npaKTHqeCKH TOAbKO q>OpMbl 2 H 3 AHUa e,ll,HHCTBeHHoro 'lHCAa: HM, nAM, H~Ct, t1t.p1iH. pEYE H ztp.

CHrMaTHqeCKHH aopacr

A. OT OCHOB HHq>HHHTHBa na r AaCHbIe

CHrMaTH'leCKHH aopacr OT OCHOB HH<pHHHTHBa Ha rxacmse 06pa30BbJBaJ\-

* u

CH nyreM npHCoe,lI,HHeHIDl K OCHOBe cy<t>£f>HKCa -S H AH'lHbIX OKOH'UlHHH; npa

3TOM B HeKOTOpbIX Q>opMax 3TOT nporocxaaaacsaii cy<t><PHKC B npacxaaancKOM H3blKe nOCAe rAaCHbIX *i, *U He nepezi I nepeurex B ch; nOCAe .zq>ymx r AaCHbIX * S > ch B '!'eX me q>oPMax no aHaJ\OmH.

§ 6. CnpIDKeHue raaroxa B aopaere

Aopucm - ~TO <popMa npOIIIe,ll,IIIero BpeMeHH, KOTOPaH ooosna'laAa ,lI,eHCTBHe B npOIIIAOM KaK COBepIIIHBIIIHHCfl q>aKT; B ~TOH <popMe senercs paCCKa3 O. TOM, 'ITO CAyqHAOCb, 'ITO np0H30Ill./\O, n09TOMY 9Ta rpopsra ynorpedxsxacs 'large B nOBeCTBOBaHHH, rorna KaK HMnepq>eKT

89

88

Ep,. 'I. t A. * prinosi-s-on > "PH"OCH,,-'ll; rae *s > ch nocxe *i;
*zna-s-on > ~"A~ no anaxoraa
2 A. "ptuiosi-s-s > "PH"O'H (B OCHOBax aa COrAaCHblH ~
cpopMa npocmoto aopucma]
3 A. "pruiosi-s-t > "PH"OCH (B OCHOBax aa corAaCHblH -_
. cpopMa npocmolO aopucma)
MH. 'I. 1 A. "prinoei-s-o-mn; > "PH"OCH,,-OM'll; cp, ~HA"-OM'll
2 A. *prinosi-s-te > "PHHOCHcn
3 A. "prinosi-s-ni > "ptinosisn"! > *prinosisint > *prinosichin>
"prinosisin > prinosise = "PHHOCHWLA
.as. 'I. t A. "prinosi-s-o-va > prinosichovd = "PHHOCH~OR1i
2 A. "prinosi-s-te > np""OCHCT~
3 A. "prinosi-s-ta > npHHOCHCTA § 7. Crrpaxceuae rAarOAa B rrepdieicre

Do 06pa30BaHliI0 nepcjJeKm 6bIA CAOLfmOH <pOPMOH, COCTOHBweH H3 acnovorarexenoro r xaroxa IihlTH B HaCTOHl!!fM B~MeHH H npH-qaCTHH C CY<P<pHKCOM -1\- cnparaevoro rwaroxa: 1 A. KCMh "utAi\'fl. nHCAi\A. nnCAt\O: 2 A. KCH nHCAi\'ll; 3 A. KCTh nHCAi\'ll H T. /1.. (CM. cnpaaoxnete MaTepHaAbI). Hepeznco, oc06eHHO B CynpacAbcKoH PYKonHCH, BcnOMOraTeAbHbIH rxarox YTpa-qHBaACH: Kh HOIiE R'llCTA rho K'llCTAi\'ll IiO H KhC£M"N\~ C'llRhCTARHi\'ll.

[1ep<peKT 6bIA <pOPMOH npomeaurero BpeMeHH, KOTOPaH 0603Haqa-

Aa TaKoe /1.eHCTBHe B npOWAOM, pe3YAbTaTbI KOTOPOfO npHCyTCTBYWT B HacToHryeM HAH HMelOT BeqHbIH CMbICA: AAi\'ll KCH KHti\'llt Kh C~A~H Uonl'll - ,lI,aHHHe npOH3011IAO B rtpoutxovr, a secexse HMeeTCH H B nacToHryeM; K'll~i\kHiHi\'ll KCH ~'lli\OliN\ nAY£ Iii\ArOCThlHlA - nOAI06HA H AlO6HllIb CeHqaC, B aac'rosngee BpeMH.

E. tWeBHHH THn OT OCHOB HHc:f>HHHTHBa na corxacaere CHfMaTHqeCKHii aopacr zipeenero THna 06PaBOBbIBaACH, rAaBHbIM 06PaBOM, OT TaKHX OCHOB aa corxacnsre, OT KOTOPbIX He 06PaBOBbIBaACH npOCTOH aopncr: qar,ye scero 9TO OCHOBbI C r AaCHbIM e B xopne - HH-. KU-. pEK- H ztp.

§ 8. Cnp.IDKeHJ1e raarona B llAIOCKBaMIIep<peKTe

EA. 'i. t A. *ved-s-on > K1iC'll; "rek-s-on > pii,,-'ll, rAe *s > ch.
Y.lJ,.AHHeHlie rxacnoro B xopae B03Mel£aeT yrpary corxacaoro,
npoacuiezmyio BCAej],CTBHe .lJ,eHCTBIDI 3aKOHa BOCXO,lJ)ll£ei:i.
3B)"'IHOCTH.
80 2 H 3 AHye ynorpedxaxacs q>OpMbl npocroro aopacra.
MH. 'I. t A. "ued-s-oms» > K1iCOM'll; *rek-s-om'b > p1i~OU'll -
2 A. "ued-s-te > K1iCTE; "rek-s-te > p1iCTE
3 A. "ved-s-nt > "vdsn"t > vdsint > vase = K1iCLA "rek-s-nt >
*rekchnt > "rechn"t > "rechint > *riiS~ > p1iW~ nAIOCKBa.M.nepcjJeKm TaKme 6bIA CA02KHOH CPOPMOH, KOTOPaH MorAa 6bITb 06paBOBaHa /1.BYMH cnoco6aMH.

1. K BcnOMoraTeAbHOMY rxaroxy IihITH, cnpsranmesryca B HMnepc:f>eKTe, npacoeztaasxoce npaxacrae C CY<P<tlHKCOM -i\-:

1 A. ezt. q. li1iA"-'ll nHCM'll.

2. K BcnOMOraTeAbHOMY rAaroAylihlTH. cnparaauresryca B aopncre, npacoeaanaxoce npaxacrae C CYCPcpMKCOM -i\-:

1 A. ezt. -r. 1i1i"-o " HCAi\'ll.

[1AIOcKBaMnepc:f>eKT 6bIJ\ CPOPMOH nponreznnero BpeMeHH, KOTOPaH 0603HaqaAa /1.eHCTBHe, npoacmezunee panee ztpyroro p,eHCTBHH B npomAOM: IipAT'll Ch M?'llTK'llIi1i H OiKHIH H~rhllii\'llIi1i (ruuocxeauneptpexm ) H Olip1iH (aopucm) C~.

B. HOBbIH THn OT OCHOB HHc:f>HHHTHBa aa corwacaerii CHrMaTHqeCKHH aopacr aosoro TUna OT OCHOB HHc:f>HHHTHBa na corAaCHbIH 5lBAHAC5l CAaBHHCKHM HOBOo6pa30BaHHeM. OH 06Pa30BbIBaACH OT acex OCHOB na cor AaCHbrH, H HOBM3Ha ero 3aKAIOqaAaCb B TOM qTO

,

Mem/1.y OCHOBOH H cyCPc:f>HKCOM -S, KOTOPbIH npa Onpe/1.eAeHHbIX rpoaeTHqeCKHX YCAOBHHX nepeXO/1.HA B ch UAH s', nOHBHAaCb COe,ll,HHHTeAbHaH fAaCHaH 0: PEKO,,-'ll, P£KO,,-OU'll. pEKocn. PEKOWLA H T. /1..

90

§ 9. Cocaararexaaoe HaKAOHeHlie

COCAaraTeAbHoe (YCJ\OBHoe) HaKAOHeHHe 6bIJ\O HppeaAbHbIM HaKAOHe· HHeM: OHO 0603HaqaAO B03M02KHoe npa Tex HAH HHbIX YCJ\OBHHX HAM meAaTeAbHoe p,eHCTBMe: AlfiE liH KhC~OT1ii\'ll iK?'llTB'B AM'll liHM'h.

91

nepBOHa'laAbHO YCJ\OBHoe HaKAOHeHHe 06Pa.30BbIBaJl.OCb OT OC06bIX q,OpM acnossorarexeaoro r xaroxa IihIT", K KOTOPbIM npHCOe/.l.HIUIAHCb npaxacrns C cyq,qmKcoM -1\.; t A. ell. 'I. IiHUh HW\'b, 2 A. Ii", 3 A. Ii". t A. MH. 'I. Ii"U'b, 2 A. sucre, 3A. Ii~

nO.3/.1,Hee B xaxecrae BcnOMOraTeAbHOrO r xaroxa CTaAH HCnOAb.30- sare q,OpMbI aopacra rxaroxa IiblTH; t A. en. 'I. libl~'b, 2 A. libl, 3 A. libl, t A .. MH. q. Iibl~OU'b, 2 A. liblen, 3 A, IiklWtA.

B 1 AHge ezt. 'I. H 3 AHge llB. H MH. q. ynorpedxaxacs aHaAHTHqeCKa» q,opMa nosextrrexenoro HaKAOHeHH», KOTOpa» 06Pa.30BblBaJl.aCb npa nOMOIyH qaCTI-Igbl AA H r xaroxa B cpopMe HacTo»~ero BpeMeHH: recneAH, oM H~ nOeTbiaiM e~ liKO npH~ftKA~'b TtA; TorAA ej%IJI~H K'b 110AliH M IilirAI7i\T'b K'b ropbl.

§ 10. nOBeAJ:1TeALHOe HaKAOHeHJ:1e nOBeAHTeAbHoe HaKAOHeHHe BblpamaAO n06~eHHe K lleHCTBHlO, npoce- 6y HAM npaxasanne: Kft~lJIlin IitA H ai"KA ~~n AIiIA KAWA. nOBeAHTeAbHoe HaKAOHeHHe HMeAO /.I,Be CPOpMbI 06pa.30BaHH» - CHHTeTH'leCKYIO H aHaJl.HTH'IecKym.

Y r AarOAOB I H II KAaCCOB CHHTeTH'IeCKaR cpopMa 06Pa.30BbIBaJl.aCb npa nOMOIyH CY<P<fJHKca ·H· B e/.l.HHCTBeHHOM 'IHCAe H ·li- - BO MHOLKeCTBeHHOM H /.I,BOHCTBeHHOM qHCJ\ax. ani CY<fJ<PHKCbl npOHCXO/.l.HAH H.3 /.I.HcpTOHra *0[, rzte *0 - 6blAO TeMaTH'leCKOH naCHOH OCHOBbI, a *i 6blAO npOTOCJ\aB»HCKHM CY<fJ<pHKCOM HMnepaTHBa:

2 A. ezt. q. *nes-o-i-s > nesoi > H~eH;

2 A. MH. q. *nes-o-i-te > nesaie > melin.

3(lJ1.He».3bI'lHble cor xacnere rrepea CYCPCPHKcaMH /.I,HcpTOHrWIeCKoro npOHCXOLK/.l,eHH» nO/.l.BeprAHCb BTOpOH naAaTaAH.3aYHH:

2 A. ezt. 'I. *mog-o-i-s > *mogi > nOSH OT UOIJIH < *mogtei.

Y rAarOAOB pUpH, nUpH, TEIJIH npn 06pa.30BaHHH <fJOpM HMnepaTHBa Ha6AIO/.I,aAOCb xepenoaanae B xopae E I b; Pb4H, nb4H, Tb4H, r/.l,e..., < *k: "rsk-o-i-s > "rski > Pb4H H T. n.

Y r J\aI'OAOB III H IV KAaCCOB <PoPMbI nosexarexeuoro HaKAOHeHIDI 06- piEOBbIBa./\HCb TOAbKO C cycp<fJHKCOM -H-; ~HAH - ~HAHn. Hom - HOCHTE.

Y HeTeMaTHqeCKHX r AarOAOB (V xxacca) B e/.l.HHCTBeHHOM 'IHCAe HCnOAb.30BaACjI CY<fJ<pHKC * -j b, BCJ\e/.l,CTBHe xero cor AaCHbIe OCHOBbI noztsepraxac» HOTOBOH naAaTaAH.3agHH: "dadjss > AAiKAb. "jadjes > lilaiAb, "vadjus > KliaiAb; no 3TOMY me 06pa.3gy 06Pa.30BaAaCb <fJopMa HMneparana rxaroxa KHA1iTH; KHaiAh. Bo MHomeCTBeHHOM H /.I,BOH:CTBeHHoM '1HCAe ynoTpe6.IUIACH 06bl'IHblH CY<t><t>HKC ·H·; AAAHTE. mAHTE. K1iAHTE.

CHHTeTHqeCKaR <fJopMa HMnepaTHBa 6blAa B 2 H 3 AHye ea. 'I. H 1 H 2 AHye llB. H MH. 'I. (CM. cnpaaoxaere MaTepHaAbl).

92

94

95

AEKIJH5I 11 Hecrrparaesasre <pOPMbI raaroaa

§ 1. l1H<pJiHJiTJiB Ji cyrran

ynOTpe6AHAoCb HCKMQ'IUTeAbHoBno3HgHH np~Moro ~onOAHeH~ npH r xaroxax ~BIDKeHIDI AMI yxasanaa na geAb ~BHmeH~; cynan TpOOOBaA ~onOAHeHIDI B pO~HTeAbHOM naziease: K'hm~A'h KIJA1iT'h K'h"'~it\AIJIH~'h: n~HAE RHA1iT'h r~oliA (Map es}; HAN\ pblli'hMKHT'h (30rp es}; nOC'hMK'h H 0YUhlT'h C~ (CUM mp). Yme B n03~HHX eTapOCAaB~HCKHX rescrax cyI1HH CTaA .3aMe~TbCH HHq>HHHTHBOM: HAN\ 0yroToRATH M1iCTO. eynHH KaK q>opMa rxaroxa 6bIA B pasnoe Bpe~ yrpasen BceMH CAaB~HCKHMH H3bIKaMH (B cep6CKOM - el£e B ~onHCbMeHH}'lO snoxy, B PYCCKOM - K XIV B., B 'IelliCKOM -<K XVI B.), coxpanneuracs TOAbKO B CAOBeHCKOM H HIDKHeAymHgKoM ~bIKax.

