Chapter 8.

Chemical Bonding

1. IONIC, COVALENT AND METALLIC BONDS

Valence electrons – Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

Covalent bonds – Bonds from sharing of pair(s) of electrons.

Ionic bonds – Bonds resulted from the electrostatic attraction of opposite

charge ions

Metallic bonds – Metal bonds to another metal in the solid state due to pool of
electrons. Electrons are shared by all metallic nuclei in the sample.

2. LEWIS THEORY

Lewis symbol – Including the symbol of the element and the dots
representing the valence electrons (see Fig. 3 on P. 359)

Single bond – sharing one pair of electrons, which can be represented

by one line (---)

Double bond - sharing two pair of electrons, which can be represented

by two line (===)

Dual rule and octet rule

Examples of writing Lewis structures of molecules:

HCl, CH4, NH3

Terms: bonding pair

Lone pair

3. ELECTRONEGATIVITY, UNEQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS IN CHEMICAL

BONDS
 Electronegativity – The capacity of an atom to attract shared electrons

In periodic Table, electronegativity increases from left to right tithing a period

and from bottom to top within a group.

Electron negative; Electron positive

Bond: Nonpolar bond; Polar bond (←)

Can one tell which bond is the most polar? O=S, N-H, C-Br

4. Resonance

Allotropes: Molecules formed from the same element but have different forms
(and consequently have different chemical and physical properties. O2 and O3

How to draw Lewis structure(s) of ozone?

Resonance: It occurs when more than one Lewis structure can be draw.

How to draw resonance structures for NO3-?

5. Formal charges (FC)

FC = # od V. E. – [# of lone pair electrons + # of bonding pair electrons/2]

Determine the FC of each atom in NO3-

6. Exceptions to octet rule

A) Molecules with less than an octet

BF3, BeCl2

B) Molecules with more than an octet

SF6, PO43-

C) Molecules with odd number of electrons

NO, NO2

7. Bond length and bond energy

C-C 154 pm, 348 kJ/mol single bond

C=C 134 pm, 614 double bond

C C 120 839 triple bond

Application of bonding energy:

H-H 436 kJ/mol

Cl-Cl 243

H-Cl 431

H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl ∆Hrxn = ?