SEMESTER 1 Chapter 5
OSI Network Layer
V 4.0
5.1.1. What services does the
1 network layer provide?
What are the 4 basic
processes used at the
network layer?
What is the PDU of the
network layer?
What information is
contained in the layer 3
PDU?
What is the role of a router?
What is it called when a
packet passed through an
intermediary device?
What happens to the
transport layer PDU as the
packet moves through the
network?
What does the network
layer protocol specify?
5.1.1. List the 5 Network layer
2 protocols.
Which protocol will be the
focus of this class?
5.1.2. What are the basic
1 characteristics of IPv4?
5.1.3 Describe what a
connectionless service in
networking means?
What is the main issue that
may occur in a
services to exchange the individual pieces of
data over the network between identified end
devices.
Addressing
Encapsulation
Routing
Decapsulation
Packet
Source and Destination IP address
to select paths for and direct packets toward
their destination. This process is known as
routing
Hop
It stays the same
the packet structure and processing used to
carry the data from one host to another host
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
AppleTalk
Connectionless Network Service
(CLNS/DECNet)
IP
Connectionless - No connection is established
before sending data packets.
Best Effort (unreliable) - No overhead is used
to guarantee packet delivery.
Media Independent - Operates independently
of the medium carrying the data.
requires no initial exchange of control
information to establish an end-to-end
connection before packets are forwarded, nor
does it require additional fields in the PDU
header to maintain this connection
Connectionless packet delivery may, however,
result in packets arriving at the destination out
 connectionless exchange?
5.1.4 What does unreliable mean
in networking?
Which layer is responsible
for adding reliability to
packet delivery?
5.1.5 Describe media
independent.
What layer is responsible
for preparing a packet for
the media?
What is the one
characteristic of the network
layer that is dependent on
the media?
5.1.6 What portion of the IP
packet does a router use to
make forwarding decisions?
What remains untouched as
packets travel through the
network?
5.1.7. What are the 6 key fields in
1 an IP packet?
What happens to a packet if
the TTL field reaches 0?
5.1.7. What is the checksum field
2 used for?
5.2.1 What are three methods of
determining how to divide
your network?
5.2.1. Why would you group users
2 geographically?
Why would you group users
by task?
Why would you group
networks by ownership?
5.2.2 What are the 3 main issues
as networks grow larger?
of sequence. If out-of-order or missing packets
create problems for the application using the
data, then upper layer services will have to
resolve these issues.
Unreliable means simply that IP does not have
the capability to manage, and recover from,
undelivered or corrupt packets.
Transport Layer
IPv4 and IPv6 operate independently of the
media that carry the data at lower layers of the
protocol stack.
Physical Layer
Maximum Transmission Unit MTU
Header
In all cases, the data portion of the packet -
that is, the encapsulated Transport layer PDU -
remains unchanged during the Network layer
processes.
IP Source Address
IP Destination Address
Time-to-Live (TTL)
Type-of-Service (ToS)
Protocol
Fragment Offset
It is discarded
To determine if the header has reached the
destination intact.
Geographic location
Purpose
Ownership
To improve manageability and network
performance.
To improve performance based on network
requirements of each task.
To maintain control and limit access.
Performance degradation
Security issues

What is a network
broadcast?
What is broadcast domain?
Is it good or bad to increase
the number of broadcast
domains in your network?
5.2.3 What is the major
advantage of dividing
networks by ownership?
5.2.4 What efficiency does
dividing large networks into
separate networks provide
to the hosts?
What is the device called
that hosts send information
to that must travel outside
their network?
5.2.5 What is hierarchical
addressing?
What is the example
presented that describes
hierarchical addressing in
our daily lives?
5.2.5 How many bits are in an
IPv4 address?
How is the ip address
divided?
What portion of the IP
address does a router use?
5.3.1 What is the actual address
used for a default gateway?
What is the route that the
router forwards a packet to
called?
5.3.2 What decisions do routers
make as a packet enters an
interface?