K HeH3Me~MbIM HMeHHbIM q>opMaM rwaroxa OTHOCHAHCb HH<J>HHHTHB H cynaa,

HmjJUHumUB _ npOTOCAaBHHCKoe HOB006pa.30BaHHe; HeKor~a OH npe~CTaB~A c060H: H~, 06Pa.30BaHHOe OT rAaroAbHOH: OCHOBbI, KOTOPYlO Tenepb Ha.3bIBaIOT HHq>HHHTHBHOM, npa nOMoryH cy<J><J>HKca *tei; 91'0 H~ CKAOHHAOCb no THny OCHOB aa *r. BnOCAe~cTBHH, erye B ,lI.OnHCbMeHH)'IO snoxy, OHO yrparaxo H.3MeHeHHe, TaK KaK H.3 scex naneasnsrx <J>OpM ocTaAaCb B ynOTpe6AeHHH O,lUJa q>opMa ,lI.aTeAbHoro l1aJI;ema (noaTOMY M02KHO CKa3aTh, ~O no npOHCX02K,ll.eHHlO HHtpHHHTHB _ 9TO sacrsmmaa tpopMa ~aTeAbHOrO naneaca]. 3TO npoH30111AO BCAe,ll.CTBHe 'roro, ~O 91'0 H~ ynOTpe6AHAOCb HCKAIO'IUTeAbHO B CHHTaKcn:qeCKOH: n03HWfH KOCBeHHOro ,lI.onOAHeHIDI npa r AarOAe HAH cyryeCTBHTeAbHOM B q>opMe ,lI.aTeAbHOro naaeasa, Hanpaaep: UbH1i nOAOIiAET'h A1iAATH A1iAA nOC'hAAK'hWAArO UA; ChlH'h YAOK1iYbCKhiH H! HIJIATb K'hA( rAAKbl nOA'hKAOHHTH; H,"'hAHH CA Kp1iIllA POAHTH (H.

YTpaTHB CAOBOH3MeHeHHe, HHtpHHUTHB nepecrax 6bITb HMeHeM H nepenrex B eHCTeMY r xaroxa, nOAyqHB B HeM snaseaae neonpenexeanoro HaKAOHeHIDI, TO ecre tpOpMbl rxaroxa B OTBAe'leHHH OT ero cnpsmeHHH. 8CAe,ll.CTBHe sroro OH MomeT ynorpeoxarsca B caMblX pa3HbiX CHHTaKCH'IeCKHX tpynKgH}lX: 'IaCTH cocrasaoro r xaroxeaoro caaayessoro, Jl,OnOAHeHIDI, onpenexeaas, nO,ll.Aemaryero.

CynuH - nacxeaae HH.lloeBpOneH.CKOrO npaassnca; OH npencraaxax co6oH. ~, 06Pa.30BaHHOe OT rAarOAbHOH: OCHOBbl npa nOMOI!!H CytptpHKca *-t- > -T·, cp. xar, dele-t-um '~06bl yn~OmHTb'. 3TO H~ CKAOHHAOCb no rnny OCHOB na *u, O,lUJaKO erye.B .,llOnHCbMeHHYIO snoxy yrpaTMAO CAOBOH.3MeHeHHe, TaK KaK H3 scex naaeasasrx <J>OpM OCTaAaCb B ynorpeoxeaaa O,lJ,Ha q>opMa BHHHTeAbHoro nazteasa (n09TOMY MomHO CKaaare, srrc CynHH _ 9T0 sacrsmuraa q>opMa BHHHTeAbHoro naneasa OTrAarOAbHOrO HMeHH). 3TO npOH30UIAO BCAe.,llCTBHe Toro, srro :3TO H~

§ 2. Flpn-raer-ae

113MeWieMOH. .. HMeHHOH. <J>OPMOH. r xaroxa 6blAO npH'IaCTHe. Tlpuwacmue - aTO q)0pMa r xaroxa, KOTOPruI 06'be,lJ,HH}leT B ce6e npH.3HaKH r xaroxa - Bpe~ H 3aAOr H npH3HaKH npnxararexenoro _ pozi, 'IHCAO H l1ilJ1.em. KaK npaxararexsnoe, npH'IaCTHe HMeAO xparxyto H nOAH)rIO <J>opMy.

,t{eHCTBHTeAbHoe npH-taCTHe HaCTOJII1!ero BpeMeHH npH'lacTIDI .,lleH.CTBHTeAbHOro saxora HaCTO}IIgero BpeMeHH 06pa30BblBaAHCb OT OCHOBbl aacrostgero BpeMeHH npn nOMoryH cyqxpaxca *-nt, K KOTOPOMY npacoezianaxoce naztexsaoe (H pozioaoe} OKOH'IaHHe.

11. n. en. 'I. M. p.: *nes-o-nt-s > nesuns (0 H3MeHHeTCH BUB KOHye CAOBa) > "(Cbl; *veid-i-nt-s > "vidins > vide = KHA~.

TaKHM 06Pa30M, B aTOM naaease npH'laCTHH MYmCKoro H cpeanero poaa y rAarOAOB I, II H V KAaCCOB 6bIA Cy<J>q>HKC -bl. a Y rxaroxoa III H IV KAaCCOB - cy<t><J>HKC -~; BCAeJl,CTBHe nepepa3AOJICeHU5l OCHOB :3TOT Cy<t><J>HKC npeaparaxca B OKOH'IaHHe.

8 KOCBeHHblX naztexsax Cy<J><J>HKC npH'laCTHH pacnpOCTpaHHACH 3BYKOM *j: P. n. en. 'I. M. p. *nes-o-nt-j-a> HEtNi.lJlIll. +znaj-o-nt-j-a >

~HAIli\'Pm; "veid-i-nt-j-a > KHAAIJIIZ\· •

npH'laCTHH meHCKoro poaa pacnpocrpaaaxace 3BYKaMH fa KaK B HMeHHTeAbHOM, TaK H B KOCBeHHblX rraaeacax:

11. n. en. '1. m. p.: *nes-o-nHa > H!CNi.IJIH; *vid-i-nt-j-i > KHMIJI" P. n. en. 'I. m. p.: "nes-o-ru-ja-m > HmIiIJlA: *veid-i-nt-ja-m >

KHM'PA.

OKOH'iaHHe -H B HM. n. nORBHAOCb nozt BAIDIHHeM CAOB THqa UHi\OCTblHH. r~'hAbIHH;

T ax B CTapOCAaBRHCKOM H3bIKe 06Pa30BaAHCb cyqJqmKcbI ,lI.eHCTBHTeAbHbIX npHqaCTHH HaCTORIgerO BpeMeHH: y rxaroxoa I, II, III H V KAaCCOB -N.IJI-, y rAarOAOB IV xxacca -AIJI- .

.lleHcTBHTeAbHble npH'iaCTIDI HaCTORIgero BpeMeHH CKAOHRAHCb HeKOr)1,a no THny OCHOB aa corxacaeui, OCTaTKOM -rero RBAHeTCH OKOHqaHHe HMeHHTeAbHoro naneasa MHomeCTBeHHoro 'iHCAa MYmCKoro pozta H~tN.lJI~ (KaK K4um~), a 3aTeM nonaxa nozt BAIDIHHe CJ00..0HeHHH na * jo (MYmCKOH H Cpe,ll.HHH poa) H *ja (meHCKHH pO)1,). CM. cnpaaosaere MaTepHaAb(.

H. n. ea. -r. M. p.R~AOM'h, ARHrHOU'h. ~H4~U'h. ~R4i\HU'h

H. n. ea. q. m. p. R~AOMA. ARHrHOUA. ~HMU4. ~R4i\HfJlA. CTpa,ll.aTeAbHble npHqaCTHH HaCTORIgero Bpe~eHH CKAOHHAHCb B

MymcKoM It cpeztaesr pozte no THny OCHOB na *o~. B meHCKOM pozie no THny oCItOB xa *a- (CM. cnpasosnnse MaTepHaAbI).

jleHCTBHTeAbHbIe npHQaCTHSI npomenmero BpeMeHH

npuqaCTIDI npomeznnero BpeMeHH )1,eH:CTBHTeAbHoro saxora otipa- 30BbIBaAHCb nYTeM npHCOe)1,HHeHHR K OCHOBe HHq>HHHTHBa Cyq>q>HKCOB *-rrs, *-rrus; nep~blH npHCOe)1,HHHACH K OCHOBaM na corAaCHbIH H rwacHbIH: H, BTOPOH - K OCTaAbHblM OCHOBaM na r AaCHbIH.

H. n. en. 'i. M. p. "ued-us > R~A"h, *rek-us > ~~~'h, *rod-i-us > ~O~b, *znauus > ~H4K"h, "ueula-uus > RHA1iR"h, "bei-uus > IiHKA. nOCTeneHHO cyqJqJHKC * -UUS CTaA ynoTpe6A>ITbC>I H npa 06pa30- Bamm npHqaCTHH OT rxaroxoa na H: "rod-s-uus > ?OAHKt.; ocooeuao MHoro TaKHX cxyxaea B Cynpacxscxoi] pYKonHCH.

B / KOCBeHHbIX naaeacax npuqaCTHH: MymcKoro H cpeznrero pozta H BO acex naaeasax npHqaCTHH: meHcKoro poaa Cyq>qJHKC npHqaCTHH pacnpOCTpaHHACRnOCpe)1,CTBOM ] :

P. n. ezr. q. M. p. "oed-us-]-a > R~A'hmlll, "reh-us-]-a > ?~Kt.IDIll, "sna-uus-]-a > ~HAR"hIDm: H. rr. ezt. q. m. p. *ved-us-j-i > R~A'hIDH, *zna-uus-j-i > ~HARt.IDH. "riahin-us-j-i > H4YbHt.IDH, "rod-t-us-j-i > ?OifiAbIDH.

npuqaCTHH OT rxaroxa HTH 06Pa30BbIBaAHCb OT OCHOBbI UlbA-: IDbA"h.

IDbA'hID4.

npHqaCTHH npourezmrero BpeMeHH CKAOHRAHCb TaK me, KaK npaxaCTHH HaCTOHIgero BpeMeHH (CM. cnpaao-nrsre MaTepHaAbI).

CTpa,l\aTeAbHble npHqaCTIUI npomeamero BpeMeHH

C Tpa.a.aTeAbHble rrpasacraa npomezunero BpeMeHH 06Pa30BbIBaAHCb OT OCHOBbI HHqJHHHTHBa npa nOMOIgH CyqJqJHKCOB * -en, * -n, * -I. Cyrp¢HKC * en npHMeHj{ACH npu 06pa30BaHHH npHqaCTHH OT OCHOBbI na COrAaCHbIH: *ved-en-'b, a, 0 > REMHt.. A. 0; *dvig-en-'b > ARHifiEH'h; *kol-en-'b > KOMHt.; "na-dtsm-en-» > HAA'hUm'h. :3roT me cy¢qJHKC

u .. *. * h Z'

npHMeHMCH npa 06pa30BaHHH npHqaCTHH C OCHOBOH aa r: c va r-en-z.

> "chualjen» > AR4J\EH"h; *voz-i-en-'b > *vozjen'b > ROifiEH"h; *vorl-i-en-'b > *vratjen'Q > Rp41J1~H'L.

Cyg>cfmKC * -n npaeseaaxca npa 06Pa30BaHHH npuqaCTHH OT OCHOB na "a: "dala-n-» > A1ii\4H'h; "zna-n-» > ~H4H'h.

CY¢¢HKC * -1 npHMeHftACH npH 06pa30BaHHH npuqacTHH OT OCHOB,

u " *

paaasrx KOPHIO H OKaH'iHBaBlIIHXCH na r AaCHbIH HAH nxaaaenr r:

*bei-I-'b > IiHT'h; *poi-t-'b > n"liT'h; *klin-t-'b > *kl~t'b = KJ\ATt.: *stir-t-'b > CTpbT'h.

Y HeKOTOpbIX rAarOAOB 6bIAO no )J,Be cpopMbI npasacrna, 06pa3oBaHHbIX npa nOMoIgH pasnsrx CyqJq>HKCOB, HanpHMep: IiHTH - sun.IiHEH"h: ifip1iTH - ifi?bTA. ifipm'h; K?blTH - K~'hKEH'h,K~bIT'h.

nOABble npUqaCTHSI

nOAHbIe npaxacraa, KaK H noxnere npaxara'rexenere, 06Pa30BbIBaAHCb nyTeM npHCOe,ll.HHeHHH K KpaTKOMY npHqaCTHIO YKa3aTeAbHoro MeCTOHMeHI1H *jb, *je, *ja (H, I€, m): nAt'h + H = nA(blH, nAtN.lJlu + m = nACi1i.IJIHm: n4t'hIDH + IA = n4t'hIDHIll: H~t~H'h + H = HH~HbIH H T. )1,. nOAHble npHqaCTHH CKAOHHAHCb no MeCTOHMeHHOMY CKAOHeHHIO.

CTpa,1taTeAbHble npHQaCTUH nacrosngero BpeMeHH

C rpanarexsnsre npHqaCTHH nacroaigero BpeMeHH 06Pa30BbIBaAHCb OT OCHOB aacroargero BpeMeHH npa nOMoIgH cyqxpaxca * -m:

96

~ AEKIJJ15I 12 ~ HeJ13MeHJIeMhle J1 cAyx<e6Hhle 'IaCTJ1 pe'lJ1

no-paSHOMY, HHAKO nO-UHOMY, "HAn ety,e, IAKO KaK, (H~~ rncx (y < K no 3 nCUaTaAH:iJa!.!I-IIi).

H MeHHble Hape4UR Mecma npelJ.CTaSMlAU C060H .saCTbIBWHe na-

..

lJ.e2KHble UAH npelJ.A02KHO-naJJ.e2KHble <l>0PMbI: rOfs BBCPXY, BBCpX, AM1i

BHUSY, AM.0Y./.fOAOU, npou», s?"~xoY eeepxq, HH~Gy BHUSY, KpOU1i na

xpato, cp1iA1i nOCepC,4UHC, ueifiAOY cpesu, S'h tl\1iA'h BCAM. .

H MeHHbie Hape4UR BpeMeHU npelJ.CTaSMlAH co60H sacrersume nap,e2KHble HAH npenxoacao-naneacaere <l>0PMbl: ~HU1i 3UMOU, GYTp1i umpou, ~AOyTpll Ha pacceeme, "GMY AbHe B nOA,4eHb, "GMY HOIflH B nO.llHOLtb, Sbyepll euepa.

HMeHHble Hape4UR oopasa p,eHCTBWI HMeAH pasaoe 06pa30BaHHe. A) en HMeH npaxararexeaerx C nOMOIYblO cycpqmKcos -0. -1i: IiblCTpo. IiblCTp1i. ropbKo. rOPb~1i. KPOT'hKO. KpOT'h~1i. "pOeTO. "pG(T1i. "PHCbHO seel,4a,IAApO 6blcmpo, ~1iM OLteHb ,llS1i SlBHO,AOlip1i XOPOUlO, nO~A1i noS,4HO H p,p.

E) OT HMeH rrpaxararexenerx C nOMOIYblO CYCPCPHKca -btKbI: pAlibCKbl. SPAifibCKbI. rpbYbeKbI. CMS1iHbCKbI. Uil\ilibCKbl. YMK1iYbCKbI II ztp.

