Math 150 T17-Trig “Cheat Sheet” Page 1

MATH 150 – TOPIC 17 Pythagorean Identities

TRIG “CHEAT SHEET”
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x,
1 + cot2 x = csc2 x
Definition of the Six Trigonometric Functions
Right triangle definitions, where 0 < θ < π/2. Reduction Formulas

Hypotenuse sin(−x) = − sin x cos(−x) = cos x

Opposite csc(−x) = − csc x tan(−x) = − tan x
θ sec(−x) = sec x cot(−x) = − cot x
Adjacent
opposite hypotenuse
sin θ = csc θ = Sum and Difference Formulas
hypotenuse opposite
adjacent hypotenuse sin(u ± v) = sin u cos v ± cos u sin v
cos θ = sec θ =
hypotenuse adjacent cos(u ± v) = cos u cos v ∓ sin u sin v
opposite adjacent tan u ± tan v
tan θ = cot θ = tan(u ± v) =
adjacent opposite 1 ∓ tan u tan v

Unit circle definitions, where θ is any angle. Cofunction Identities

p π  π 
y 1= x2 + y2 sin − x = cos x cos − x = sin x
1 y 1 2
π 
2
π 
(x, y) sin θ = = y csc θ =
•
1
1 y csc − x = sec x tan − x = cot x
y 2 2
θ x 1 π  π 
• cos θ = = 1 sec θ =
x 1
x
1 x sec − x = csc x cot − x = tan x
2 2
y x
tan θ = cot θ =
x y
Double Angle Formulas

Thus, x = cos θ, y = sin θ sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u

cos 2u = cos2 u − sin2 u = 2 cos2 u − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 u
2 tan u
tan 2u =
Reciprocal Identities 1 − tan2 u
1 1 1
sin x = sec x = tan x =
csc x cos x cot x Half Angle Formulas
1 1 1
csc x = cos x = cot x = 1 − cos 2u
sin x sec x tan x sin2 u =
2
1 + cos 2u
cos2 u =
2
Tangent and Cotangent Identities
1 − cos 2u
tan2 u =
sin x cos x 1 + cos 2u
tan x = cot x =
cos x sin x

Continued on next page

Math 150 T17-Trig “Cheat Sheet” Page 2

Product-to-Sum Formulas
1
sin u sin v = [cos(u − v) − cos(u + v)]
2
1
cos u cos v = [cos(u − v) + cos(u + v)]
2
1
sin u cos v = [sin(u + v) + sin(u − v)]
2
1
cos u sin v = [sin(u + v) − sin(u − v)]
2

Sum-to-Product Formulas
   
u+v u−v
sin u + sin v = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
u+v u−v
sin u − sin v = 2 cos sin
2 2
   
u+v u−v
cos u + cos v = 2 cos cos
2 2
   
u+v u−v
cos u − cos v = −2 sin sin
2 2

y
√ (0, 1) √
(− 12 , 2
3
) •
π ( 12 , 2
3
)
• •
√
2
√
2 2π
2
π
√
2
√
2 For any pair (x, y),
(− 2
, 2
) 3 3
( 2
, 2
)
• •
√
3π 90◦ π
√ x = cos θ
4 ◦ ◦ 4
(− 3 1
, ) 120 60 ( 3 1
, )
2 2 • 5π
135◦ 45◦ π • 2 2 y = sin θ
6 6
150◦ 30◦ where θ is the indicated
angle.
(−1, 0) • π 180◦ 0◦ 0
◦ 2π
• x
360 (1, 0)

210◦ 330◦
7π 11π
√
3 1
• 6 225◦ 315◦ 6 • √
3
(− 2 , − 2 ) 5π 240◦ 300 ◦
7π
( 2
, − 12 )
√ √ • 4 270◦ 4 •
√ √
2 4π 5π
(− 2
, − 22 ) 3 3 ( 2
2
, − 2
2
)
• 3π • Previous Page
√ √
2
1 3
(− 2 , − 2 ) • ( 12 , − 23 )
(0, −1) Skills Assessment