5.3.3 How is the default gateway
configured on a host
running windows?
What portion of the IP
address must be the same
for the host and gateway?
5.3.3. What command is issued at
2 the command prompt of
Address Management
A broadcast is a message sent from one host
to all other hosts on the network.
The network area in which all hosts receive
broadcasts
Good
access to and from resources outside each
network can be prohibited, allowed, or
monitored
hosts who need to communicate are grouped
together reduces the unnecessary overhead of
all hosts needing to know all addresses.
Gateway
A hierarchical address uniquely identifies each
host. It also has levels that assist in forwarding
packets across internetworks, which enables a
network to be divided based on those levels.
Zip codes and house addresses
32
IPv4 addresses are divided in four groups of
eight bits (octets)
Network
The router interface IP address at the edge of
the network.
Next-hop address
Is the network directly connected or not. Yes
forward to that network. No forward to the
next-hop router.
On a Windows computer, the Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) Properties tools are used to enter the
default gateway IPv4 address
Network and Subnetwork
ipconfig
 windows to see the default
gateway setting?
5.3.3. What is it called when a Routing
3 router makes forwarding
decisions?
What is the map called that Routing Table
a router uses to make
forwarding decisions (Hint:
look at the figure)?
5.3.4 What does a routing table The routing table stores information about
contain? connected and remote networks.
What are the 3 main Destination network
features of routes in a Next-hop
routing table? Metric
What happens if the packet The packet is dropped
does not have an address
contained in the routing
table?
What is a default route used The default route is used when the destination
for? network is not represented by any other route
in the routing table.
5.3.4. What is the command to Netstat
2 view the routing table for a
host?
What is the destination 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
network IP address and
subnet mask for the default
network interface?
What three commands are route ADD
listed that allow you to route DELETE
change the routing table? route CHANGE
5.3.5 What does the address in represents a range of host addresses and
the routing table represent? sometimes a range of network and host
addresses
If more than one route The route that is most specific for that IP
exists in the routing table for address
an address, which one will
be selected?
5.3.5. When is the default route When the IP address does not match any
2 used? other entry in the routing table
5.3.6 What is the next-hop? the address of the device that will process the
packet next
Why does a directly There are no intermediary devices and the
connected device not have packet is directly forwarded
a next-hop?
5.3.7. What are the three Forward it to the next-hop router
1 decisions a router can make Forward it to the destination host
about a packet? Drop it
Which layer does a router 3
 process packets at?
What layer is the packet
encapsulated at before it
leaves the router?
5.3.7. What is another name for a
2 default gateway?
Why would a packet take a
different route than another
packet that is part of the
same data stream?
Why are default routes so
important to routers?
5.3.7. What happens if a router
3 has not route for the packet
and does not have a default
route?
Why doesn’t IP have error
notification?
5.4.1 What does a router need to
forward a packet?
What happens if routing
table are not up to date?
What are two ways a router
can learn about routes?
5.4.2 What is a static route?
What must be done if the
internetwork changes?
5.4.3 What is the definition of a
dynamic routing protocol?
What happens when a
router receives information
about changes in routes?
What are 3 common routing
protocols?
What are the 2 costs listed
with using a dynamic
protocol?
What advantages are listed
for static routing?
Data Link Layer 2
Gateway of last resort
Rotuers may learn a new path between
packets
because the gateway router is not likely to
have a route to every possible network on the
Internet.
The packet is dropped
It would reduce efficiency and add overhead
Next-hop
that packets may not be forwarded to the most
appropriate next-hop, causing delays or packet
loss
route information can be manually configured
on the router or learned dynamically from other
routers in the same internetwork
A manually configured route
Static routes must be reconfigured
set of rules by which routers dynamically share
their routing information
It updates its’ routing table
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol (EIGRP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Overhead that consumes network bandwidth
Processing capacity necessary
No network overhead produced
No processing capacity used
Administrative distance is configured to ensure
efficient and effective routing