B) 0,. HMeH npaaararexsnsrx H CYIYeCTBHTeAbHbIX npa nOMOIYH cyqicpHKca -b: npAKb ucmWlHO, CGyroYlib B,4BOUHe,cRolioAb CBo6o,4HO,il\TPb eiupnpu, H~il\Tpb ustujmpu, K'hHil\Tpb BHympb,pA~I\HYb no-paSHOMY, np1inpGCTb osexe npocmo, nOCI\1iAb HaKoHey. npelJ.nOAaraIQT, 'ITO aTH napesaa «npelJ.CTaSAHAH C060H aacreramae <I>OPMbl BHHHTeAbHOrO nalJ.e2Ka O'leHb lJ.peSHHX npOTOCAaBflHCKHX npaxararexsaerx C OCHOBaMH na *i, xoropsre B CTapOCAaBflHCKOM fl3bIKe ••. Y2Ke He CKAOHHAHCb»21.

r) Hexoropsre HapeqWl npencraaxsxa C060H :iJaCTbISllIHe npelJ.A02Kno-naaeasasre COqeTaHWI: Ii(C np"1iCTAHH HenpepblBHO - p. n. ezt. q. yrpaseaaoro np1iCTAHb nepepme; R'h CGye nanpacno - B. n. ea. 'I. yrpaseanoro *suje; HA np1iaiAb enepea - B. n. elJ.. 'I. np1iiJiAb nepe,4HRR xccme: HC KGHH CHaLtQAa - p. n. en. 'I. C)'I!!eCTBHTeAbHoro *konb aaxaxo; K'hTOpH~UN. ,4BaJIC,4bl - TB. n. en, q. K'hTOpH~A: C'hTOpH~UN. cmoxpamno, MHOlaJIC,4bl - TB. n. en. q. C'hTOpH~A: TiH KpATbl tnpusc,4bl, mpoexpamuo - B. n. ezt- q. CYIYeCTBHTeAbHOro hrats».

4) Hexoropere HapeqHH 6bIAH 06pa30BaHbI OT rAarOAOB: HGYAbUA HaCUAbHO - OT HGYAHTH. A"1il\bUA pasu - OT A"1iI\HTH. UHUG 'MUMU - UT IIInHiti.Tn, T1t.K1t.MO mo.rexc, KpOMe H nYHI7ii\ mOAbKO

OT T'hKHil\TH.

§ 1. Hapexae

no aaaxeamo HapeqWl paaaexaxace aa HapeqHH MeCTa, apesrena, MepbJ H ofipasa lJ.eHCTBWI.

no npC)HCXO*Jl,eHHlO Hape'IHH 6bIAH MecroHMeHHbIMH H HMeHHbIMH. M eCmOU.MeHHble napesu« Mecma 06pa30BbIBaMfCb OT MecroHMeHHbIX OCHOS npa nOMOI!!H cycpcpHKCOB -Ae. -AUG. -il\AOY: CbM s,4eCb, K'hM l,4e, KbChAE Be3,4e, GH'hA( ,4Q./1eKO, GKue S,4eCb, HHue zze-rno, HA~ l.4e-mo maM, t1iUG clO,4a, TAliI' muaa, KAtlO KY,4a, Kil\AOY kY,4a, Kil\A"1i KY,4a, KbC1iuo BO see cmoponu, OHADG my~a ,4Q./1eKO, GHil\AOY ommuaa U3,4Q./1eKa, GRAlIO CIO,4a, GKil\AOY OmC1O,4a c smou cmoponm, HHAUO B uxoe MCcmo, IlUIG KY,4a-mO, GIiGbl\AOY C 06eux cmopou.

M eCmOU.MeHHble HapCLtUR BpeMeHU 06pa30BbIDaAHCb OT MecroHMeHHbIX OCHOB npx nOMOI!!H cycpfJlHKca -r All, KOTOPblH npacoeznmaxca K ocHOBe nocpeacraoa rAaCHbIX 0 I E HAM 'h: TGrM. T'hrM: KOrM. K'hrAA: KbCErM: GKGrM. GK'hrAA ceul.fac, B smo epeus; HHGrM. HH'hrM B UHoe epeus; er All KOl.4Q > eC.llu. Hapexas co 3HaqeHHeM MepbI BpeMeHH 06Pa30SbIBaAHCb CY<l><l>HKCaAbHblM HAM npHCTaSOqHO-cY<I><I>HKCaAbHbIM cnocooox npa nOMOI!!H cyqxpHKca -I\H. -I\b. -1\1i, npHCOe.ll,HIDIBllJerOCH nocpezicrsosr Q / (:

Gn eMH (Gn C£I\1i) c srnozo Bpe.MeHU; i.o C£A"1i ,40 stnoto epeuenu; TOI\H. TOI\b. TOI\"1i cmoAb, cmoxexo epeuenu, B rno BpeMR; AO TM"1i,40 rnex nop; GT'h TOI\1i c mozo BpeMeHU, ,40 mex nop; KOI\H. KOI\b. KM1i na CKO.llbKO BPe.MCHU; AO KOI\H. AO KOI\1i /.f0 KaKUX nop; ~I\H. Mb. £1\1i CKO.llbKO, KaK MHOzo; AOHEI\H aiE .ao mex nop noxc; OnHEI\H ifi( c mex nop KaK.

M ecmouuennme uapeuust uep»: 06Pa30BbIBaAHCb C nOMOIYblO cyrpcpHKca -UA HAM -UH : TMbUll. TMbUH cmo.rexo, HaCmO.llbKO; KMbUA. KMbUH CKO.llbKO, HaCKO.llbKO; (l\bUA. MbUH CKOAbKO, HacKOllbKO; KbCbUA oxexe, B 60.llblUOU cmenexu,

M CCmOU.MeHHble HapC4UR 06pQSQ ,4CucmBUSl 06Pa30BbIBaAHCb npa nOMOIYH cyq>cpHKca -AKO: TAKG mcx, TAYE norno.a, KAKG KaK, RbClAKG

21 r.A.Xa6yp1atB. CTapOCAaB}lHCKHH j(3bIK. M., 1974. C. 342.

7*

99

98

§ 2. CAY}Ke6Hble QaCTI1 pe'lJ1 npeAJ\OrH

npe,nAorn B CTapOCAaBHHCKOM H3bIKe 'IaCTbJO 6bIAH YHaCAep,OBaHHbIMH H3 HHp,oeBponeHcKoro npaasenca, 'IaCTbJO B03HHKAH B npacxaBHHCKOM H3bIKe.

Hexoropsie yaacxeaoaaaasre npeaxora B CTapOCAaB.RHCKOM .R3blxe ynoTpe6AHAHCb TOAbKO B POAH npHCTaBOK: Ko~- (KoC-): K'hCXOAHTH. "p1i-: "P1iOAM1iTH, "p1i"OAOlibHo. rA~- (rAC-): pACTPb~ATH.

/tpyrHe ynacxenoeaaasre npeaxora ynoTpe6AHAHCb KaK B xaxecree npenxoros, TaK H B xasecrae npHCTaBOK: KoH (> KA), CoH (> CD), Ii~~ (IitC), ~A, H~ (HC), HA, 0 (Oli), OTo. no. "PH. npo. oy.

HaKOHe~, YHaCAeP,osaHHblH npep,AorKA ynoTpe6AHAC.R TOAbKO B xasecrae npeaxora,

Flpacxasancxoro npoacxoasaenas 6blAH npenxora, 06pa30BaHHble OT ynacxenosaaaerx npa nOMoIgH cycpqmKca * -d'b: HAAo. nOA'll. "P1iA'll. ~AA'll (B PYCCKOM .R3bIKe sa,4'b CTaAO cYIJJeCTBHTeAbHbIM, a B IOmHOCAaB.RHCKHX .R3b1KaX OCTaAOCb npenxorosa).

B q>YHK~HH npeaxoron B npacAaBHHcKoM .R3blKe CTaAH ynorpefiA.RTbCH aexoropsre Hap e'l H.R: IiI\H~A. nrOTHKJK, CKKO~1i, In/liMy. np1iifi.M. PAAH, A 1i1\1ll. nOCp1iA 1i. Ko 111icn.

Y:aCTH~a Ho HMeAa Ha'lHHaTeAbHOe anaxenae: "a AA HA np1iAoM-

ifi.AlJI~~ np1iHMllo. .

COlO3 AA BblpamaeT BOAeH3'b.RBAeHHe, nomeAatme, npnxaa, ~eAb:

AAiKAb UH CHI§;. ROAN. AA HH iKAiKAN..

Y:aCTH~bl 1i0. HIiO BI::llpamaAH npaxaanere OTHOmeHH.R: IibAHn H IUIOI\Hn CA AOYXo ae lioApo A nhaTb HHIOlJIhHA: OCTASH HAMo rp1ir\bl HAWIA. HIiO H CAUH OCTAKh1iun.

t.IaCTH~a iKe HMeAa npHCOep,HHHTeAbHOe saasemre C pa3HbIMH OTTeHKaMH -- BpeMeHHOH nOCAep,osaTeAbHOCTH C06bITHH, YTO'lHeHHH, CAep,CTBH.R, conOCTaBAeHH.R, npOTHBonOCTaBAeHHH, ycrynxa, YCHAeHH.R H zip.: r\RAI\JK 8'h~AAR'h np1iMMH H AACT'h 0YYeHHKOU'h CHOHMa 0YYEHH~H iKe HApOAOUO: nOKA~A HM'h pN.~1i H HOS1i H p~lipA CR01i. R'h~PAAORAWA iK~ CA OyY~HH~~ RHA1iRaW£ rOtnOAA; nyHe npHll:\en. nyHe ifi.e AAAHn; OROUOY AACTa 'A' TMAHTo OROUOY xe 'K' OROUOY iKe .S,.; M'hHOSH se CJKTb ~aRAHHH liMO iKe H~liopAHbIHr\'h; TMHKOY iKe IibIR'hWIO He npOTpbifi.e CIA Up1iiKA.

C ,." t,,.

0103 AAiK~ « AA + iKe) 03HaqaA npexsne 'IeM, nepezt TeM KaK, rroxa :

C'hHHAH np1iiKM AAifi.t He oyubpn'h OTpOYIA 1.I0e.

COJ03 HeiKe « HE + iKE) 03HaqaA 'qeM', 'HemeAH': AOIiPO ECTb oyn'h-

RATH HA rOtnOA1i HEiKe oyn'hRATH HA K'hHASIll.

t.IacTH~a I\H 6blAa BonpOCHTeAbHOH: A1iTH HI.IAn I\H YbTO CH1iAbHO. COJ03 HI\H « H + I\H) HMeA pasaexarexeaoe aaaxeaae AOCTOHHO hH etTh AATH KHHoC'h KeCApERH HI\H HH (KHH'hC'h - 'noziara'}. t.IacTH~aHE 6bIAa OTpH~aTeAbHOH: HE M01i RM1i H'll TRo1i AA IiJKAET'h. COlO3 AlfiE npacoezamax npaztaro-msre YCAOBHble npeztxoasenaa: AlJIe KaTO HUATb 0YWH Cl\blWATH AA Cl\hIWHTD.

t.IacTH~atAA 6blAa BOnpOCHTeAbHOH co 3Ha'leHHeM 'passe': AlJIE pbllibl npOCHTo UA ~UbbV. "OAACTb euoy:

COlO3 EAA HMeA !J,eAeBoe saasenae: IiI\IOAH oylio EAA CR1iTD HiKE Ro THi1i ThUA ecrs,

Cl>YHK!J,HJO COJ03HbIX CAOB BbInOAHHAH nape-ran: IllKO KaK, nomouu I.fmo, eCAU, max xmc, xmo: !erAA KO"l,4a; HAE l.4e; KOI\H I.fm06bl; 1\101i0 Au6o.

COlO3bl H qaCTH!,!bl

B CTapOCAaBHHCKOM H3blKe Op,HH H Te me CAyme6Hble CAOBa, a TaKme HX COqeTaHH.R BbICTynaAH H B xasecrae COlO30B, H B sasecrse xacTH~.

I J ' ,

-.aCTH~a H HMeAa OTomp,eCTBHTeAbHoe aaasenae TaK2"Ke: cere pAAH

H Ubi Ai\biKHH ECUb Tpbn1iTH.

C "

0103 H HMeA coeztamrrexunoe snasenae H: ce A1iSA R'h Y?1iK1i

"?HHUET'h H ?OAHT'h CblHA H HA~EKJK'" HUA moy EHMAHOYHI\D.

COJ03 A HMeA nporaaarexi.noe anaxenae 'a': rH1iKAHTeCA A HE C'hrp1iWAHTE; npHcOep,HHHTeAbHOe aaaxeaae: ORO nAM "PH nJKTH A A?OyroE nAM HA KAUeHe. B coep,HHeHHH c 'IaCTH!J,eH I\H COlO3 A npaoopeTaA saasenae caxsnoro npOTHBOnOCTaBAeHHH, Hep,0YMeHH.R: HHbl C'hnACE AI\H CEliE HE UOi1\ETa C'hnACTH.

C ' ,

0103 H'h HMeA CHAbHoe npOTHBHTeAbHOe 3Ha'leHH~ HO: HE 1iKo iK~

t\~D ~olJIN. HD 1iKOifi.E Tbl.

100

~ AUTeparypa ~

flempYXUH B.ff. Ha'laJ\OaTHOKYAbryPHOH Y1CTOPHH PYCH IX-XI se-

KOB. M., 1995. .

Cenuiuee A.M. CTapOCAaBHHCKHH H3bIK. 4. I-II. M., 1951-1952. CKa3aHHH 0 naxaxe CJ\aBHHcKoH nHCbMeHHOCTH. M., 1981.

Tonopos B.H. K peKOHCTpyK!!HH ApeBHeHwero COCTOHHHH npaCJ\aBHH· CKOro / / CAaBHHCKoe H3bIK03HaHHe. X MemAYHap0.llHbIH C'be3.l1. CJ\aBHCTOB. CO¢HH; ceHTH6pb 1988 r • .llQK.haAbI COBeTCKOH AeJl.eragHH. M., 1988. C. 264-292.

Xa6ypweB fA. CTapocAaBHHcKHH H3bIK. M., 1974.

Xa6YP1.aeB f.A. nepBbIe CTOAeTHH CAaBHHCKOH nHCbMeHHOH KYAbry· psr. M., 1994.

HAbuHCKUU f.A. OnbIT cHcTeMaTH'IeCKOH KHPHMO-Me<l>0AHeBcKoH 6H6AHorpa<l>HH. C0<l>HH, 1934.

Ilonpipcenxo M.J., POMOHCKUU Cm. KupHAOMeTO.ll.HeBCKa 6H6J1.HOrpa<PHH sa 1934-1940 rr. CO<l>HH, 1942.

MOJICoeso H.E. BH6AHorpa<l>HH no KHPHJI.AO-Me<l>0AHeBcKoH npo6AeMa"" THKe. 1945-1974 rr. M., 1980.

* * *

* * *

CTapOCJ\aBHHCKHH CAOBapb / nOA pea. P.M.lJeumAuH, P.BeLfepKU, 3.EAowesou. M., 1994.

a.rnMoAOrH'IeCKHH CJ\OBapb CAaBJIHCKHX H3bIKOB. npaCAaBHHcKHH AeKCH'1eCKuH <t>oHA / nOA pen, O.H.Tpy6aLfeBO. Bbill. 1-24 (A-H). M., 1974-1997.

EepHUlmeUH C.E. Oseps cpaBHHTeAbHoH rpaMMaTHKH CAaBHHCKHX H3bIKOB. M., 1961.

