Morison Equation Æ Wave force calculation for slender body

D
< 0.2 Æ Diffraction (or scattering) effect is not important
λ
slender body

F= Inertia force (caused by acceleration) + Drag force (shear or separation)

v
v ∂V 1 v v
F = C I ρ∀ + C D ρS V V
∂t 2

∀ : displaced volume ρ∀ : mass S : frontal area, projected area

v
∂V v
: fluid particle acceleration V : fluid particle velocity
∂t

CI , CD = f ( Re, KC , surface roughness )

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Ex1) Horizontal Force calculation
H=5m
T=10sec
x

Sphere r

⎛ 4 3 ⎞ ∂U 1
Fx = C I ρ ⎜ πr ⎟ + C D ρπr 2U U
⎝3 ⎠ ∂t 2

CI : 1.5
given from literature
CD : 0.8

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 ⎛4 ⎞ ∂U 1
Fx = C I ρ ⎜ πr 3 ⎟ + C D ρπr 2U U
⎝3 ⎠ ∂t 2

Incident wave potential

gA cosh k ( z + h )
φ= ⋅ sin(kx − wt )
ω cosh kh
substitution
r
V = ∇φ

∂φ gAk cosh k ( z + h)
U= = ⋅ cos(kx − wt )
∂x ω cosh kh

∂U cosh k ( z + h )
= gAk ⋅ sin(kx − wt )
∂t cosh kh

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Ex2) Horizontal Force calculation

z
H, L

h
r

dz
C I : 1.5
C D : 0.8

∂U 1
F = C I ρ∀ + C D ρSU U
∂t 2

∀ = πr 2 dz
S = 2rdz

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 ∂U 1
F = C I ρ∀ + C D ρSU U ∀ = πr 2 dz
∂t 2
S = 2rdz

⎡ cosh k ( z + h ) ⎤
Inertia F = ∫ CI ρ (π r 2 ) dz ⎢ gAk
0
sin( kx − wt ) ⎥
−h
⎣ cosh kh ⎦
sinh k ( z + h )
0

= CI ρ (π r ) ( gA)
2
sin(kx − wt )
cosh kh −h

= CI ρ gA (π r 2 ) tanh kh ⋅ sin(kx − wt )

⎡ gAk cosh k ( z + h ) ⎤
2
1
Drag F = ∫ CD ρ ( 2rdz ) ⎢
0

⎥ cos 2
( kx − wt )
−h 2 ⎣ ω cos kh ⎦
⎛ gAk ⎞ cos ( kx − wt ) 0
2 2
1
= CD ρ 2r ⎜ ∫ k ( z + h )dz
2
⎟ cosh
⎝ ω ⎠
2 −
2 cosh kh h

D = 2r
ρgAπD 2
ρ gA2 D ⎛ 2kh + sinh 2kh ⎞
FI = C I tanh kh FD = CD ⎜ ⎟
4 sinh 2kh ⎝ 4 ⎠
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F = FI sin( kx − wt ) + FD cos( kx − wt ) cos( kx − wt ) H, L z
x

h r

Fmax = ? at x=0 (cos ωt ≥ 0)

dz

ρgAπD 2
FI = C I tanh kh
F (t ) = − FI sin ωt + FD cos ωt
2 4
ρ gA2 D ⎛ 2kh + sinh 2kh ⎞
FD = CD ⎜ ⎟
sinh 2kh ⎝ 4 ⎠

F ′(t ) = 0 = −ω FI cos ωt + 2 FD cos ωt ( −ω )sin ωt

ω cos ωt ( FI + 2 FD sin ωt ) = 0

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 F (t ) = − FI sin ωt + FD cos2 ωt
F ′(t ) = 0 = −ω FI cos ωt + 2 FD cos ωt ( −ω )sin ωt
ω cos ωt ( FI + 2 FD sin ωt ) = 0

Case 1 FI FI
= − sin ωt then, ≤1
2 FD 2 FD

FI 2 FI 2 FI 2
Fmax = + FD (1 − 2
) = + FD
2 FD 4 FD 4 FD

Case 2
cos ωt = 0
FI
Fmax = FI >1
2 FD

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 Relative Importance of FI & FD F = FI sin( kx − wt ) + FD cos( kx − wt ) cos( kx − wt )

ρgAπD 2
FI = C I tanh kh
∂U 4
CI ρ∀
FI ∂t C I ρ∀ωU ρ gA2 D ⎛ 2kh + sinh 2kh ⎞
= = FD = CD
FD C 1 ρ SU U 1 ⎜ ⎟
CD ρ SU 2 sinh 2kh ⎝ 4 ⎠
D
2 2
∂φ gAk cosh k ( z + h)
π D2 π 2D U=
∂x
=
ω
⋅ cos(kx − wt )
CI ω CI cosh kh
= 4 T
1 = ∂U cosh k ( z + h )
CD DU CDU = gAk ⋅ sin( kx − wt ) = wU
2 ∂t cosh kh

FI C I 2 D CI 2 1
= π = π KC number dependent
FD CD UT CD KC

Cylinder case

API FI 20
≈ if, KC << 20 : FI dominant
CI : 1.2 ~ 1.6 FD KC
CD : 0.65( smooth) ~ 1.05(rough) if, KC >> 20 : FD dominant
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 UT
Ex) KC number for propagating wave KC =
D

gA cosh k ( z + h ) Incident wave potential

φ= sin( kx − wt )
ω cosh kh
gAk cosh k ( z + h )
U= cos(kx − wt ) water particle velocity
ω cosh kh

cosh k ( z + h )
= ekz at deep water
cosh kh

cosh k ( z + h)
= cos khz + sin khz ⋅ tanh kh = e kz
cos kh

gAk
U = ekz = Aωekz ω 2 = gk
ω

2π
Aωe kz
KC = ω = π H e kz KC number for waves at deep water
D D

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Application to wave propagation

How to separate FI or FD from Ftotal ?

(when we measure or calculate Ftotal )

∂U
① U max = 0, FI = 0
∂t

U=0

∂U if we locate ① Æ We can measure FD

∂t max
if we locate ② Æ We can measure FI

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Use of Morison Equation with current U
v
v
U +V , Current is steady
∂V 1 v v
F = C I ρ∀ + C D ρS (U + V ) U + V
∂t 2

If a body is moving horizontally,

v v v
(U + V ) Æ (U + V − VB )
U
V VB

Body velocity in x direction

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For moving body
v v v
∂V ∂V 1 v v v v ∂V
C I ρ∀ − C M ρ∀ B + C D ρS (U + V − VB ) U + V − VB = M B
∂t ∂t 2 ∂t

added mass
CM = added mass coefficient
ρ∀

∴ CI = 1 + CM (KC<< 20) Inertia dominant

v v
∂V 1 v v ∂VB
C I ρ∀ + CD ρ (U + V − VB ) U + V − VB = ( M + M a )
∂t 2 ∂t

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For rotational body

zθ

z zθ& = rotational velocity

v
h ∂ V 1 v r
∫0 ( M + M a ) zθ = CI ρ∀ ∂t + CD 2ρ S (U + V − zθ ) U + V − zθ&
&& &

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