EupH6aYM X. OpaCAaBHHcKHH H3bIK . .lloCTHLKeHHH H np06.1\eMbI ero peKOHCTpYKgHH. M., 1987.

EOUlKOBULf P. OCHOBbI CpaBHHTeAbHOH rpaMMaTHKH CAaBHHCKHX H3bI-

KOB. M., 1984.

BauaH A. PYKOBO.llCTBO no CTapOCAaBHHCKOMY H3bIKY. M., 1952. BaH-BeuK H. Y1CTOPHH CTapOCAaBHHCKOro H3bIKa. M., 1957. fOPUlKOB A.H. CTapocAaBHHcKHH H3bIK. 2-e H3A. M., 1974. EAKuHa H.M. CTapOCAaBHHCKHH H3bIK. M., 1960.

HBOHOSQ T.H.CTapoCJ\aBHHcKHH H3bIK. M., 1977.

J1cmpuH B.M. 1100 AeT CJl.aSHHCKoH a36YKH. M., 1988. KOH/l.POUlOS H.A. CAaBJlHCKHe H3bIKH. M., 1962.

KysHey,oB fl.C. Oxepxa MOp<l>OJl.OrHH npacxassncaoro H3bIKa.

M., 1961.

Meue A. 06IJJeCJl.aBHHCKHH H3bIK. M., 1951. Haxmuuin P. CAaBHHcKHe H3bIKH. M., 1963. 102

* * *

Cmey,eHKO A.H. XpecTOMaTHH no CTapOCAaBHHCKOM}' H3bIKY. M., 1984. fOPUlKOSO O.B., XMeAeSCKOH T.A. C60PHHK ynpamHeHHH no crapoCAaBHHCKOMY H3bIKY. M., 1985.

.l(cMeHmbcs A.A. C60PHHK sanas H ynpamHeHHH no CTapOCAaBJlHCKOMy H3bIKY. M., 1975.

104

105

CBOH Ero HE npHh.Wh.. E"H!CO )K£ 1)(7) npH'h.T'l. I. AACT'l. IM'l> B"AC'1'~ 'th.AOM'l> C;.KH£M'l> C'l>I'1'H. S..gPO'(IJr\4JHM'l> B'l> IMh. ErO. H)KE HE 0T'l. Kp'l>BHI. HH OT'l. nOXOTH n"'l>T~CK'l>1. NH OT'l. nOX0'1'H MJr\)KbCK'l.1. N'l. OT'l. SA POAHWh. Ch.. I CMSO n"'l.'1'~ C'MC'1'b. 1 BbCMH Ch. B'l. "'1.1. I RHA -kXOM'1. C"AB~ Ef'O. C"AB.l' -kKO I"O'th.AAErO 0T'l. oLiA. IcnA'1."~ SAAI'OA -k'1'H IC'1'HH'1.!. I OAN'l> C'1.B-kA ..g'1'EA10 C'1'RO'(ET'l> 0 HEMb. I R'1.3'1.BA 1'A.h.. C~ s-k EI'O)KE p..gX"b. rph.A'1.1 no MH..g np-kA'1. M'1.HOI~ C'l.ICT'l.. -kKO np'1.Ri;1 MENE ci;. I 0'T"l. ICnA'1.HENH-k ere M'1.1 BbCH npHfh.XOM'1.. E"AroA -kTb B'l>.3 CAAI'OA -k'1'~. i;KO 3AKOH'1. MOC<ROM~ AAH'1. C'l:.IC'1'~.

.... ....

SAAf'0A -k'1'~ I HC'1'HNA IC XMb S'MCT'l..

~ 30rpa<i>CI{:Oe enanrexae ~

I

J1H I, 1-18

II

AK 1,26-38

Sb WECT'l.I)KE MClI,b nOC'1.AAH'1. S'1.ICT'l> ArA'1. f'ARbPHIA'1. 0'T"l. SA.

R'1. I'PAA'1. I'MHMICK'1.. EMO'()KE IMh. HA.3ApE'T"l.. K'1. A<RR-k OSp..v.'tEH-k M~)KERH. EMOl()KE IMh. 10CH~'l>. 0'T"l. AOMO'( AdBA. 1Mb. Ai;B-k MApH-k. I R'1.WbA'1. K'1. HEI ArA'1. PE'tE. PAAOl(1 Ch. S"ArOA<RT'l>NA-k -rb C'1. TOSOJ..v.. SMCRENA 'T"l.1 B'1. )KEHAX"b. WHA )KE CA'l:.IUJAB'l.WH C'l>Mh.'1'E Ch. c C"OBECH sre. I "OM'l.IWA<RAWE Rb cm<R. KAKO CE S~E'T"l. lI,<RAOBAHbE. I pE'tE EI A-r,,'1. NE COl Ch. MApHE. OSpi;TE SO sAAroA-kT~ 0'T"l. CA. I CE 3A'tI.NEWH &b 'tp<RB-k. 1 \lOAHWH CH'l.. I NAPE'tEWH IMA\ EMOl( IC.~1. S~E'T"l. REAIH. I cii'l. &'1.WbH-kAro HAPE't£'T"l. Ch.. I AAC'T"l> EMOl( rb C'L. npiiCTOA'l> AdAA oLiA ere. I B'1.u'PH'T"l. CA\ B'L AOMO,( liiKOKA~ B'l. Riil\'1.l. I lI,PCTBOl( ere HE S~E'T"l. KOHbl_\A. PE'tE )KE MAPH~ 1\'1. Af'AOl(. KA!CO C~E'T"l. CEo IAE M..v.)KA HE .3HAJ..v.. I O'T"l.R<RqJA&'1. ArA'l:. pE'tE EI. AY;b C-M.I NAIAE'T"l. HA '1'A\. I CHAA B'1.IWbHi;Aro OC-kHHT'l> TA\. riMb )KE I E)KE POAHT'l> CA\. coro NAPE'tET'l> Ch. CH'1. C;.KIH. I CE E_:'HCARE'T"l.. ~HKA TSO<R. I TA 3A'tbHE'T"l. R'1. CTApOCT~ CBOI~. I CE MlI,b WEC1"L1 ECTb EI. HAPHlI,AEM<R1 HEnAOA'1.RH. <RKO ~E I.3HEMO)KE1"L 01"L .... CA &bciil\'1. rA'1.. pE'IE )KE MApbii. CE PASA r"ii. S~H M"<& no rAO,{

....

TROEMO'(. I O'l'HAE 01"1. NUh. ArA'1..

30rpa~CKoe eaanrexae - rxaroxmecxoe 'IeTBepoeBaHre.l\He; Ha.3BaHO no Mecry npezsaero HaxO)K.ll,eHIDI B 3orpa~KoM MOHaCTbIpe na Aq>OHe, rzte OHO 6blA0 OTKpbITO A.MHxaHOBH'IeM B 1843 r.; B 1844 r. C HeH 03HaKOMH.I\~ OJ PYCCKHH apxeorpaqi 8.YLr puroPOBH'I,: B 1860 r. 3orpa¥KHH MOHaC'IbIpb nonapax PYKonHCb yaplO AAeKCaH.ll.PY II. P}'KOnHCb He HMeeT aasaxa H neCKO.l\bKHX .!\HC'fOB B cepezume. PYKOnHCb He HMeeT .ll.aTbI, HO no naaeorpaqiaqeCKHM H ~3bIKOBbIM .ll.aHHbIM MOmeT 6bITb OTHeCeHa K X aexy. P}'KonHcb XpaHHTOI B HawtOHa.l\bHOH rocynapcrseanoii 6H6.!\HOTeKe B Camer-Tlerep- 6ypre; H3.ll.aHa YI.BJlruqeM B KHpH.I\.I\H'IeCKOH rparpmce B 1879 r.; K H3.ll.a~ HInO rrpaxoacen KpaTKHH O'IepK 0 ~3bIKe PYKOrrn:CH. CDparMeHI'bI TeKCTa neqaTaIO'IOI no .ll.aHHOMY H3JJ.aHInO.

I CKOHH Si;AWE CAOBO. I CAOBO S-kEAWE 0'T"l. 6A. I H'l. S<&AWE CAOBO. CE s-k ICKO"H OT'D 6A. I RI.C-k riM" S'1.IWA\. I SE)KHEf'O HH'thTO)KE HE S'1.ICTI.. E)KE S'LICTh. B'l. TOMb )KHRO'T"l. s-k. I )KHBO'T"l. s-k CB<&1"L 'tKOMI.. I CR-k'T"l. R'L 'T"l.M<R CRbTH1"L Ch.. I 'T"l.MA ere HE OSbJA\T'D. E'l.IC1"L '1K'1.. nOC'LAAH'L O'T"l. CA. IMA\ EMOl( 10AH'l.. CI,. npHAE R'l. C'1.R<RA<&TEAI,.C'1'BO. AA C'l.B<&A<R'1'EAbCTSOl(E'T"l. 0 CR<&ri. AA RbCH Biip~ IM..v.'T"l. 1Mb. HE S<R T'D CB<R1"L. H'1. AA C'LBiiA<RTEA~C'l'BOl(E'T"l. 0 CB<RT<R. E<R CB-kT'D ICTHH'l.H'1.I. I)KE npocB-kqJAE'T"l. BC<RKArO '1KA rpA\A~qJAEI'O R'l. MHp'1.. B'L MHp-k s-k. I MHp'L riM'" S'l.IC'T''''. I MHp'l. EI'O HE nO.3HA. S'L CBOIh. "P"AE. I

III

AK II, 1-20

E'l.ICT'" )KE S'l. A~HH T'DI. 13HAE "OBEA-kHHE OT'D KECAPA AB'LrO,{CTA I

HA"HCATH BI.C~ R~CMEN..v.'Jr\. CE NAnCANHE S'1.IC'T"l. BA~qJl-O CVpHEI..v.

K\(PHHbKl. I HA-k4X~ SCH II:O~bAO HA~CA'T'H CA R'l. CSOI rpAA'l.. Rb.3HAE ~E 10CH4J'l. O'T"L rAAHMfA. rpdAA HA.3dPE'T'hCKA. R'l. 'KlAnN. R'l. rp"A'l. AAR'l.. I~E HApHL\AE'T"L CA RH'T'bAEEM'l. . .3d HE S-kAWE O'T"L

r-" ..L'" s

AOMO\( I O'T''IC'T'RH'ji AAR4. HAnCATH CA\ C'l. MApHE'N.. OSpN.'1EH~fN.

EMO\( ~EHO'~. CN.qtN.'~ HEnpd.3A'l.HO'~. S'l.IC'T"L ~E ErAA S'l.IC'T'E 'T'O\(. IcnA'l.HHWA\ CA AbHhE POAH'T'H EI. I POAH CH'l. CROI np'l.R-kHb14b I nOKH'T"L I. I nOM~H I R'l. i;CMX7.. .301 HE HE s-k IMA M-kC'T'A OSH'rkAbHd. I S"kAX~ nAC'l"l.lpH S'l. 'T'O'~E C'T'PA~H H-k SbAAqtE. I c'T'p"kr~4JE C'T'PA~~ "04JbH~f~. 0 c'T'''Ai; CROEMb. I CE ArA'l. rHb C'T'A Sb HHX7.. I CAASA rH-B OCH-k fA. I O\(SOi;WA CA C'T'PAXOMh SEAbEMb. I pE'IE ·IM'l. ArA'l.. HE SOI'T'E CA\. CE so sAAros-kC'T'RO\(IN.

I

RAMI. PAAOC'T'b REAblN.. -k~E S~E'l"l. KC-kM'l. AKlAbM'l.. -kKO POAH

CA\ RAM'l. AbHhCh. Cn'l.. I~E EC'T'b X'L rb. S'l. rp"A-k AAS-k. I CE SAM'l. .3HAMEHM. OSpA4JE'T'E MA"AbHbL\b nOSH'T"L. i\E~A4Jb S'l. -BCMX"'. I S'l. HE.3AAntl> S'l.IC'T"L C'l. ArMMb M'l.HO~t.C'T'RO SOl HGCK'l.IX'l.. XRMA4J'T'HX7. GA. I r;\f~4JHX7.. GAARA R'l. R'l.IWbHHi"X7. G\(. I Hd .3EMH MHp'l.. S'l. 'Ii\iX'" SA4rOKOAEHHE. I S'l.IC'T"L -kKO O'T'HA~ O'l"l. HHX'" ArAH HA HGO. I ~14H. ndC'l"l.lpH. piWA APO\(r'l. K'l. AP01{TO\(. npiIA-kM'l. O\(SO AO RHTAiEMA I RHAHM'l. r;\'l. CI. S'l.IR'l.wi·H. I~E rb C'l.KA.3A HAM'l.. I npHA~ nOARHr'l.wE CA. I OGp-k'T'~ MAPHftl> ~E IOCH~A. I MA"AbHb1.\b AE~4J1. R'l. iCAEX7.. RHAis'l.WE ~E C'l.K4.3dWA e r;\-k. rAAHiMI. IM'l.. I SCH CA'l.IWARWE' AHRHWA\ CA\. O'l"l. rAdH'l.'X'" O'l"l. nAC'T"Llpb K'l. HHM'l.. MdpH-k ~E C'l.GAKlAAAWE RbCA rA'l.1 CbtA. C'l.AdrA'N.4JH S'l. Cp'l.Ab14H CROEMh.. I S'l..3RP4THWA CA nAC'l"l.lpH XRAi\A4JE I CAdRA4JE GA. o sc-kX'" -k~E CA'l.IWAWA I SHA-kWA. iIl:O:>KE rA"HO G'l.IC'T"L K'l. HHM'l..

'T'-kM I HE no 'T'OMb HE IMN.4JEM'l.. AHXA '1ECO C'l.TROpHTH. C'l.lI:d.3AfN. :>KE RdM'l.. 1I:0ro CA\ O\(IiOITE. O\(GOITE CA IM~qtAArQ RA4CTh no O\(GbEH'H Rh.Kp-B4JH K'l. r£OH~. £1 r;\l~ RAM1" Toro O\(IiOITE CA\. HE nAlTb AH nbTH14b S-RHHT'l> CA\ n-RHAI.3EMA AR-BMA I HH EAHHA O'T"L "HX'" H-RCTI. .3dS'l.REHA npiA'l. SMt.. H'l. I RAACH rAdR'l.1 KdWE.AI BbCH 1l1't.TEHH Ctl>T'l.. HE &O rr E CA O\(GO. M'l.HO.3-BX'l. nI.TH1.\1. CO\(A-RIWH ECTE R'l.I. IAftl> ;>KE RAM'l.. sc-k.K'l. I~E 1I:000H~bA~ HCnO~-RC'l"b MA np-kA'l. '1K'l.1. I CH'l. '1ell:'l.' ICnOK-RC .... b I np-kA'l. ArA'l.1 sam..: A. OTRP'l.r'l.1 CA MEm np-kA'l. '1K7.1. OT'l.RP'l.~EH": S~E'T"L np-BA'l. ArA'l.1 1i;.K1H. I Rt.C-kK'l. I;>KE pE'IET'l. CAQRO HA CH7> '1CK'l.1. O'l"l.nO\(CTH'T"L CA EMO\(. A. I~E BAACRHMHCAE'l"b HA AX'L CT7.1. HE OT'l>nO\(CTHT'l. CA EMO\(. Er Ad )KE npHBEAtl>T'b S'l.1 HA C'l.H7>MH ..... d I RAAC'T'H I RAAA7>I'II.CTRH-k. HE nb14i;TE CA Kdll:O AH '1bTO nOM7>ICAHTE. AH '11.1'0 PE'IETE. CT7.1 GO AX'L HAO\('IH'T"L R7>1 R7> 'T"L '1AC'l. -kIl:O:>KE nOAOSAE'l"l. rAATH. .PE'IE )KE EMO\( ETEp7> O'T"L H"pOAA. O\('lHTEAKI. pM.\H SPATO\( MOEMOl(. A" Pd.3A-kAHT'l. C'l. M'l.HOttl> AOCTO-kHHE. \\IH'l. ~E pE'IE EMO\( '1MB-k'lE II:'l.TO MA nOCTARH C~AHt~ AH A-kAdTEi\i HdA7> BdMH. pE'IE )KE 11:7> HHM7>. GAKlA-kTE CA I XpdHHTE CA O'T"L sc-ssere AHXOIMH-k. "kKO HE O'T"L I.3S7>I'T"LKA KOMO\()Kh.AO ~HBO'T"L

ere EC'l"l. 0 'MiHH! EMO\(.

V

Ax XII, 22-31

IV

AK XII, 1-15

...

.PE'IE ~E 11:7> O\('1E"HII:OM7> CROIM'l.. cere PAAH rAI~ BAM7>. HE

m"1.\-kTE CA AtiiEt~ '11.'1'0 iCTE. HH T-kMMI. S'l. 'Il.TO OGA-k'lETE CA. Autd SO SOi\I.WH ECTb nH4JA. I TiM OAE)KAA. C'l.MOTpH .... E BpdH7> 11:0111:0 HE C-kf~T'l. HH ~t.Hftl>T'l.. IM'l. )KE H-kCTh C'l.KpOBH4JA HH XP"HHAH4JA. I G'l. nH'T'd-kT'l. IA. KOAbMH nd'lE &'l.' EC .... E

AO\('IbWH nI.TH14I.. II:'l.TO ~E O 'l. BAC'l. nell:'l.l CA MO)KET'l.

npHM;>KHTH T..gi\ECE CROEMt. Adll:7> b EAHH'l.. d ..... E O\(GO HH MdM

'1ECO MO;>KETE '1"' -r 0 B7> npO'lHlxi nE'IE .... E CAl. C'l.MOTPHTE 14B-k .... 'l. CEA'l.H'l.IX'l. II:AKO pACTtl> .... n: HH TPO\(;>KAdf.v.. .... 'l. CAl HH npAXN.T'l.· rAf~ :>KE gdM'l. -RII:O HH COMMO\(H'l. g'l. BCEI CAdS-k CROEI OSAi'tE CA. -kil:O EAHH7> 0 .... 7> CHX7>. d4JE ~E .... p-BS~ At.HbCt. HA CEA-R Ctl> ..... tl> I tl>Tp-k S'l. nE4Jb R'l.M-B .... dEM£ G'l. TAKO OA"kET'l.. II:OAI.MH nA'tE RAC'l. MAMRipH. I R7>1 HE U\I-k .... E '1 ...... 0 HMA'T'E -BCTH '11.1'0

107

¢ HHX"-~E C'l.HbM'l.WEM7> CA T7>bMAM'l. HdPOA'l.. -kKO np-knHPddXN.

AP0\(r'l. APO\(rd. HA'Id'T"L rAdTH Kb O\('1EHHII:OM7> CROIM'l.. np7>R-kE RI.HEMA-k .... E CEISE O'l"l. KBACA ~APHC-BICKA. E~E EC .... 1. AH1.\EM-kpbE. HH'If.'T'O:>KE so nOKp'l.BEHO EC'T't.. E~E HE O'T"l.KP'l.IE'T"L CA. I TAIHO E:>KE HE PA.30l(M-kE'T"L CA. B7> CB-B'T'-k OyCA'l.IWHT7> CA\. I E:>KE K7> O\(X0\( r;\AC .... E. S'l. TAIAH4JHX"- npOnOB-BC'l"l. CA HA KPOR-BX'l.. r;\.tl> ~E BAM'l. APO\(rOM'l. MOIM7>. HE 0\(1i 0 1'1' E cA\ O'l"l. O\(SHSA.tl>4JIHX'l.

106

VI

MH II, 1-11

M~. W1"'1:.Ki;.4JAW~ )KE IIOAEI 1 pi;.w~ EMO\{ KOE <GKI\i;.£WH i;.KO CH TKOpHWH. WT'LKi;.tpA ie I pE'tE IM'l.. pA30pHTE U,P'l.KOKt. CHfN.. I Tpt.MH At.H'l.1 Kt.3AKtrHN. IN.. pi;.w~ )KE IIOAi;.H.'tE1"'1:.lpt.MH AEC~T'l.1 1 W£CTHJN. 1\i;.T'l:. C'l.3'l.AAHA C'l.ICT'l:. U,PK'l.1 C"H. 1 T'l:.1 I\H Tpt.MI1 At.H'l.1 Kt..3AKlrH£WH IN.. OH'l. )K£ rAAAWE 0 U,P'l.K'l.KI1 rll\A CKOEro. er AA O\(CO K'l.CTA 01"'1:. MP'l.TK'l.IX'l.. nOM~HN.W~ O\('tEHHU,H ErO. i;.KO)KE rAAAWE. I Ki;.pN. I~W~. K'l.HHrAM'l. 1 CMKECH E)KE pE'tE HC.

nHTH 1 HE K'l..3HOCHTE C~. Kt.Ci;.X'l. CO CHA'> .~3'l.IU,H Ml1pA cere IqJN.T1>. KAWI. )KE oi\t. Ki;.CTI. <SKO Tp<SCO\(ETE CHX'l.. OCA'tE I1lfJATE u,PCI.i;. C~H<S. I eH RCi;. np"M)K~T'l. C~ RAM'l..

I R'l. TpETI1 At.Ht. CpAK'l. C'l.IC1"'1:. R'l. KAI1A rMHl\l.lcU,i;.1. 1 ci;.

MTH ieRA TO\(. .3'l.RAH'l. )KE C""'CT'l. HC'l. 1 O\('tEHHU,H ere HA CpAK'l.. 1 HEAOCTAR'l.WIO RHHO\(. rAA MTN ieRA K'l> H£MO\(. KHHA HE 1MN..T'l:.. rAA EI I1C. 'It.TO ECT'l:. MHi;. 1 TECit )KEHO. HE to "PHAE rOAHHA MOit. rAA MTH ere Cl\o\(rdM'l.. E)KE AqJE rAET'l. RAM"" C'l.'T'ROP"TE. cii )KE TO\{ ROAOHOC'la KAMitH'l. WECTt. no O'tHqJEHHIO IIOAitICKO\( 1\E)K~qJt. R'l.MitCTh.qJl. no A'l.RitMA 1\11 no TpEM'la MitPAM'la. r;\A IM'l. HC. HAnl\'laHI1TE KOA'l.1. I HAnl\'l.HHWh. AO RP'laXA. 1 rAA HM'la. nO'tp'l.ni;.TE H'l.IHit 1 npHH(citTE APXHTPHKI\I1H'laTORI1. OHH )KE npNHECOWh.. it",o )KE R'l.K01(CH APX"TPHKAHH'la RH"A C'l.IR'laWArO 0T'l:. ROA'l.1. I HE Ri;.A itAWE 0T'l. KN..AO\{ ECT'l.. A CI\01(r'l.1 RitAitAXN. no'tp'l.n'laWEI ROAN... np"rl\ACH )KEHHXA APXHTPHKI\HH'l.. 1 rAA EM01(. RCitK'l> \fKoz. npit.:>KAE AOCPOE RI1HO AAET'l.. 1 Er AA O\(nMN.T'l. cn. TA\fAEE. T'l.1 )KE C'bCI\IOAE AOCpOE RI1HO AO CEl\it. GE C'laTROPH HA\fh.T'l.K'l> .3HdMEHHEM'b HC R'l. KAHA r4l\111\EI. I i;.KI1 CI\ARN. CROfN.. 1 Ri;.PORdWh. B'l. HI. 01(\fEHI1U,11 src.

VII

MH II, 12-22

Do CEMt. C'l.HI1AE B'b KdnEp'l.HAO\(M'b. CAM'l. I MATI1 sre. I SPdTPHi;. ErO. I 01('t£HI1U,11 ere. I T01( HE MHOr7.1 AI.HI1 npitC'l.ICT'l.. I CAI.3t. cit nACXd IIOAitICKA. 1 Rt.3I1AE HC K'b IAM'l.. I OCpitTE B'l. U,P""K'l>RE npOAAlN.quUh. OBt.U,n. 1 BOI\",,1 I rOl\~"'H. 1 niHn.)KI.HI1K'l>1 citAh.lJIh.. 1 C'l.TBOPt. itKO "'"'tta 0T'l. Rpl.RHI Rt.Ch. 1.3r7.HA "U,P'laK'l.RE. OBl.lI,A\ I BOI\7:.1. I TP7:.*-t.HHKOM'l. PdC7:.,"d nitHh..3n.. I A7:.CK7:.1 OnpOBp'l.)KE. 1 npOAdl~4JI1HM'l. rOl\~"'" pE\fE. B7:.37:.MitTE CH OT'l:. C~A01(. HE TROpHTE AOMO\( Oi\A MOErO. AOM01( K01(nl\t.HAEro. DOMim~wh. )KE 01(\fEHHl\.11 ere i;.KO HAnHCAHO ECT'l:.. ;.t;MOCTt. AOM01( TROEro C'l.HicT'l.

108

MapUUHCI{:oe enarrreaue

I t'bS'LlRAE'T"l> CAl. 11M'l. nppO'fl>CTRO HCAHHO rNR.LpEE. c.\0\fXOMh O\{c.\'l.IWHTE H HE HMATE PA30l(M-tTH. I 31:.pAl.LpE 0\{3bPHTE H HE HMATE RHA-tTH. OTA'l.C'T"'k SO epAu,E AIOAEH CHX'l>. I Ol(WHMA T~KO CA'l.IWAWAI.. I O'tH CROH C'l.M~WAI.. EAA KOfAA OY3I:.pAl.T'b O'lH,\\A. I O\{WHMA O\{CA'l.IWAl.T'b. I CPMEMI:. PA30l(M-t"",T'b. I OSpATAl.T'b CAl. H HCU,1iA"", lH.. flAWH "'E SA~EH1;H O'CH "'KO RHAHTE. I 0YUJH RAWH 1;"':0 CA'l.IUJHTE. AMHHI:. SO rMN. RAM'l.. "'''':0 M'l.H05H npLI,H H npAREt\I:.HHU,H R~EA"'WAI. RHA"'TH. ~E RHAHTE H HE RHA -tWAI.. H CA'l.IWATH bE c.\'l.IWHTE H HE CA'LIWAUJAI.. R'l.1 IKE 0yCA'l.IUJHTE npHT'b'l-'" C-tR'l.WAAfO. RI:.C"'K"l. HIKE CA'LIWHT'b c.\ORECA t.(cApECTRH.... I HE PA30YM"'RAAT'l.. npHXOAHT'b "'E" HEnp~HI:. 1 &'l.CX'l>ITAAT'l. C"'HOE R'l. CP#v1 EfO. cc ECT'l. C"'HOE npn n.v.TH. A C"'HOE HA KAMEHH. CI:. ECT'l. CA'l.IWA\H CAORO 1 ASHE t'b PAAOCTHLV. npHEMAAI. E. HE HMAT'b IKE KOPEHE &1:. CEsii. H'l. &pi>.MEtn.HO ECTI.. Ii'LIR'l.WH IKE nE~AAH H rOHEHHKl CAO&EeE PAAH. AGbE t'bGA~1;A'T"l. CAl.. A C"'AHOE &'l. TP'l.H"H. CI. ECT'b c.\'l.IWAl.H CAORO. 1 nE'"IMb CR-kTA CEfO. I AbCTb SPAT'bC'rRA nOAARA"'ET'l. E I GEC nA0AA G'l.IRAE'T"l>. A C"'AHOE HA AosP-k 3EM.H. Cb ECT'b CA'l.IWA\H CAO&O H PA30YM-k&ARAlH. E. 1 npHHOCH'T"l. nAOA'l. 1;"':0 nOAOSAA'T"l. H TROPH'"I"'l. ORO .p. ORO .M. 0&0 .r.

MapIiHHCKoe esaarexae - rAarOAH"JeCKoe xersepoesaarexae cepficxoro H.3BOp,a, xpaaaaureeca B CKHTY CB. MapHH B MapIiHHCKOM MOHac~ Tblpe na Aqioae, rp'e 6bIAO B 1845 r. 06HapYLKeHo H BbIBe.3eHO PYCCKHM apxeorparpou B.H. pHropOBH"JeM. no JI.3bIKOBbIM Ii naxeorpaqnrtecxaa p,aHHbIM OTHOCHTCJI K XI BeKY. PYKonHcb HbIHe xpaHHTCJI B POCCHHCKOH rocyaapcraeaaoii 6H6AHOTeKe B Mocsee. 81883 f. OHa 6bIAa H.3p,aHa H.B..Hrli'ieM C npHAOLKeHHeM 06CTORTeAbHOrO HCCAep'OBaHIDI 0 Jl3bIKe pyKonHCH. COparMeHTbI H.3 Mapaancxoro eBaHfeAIDI npHBO.lVlTCJI no 9TOM)' H.3p,aHHIO.

I

M<l> XIII, 1-23

II

Mx V, 1-20

fl'l. T'l. IKE AEHb HWbA'l. He'l. H3 AOMOY C-tA-tWE npa MOpH. I C'l.S'l.PAWAI. CAl. K'l. HEMOY HAPOAH M'l.H05t1. 1 1;KO RbA"'3'l. R'L KOPASb e-kAE t1 RECio HApOA'l. HA nOMopH CTO"'UJE. H rAA HM'l. M'l.HOrO npt1T'l.'IAMH rM. CE H3t1AE C .... Al.H AA C-tET'l.. I c-k'-"'Lp0YMOl(. ORO oySO n~ npH n-"'TH' I nptlA"" nTHl-\A\ HESCK'LIIAI. H n030EAWAI. -t. APoyrAA IKE nAAN. HA KAMEHEHX'l.. -k"'E HE HM"'AWAI. 3EMAAI. M'l.HO["1.1. I ASbE np03A1.S-"'. 3AHE HE HM-tWE rA.v.SHH'l.1 3EMA1;. C'l.AH'l.U,OY "'E ROCH-tR'l.WKl npHCR~. 1 3AHE HE HM"'X.v. KOPEHtl1; HC'LX-"'. A APoyrA nAA"" R'l. Tp'LHHtI. 1 Rb3t1AE TP'l.HHE H nOAARH -t. APoyrAA "'E nAA"" HA 3EMAH AOSP-k. I AA"'X.v. nAOA'l.. ORO e'l.TO. ORO UJECTh AECAl.T'l.. ORO TpH AECAl.TtI. IM1;Al.tI 0YUJH CA'LIUJATH AA CA'l.IWHT'l.. H npHCT.v.nhWE O\('lEHtlU,tI pi;wAI. EMOY. no 'ITO npHT'l.'"IAMH rAArMEUJH HM'l.. OH'l. "'E O'T"l.Ri;LpAR'l. pE'tE. 1;KO RAM'l. AAHO ECTI. PA30YM-kTH TAHHAA U,PCTRH1; HSCKAAro. OH1;M'l. IKE HE AAHO ECTb.. IMi'il.4-I0YMOY SO AACT'l. CAl. 1 H3SN.AE'T"l. EMOy. A H"'E HE HMA'T"l.. 1 E"'E HMA'T"l. R'l.3bME'T"l. CAl. 0'T"l. HEro. CEro PAAH npHT'l.'IAMH HM'l. rAt.v.. i;KO RHAAl.4-IE HE RHAA.T'l.. 1 CA'l.IWhlLpE HE CA'l.IWAl.T'l. HH PA30YM-kRAJ.v.T'l..

110

ITpHAN. HA 0H'l. nOA'l. MOp-t. R'l. CTpAH.v. rAAApHHCKN.. I H3A--k3'l.woy EMOY HC "':0pAGA1; C'l.p1;TE H 0T'l. rpOG'l. '"IK'L HE'IHCTOMh AXMb. I"'E ;>KHAH4JE HM1;AUJE R'l. rpos-kX'l.' I HH IKEA-h:iHOM'l. .v.;t;.£Mb ere HHK'T'OIKE HE MOIKAAWE C'l.RAI..3ATH. 3AHE M'l.HOf'l.1 KPAT'l.1 n.v.T'L1 H .v.;t;.H "'EA1;.3H'l.1 C'l.RA\3AHi'il. c.v.4-I0\{. npi>Tp'l.3AAXi'il. Chi 0T'l. HEfO .v.;t;.A ;>KEA"'3HA H n.v.TA C'l.KpOyWAAX.v. Chi. 1 HHK'T'OIKE ere HE MOIKAAWE OyMi'il.'IHTH. H R'l.IHH.v. AEHh 1 H04-l1:. R'l. rposi>}\L I R'l. ropA}\L S ... RbnHlhl H TA'l.K'l.1 CAl. KAMEHHEMh. 0l(3bP"'R'l. "'E HCA H.3AME'IE. TE'IE H nOKAOHH Chi EMOy. 1 R'l.3'l.nHR'l. rAACOMb REAHEMI. rAA. 'ITO MhH1; 1 TEG1; HCE CHE SA R'bIUJ'l.H"'Aro . .3AKAHHAt.v. Thl SMh HE M.v.'1H MEHE.

~ ~ ~

rAA EMOl( H3HAH AWE HE'tHC'T"LIH O'T"L 'IARKA. 1 R'l.npAwAUJE H KAKO

TH ECT'l. HMR\. 1 rAA EMOY AErEOH'l. MbH'" EC'T"l. HMIi\. "'KO M'LH05H ECM'l.. 1 MM"'WE H M'bHOro. AA HE nOCAE'T"l. H}\L KPOM'" CTPAH'l.I. s-k IKE TOY CTAAO CRHHO nACOMO npn rop-k. 1 MOAHWAI. H RI.CH SiiCH rAI.v.4-IE. nOC'LAH H'l.1 RI:. CRHHHlhI AA RI:. HhI RI:.HHAEMI:.. I ASHE nOREA-t HM'l. tlC'b. 1 HWEA'bWE ACH HE'"IHCTHH. R'bHHA"" Rb CRHHHlhI.

111

'/,8-1U3

13

I 0VC'1'P'l.M.H CA C'1'dAO no spoRrov &'1.. MOpE. SoR )KE HX'L oRKO A..",RoR '1"LIC"'4JH· I 0\('1'dnddX'" &'1.. MOpH. I ndC~LJ-IHH C&HHHIA SoR)KAUJA. I &b3&oRC'1'HUJA &'1.. rpAAoR H Hd CEA<RX'L. I npHA'" &HA<R'1"L 't'1'0 EC'1"L S'LIR'LUJEE. npHA'" K'L HeRH H RHAoRUJA S<RC'LHORAR'LUJddro CA C~LJ-IA OSAb'tEHA. I C'LM'LICAALJ-Id. HM<RR'l.UJdAro AErEOH'l.. I 0VSOoRUJA CA. H nORoRAoRUJA HM'l. RHAoRR'LUJEH. KdKO c'LIC'1"L &oRC'LHOVEMOV. I 0 C&HHHoRX'L. I HA'tACA MMH'1'H H. O'1'H'1'H 0'1"L npEAoRA'L HX'L. I R'LXOM4JfO EMOV R'L AAAHH~. MM<RdUJE H coRC'LHO&A&'L1 CA. AA SH C'l. HHMb c'l.M'l.. I C'l. )KE HE AdC'1"l. EMOV. H'l. r~A EM01(. HAH R'L AOM'l. '1'&OH K'L '1'ROHM'L. I R'l.3RoRC'1'H HMf.. EAHKO '1'H rf. C'l.'1'ROPH H nOMHMRA '1'A. I HAE H HA'tA'1"l. npOnOR<RAA'1'H R'l. AEKAnOAH EAHKO C'L'1'ROPH EMOV HC'l.. I RL.CH AHRAoRAX~ CA.

IV

AK VI, 24-45

III

AK IV, 1-15

I'ope RAM'l. SOrd'1''l:.IHM'l.: oRKO Rf.CnpHl~C'1'E 01('1'oRX'" RAWflil.. reps RdM'l. HAC'l:.ILJ-IEHHH oRKO R'l:.3dA'tE'1'E C~. reps BdM'l. CM<RlliI.LJ-IEH C~ H'l.IHoR oRKO R'L3AP'l.IAdd'1'E H B'l.tnAA'tE'1'E CA. I'ope IOrAd pEKliI.'1"l. Aospt 0 RAC'l. R'l.CH 'tABU,I1. no CIOMO\( co '1'ROptdXtV.. A'l.)KHHM'l. npKM'l. O'1'[iH HX'l.. H'l. &dM'l:. r~ltV.. CA'l.IWALJ-IHHM'l.. Al¢cH'1'E Rpdf"l.I RAW~. AOcpO '1'ROPH'1'1O H€HdRHAAlJ.IHHM'l. RdC'l:.. E~rOCMRH'1'E KA'LHtV..LJ-IAfA R'LI. MOAH'1'E CA 34.\ '1'ROP~4'AI~ RdM..", OSHAtV..· &HItV..lJ.II¢MOV '1'~ &'L AAHH'1'tV.. nOAAH APO\{rO\(lliI.. I OT'bEMAltV..4HOM01( '1'E&-& pH.ltV... I CpA'tHU,A HE R'l..lSpAHH. Rf.CoRKOMO\( ~IO npOC~4'0\(MO\( O\( '1'ESE AdH. I OT'bEMAlliI.lJ.IAArO TRot HE I1C'1'~SdH. HE CtV..AH'1'E AA HE CtV..AA'1''L RAM'l.. HE OCtV..)KAAH'1'E Ad HE OCtV..A~'1''L RAC1.. OT'bnOVlJ.IAI1'1'E 11 OT'bnol(C'1'~T'b R'LI. AAH'1'E H AdC'1"l. CA RAM'L. Mtplil. AOSPO HA'1"l.KAHH. I nO'1'ptV..C'l.HtV.. H npoRAHtllil.lJ.IliI. CA AAA~T'b HA MHO RAUJE. '1'Oflil. so M-&POfN. £ftV..~E MtPI1'1'E RL.3M-&pHT'b CA RAM1.. PE'tE )KE npHT'b'tlil. HM'L. EM MO)KE'1"l. cAtmu,f. CA-Rn1.4A ROAH'1'H. HE OSA AH RL. tMliI. B'l.nAAE'1'E CA. H<RC'1"l. O\('tEHHK'l. HAA'L O\('tH'1'EAEM'l. CROHMf.. C'LRP'l.UJEH1. )K£ R'l.CoRK'l. StV..AE'1"l.. tKO)KE O\('tH'1'EAf. ere. 't'1'0 )KE RHAHUJI1 CN.'tL.u,f. HE)KE EC'1"l. R'L O'tECE SpA'1'pd '1'&0 ere. A Sp'LE.'l.HA E)KE EC'1"l. R1. O'tECE '1'&OEMf. tiE 'tI¢EWH. AH KAKO MO~EWH pELJ-I11 SpA'1'pOl( '1'BOEMO\(. SpA'1'PE OC'1'ABH Ad H3'LMliI. C~'tEU,f. H)KE EC'1"l. B'b ou,<R '1'&OEMf. HE RHA~. H3'l.MH np'l.RtE cP'l.B'bHO H3'b O'tECE '1'&0 ere. I T'br AA np03f.pHWH 11.lA'1'H CliI.'tEU,f. H)KE EC'1"l. B'b O'tECE SpA'1'PA '1'ROlOro. H-&CT'b SO ApiiRO AOSpO '1'BOp~ nMAd 3'l.AA. HH ApiBo 3'MO '1'ROpA nMAA AOSpA. Bf.ctKO SO AptBO 0T'b nMAA CBOEro n03HAAT'b CA. HE 0'T"b '1'P'bHHii so 'tEWf;r;.'1"l. CMOK'l.RH. HH O'1"l.K~nHH'blrpL.3A" OSEMAlN.'1"b. EAAr'l.1 SO 't~K'l. 0'1"l. s~rAro C'l.KpORHlJ.IA CPAU,A C&OEro H3HOCH'T"b SAArOE. I 3'LA'b1 't~K'l. OT'b 31.AAArO C'LKpOBHLJ-IA CPAU,A CBOEro H.lHOCH'T"b 3""'AOE. O'r'b H3SI'T"bKA SO CPA'-\A r~'T"b O\(C'1'A ere.

I C )KE ItoA'LHL AXA cfA. B'L3BPA'1'H Cho. 0'1"l. HOPAA"A. I REAiAWE Cho. AXML B'b nOl(C'1"l.IHlH.. .~. Af.HHI1. ICKO\{WAEM'L AHi;.RMOML.. I HE tC'T"b HH'tLCO)KE B'L '1"l.1 Af.HH. I KO"L'tAB'LWEM"'" CA 11M.,. nocAi;.AL. B"'3AAKA. I pE'tE EMOl( AHi;.RM'L. ALJ-IE CH.,. ECH S~HH. pb'-\H KAMEHII¢ CEMO\( AA SN.AN.'1"l. XAoRS1.1. H O'T"bRi;.LJ-IA HC K'l. HEMO\( rM. nHCAHO EC'1"l. oRKO HE 0 XAi;.sii EAHHOML )KHB'b S"'AE'1"l. 'tlcr.. H'L 0 BCoRKOML r~-k S~HH. I RL3REAE H AH-kBM'L HA ropH. B"'ICOK~. nOKA3A EMO\{ RL.Ci;.KA ,-\CPC'1'RHi;. B'LCEAEH'LUho. Bf. 't-kc-k Rpi;.ME"L"i;.. I pE'tE EMO\( AH-kRM.,. '1'ESE AAM'L BAAC'1'b. cn", Rf.CN. H CAAB;r;. HX'L. .gKO Mb.HoR npoRAA"A EC'1"l.. EMOV)KE ALJ-IE X0LJ-IN. np-kAAML. IN.. '1"l.1 0VSO ALJ-IE nOKAOHHWH C~ npoRA'" MHOI~. S~'1"l. '1'E&oR RL.CoR. I O'1"l.R.gLJ-IAB'l. HC'L pE'IE EMOV. IAH 3A M'bHOI'" CO'1'OHO. nHCA"O EC'1"l.. rn srov TBOEMO\{ nOKAOHHUJH Cho.. I '1'OMOV EAHHOMOV nOCAOV)KHUJH. I REAE H R'L I M'l.. I nOC'1'ABH H HA KPMoR U,PKRLH-kEML. I pE'IE EMOV. ALJ-IE CH'L ECH S~IH. RP'L.lH Cho. 0'1"l. cN.AO\{ HH3'L. nHCAHO so EC'1"l. . .gKO AHrAM'l. CBOHM'l. 3AnO&iic'1'f. 0 '1'E&-k C1.XpAHH'1'H '1'h... I HA P"'KAX'L B"'3f.M;r;.'1"l. '1'h... AA HE 0 KAMEHL. np-k'1"l.KHEWH HOr'l.1 '1'BO£lA. I OT'LR-fiLJ-IAR'l. HC'L pE'IE EMO\{. -kKO PPIEHO ECT'L. HE HCKOVCHUJH r'd S4 TROEro. I C'LKOHL.'tAR1. RL.C-RKO HCK.OVWEHHE AH-RBM'b O'1'HM 0'1"l. HEro AO Rp-kMEHE. I R'b3BPA'1'H HC'l. Bf. CHA-R AXB'LH-kH B'L rAAHA.gfN.. I R.gCTL. H3HAE no BLCEH C'1'PAHoR 0 "EML.. 1 '1'0l( Ol('tAAWE HA C'bH'l.MHlJ.IHX'L HX'L. CAARHM'l. BL.CoRMH.

V

AK XV, 1-10

EtAX'" ~IO K'b HIOMO\( npHS"'H)KAlN.LJ-IE Cho. Rf.CH M'l:.I'1'APE H

rpiiW'bHHU,H. nOCAOVUJd'T"L ere, H pOn'1'AAX;r;. ~ApHCiH. 11 K'LHH)K'bHHU,H

112

VII l1HV, 17-30

rAIN.LJ.IE. il.KO CI. rpil.W'bNHK'l.1 np"EMM'r'b. H C'b NHMH il.C'r'b. PE~E >'KE K'l. NI1Mb npH'r'b~N. CHIN\ rA~. K'bl ~ARK'l. O'r'b RAC'b. HM'b1 C'bTO ORElI,'b H noro,(s"l. EAHH'" O'r'b HI1X'b. HE OCTARH'r'b AI1 AER~TI1 AEC~'r'b H AER~TH R'bnO,(C'r'bINH. H HAE'r'b R'b CAil.A'b nOr'l.IS'bWdI~. AOHbAE>'KE OSP~LJ.IE'r'b IN\. I ospil.'r'b R'b.3AArAA'r'b NA PAMil. CKOH PAAO'(I~ C~. 11 npI1WEA'b R'b AOM'b. C'b3'bIRAA'r'b ApO'(r'l.1 11 CN\Cil.A'b1 rA~ I1M'b. PAAO'(l1TE C~ C'b MHO'-'\ il.KO ospi.'r'b OR'bU,-'\ MO'-'\ nOr'l.IG'bW""-'\. rA'-'\ RAM'b il.KO TAKO PAAOCTb S"'AE'r'b HA HSCE. 0 EAI1HOM'b ·rpil.W'bHl1l1,i. K"'-'\LJ.IEI1 C~. HE>'KE 0 AER~TI1 AEC~'r'b 11 AERAl.TI1 npAREA'bNl1l1,i.X'l. I1~E HE 'r'pimo,(,-'\'r'b nOKAAHI1il.. AH KAi >'KEHA I1M-'\LJ.IH AEC~'r'b ApArM'b. ALJ.IE norO,(SHT'b APArM-'\ EAI1N-,\. HE R'b~H~AAT'b AI1 CRil.TI1AM"lHKA. 11 nOMETET'b XpAMI1N'b1. 11 I1LJ.1ET'b npI1AE~'bHO AOHbAE~E OSP~LJ.IET'b. 11 Ospil.T'bWH C'b3'bIRAAT'b APO'(l"l.1. 11 C-'\Cil.A'bIHAI. rAI-'\LJ.IH. PAAO'(I1'1'E CAl. C'b M'bHO''''. il.KO ospi'1''b APArM-'\ '-,\>'KE norO,(SHX'l.. TAKO rA'-'\ RAM'b. PAAOCTb S'bIR"A'r'b npi.A'b ArA'b1 S~HH. 0 EAHHOMI. rpil.W'bHl1l1,i. KAfN.4JI1I1M'b C~.

•

OTU,I. MOI1 AO CEAil. Ail.AAAT'b. 11 A3'b Ail.AAI-'\. cere >'KE PMI1

HCKAAX'" nA~E I1IOAEH ere O,(SI1TI1. il.KO HE T'bKMO PA.3Apil.AWE COSOT-'\. H'b i" OU,A CROEro rAAAwE EA. pAREH'b C~ '1'ROp~ EO\(. OT'bRil.LJ.IA ~E I1C'b 11 pE'iE HM'b. AMI1HI. AMI1H rA,N. RAM'b. HE MO~ET'b cm. 0 CESrS TROpHTI1 HH'iECO>'KE. ALJ.IE HE E>'KE KI1A"T'b OTU,A TROP~LJ.IA. i.>'KE GO OH'b TROPH'T""b, CH 11 CN'b TAKO~E TROPHT'b. O'1'U,b SO AIOGHT'b cNA. H RI.Cil. nOKA3AA'T""b EMO\( il.~E CAM'b '1'BOP"T'b. I SMI.WAA CHX'l. nOKA)KET'b EMO,( AiA". AA R'bl ~IOAI1TE CAl. il.KO GO OU,b R'l.CKprSWAAT'b MP'l.'1'B'l.II~ 11 ~I1BI1T'b. TAKO 11 CN'b I~>'KE X041ET'b )KI1RI1T'b. 0'1'U,1. SO HE C"'A"T'b HI1KOMO\()KE. H'l. C"'A'b BbC" AACT'b cNORH. AA R'bCH ~'1'~T'b CNA il.KO)KE 'iTN.T'b O'1'U,A. I H>'KE HE ~'1'ET'b CNA HE 'iL.'1'ET'b O'1'l\A. nOC'bAAB'bWAArO 11. G\MI1HI. AMI1Hb rA'-'\ BAM'b. iKO CAO,(WA'AlI1 CMBECE MOEro. I Ril.p'" EMA~ nOC'bAAK'bWIOMO,( M~. IMA'T""b >'KHROTA Ril.'1'bNAAro. I HA C"'A'b HE npHAE'T""b. H'b npil.I1AET'b 0'T""b C'bMP'b'1'11 R'l. >'KHROT'b. AMHHb AMHH rAIN. BAM'b. rSKO rpAlAET'b rOAHHA H H'bIHil. ECT'b. ErAA Mp'b'1'RHI1 O,(CA'bIWAl.T'b rAC'b cNA S~H"'. I O,(CA'bIWAB'bWEH O>'KH&-'\'T""b. -eKO>'KE GO OTU,b >'KH&OTA HMAT'b &1. CESrS. TAKO AACT'b H cHRH >'KI1KOTA I1M"'TI1 Rb cm.... 11 OCAACT'b AACT'b EMO,( 11 C"'A'l. TROpH'1'H. il.KO CN'b '1AB'ICK'l.1 ECT'b .. HE AH&I1'1'E t~ CEMO,(. "'KO rpAlAET'l> rOAHHA. Bb HIO)KE BI.CI1 C-'\41EH R'b rpoli"'xrz.. O,(CA'bIWAlT'l> rAC'b CHA' S~H"'. t1 t13HAN-T'b C'bTROPbWEH SAArAA R'b RbCKP"'WEHHE>'KHKO'1'O\(. A C'l.T&OPI.WEH 3MAA B'b BbCKpi.WEHHE C"'AO\(. HE MOr-'\ A.3'l. 0 tES'" TROP"TIHI'1ECO)KE. -eKO CA'bIWI-'\ i" C~N.. H C"'Ab MOI1 npARbAEH'b ECT'b. -eKO HE H41'" RMAI MOEIAI.

...

H'b ROAI-,\ nOC'l.AAR'bWAArO MAl. OTlI,".

VI

AK XXIII, 13-25

ITHA"'r'b >'KE C'b3'bB"R'b "PX"EPEf~ H K'l.HAl3~ H AIOAH. pE'IE K'b HHM'b np"&"'C'1'E MH '1AKA cere. il.KO PA3RP"41"1-'\41" .\IOAH. I CE A3'b HC'1'Al3AB'L npEA'b BAMH. HE Osp"'T'l> HI1 EA"HOIAI )KE 0 ~ARlI,il. CEMb RI1H'L1. '~~E HA HI. RAAI1'1'E. H'L HI1 "POA'L. nOC'bIA"AX'l. GO 11 K'b HEMO\(. I CE ""'1'b'1'O>'KE AOC'1'OI1HO C'bMP'b'1'H C'bTROPEHO EC'T""b 0 HEMb. nOKA3AR'L O'(SO OT'bno,(41-'\ 11. no'1'p"'SN. >'KE I1M"'AWE HA BbCAI npA3A"HI1K'L1 OT'bnO\(LJ.IA'1'11 I1M'L EAI1HOro. lh3'bnl1WAI )KE C'b R'bCI1 H"POAI1 rAIN.LJ.IE. Bb3bMI1 cere OT'l>nO,(C'1'H >'KE "AM'b BAP"BN.., I~E Ii'" 3" EAHHN.I-,\ KPAMOA-'\ G'bIR'bW-'\'-'\ R'b rp"A-e H O,(GI1HC'1'BO R'LRP'b>'K€H'L R'L '1'EMbHHlI,-'\. IT"K'b1 )K£ nHAA'r'b R'b3rAACH XOTAI OT'bnO,(C'1'H'1'H HCA. OHI1 )KE Bbnl1i.xN. rAIN.41E. nponbHH "pOnbHI1. OH'b >'KE '1'PE'1'HlI,EIN. pE~E K'b HHM'b. '11.'1'0 GO C'L'1'ROPH 3'l.i\0. HI1~bCO>'KE AOC'1'OHHO C'bMP'bTH OGp-eT'b 0 HEMb. nOKA3A&'b I 0'(1)0 OT'bno,(LJ.IIN.. OHI1 >'KE npHAE~AAX-'\ rA"C'b1 REAHI1 npOC~41E sro HA npOnAl.'1'HE. I O,(C'1'Oi.AX-'\ rAACI1 11xrz.. I APXHEPEHCTHI1. III1AAT'b >'KE nOCN.Af1 GI1TH npOW€HI1E HX'l.. OT'bnO,(C'1'11 >'KE I1M'b B'LCA)KAEHAAro R'L TEMbH"~. 3A KPAMM-,\ 11 O,(SHI1C'1'RO ere ~E npOWMX-,\. 11 ICA >'KE npi;AACT'L RMH HX'l..

VIII

l1H VIII, 1-11

I C ~E "AE R'b ropN. EAEOH'l.CK-'\. lO'1'pO )KE nAK'b1 npHAE R'b tJ,PK&b. I BbCH AIOAbE I1Ai.AX-'\ Kb HEMO'(. I d'A'b O~AAWE 'AI. 11PI1R'-&CAI. K'bHH;.KbHHlI,H H 4>APHCEI1. )KEH-'\ Rb npi.AlOsoA'-&AHt111 IAl.T-,\. t1 nOC'1'ARI1RbWE '''' no cpi;Ail.. rAAWAI. EMO\(. O\(~H'1'EAIO CH ~€HA 1~'1'A ECT'L H'bIHi; B'l. nprSAIOEoAi.AHHH. A &'b .3AKOH'-& HAM'b MOCI1 nO&EAi.. '1'AKOB'bIlAl.' KAMEHI1EMb nOI>HKATI1. T'bl >'KE '1'1'0 rAEWI1.

114

1/8* 2

115

I

M<p VII, 24-27

CE ;>KE pi>WA- t1CKO\(WAfN>4JE t1. AA GN> t1Mi>t\t1 HA Hb. 't'T'O rAA'T't1. IC'b ;>KE Ht13'b nOKt\OHb Ch. np'bC'T'OMb. nt1CAAWE HE .3EMt1. i>KO ;>KE npt1t\E;>KAAXN> R'bnpOWMN.4JE t1. R'bCKt\OHH Ch. H pE'tE HM'b. I;>KE RAC'b GE.3 rpi>XA EC'T"l.. npi>;>KAE Rp'b5t1 KAMENb. HA HlN>. t1 nAK'b1 nOKt\OHb. Ch. nHCAAWE HA .3EMt1. OHt1 ;>KE Ct\'bIWAR'bWE t1CX0;>KAAAXN> EAHH'b no EAHHOMO\(. HA'tbH'bWE O'T"l. C'T'APEl.4,b. AO nOCt\i>bHHt1X'b. I OC1'A t1C'b EAt1H'b 11 ;>KEHA C'T'OIA-4JH no CPi>A~. R'bCKt\OHb. ;>KE CA- t1C'b pE'tE EI1. ;>KENO KbAE CN.'T'b I1;>KE Hol 1'A- Rol;>KAolXN.. HI1K7.111 ;>KE t\t1 1'EGE HE OC"'At1. OHA ;.KE pE'tE Ht1K'b111 ;>KE PI1. pE'tE Eli t1C'b Ht1 ol3'b 1'ESE OC~A.N.. t1At1 O'T"l. CEt\i;. HE C'brp~WAt1 K 'T'OMO\{.

ACCeMaHJ1eBO enanreane

Accenanaeao (MAM BaTH:KaHCKoe) eaanrexae - xparxoanpaxocaoe rAarOAH:'1eCKOe esanrexae, C03,l1;aHHOe B MaKe,ll;OHHH: BO BTOPOM nOAOBHHe X sexa. Ha3BaHO no H:MeHH: ,lI;H:peKTOpa DanCKOH 6H:6.1\.H:OTeKH: .lVK.AcCeMaHH:, KOTOPblH B XVIII nexe o6HapymH.I\. pyxomscs B HepYCaAHMe H:

BbIBe3 B PH:M, rae OHa ztonsme xpaHHTCR B BaTHKaHCKOH 6H6.1\.HOTeKe. Dpe,ll;nOAaraeTCR, 'ITO R3blK ,nOM pYKonHCH: 6.1\.H:me ncero K KHpHAAOMe<IJO,ll;H:eaCKoMY R3bIKy. PYKOnH:Cb 6bIAa H3,l1;aHa cP.Pa'lKH B3arpe6e r.l\.arOAHgeH B 1865 r.; B 1878 r. B PHMe H.4pH'lH:'leM 8 .l\.aTH:HCKOM TPaHCKpMngHH:; B 1929 r. H.BaHc H H.Kypg 1l3,l1;aAM B npare PYKonHCb B rxaroxage, a B 1955 r.I1.Kypg H3,l1;aA ee KHpHAAHgeH. cPparMeHTbI npHBO,lI;»TCR no nOCAe,ll;HeMY H3,l1;aHHIO.

.Gci;.K7. I;>KE Ct\'bHWI'T"l.. CMRECA MO~ CI1. I 'T'ROpl'T"l. ~. O\(nOAOGt\fN. 11 MN.;>KIQ ~PO\{. I;>KE C'b3bAol XpAMIHN> CROIN> HA KAMEHE. 11 C'l.HI1AE A'l.;>KAb. H "PHAN. p~K'b1. H R'b3Ri>AWA- &i;.'T'Pt1. t1 HolnAAN> Hol XPAMHHN. 'T'N.. H HE "olAE CA OCNORAHA GO G~ HA KAMEHE. 11 RC~K'l. I;>KE Ct\'bI1WH'T"1:. Ct\ORECA MO~ CH. H. HE 'T'ROpl'T"l. "X. O\{nOAost\lN. 11 MN.;>KIQ SO\{IQ. I;>KE Cb3bAol XPAMI1NN> CROIN. HA n~cbu,~. H CbHI1AE A'l.;>KAb 11 npHAN. P~K'l.1. H R'b3R~AWA- R~'T'PI1. H om.p~wA. CA. XPAMHN~ 'T'OH 11 "olAE CA.. H G~ PA3APO\{WEHHE E1A. 3~t\O.

II

M<p VIII, 14-23

.G OHOS npHWEA He'l. R'b AOM'b nE'T'POR'b. 11 RIAi;. 'T"1:.W1'N. sro. t\E;>KA.4JN. OrH€M'b ;>KErOMN.. t1 npHKOCHN. CA- PN>u,~ EtA-. H OC'T'ARH IN. crus, 11 R'l.C1'A H CM\{;>KAAWE EMO\{. n03A~ ;>KE S'bIRWIQ. npH&~CA-

Kf. NEMO\( E> .... C'bN'bH MNOr'l.1. H 113["f.NA CMEOM'b A0\(X'l.1. H S'bCA NEAN.~f.N'bIlA 11U, .... AI. AA C'bE>,v"AET'b CA IlE'IENOE HCAI1£M'b npPOM'b

["l\4-JEM'b. T'b NEAN.r'l.H NAWA npUAT'b H E>M 3NH nONECE. 0\(3f.p .... ·E'b

~E HC'b MNOr'l. NAPOA'b OKP'bCT'b CEE>E. nOEEA HTI NA ON'b nM'b. H

npHCTN.nA'b EAIN'b 0T'b K'bHH~bNHKb pE'IE EMO\(. O\('1ITEAIO "AN. no TEE>.... ....MO~E KMI~AO HA€WH. H [,,~A EMO\( I1C'b. AHCI .... 3EIN'b1 HMN.T'l.. H nf.THu,A NECb.N'bHlA ["N .... 3AA. H CH'b '1A'Ib. NE I1MAT'b Kb.AE ["A A R'b I nOA'bKMNHTI1. AP O\(r'l. I ~E 0T'l. O\('1ENHK'b pE'IE EMO\(. rH nOEEAH MI np .... ~AE HTH H no["pETH 04A MOE["O. HC'b ~E f'~A EMO\(. no Mb.N .... "AI. H OCTARI1 MP'bTE'bIlA nO["pETI1 CSO.A Mp'bTEb.LI,h\. H E'bA .... 3b.WIO EMO\( E'b KOPAE>'b. no HEM'b HAN. O\('1ENHU,H E["O.

CA 5i>A0. H npHCT,v"nAb I1CO\(C'b npHKOCN,v" CA "X'b H PE'IE. S'bCTAN .... TE NE E>OI1TE CA. S'b3EEA'bWE ~E 0'111 CEOI1 NI1KOf'O~E NE EI1A .... WA. T'l.Kf.MO HCO\(C'b EA~NOf'O. 11 C'bXOAA4-IEM'b HM'b C'W> ["0 p'b I 3AnOE .... AA HM'b I1CO\(C'b f'AA["MA. NI1KOMO\(~E HE nOE .... AI1T~ EHA .... HH .... AONb.AE~E C'bIN'b '1AOE .... '1b. H3'b MP'bTE'bI1IX'b E'bCKP'bCNET'l..

v

M<l> XVIII, 23-35

III

M<l> IX, 9-13

PE'IE f'OmOAb. nplT'b'l.N. cu,v". o\(nOAOE>H CA U, .... CApb.CTEO NEE>ECb.NOE '1AOS .... KO\( U, .... CApl-O I)KE B'bCXOT .... C'bTA5ATH CA 0 CMEECI1 C'b PAE>'b1 CEOI1MH. NE'tEN'bWIO )KE EMO\( C'bTA5ATH CA 0 CAOEECH npns .... cA EMO\( AA'b~b.NHK'L EA"N'b AA'b)KEH'b T'l.MO."" TMAHT'l.. HE HMN.4-JO\( ~E EMO\( '1ECO E'b3AATH nOEEA .... f'ocnOAb. Ef'O AA npOAAAAT'b H. H ~EN,v" E["O H 'tAAA H R'bCE EAI1KO HMoRAWE. H OT'l.AATI H. nAA'b ~E O\(E>O PAE>OT'l. KAAHoRAWE CA f'AA["MA. rccnoan. nOTp'bnH HA M'bHm H B'l.CE '1'1 R'l.3AAM'b. MI1MCP'bAOEAE'b )KE ["omOAb. pAE>A TOr'O nO\(CTI H H AA'br'l. OT'l.nO\(CTI1 EMO\(. HWb.A'b ~E PAE>OT OE>PoRTE EAINOr'O 0T'l. KAERp .... T'l. CBOHX'l. I)KE E>oR AA'b)KEN'b EMO\( C'bTOM'b nb.HA5b. H EM'b H AABA .... AWE f'AAf'MA. AA)KAb. MH HM'b~E MH Eci AA'1.)KEN'b. nAA'b )KE KAERpt TOT'l. MMtAWE 11 f'AA["MA. nTp'1.ill1 HA Mb.H .... 11 Sb.CE TH Rb.3AAM. OH'b ~E HE XOrlAWE H'b REA'l. 11 R'1.CAAI H R'b TEM'btlHlJ,N>. AOtlb.AE)KE R'b.3AACT'l. EMO\( M'br'l. EECb.. RI1AtR'bWI1 )KE KAEEp .... TI1 E'btlE'bWAA. C'b)KAAHWA CI1 5tAO. H npI1WEA'l.WE C'l.KA3AW& r'OCOOAHHO\( CMEMO\( E'bCi. E>'l.IEWAA. TOr' AA npI13'bRAB'b H f'OCnOA"H'b Er'O. r'AAf'MA EMO\( pAE>E AN.KAB'bIH. REC'" AA'br'l. TROH OT'l.nO\(CTHX'1. TEE> ..... nONE~E O\(MOAH MA. HE nOA0E>AAWE AI H TEG .... nOMHMEATI KAERpt'T'A TEOEr'O. ....1<0 H A3'l. TA nOMHMEAX'l.. H nporu .... RAR'1. CA r'ocnOAb. Er'O. nptAACT'l. 11 MN.:'1ITEAEM'b. AOHbAE)KE E'b3AACT'l. AA'brz. sees. TAKO H OTbU,b MOH HEE>ECbH'bH C'bTBOTpl'T"l. EAM'b. A4-JE HE O'T"l.nO\(4-JAE'T'E KO~bAO E>PA'T'O\( CMEMO\( 0'T"l. CP'bA"'U,'" RAWI1X'l. np .... ["p .... wEHH'h HX'b·

.E'b OHi. npi.xoM HC RHA .... '1AKA. C~4-Jb. HA M'bITbHHlJ,I1. HMEHEM'b MA~EA. H r'AA EMO\( no Mb.H.... r'PAAI1. 11 R'l.C'T'AR no HEM'b I1AE. 11 E>'bHC'T"l. H EMO\( K'b3AE)KA4-J0\( RIJ. AOMO\( H CE MH03H rp .... W'bHHU,H H

_.

M'bITApl1. npHWEA'bWE R'b3AE~AAXN. C'b I1CM'b. 11 C'b O'('lENHK'l.1 Ef'O. H

EHAi.'bWE H 4Ap"CEH. f'AAAX,v" O'('lEHI1KOM'b Er'O. no '1b'T'O C'b M'bITApH H f'ptWb.tlHK'l.1 .... C'T"l. O'('lI1TEi\b. RAWb.. HC'b )KE CA'bIWAR'b pE'IE HM'b. HE TP .... E>O\(.N.T'b C'bAPAEHH EPA'IA H'b E>OAA4-JHH. WEA'bWE O\(SO. N""\('IH'T'E CA 'fb.'T'0 ECT'l.. MHMCT'l.HNH X04-J,v" A tiE )Kp'b'T'R ..... HE npHA'b npR£A'bNHri npl13b.EAT'l.. N'b' rp .... Wb.NHK'l.1 tlA nOKAAHI1E.

IV

M<jJ XVII, 1-9

.E'b ONO" nO.AT'l. I1CO\(C'b nETpA 11 I1 .... KORA 10AHA SpATA EMO\(. H R'b3REAE .& HA r'OpN. R'bICOKN. EAIH'bH. H np .... ORPA311 CA nptA'b NIMI1 H npocEi.'T'.... CA AI1U,E E["O AK'l.H CA'bHU,E. A P"3'b1 E["O S'bIWA R .... A'b1 AKO CH-hrz.. 11 CE -hBI1CTE CA HM'b MOI1CHI1 11 HAI-h C'b HIM'b ["AAf'M.N.4-JA. W'T"bR-h4-JAR'b )KE nETp'b pE'IE I1CO\(CORH. f'OCnOA". AORPO EC'T"l. HAM'b Cb.AE R'bI1TH. AWTE X04-JEWI1. AA C'bTBOP"M'b Cb.AE Tpl KpOS'b11 T€Ril. EAltI'b H MOHCII1 EA"t1'b H HAIH EA"H'b EA"HA'IE ~E EMO\( f'AAr'OM,v,,4-J0\(. CE ORAAK'b CS .... TEA'b OCH-h lA H CE r'AAC'b H3b OSAAKA r'AAr'OAA. cs EC'T''b C'bIN'b MOH E'b.3AIOSAEtI'bIH. TOf'O "OCM\(WAI1TE. H CA'bHWAS'bWE O'('lEHI1U,H "AAN. tllU,l1. H O\(SO<RWA

VI

MK II, 1-12

.E'b OtlO" B'bNI1AE HC'1. S'b KA"EPNM\(M'b. 11 CAO\(X'l. R'bI1CT'l. -hKO B'1. AOMO\( ECT'l. ARHE. C'l.Rb.PAUJA CA MH031. -hKO KbTOMO\( tiE

18

19

9-1033

121

R'l>M--hLJ1ATI CAl. Htl npl ARbpEX7>. 11 rAAAwE tlM'l. CMRO. tI nptlAN;. Kb HEMOl( HOCAl.LJ1E OCAA"'AEHA ~IAAMI. HOCIM'l. 'IET'l.tlPbMI1. tI HE MOPN;.WTE npICTN;.nHTH K'l. HEMOl( HAPOAOM'l.. U.h;:P'l.tlWAI. nOKpOR'l. tlAE~E f>i>. H npOKOnAR'l>WE C'l.Ri:.CHWAI. OAP'l.. HA HEM .. ~E OCAAf>AEH'l.1 Cb AE~AAWE. H RHA--hR'l. He'l. R--hpN;. HX7>. rAA OCAAf>AEHOl(MO'f. 'IA\;\O. wnO'(WTAfN;.T'l. CAl. rpi>cl TROH. f>-RAXN;. ~E ETEpti 0'1' KbHtI~bHHJc;b. C-RAAl.LJ1E tI nOM'l.IWNkfN;.LJ1E R'l. CPAU,tlxz. CROtlxz.. '11.'1'0 CI:. rAET'l. RAACRHMmN... KbTO MO~ET'l. OTnOYWTATI rp--hX"" I. T'l.Kt.MO EAlH'l> E:7>. H Af>HE PA.30YMi:. HC'l. AXM'l. CROHM'l... --hKO TAKO nOM'l.IWA-RfN;.T'l. R'l.. cm--h. H pE'IE HM'l> 'fb TO CH nOM'l..lwAi>ETE K'l.. CPAU,tlX"" RAWHX"". 'It. TO ECT'L Ol( AOf>t.H--hE pELJ1t1 OCAAf>AEHO'(MOy. oTnoytpAfN;.T'L TH CAl. rp--hcl. AH pELJ1H B'l>CTAHI H R'l..3t.MH OAP'l> TKOH tI XOAH. H'l> AA O,(Ki>CTE i>Jc;0 MACTI:. HMAT'b CN'l. 'IAK'II:.. wnOl(tpATH HA .3EMH rpi>X'b.1. H PAA OCAAf>AEHOYMOY. TEf>-R rAIN;. RI:.CTAHH H K'l:..3I:.MH OAP'l:. TKOH. H.:lIAE Af>HE npi>A'l. KbC--hMH. -RKO AIKITI CAl. B'l.Ci>M'b.

~ Canmrna KHltra ~

Caasaaa KHHra - KpaTKOanpaROCHOe KHpHA.i\H'IecKoe eaanrexae 60Arapcxoii pe,ll,aK{!HH X aexa; Ha3BaHHe nOAy<IHAO no HMeHH nona Casser, ynOMHHaeMoro B,lI,BYX npanacxax, PyKOnHCb 6blAa 06HapymeHa 11.11. CpesHeBCKHM B MocKOBCKOH mnorpa<fICKOH 6H6AHareKe, xpamrrcsI B L!eHTpa.AbHOM rocynapcraeaaoa apXHBe ,lI,peBHHX aRToB B Mocxse. 113,l1,aHa 11.I1.Cpe3- HeBCKHM B 1868 r. H B.H.U!eIIKHHbiM B 1903 r. $pal'MeHTbI npHBO,lI,HTCH no nOCAe,ll,HeMY H3,l1,aHHIO.

VII

AK XVIII, 10-14

PE'fE 'h npIT'IN;. CIIN;.. 'I AKA AbBA B'l>HHAOCTE B'l> U,PKRt. nOMOAIT CAl.. EAIH'l.. ~ApICEH. A APO'(f"l:.1 M'l..HTApb. ~APICEH ~E CTAB'l.. CIU,E B'l.. CEf>--h MOA-RAWE CAl.. f>;.KE XRAAN;. TEf>i. B'l>.3AAfN;.. -RKO tfi>CM'l> -RKO H npc-un 'IAI..I,I. X'b.tlL(JbHII..I,H. HWPABEAbHtlU,tI. npi:.AlCf>OA-RH. AHi>KO ct. M'l:.ITApb. nOL(JN;. CAl. AbBA KPAT'LI B'l.. CN;.SOT'L. AECfAl.THHN;. AA'.l> 0'1' ascerc £AIKO npITAI.~fN;.. A M'l..tlTApb tI.3AAAE'IE CTOIAl.. HE XOT-RAWE 0'11 K'l>.3BECTI tlA HSO. tf'l> SI-RWE R'l.. np'l..CI CROfAl. rAAI.. S~E Mli\OC'T''t1R'l:. S.l>AH Mb"i> rp-RWt."IKO'{. rAfN;. BAM'l... C'l:.HHAE cs onpARbAA"'b B'l:. AOM'l.. CBOH. nA'fE eucre. -RKO K'l..Ci.K'l.. R'l...3HOCAl.H CAl. C'l..M-RPITCAI.. H CbMi;p-RbiU CAl. Kt..3"ECETCAI..

I

M<l> II, 1-19

Ieoy pO~bWIC CAl. R'l> BH~bAEOMi> HfOAi.ICU,-kMt.. Rb Atm "POAA U,PA. CE RAbCRH O'T"l:. B'l:.CTOK'l.. npH~ B'l:. EPAM'l> rA.v.L(JE. K'b.AE EC'T"l:. . pO~'l..1 CAl. I..I,P'l.. HICAi;ICK1.. BHA-RXOM'l.. so .3B-R.3~ ErO HA B'l>CTOll,-R.

H npHAOXOM'l:. nOKAOHHT'l. CAl. EM'rJ. O'(CA'l..IWAB'l:. ~E HpOA'l:. u,P'l:. C'l:.MAI.TE

...

CAl.. H BCb HEpCAM'l:. C'l:. "HMb H C'l:.SPA BCAI. APXHEPEAI. H K1.HH~t.HHK'l..1

AICAbCK1.IAI.. H B'l>npOWAWE J. K'b.AE xC p~AE'T"l:. CAl.. OHH ~E pi>WAI. EMO'(. B'l:. BH~t.AEOM-R HfOA-RICU,-RMt.. TAKO co ncHA fEC'T"l:. npOM'L. H

. ...

'T"l:.1 BH~bAEOME .3EMAE HICAOBA. HH'ItlMb~E MbHbWH ECH B'L RAAKA

" ..."

HfOAOBA. uc TESE co H.3t1AET'L RAKA. IDKE o,(nACE'T"l:. AfOAH MOAI. "

H.3A-R. 'T'or AA HPOA'l:. 'T'AI npH.3'LBAB'l:.. BAbXB'LI. "Cn'LITA 0'T"l:. ""X"" Bpi;MAI. IaRAbWAl.AI. CAl. .3Bi;.3A'L1. " nOC'l..AAR'l:. AI. R'L R"~bAEOM'l.. PE'fE. W'LA'LWE Htn'l>ITAI'l'E H.3Ri;c'l't."O 0 O'l'PO'fAl.'l'tI. ErAA OSpAl.L(JE'l'E £ nOB~E MH. AA H A.3'L W'LA'L nOKAOWi\ CAl. EMOy. OOH ~E nOCAo'{WAR'LWE lI,pA HAOWAI.. H CE .3B-R.3AA f~E R"A-RWAI. tlA B'bC'T'OU,i.. HAi;wE np-kA'L ""MH. AOHbAE~E npHW'L,\'LWHC'l'A HA Kpt.XOY· HA£~£ ri O'T'PO'fAl.. RHAi;K'l>WE ~E .3R-k.3A.N;. R'L.3APAAORAWAI. CAl. PAAOCTHfN;. KEAlnN;. .3-kAO. " R'LW'L,\1>UJE K'L XpAMHtI.l> KHA-RWAI. OTPO'lAl. C'L MApHEfN;. MTepHfN;. fro. 11 nA,\'LWE nOKAOHHWAI. CAl. EMOy. H O'T"LKPb.3'LWE C'l..KpOKHL(JA

9*

123

II

M<l> XXV, 1-13

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Ax V, 1-11

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IV

Mq> XXVI, 69-75

III

l1H V, 1-15

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V

HH VI, 35-44

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